ENGLISH MATHEMATICS

“Critical Book Review”

Lectuer:
Reflina,M.Pd.
Arranged by:
Name : Khoirunnisa Hasibuan
Nim : 0305183174
Class/ Semester : PMM – 1 / 2

MATHEMATICS EDUCATION

FAKULTAS TARBIYAH DAN KEGURUAN

UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGRI SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2019
 PREFACE

Praise and Gratitude I say for the prensence of Allah SWT, for His mercy and
guidance that I can make and complete the English Math assignment “Critical Book
Review” is good health. I also did not forget that shalawat and salam were always
given to the lord of the great prophet Muhammad SAW.

I am working on this task to complete the “English Math” course. My hope is

that the results of this critical book review can benefit me and many people. I have
compiled this writing to the maximum and received help form various parties so that
it can facilitate the creation of this paper, for this reason, I esxpress my gratitude to all
those who helped me in making this paper.

A part from all that, I am fully aware that there are still many shortcomings and I am
aware that is critical book review is stil very far from the word perfection. Therefore,
constructive suggestion and criticisms are my hope. I thank you for the attention of
the English math caregives.

Author

Medan, 17 July 2019

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD ..........................................................................................................i
TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................................ii
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION ........................................................................
A. The Purpose Of Critical Book Review
B. The Beefits Of Critical Book Review
C. Book Identity
CHAPTER II : SUMMARY OF THE BOOK .....................................................
A. Book Reviewed
B. Comparison Book
CHAPTER III : DISCUSSION ..............................................................................
A. Advantages Of The Book
B. Disadvantages Of The Book
CHAPTER IV : FINALITY....................................................................................
A. Conclusion
B. Recommendation
C. Biliography
 UNIT I

INTRODUCTION

A. Benefits of Critical Book Review.

1. To fulfill the task of mathematics English courses
2. To increase knowledge about how to criticize a book.
3. To know how to do math questions about roots and rank
B. Purpose Of Critical Book Review.
1. Review the contents of two books
2. Compare the contents of the first and second books
3. test the quality of the book by comparing it to the work of the same author or
other writer.
4. To find out the definition and theorem used by each book whether or not it has a
difference

C. Indentity of The Book Review.

1. Book Reviewed

Author : Bernard,jonathan
Name of Book : Calculus
Publisher : In the Unired
Stared Of America
.
Publication Year : 2003
 Print : Number - 1
City Rises : New York
ISBN : 0-7645-4225-7

2. Comparison Book

Name of Book Calculus

Author : Robert,roland dkk.

Publisher : von hoffmann corporation

Publication Year : 1956

Print : Number - 1

City Rises : New york

ISBN : 978-0-07-286953-8
 CALCULUS

Chapter 1

Review Topics

A. Interval Notation

The set of real numbers ® is the one that you will be most generally
concerned with as you study calculus. This set is defined as the union of the set of
rational numbers with the set of irrational numbers. Interval notation provides a
convenient abbreviated notation for expressing intervals of real numbers without
using inequality symbol or set builder notation.

The following list some common intervals of real numbers and their
equivalent expression, using set builder notation :

( a , b )={x ∈ R :a< x <b }

[a , b]={x ∈ R: a ≤ x ≤b }

¿={x ∈ R :a< x <b }

( a , b )={x ∈ R :a< x ≤b}

¿={x ∈ R : x> a

[ a ,+∞ ) ={x ∈ R : a ≥b }.
 B. Absolute Value

The concept of absolute has many applications in the study of calculus. The
absolute value of a number a, written |a| may be defined in a variety of ways. On a
real number line, The number is from zero.

A common algebraic definition of absolute value is often stated in three parts,

as follows :

a ,a> 0
{
|a| 0 , a=0
−a ,a <0

C. Functions

A functions is defined as a set of ordered pairs (x,y), such that for each first
element x, there correspondens one and only one second element y. the Set of first
elements is called the domain of the function, while the set of second elements is
called the range of the function.

