222017 ‘Types of Soll Movements -Causes and Suitable Foundations © About Us (tos Aeconstucorore/aboWN) | Contac Us ps necensrtaroafontact) | {8 Prvacy Ply (hep neconstractonarievacy- sale) (hitpsi//tittercom/theconstructor2) _¢ (hitps://wwwfacebook.comyTheConstructor) «6: (hetps://plus.google.com/+TheconstructorOrg) abe 2, Constructor (neps:streconstcior.org) ivi Engineering Wome Building (https://theconstructor.org/building/) How To Guide (https://theconstructor.org/practical-guide/) Concrete (https://theconstructor.org/concrate/) Construction (https://theconstructor.org/construction/) Geotechnical (https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/) Structural (https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/) Types of Soil Movements -Causes and Recommended Suitable Ae cee C Sa C Sa Bearing Capash GO an htnneacickesn bug heeaehaPkaRann eandcoar ncaa nom pnt apesnnar erin nna ipo trearaon PST tt ‘naga arrancones a one tee There are various types of soll movernents that may ceeur disregard of the strasses imposed on the ground by foundations. So, it is necessary to consider adequate Measures against such ground movements so as to prevent foundations from failure “ hps:theconstructor org/geatechnicaliyps-si-movements-foundalions/17642/?uim_souree=pushengagesulm_medium=push_notiicalondutmca... 12222017 ‘Types of Soll Movements -Causes and Suitable Foundations Ground movement mitigation may involve the deepening of foundation to the soil that does nat suffer such movements or construct a type of foundation that Is able to take considerable amount of movements without causing structural damages. In this article, various types of ground movements and suitable types of foundations are discussed, Types of Soil Movements, Causes and Recommended Suitable Foundations + Soil movements + Ground movements due to seepage of water and surface erosion + Ground movements due to vibrations + Ground movements due to hillside creep + Ground movements due to mining subsidence + Foundation on filled ground + Machinery foundations Soil Movements ‘There are several factors that cause the movement of slls which are discussed in the following sections Wetting and Drying of Clay Soil due to Moisture Content Changes There are types of soll that undergo considerable swelling as moisture content is increased and experience shrinking when iti lose the water This variation in soll volume leads to the development of cracks during dry season and these cracks would be closed during wet season in addition to rising and falling of ground during wet and cry season respectively It is claimed that such soil movement is more obvious and greater in grass soil than others without grass. hps:theconstructr orp/geatechnicaliypas-soi-movements-foundalions/17642/2uim_souree=pushengagesulm_meduum=push_notiicalondutm.ca.... 2/12222017 htps:theconstructr org/geotechricaltypes:-sol-moverents-foundations!17642/%utm._sou ‘Types of Soll Movements -Causes and Suitable Foundations ‘Swelling and shrinkage of clay soll can be considerably damageable to bulldings that bull on shallow foundation specifically where the clay beneath the foundation is heavy. So, itis recommended to consider pad or strip foundation with a depth range from 0.9m to 1.2m for low rise structures, Tt may be argued that, such excavation depth for the entire structure is costly, that is why allowing movements between foundation walls end ground floar slabs are advised ber ee Effect of Vegetation on Swelling and Shrinking of Soil Generally, the presence of trees and vegetation lead to dry soll to a depth ranges from 3m to Sm. Itis reported that root of tree spread a radius that is at least equal to its height and vegetation and trees have caused substantial damages to structures. Shrinkage of clay soll caused by trees occurs both horizontally and vertically so it i required to consicer necessary measures against soll settlement and the force that tend to tear the foundation. Its proven that such movement after the removel of tree in the area may last for 20 years, so itis recommended to use pile foundation in areas in which trees are growing. Shrinkage of Clay due to High Temperature ‘Commonly, clay soll beneath the foundation of furnaces, kilns, and boilers suffer substantial drying and hence serious shrinkage would occur. Its reported that the heat from kiln had reached up to 20m depth of clays sol ‘So, it's advised to provide insulation between the foundation of such structures that produce great amount of heat and the day soll beneath the foundation so as to prevent severe shrinkage of the soll. wshengageBuim_medium=push_natficalondiulm_ca.... 3/12222017 ‘Types of Soll Movements -Causes and Suitable Foundations Ground Movements due to Seepage of Water and Surface Erosion Water seepage and surface erosion are commonly cause problems In sandy soll, internal erasion of sell occurs when groundwater seeps into the culvert or sanitary sewer system, which are damaged, and fine soil particles are carried along the movement of groundwater Degradation of soluble companents of industrial solid waste material due to water seepage is highly likely, and this leac to loss of soll beneath the foundation and eventually the structure might fell. Such undesired event ‘may happen in mining subsidence areas, Its reported that water seepage has cause problems in areas where dry loose sand and loess soil. Its. ‘advised to compact such soll using heavy hammer in areas where the depth of such soll s less than 6m, and pile driving or blasting are advised for region where the depth of soil is greater than 6m. With regard to surface erasion, It may occur due to the loss of material by flowing water or strang wines. Fine sands, silts, and dry peats are types of solls which are susceptible