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CME ARTICLE
ABSTRACT
Objectives. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is produced exclusively in the prostate gland and is currently the
most useful clinical marker for the detection of prostate cancer. In this report, we examine whether serum
PSA is also a predictor of important benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)-related outcomes, acute urinary
retention (AUR), and the need for BPH-related surgery.
Methods. Three thousand forty men were treated with either placebo or finasteride in a double-blind,
randomized study of 4-year duration. Serum PSA was measured at baseline, and baseline prostate volume
was measured in a 10% subset of 312 men. Probabilities and cumulative incidences of AUR and BPH-related
surgery, as well as reduction in risk of events with finasteride, were calculated for the entire patient
population, stratified by treatment assignment, baseline serum PSA, and prostate volume.
Results. The risk of either needing BPH-related surgery or developing AUR ranged from 8.9% to 22.0%
during the 4 years in placebo-treated patients stratified by increasing prostate volume and from 7.8% to
19.9% when stratified by increasing serum PSA. In comparison with symptom scores, flow rates, and
residual urine volume, receiver operating characteristic curve analyses showed that serum PSA and prostate
volume were the most powerful predictors of spontaneous AUR in placebo-treated patients (area under the
curve 0.70 and 0.81, respectively). Finasteride treatment reduced the relative risk of needing surgery or
developing AUR by 50% to 74% and by 43% to 60% when stratified by increasing prostate volume and
serum PSA, respectively.
Conclusions. Serum PSA and prostate volume are powerful predictors of the risk of AUR and the need for
BPH-related surgery in men with BPH. Knowledge of baseline serum PSA and/or prostate volume are useful
tools to aid physicians and decision makers in predicting the risk of BPH-related outcomes and choosing
therapy for BPH. UROLOGY 53: 473–480, 1999. © 1999, Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
A complete list of the members of the PLESS Study Group is given Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Case Western Reserve Uni-
in the Appendix. versity, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Medicine, Mercy Hospital
Dr. Waldstreicher and Thomas J. Cook are employees of Merck and Medical Center, San Diego, California; and Departments of Bio-
& Co., Inc., the sponsor of the study. statistics and Clinical Research, Endocrinology and Metabolism,
From the Departments of Urology, University of Texas South- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey
western Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas; Mayo Clinic, Reprint requests: Claus G. Roehrborn, M.D., Department of Urol-
Rochester, Minnesota; Columbia Presbyterian College of Physicians ogy, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas,
and Surgeons, New York, New York; Jackson Foundation, Madison, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, J8-130, Dallas, TX 75235-9110
Wisconsin; Ft. Myers Study Center, Fort Myers, Florida; Scott & Submitted: October 13, 1998, accepted (with revisions): No-
White Memorial Hospital, Temple, Texas; Beth Israel Deaconess vember 10, 1998
RESULTS
At baseline, men assigned to finasteride and pla-
cebo were similar in terms of age, demographics,
symptom severity, peak flow rate, prostate volume,
and serum PSA (Table I). Baseline characteristics
of the subset with prostate volume measurements
were similar to those in the entire study group.
The overall incidence of AUR was 7% with pla-
cebo and 4% with finasteride (spontaneous AUR FIGURE 1. Four-year incidences of either AUR or BPH-
related surgery in patients treated with placebo or fin-
4% with placebo and 1% with finasteride; precipi-
asteride, stratified in tertiles by (A) baseline prostate
tated AUR 3% with placebo and 2% with finas- volume (subset of 10% of patients) or (B) baseline se-
teride) and of BPH-related surgery, 10% in men rum PSA. Arrows denote reduction in risk by the log-
taking placebo and 5% in men taking finasteride.8 rank test. †One placebo patient had a prostate volume
The incidence of AUR or surgery increased from of 222.