Exxample : The following are some example of equations that define

function.

a . ¿ y=f ( x )=3 x +1

b . ¿ y=f ( x )= x2

c .¿ y =f ( x )=|x|−5

d ¿ y=f ( x )=−3

Exxample : The following are some equations that do not define function,
each has an example to illustrate why it does no define a function.

a . ¿ x= y 2 ; if x =4 ,then y=¿ y=−2

 b . ¿ x=| y +3|; if x=2 , then y =−5∨ y =−1

D. Linear Equation

A linear equation is any equation that can be expressed in the form

Ax+ By+C=0 , where A amd B are not both zero . Although a linear equation may not
be expressed in this form initially, it can be manipulated algebraically to this form.

E. Trigonometric Function
In trigonometry, angle measure is expressed in one two units degres or
radians. The relationship between these measures may be expressed as
follows : 180 ¿ π

y y
sin θ= = 2 2
r √x +y

x y
cos θ= = 2 2
r √x +y

sinθ y
tanθ= =
cosθ x

cosθ y
cot θ= =
sinθ x

cosθ x
cot θ= =
sinθ y

1 r √ x 2+ y 2
secθ= = =
cosθ x x

x2 + y2
= =√
1 r
cscθ=
sinθ y y
 Chapter II

Limits

A. Intuitive Definition

The limit of a function f(x) describe the behavior of the function close to a
practicular x value. It does not necessarily give the value of the function at x.

Exxample : Figure 1

y = f(x) (a,f(a))

B. Evaluating Limits
 Limits of function are evaluated using many different technicues sucfh
as recognizing a pattern, simple substitution, or using algebraic
simplification .Some of these thecniques are illustrated in the following
example.

x 2−9
Example : Evaluate lim =¿ ¿
x→−3 x +3

x 2−9 ( x+ 3 ) ( x−3 )
lim =lim
x→−3 x +3 x+ 3
x →−3

¿ lim ( x−3 )
x →−3

¿−6

C. Infinitie Limits
Some function take off in the positive or negative direction (increase
or decrease without bound) near certain values for the independent variable.
When this occurs, the function is said to have an infinite limit, hence, you

write lim
x→ a
f ( x )=+∞∨lim f ( x )=−∞. Note also that function has vertical
x→a

asymptote at x = a if either of the above limits hold true.

D. Limits at Infinity
Limits at infinity are used to describe the behavior of function as the
independent variable increases or decreases without bound. If a Function
approaches a numerical value L in either of thes situations, write asymptote in
one direction only, or have no horizontal asymptotes.
 3

Example : lim
2x +3 2
=¿ lim
( x )
2 x 2 2+
¿
2

2
x→+∞x −5 x−1 x→+∞ 5 1
( x x)
x 1− − 2
2

3
2+
x2
= lim
x→+∞
(1− 5x − x1 ) 2

2+ 0
=
1−0−0
2 x 2+ 3
lim 2
x→+∞ x 2−5 x−1
E. Limits Involving Trigonometric Function
The trigonometric functions sine and cosine have four important limit
properties :
lim sin x sin c
x →c

lim cos x=cos c

x→ c

sin x
lim =1
x
x→0

1−cosx
lim =0
x
x →0

F. Continuity

A function f(x) is said to be continuous at a point (c, f(c) if each the

following conditions is satisfied

1. F(c) is defined (c is in the domain of f)

2. lim x →c f ( x ) exsist ,∧¿ ¿

 CHAPTER III
THE DERIVATIVE

Defenition
F ( W )−F (X )
The function f , ( X ) lim
W →X W −X

Is called the theriaved of with respect to x. the domain of f ,consist of all x in the
domain of f at which the limit exsist. At each such x we say the f is differentiable.