to surface erasion caused by strong wind. This may undermine the foundation of the structure unless itis tackled properly by deepening the foundation to 0.3m and growing vegetation in the area or covering the surface using crushed stone, gravel, or clay soll. As far as surface erosion caused by flowing water is concerned, this type of erosion can cause serious problem specifically in regions that are prone to heavy rainfalls. It is claimed that, ordinary depth of foundation, which 's between 0.9 to 1.2m, Is not sufficient to tackle such problem, so itis required to provide necessary drainage and paving or other surface protection technique. Its recommended to employ pile foundation In such cases to avold foundation problems and subsequent failure of heavy structures. hps:theconstructr orp/geatechnicaliypas-soi-movements-foundations/17642/2um_source=pushengagagulm_medum=push_notiieatongutm_ca... 4/12222017 ‘Types of Soll Movements -Causes and Suitable Foundations precipitation Ground Movements due to Vibrations Commonly, different vibration equipment is used to compact recently placed concrete and sandy soils. When poured concrete is exposed to vibration, Its density would increase in addition to settle considerably. ‘Similarly, structural foundation constructed on sands or sandy gravels would suffer the same phenomenon when itis subjected to vibrations. ‘There are various sources from which foundations can receive vibrations for example rock blasting, out of balance mactinery, drop hammer, driving pile, and earthquakes. Fig.: Soil Movement due to Vibration Caused by Earthquake Its proven based on laboratory test, fleld experiment, and past structural damage observations that substantial and extreme settlements due to vibrations is caused by high frequency vibrations ranges from 500- 2500 impulse per minute. Measures proposed to tackle detrimental effects of vibrations on structural foundations includes vibrating sands, taking necessary precautions to decline pile driven foundation effect on surrounding structure built on sands. hps:itheconstructr orp/geatechnicaliypas-sai-movements-foundalions/17642/2um_source=pushengaga&ulm_medum=push_notiieatongutm_ca.. S12222017 ‘Types of Soll Movements -Causes and Suitable Foundations For foundation structure supporting vibratory machines, It ls recommended to use special vibrating damping device for vibratory machines that supported by foundation structure or excavating foundation til soll layer Which is not sensitive to vibration such as soil is realized, Fig. Providing Dampers to Absorb Machine Vibrations SxS COG OOD Fig.: Anti-Vibration Mounts Ground Movements due to Hillside Creep Naturally, shallow thickness of soils at specific hillside slopes would slid and slip down and such movement commonly occurs over 2 long period of time and there are sign that indicate such movements for example leaning trees. Its recommended to dug tral pits on sloping slides so as to explare the likelnoad of debris, which have been brought down fram higher places, movements in the future. It should be known that the structural weights does not have obvious influence on the mass of slipping ground and hence foundation loading would net affect the sliding safety factor, but construction process might Influence slope stability It shoulé be remembered that vegetation at the area would improve stability and its removal during construction operation for clearence purposes would diminish that advantage. Proper measures that may be considered to answer such problem is varied according to the type of hillside slope soil For example, instability of rocky hillside slopes can be tackled using grouting or rock bolting but its recommended to avoid construction in such places If clay soll is present since ts remediation is almost Impossible or the foundation of the structure should be designed and constructed to move entirely as single object. hps:theconstructr org/geatechnicaliypas-soi-movements-foundations/17642/2um_source=pushengaga&ulm_medum=push_notiieatongutm_ca.. 6/2222017 ‘Types of Soll Movements -Causes and Suitable Foundations Fig: Leaning of Trass due to Hillside Creep Ground Movements due to Mining Subsidence ‘The presence buried old mining locations could pose serious problems for the foundation of structure. The ‘majority of such positions cannot be positioned and several methods such as geophysical technique have been sed to fing out such vulnerabilities but the only effective technique is trenching across the construction site, The magnitude and lateral range mining subsidence Is based on the technique used to extract material. For example, dredging, pumping, oF mining, and different approaches have been employed at certain time. Foundation issues caused by concealed mining have been encountered many times in the United Kingdom. Its reported that, f the thickness of soll over the area from which materials were extracted is deep then It Would not influence the structure otherwise the foundation would suffer considerable deterioration. Figures above and below illustrates soll movement due to inactive coal mining and its influence on the structure at and around the area. hps:theconstructr orp/geatechnicaliypas-soi-movements-foundations/17642/2um_source=pushengagagulm_medum=push_notiieatongutm_ca... 7/12222017 ‘Types of Soll Movements -Causes and Suitable Foundations Fig: Effect of Subsidence on the Building at the Site There are number of recommendation that needs to be considered in order to protect structure at mining subsidence areas. The structure should be fully rigid or flexible and simple spans along with flexible superstructure is advised when itis possible. Shallow found such as raft foundation is the best choice to protect compression and tensile fracture In