8.9% to 22.0% from the first to the third tertile of
baseline prostate volume for placebo-treated pa- baseline serum PSA, the risk increased from 7.8%
tients; it remained relatively stable between 5.1% to 19.9% for the placebo group (P , 0.001) and
and 5.6% for finasteride-treated patients (Fig. 1A). from 4.4% to 8.3% for the finasteride group (P 5
As a result, the risk reduction with finasteride in- 0.035), resulting in a finasteride-related reduction
creased from 50% in the smallest to 74% in the of risk from 43% in the lowest to 60% in the highest
largest prostate volume tertile. When stratified by tertile of serum PSA (Fig. 1B).
likely a reflection of the strong correlation between disease by shrinking the prostate gland and pre-
the two parameters.10 venting further measurable growth. In fact, to
It is interesting to speculate why the symptom make predictions about the risk of surgery and/or
severity and bothersomeness scores are better pre- AUR once treatment is initiated is less important
dictors of BPH-related surgery than of AUR. Spon- than to be able to give patients and healthcare pro-
taneous AUR is an event that cannot be influenced viders information before a treatment decision re-
by the patient, the physician, or by their interac- garding possible future BPH-related outcomes.
tion. A placebo effect is most unlikely in such setting. Several limitations of our study need to be recog-
Precipitated AUR, triggered by surgery, ingestion nized. First, even though it is the longest BPH trial
of drugs such as alpha-adrenergics or anticholin- ever conducted, in the lifespan of a patient with
ergics, is clearly a less reliable end point in the BPH it still covers only a fraction of the entire du-
natural evolution of BPH. The incidence of BPH- ration during which the patient is at risk. Extrapo-
related surgery, on the other hand, can be substan- lations of the data over extended periods have to be
tially influenced by the interaction between patient undertaken with great caution. Second, all patients
and physician. It is likely that this patient-physi- in this study had to have an enlarged prostate by
cian interaction, the discussion of perceived pro-
DRE at baseline to be eligible for participation. De-
gression and improvement of the condition based
spite the stratification by PSA levels and the strong
on scores, may have an influence on the need for
clinical correlation between serum PSA and pros-
surgery. It is intuitively obvious that in the face of
rising symptom scores or decreasing peak flow tate volume, we cannot state with certainty that
rates, the physician may suggest that the patient similar results would be obtained in a cohort of
consider a surgical procedure. This subjective ele- men not selected for enlarged prostate glands.
ment is probably less prevalent in a clinical trial Prostate volume and serum PSA are good candi-
setting, where both patients and physicians feel date parameters to aid in the individualized discus-
compelled to continue the study until it ends. sion that takes place between patients and physicians
However, when the trial is scheduled for 4 years, before initiation of therapy for BPH. Finasteride
clinical judgment may lead the physician to at least decreases the risk of developing a BPH-related out-
discuss with the patient possible surgery, as other- come by approximately half in all subgroups exam-
wise the patient would have to live with worsening ined. However, the absolute risk of having an out-
symptoms for a considerable period. come is substantially different across the different
That finasteride attenuates the predictive power levels of PSA and prostate volume. Risk is viewed
of prostate volume and serum PSA regarding sur- differently by patients, physicians, and administra-
gery and AUR was anticipated, as it has been tors. The data provided in this report should be
clearly shown to change the natural history of the helpful to all parties involved in the decision of
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APPENDIX
whether to treat BPH based on predictable risks The PLESS Study Group includes (in alphabetical order):
and predictable reductions in risk with finasteride. A. Aigen, P. Albertsen, R. Anderson, G. Andriole, S. Auerbach,
M. Bamberger, J. Bannow, W. Barzell, D. Bergner, J. Bonilla,
CONCLUSIONS R. B. Bracken, W. Brannan, W. Bremner, T. Brown, R. Bruske-
witz, R. Castellanos, S. Childs, K. S. Coffield, T. Cook, C. Cox,
Serum PSA strongly correlates with prostate vol- E. D. Crawford, B. Dalkin, R. W. deVere White, G. Drach,
ume in men with BPH, and both parameters predict H. Epstein, C. Ercole, D. Falcone, D. Finnerty, W. Fitch,
equally well the risk of AUR and the need for BPH- M. Flanagan, J. Fowler, H. Fuselier, D. Garvin, J. Geller,
R. Gibbons, P. Gilhooly, M. Gittelman, S. Glickman, J.
related surgery. The incidence of both untoward Gottesman, T. Gray, J. Grayhack, H. Guess, L. Harrison, W.
outcomes increases nearly linearly with increasing Hellstrom, R. Herlihy, G. B. Hodge, Jr., H. L. Holtgrewe, R.
serum PSA and prostate volume in men treated Huben, P. Hudson, C. L. Jackson, E. Johnson, D. Kadmon,