A. Implicit Differentiation

In mathematics, some equation x and y do not explicitly define y as a function

x and cannot be easily manipulated to slove for y in terms of x, even though such a
function may exsisit. The technique of implicit differentiation allows you to fin the
for y. the chain. The chain rule must be used whenever the function y is being
differentiated x.
 dy
Example : Find if x 2 y 3 −x=10
dx
dy 3 dy
x2 . 3 y2 . + y . 2 x . − y=0
dx dx
dy dy
x2 . 3 y2 . −x = y−2 xy 3
dx dx
2 2 dy
(3 x y −x ¿ = y −2 xy 3
dx
dy y −2 xy 3
¿ =
dx 3 x 2 y 2 −x
dy 2 xy 3− y
Or = = 2
dx x−3 x 2 y

B. Differentiation Of Exponential and Logarithmic function

Exponential function and their corresponding invers functions, called
logaritmich function, have the following differentiation formulas,
1. If f(x) = e x , thenf ' ( x )=e x
2. If f(x) = a x ,> 0 , a ≠1 , then f ' ( x )=( Ina ) . a x
' 1
3. If f(x) = Inx ,then f ( x )=
x
 CHAPTER IV
APPLICATTION OF THE DERIVATED

A. Extreme Value Theorem

An important application of critical points is in determining possible
maximum and minimum values of a function on certain intervals. Extreme Value
Theorem guarantens both a maximum and minimum value for a function under
certain conditions . It states the folollowing.
Example :
Find the maximum and minimumvalues of f(x) = sin x + coc x on [0,2
π¿
π
The function is continuous on [0,2π ¿ , the critical points are ( ,√ 2 ¿¿ ,
4

π
and (( ,√ 2 ¿¿ . The function values at the end points of the interval are f(0) = 1 and
4
 xπ
f(2π ¿ = 1 hance, the maximum function value of f(x) is √ 2 ¿¿ at , and the
4

5π
minimum function value of f(x) is-√ 2 ¿¿ at x= .
4

B. Mean Value Theorem

The Mean Value Theorem estabilishes a relationship between the

slope of a tangent line to a curve and the secant line through points on
a curve at the endpoints of an interval , the theorem is stated as
follows.

C. Maximum/Minimum Problems
Many application problems in calculus involve functions for which
you want to find maximum or minimum values. The restriction stated
or implied for such function will determine the domain from which
you must work. The function, together with is domain, will suggest.
CHAPTER V
INTEGRATION
A. .ntegral Not Sure
Understanding

Indeterminate integrals in English are known as Indefinite Integral or

sometimes also called Antiderivative which is a form of operation integrating a
function that produces a new function. This function does not have a definite value
(in the form of a variable) so that the way of integration that produces this
indeterminate function is called "indeterminate integral".

Integrating a derivative function f (x) means finding an integral or derivative,

namely F (x).
The general form of the integral of f (x) is:

∫ f (x) = F (x) + k

Where k is any constant whose value is not certain. In the above formula, the
sign ∫ is an integral sign, f (x) dx is the differential from F (x). F (x) alone called
integr, dx alone is called differential, F (x) is a particular integral, k is a constant of
integration, and F (x) + k is the original function or origin function. Integration
process is also called integration.

Basic formulas of indeterminate integrals:

a n+1
1. ∫ ax n
dx =
n+1
x + C ; n ≠-1

1
2. ∫ dx = ln|x|+ C
x
3. ∫ sinx dx=−cosx+C
4. ∫ cosx dx =sinx+ C
5. ∫ ex dx = ex + C
6. ∫ tanx dx=ln |sec x|+C

C. Integral of course
Integral is certainly used to integrate a particular f (x) function that has an
upper and lower limit. Integral certainly has a general formula:

Description: constant c is no longer written in the integral of course.

