MATRICES AND EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS

Matrices - Rank of a Matrix - Consistency of a system of linear

equations - Solution of the matrix equation = Row - reduced
Echelon Form - Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors -Properties - Cayley -
Hamilton Theorem - Inverse of a matrix

Matrices-Introduction
Matrices play a crucial part in providing a mathematical description of the

geometry needed for programming computer games, robots and graphics on a

computer or video screen.

A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers or symbols.

A matrix is a rectangular array of elements arranged in horizontal rows and

vertical columns

All of the following are matrices:

But the array is not a matrix as it is not

rectangular.
The order of a matrix describes its shape, in the
particular form:
(no. of rows) x (no. of columns). Read this as "number of
rows by number of columns". The individual components
of a matrix are called its elements.
In the matrices of Example , A is of order 2 x 2 (''two by
two", a square matrix), B and X are 2 x l, D is 1 x 3, E is 2 x
2 and F is 1 x 1.
Two matrices can only be equal if they are of the same
order or shape, and all individual corresponding
elements equal.
Addition and subtraction of matrices
Adding and subtracting matrices is defined in an obvious
way. That is, two matrices can only be added and
subtracted if they are of the same order or shape.
Then corresponding elements are added or subtracted.

Scalar Multiplication
Scalar multiplication is the multiplication of a matrix by a scalar (or
number)using the simple rule that all elements of the matrix are
multiplied by the scalar.
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Matrix Division
This is a quick and easy one to deal with: YOU CANNOT DIVIDE
MATRICES.
There is no matrix division defined !.
Transpose of a matrix
A final operation which may be needed and which does not correspond to a
standard arithmetic operation, is finding the transpose of a matrix. This simply
means swapping rows and columns over, so Row 1 becomes Column 1, etc. The

notation used is either AT or A' .

We can define the determinant of a square 2x2 matrix

The identity matrix

You will also need the idea of the identity matrix I. This is the matrix that does
the job of the number 1, in that multiplying by it changes nothing. The identity
matrix is square and there is one for each possible size.

Note:
Finding the matrix inverse

Matrix form of simultaneous equations