the ground. There are other methods which can be used to protect structure in subsidence areas. For example, superstructure or substructure articulation, provide hydraulic jacking under the wall or columns, and dig trenches around the structure to release compression straln Foundation on Filled Ground Foundations constructed on filled ground may suffer damage cue to filed ground settlement, There are three major factors that cause of ground fil settlements includes consolidation of compressible fill under foundation weight, ground fil degracation due to its own weight, and consolidation soll layer beneath fill under its own weight plus the weight of the fl. Soil movement due to consolidation of compressible ground fills negligible ifthe founcation is not heavy ‘otherwise the movement needs to be computed and properly tackled. Soil movement due to ground fil weight is dependent on several factors such as fil ayer composition, compaction, and thickness, fill placement condition, and its exposure to environment. If il material contained chemical materials, itis possible that considerable settlement takes place due to chemical reactions. Movements due to consolidation of natural material beneath ground fil rely on number of factors such as sol layer composition and thickness. the movement would be considerable in the case of soft clay whereas it slight settlement would occur in the case of dense soll such as sand. ‘Suggested solutions for groune fill movements include the addition of reinforcement to strip foundation to {avoid stepped cracks, or compacting fill material properly and then any type of foundation can be considered, fr removing upper loose material wher fll thickness is great, raft foundation Is suggested for poorly compacted fil, and piles should be considered if the structure is heavy such as industrial buildings. hps:theconstructar orp/geatechnicaliypas-si-movements-foundalions/17642/2uim_source=pushengagesulm_medum=push_notiicalionduim.ca... 8/12222017 ‘Types of Soll Movements -Causes and Suitable Foundations Machinery Foundations Generally, machinery foundations need to be designed to distribute the load of placed machineries onto the ‘ground in order to avoid too much settlement or tilting of foundation relative the floor or other fixed objects. Proportioning of foundation base, which support non-vibrating loading, can be easily conducted provided that soll compressibility and shear strength is known, ‘The permitted bearing pressure to avold excessive settlement can be estimated and tilting may be eliminated by placing machinery center of gravity on that af foundation block. Foundation vibration may come from outside source such as earthquake or objects which are supported by foundations such as machinery. [As far a the latter issue is concerned, itis advised to prevent the coincidence between machine operating frequency and foundation natural frequency. This because the movement would greatly amplify due to resonance condition. If the machine operates over wide range of frequencies, then it is recommended to test the influence of resonance effect on the foundation movement to check whether it is within acceptable limit or not Measures use¢ to decline vibration Influence is the Increase of foundation mass to attenuate reflection within the foundation. Added to that, mountings can be employed to decay vibrations if the construction of heavy foundation is not practical. Different mountings used to absorb vibrations include cork slab and rubber pads, rubber carpet mountings, bonded rubber mountings, and leaf springs. Read More: How to Protect Foundation Structures from Solls and Groundwater Attacks? {(https:/ /theconstructor.org/practical-guide/protect-foundation-structures-attacks/17564/) hps:theconstructr orp/geatechnicaliypas-soi-movements-foundalions/17642/2um_source=pushengaga&ulm_medum=push_notiieatingutm_ca.. 92222017 htps:theconstructr org/geotechricaltypes:-sol-moverents-foundations!17642/%utm._sou ‘Types of Soll Movements -Causes and Suitable Foundations Underpinning Methods, Procedure and Applications in Foundation Strengthening (https:/ /theconstructor.org/building /underpinning-methods-procedure-applications/14480/) Installation of Pile Foundation Using Direct Mud Circulation Method (https:/ /theconstructor.org/ geotechnical pile-direct-mud-circulation-method/12992/) Buoyancy Rafts or Hollow Box Foundations or Floating Foundations in Building Construction (heps:/theconstructororgigeotechnieaVbuayaney-raftshollow-box-foundations/15159)) fe 1 tounatconnarteson tps et SolMovmera Cots and coed a Pandontsttpttarattenei atone eanarnar eb tte pe ipa gutta pardsniemat hanna ahaest ease sop ORNL Sate asa wshengegelulm_mediumeputh_notfcation&ulm_¢. son222017 ‘Types of Soll Movements -Causes and Suitable Foundations ‘Subscribe to Updates Subscribe to our updates and get interesting articles to your email inbox Email POPULAR CATEGORIES nape rpstacenmcoregicesigen) | Gung tra fe:thcenuctrapbulargbulng aes Bulg Taco psnaconsnetorgbugy |Buy TF Fe rensrctrapatangatonpos Cente erin (ipstnconmearaeeisesinen) Coren Cac ep hs nearensoraroreatsctps Concerns fipseconnctarpeeeaskace) | Cont Teh (ip ihconssor eran) Connon ae ecast soma) sn Magee ips rssh ominstenostnvregeert ‘coretucton Pret tpitconntameneuctonpeet)_EarmukeEronesing eerste ena) Fortin Design its Pecosiutacopseuciabrgptordatndesgn) | Faucaon Engen (hf:tnaconsrctr appears (eaitnealEngrennghetconececambvolchice) HowTo Gude hoe Mnecorarararris i) atrleing Gus hpencnacaeracaluceatrtrng) Mi On691 Gabe esteemed aiein-eserrate- gu) Pl Fedo fs thenseuc ripeness RinfrcemertGuice a tecoatuco: crassa gudatertocer=rtactc que) Roparacon Gude (ip Msconsruceryrack-qschopepescter- gat!) 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