D. Integral Trigonometry


4. Trigonometry properties
 CALCULUS

CHAPTER I

A. Polynomials and Rational Functions

The Real Number System and Inequalities

Althoug mathematics is far more than just a study on number, our
journey into calculus begins with the real number system, Whil this may seem to be a
farly mundane starting place, we want to give you the oportunity to brush up on those
proporties that are of particular interest for calculus.
Example :
 Solve the two sided inequality
6< 1- ≤ 10
Solution : first, recoginze that this problem requiers that wewe find
values of x such that
6<1−3 x∧1−3 x ≤ 10
Here, we can use the properties in theorem 1.1 to iolate the x by
working on both inequalities simultaenously. First, subtract i from each term.
To get.
6−1< ( 1−3 x )−1 ≤10−1
5<3 x ≤ 9.

1. Theorem
Tho (nonvertical) lines are parallel if they have
the same slope. Further, any two vertical ines are
parallel. Two (nonvertical) lines of slope m1 and m2are
perpendicular.

B. Invers Functions
The notion of an invers relationship is basic to many areas of
secience. The number of common invers prblem is imense. As only
one example, take the cas of the electro cardiogram(EKG). In an EKG,
technicians connect a saries of electrodes to patients chest and use
measurumenst of electrical activity on the surface on the surface of the
body to infer something about the electrical activity the surface of the
heard.
1. Two function That reverce the action of each Other
if ¿
For al x
 Solution for all rea numbers x, we have
f¿
f¿

CHAPTER II

We say that the limit of f(x) is L as x approaches a and write this

as →=provided we can make f(x) as close to L as we want for all
x sufficiently close to a, from both sides, without actually letting x
be a.

A. Limit and Continuity

1. The Concept Of Limi In this section, we develop the notion of
limit using some common language and illustrate the idea with
some simple example. The notion turns out to be a rather subtle
one, easy to think of intuitively, but a bit harder to pin down in
precies terType equation here . ms.
 As start, consider the functions

x 2−4 x 2−5
f ( x )= ∧g(x )
x−2 x−2

B. Computation Of Limits
1. Now that you have an idea of what a limit is, we need
to devlop some means of calculating limits of simple functions.
In this section, we persent some basic rules for dealing with
common limit problems. Apply the rules of limits to evaluate

lim (3 x 2−5 x+ 4) .
x →2

Solution We get
lim 3 x 2−5 x +4 ¿=lim ( 3 x 2) −lim ( 5 x ) +4 ¿
x →2 2 x→ 2

2
= lim ( 3 x ) −5 lim x +4
x →2 x→2

¿3¿

CHAPTER III

Specific Intergral and Integration

Anti-differentiation
Reverse surgery, addition and subtraction are reverse operations, multiplication and
division are also reversal operations, as well as removal and withdrawal of roots. In
this division we describe reverse and differential operations called anti-
differentiation.

4.1.1 Definition
A function f is called an anti-derivative of a function f at an interval I if for each
value x in I applies F '(x) = f (x)

4.1.2 Theorem
If f and g are two functions such that f '(x) = g' (x) for all x in the interval I, there is a
constant K such that.
F (x) = g (x) + K for all x in IProof: Let h be a function defined in I by
h (x) = f (x) - g (x)
So that for all x in I, we get:
h '(x) = f (x) - g ’(x)

4.1.3 Theorem
If F anti is a special derivative of f at an interval I, then each anti derivative of f on I
is given by: F (X) + C
Proof: Let G denote an anti derivative of f at I; Then
G '(x)) = f (x) for all x in I
Because F is a special anti-derivative of f at I
F '(x) = f (x) for all x in

4.1.5 Theorem

∫ af ( x ) dx=¿ ∫ f ( x ) dx ¿
With a a constant
Theorem 4.1.5 states that looking for an anti derivative of a constant times a function,
first look for an anti derivative of that function and then the result and then the result
multiplied by the constant.

4.1.6 Theorem
If f1 and f2 are defined at the same interval then
 ∫ [ f 1 ( x ) + f 2 ( x ) ] dx=∫ f 1 ( x ) dx+∫ f 2 ( x ) dx

Theorem 4.1.6 states that to look for an anti derivative of the number of fruit
functions, look for the anti derivative of each function separately and then the results
are added together; it is understandable that both functions are defined at the same
interval. Theorem 4.1.6 can be extended to any number of finite functions.

4.1.7 Theorem
If f1,f2 ,......., f n defined in the same interval, then

∫ [c 1¿ f 1 ( x ) +c 2 f 2 ( x ) + …+∫ c n f n ( x)]dx ¿
= c 1 f 1 ( x ) dx +¿ c 2∫ f 2 ( x ) dx +…+ cn ∫ f n ( x ) dx

With c_1, c_2, ..., are constants.

4.1.8 Theorem
If n rational numbers
x n +1
n
( )
∫ x dx= n+ 1 +c n≠−1
Example :

∫ (5 x 4 dx−8 x 3¿ + 9 x 2−2 x +7)dx ¿

Settlement:

∫ (5 x 4 dx−8 x 3¿ + 9 x 2−2 x +7)dx ¿

4 3 2
= 5∫ x dx−8 ∫ x dx +9 ∫ x dx−2∫ x dx +7∫ dx

x5 x4 x3 x2
= 5. – 8 . + 9. – 2 . + 7x + C
5 4 3 2
= x 5 -- 2 x 4 +3 x3 −x2 +7 x +C .
 The key anti-inheritance theorems of Lngaung sine and cosine derivative
functions are based on the inferentials of each of these functions.
 
4.1.9 Theorem

∫ sin x dx=−cos x +C
Evidence:
D x (-cos x) = -(sin x)
= sin x

4.1.10 Theorem

∫ cos x dx=sin x +c
Evidence :
D x (sin x) = cos x

The following theorems are the result of theorems for derivatives of the
functions of tangens, cotangens, secans and cosecans. The proof is also done by
directly looking for the right derivative of the equations.

4.1.11 Theorem

∫ sec 2 x dx=tan x +C

4.1.12

∫ cos 2 x dx=−cot x +C

4.1.13 Teorema
 ∫ sec x tan x dx=sec +C

4.1.14 Theorem

∫ csc x cot x dx=−csc x +C

Example: ∫ ¿ ¿
Settlement:
Kita gunakan teorema 4.1.13 dan 4.1.12

∫ csc x cot x dx=−csc x +C = 3∫ sec x tan x dx−5∫ csc2 x dx

= 3 sec x – 5 (-cot x) + C
= 3 sec x + 5 cot x + C

4.1 Some Anti-Differentiation Techniques

Many anti-derivatives that cannot be searched directly by the theorems of
section 4.1 therefore need to learn certain techniques that can be used to calculate
such anti-derivatives. In this section we talk about the techniques that require a chain
for anti-differentiation and which make a difference from the change.

4.1.1 Chain Rule Theorem for Anti-Differentiation

Let g a function be differentiated, and suppose the value region and g are an interval
I. Suppose that f is a function that is differentiated at I and that F is from f on I, then

∫f ¿¿
Evidence According to the Hypothesis
F’(g(x))= f(g(x))
According to the chain rules for differentiation
D x[F(g(x))] = F’(g’(x)) ]
By substituting (7) into (8)
D x[F(g(x))] = f(g’(x)) ]
 From (9) is obtained ∫ fg ( x ) ¿ [ g ' ( x ) dx ]=¿ f(g(x)) + C

4.1.1 Theorem
If g is a differentiable function, and n is a rational number,

∫¿¿ + C n ≠ -1

CHAPTER IV
Specific Integral

4.5.1 Definition
Suppose that F is a function whose area of origin contains a closed hose [a, b]. f is
said to be integrated in [a, b] if there is an L number that satisfies that, for every ϵ> 0,
there is a ⸹> 0 so that for each partition ∆ with ║∆ ║ <⸹, and for any ε_i in the
interval closed [x_ (i-1, x_ (i,) i)] = 1,2,3 ..., n, applies.

4.5.2 Defenisi
 Jika f suatu fungsi yang didefenisikan pada selang tertutup [a,b], maka

b
integral tertentu dari f dari asampai b, dinyatakan oleh ∫ f ( x ) dx , diberikan oleh
a

b n

∫ f ( x ) dx , = ∑ f(x)dx
a ║ ∆ ║→0 i=1

4.5.3 Theorem
If a continuous function in the interval is closed [a, b], then the function can be
integrated in [a, b].

4.5.4 Definition
Suppose that f is continuous in [a, b] and f (x) ≥0 for all x in [a, b]. Suppose that R
area is limited by the curve y = f (x), the x axis, and the lines x = a and x = b. Then

n
size A of the area of area R is given byA = lim ∑ f(ε i ¿ ∆ ix
║ ∆ ║→0 i=1

b
A = ∫ f ( x ) dx
a

4.5.5 Definition
If a> b, then
b a

∫ f ( x ) dx=−∫ f ( x ) dx
a b

b
Jika ∫ f ( x ) dx
a

4.5.6 Definition
If f (a) exists, then,
 b

∫ f ( x ) dx = 0
a

4.6 Certain Integral Properties

Calculating certain integrals from defensiveness, by actually finding the limit of an
amount like we did in section 4.5 is really boring and often fails. To form a much
simpler method, we first need to expand some properties of certain integrals. First,
the following two theorems about the number of Rieman are needed:
4.6.1 Theorem
If ∆ is any partition from closed [a, b], then
n

║∆║
lim
→0 i=1
∑ f(ε i ¿ ∆ ix = b-a
i=1

4.6.2 Teorema
Jika f didiferensialkan pada selang tertutup [a,b], dan jika
n

║∆║
lim
→0 i=1
∑ f(ε i ¿ ∆ ix
i=1

4.6.3 Theorem
If K is any constant, then

∫ k dx=k (b−a)
a

4.6.4 Theorem

f the function f can be neutralized in the closed hose [a, b], and if k is any
constant then

b b

∫ kf (x) dx=k ∫ f ( x ) dx
a a
 4.6.5 Theorem
If functions f and g can be neutralized in [a, b], then f + g can be neutralized on [a, b],

b b b
and ∫ f ( x ) + g ( x ) ¿ dx=∫ f ( x ) dx +∫ g(x )dx ¿
a a a

4.6.6 Theorem
If the function f can be neutralized in a closed interval [a, b], [a, c], and [c, b],

b c b

∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f ( x ) dx +∫ f (x)dx
a a c

With a < c < b.

4.6.7 Theorem
If f is neutralized in a closed hose containing three numbers, a, b, and c then

b c b

∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f ( x ) dx +∫ f (x)dx
a a c

It does not depend on the order a, b, and c.6.8 Theorem

If functions f and g can be neutralized in a closed hose [a, b], and if
  f (x) ≥g (x) for all x in [a, b] dx.

4.6.9 Theorem
Suppose that the function f in the hose is closed [a, b]. if m and M are respectively the
absolute minimum and absolute maximum of function f in [a, b] so that
m ≤ f ( x ) ≤ M untuk a ≤ b
Then
b
m ( b−a ) ≤ ∫ f ( x ) dx ≤ M ( b−a )
a
 A. Conclusion
From the two books above, it can be concluded that the
material discussed specifically on the material of rank and
roots is indeed not much different , the discussion material
explained is the same. Each - each book has advantages and
disadvantages, I think the book that is reviewed is easier to
understand, because the book in the review is more complete
and also more examples. The comparison book only contains
the general formula of the

B. Recommendation
In my opinion, in a special mathematical conversation
about the material that I discussed, namely about rank and
root, we must use the first book: "Introduction to quadratic
roots and squares" because in my opinion the book explains
more about the basis of how work works on how customs
work and roots . This Duku is also neatly arranged starting
from definition, formula and example. Even students are very
helpful in the material. if you want to know what is the rank
and root in English and how to do it. can use the book.

C. Biliography
Bernard,jonathan.2003.Calculus.In the Unired Stared Of
America
Robert,roland.1956.Calculus.von hoffmann corporation