MATRIX

Conversion to matrix algebra basically just involves taking

away the column and row identifiers. A function identifier is
added (in this case, “G” for grades):

Numbers that appear in the matrix are called the matrix elements.
 MATRIX
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged into
columns and rows (much like a spreadsheet).
Matrix algebra is used in statistics to express collections of
data.
For example, the following is an Excel worksheet with a list
of grades for exams:
 MATRIX NOTATION
Why the Strange Notation?
We use the different notation (as opposed to keeping the
data in a spreadsheet format) for a simple reason:
convention.
Keeping to conventions makes it easier to follow the rules
of matrix math (like addition and subtraction).
For example, in elementary algebra, if you have a list like
this: 2 apples, 3 bananas, 5 grapes, then you would
change it to 2a+3b+5g to keep to convention.
 MATRIX NOTATION
Some of the most common terms you’ll come across when
dealing with matrices are:
• Dimension (also called order): how many rows and
columns a matrix has. Rows are listed first, followed by
columns. For example, a 2 x 3 matrix means 2 rows and 3
columns.
• Elements: the numbers that appear inside the matrix.
• A scalar: any real number.
• Matrix Function: A scalar multiplied by a matrix, to
produce another matrix.
 MATRIX NOTATION
• Identity matrix (I): A diagonal matrix with zeros as
elements except for the diagonal, which has ones.
TYPES OF MATRIX
TYPES OF MATRIX
TYPES OF MATRIX
TYPES OF MATRIX
TYPES OF MATRIX
TYPES OF MATRIX
TYPES OF MATRIX
TYPES OF MATRIX
TYPES OF MATRIX
Matrix Algebra: Addition and Subtraction
• The size of a matrix (i.e. 2 x 2) is also called the
matrix dimension or matrix order.
• If you want to add (or subtract) two matrices,
their dimensions must be exactly the same.
• In other words, you can add a 2 x 2 matrix to another 2 x
2 matrix but not a 2 x 3 matrix.
• Adding matrices is very similar just regular addition: you
just add the same numbers in the same location (for
example, add all numbers in column 1, row 1 and all
numbers in column 2, row 2).
Matrix Algebra: Addition and Subtraction

• A note on notation: A worksheet (for example, in Excel) uses column letters (ABCD) and row numbers (123) to
give a cell location like A1 or D2. It’s typical for matrices to use notation like gij which means the ith row and jth
column of matrix G.
• Matrix subtraction works exactly the same way.
Matrix Algebra: Addition and Subtraction
• Matrix addition is just a series of additions. For a 2x2
matrix:
• Add the top left numbers together and write the sum in a
new matrix, in the top left position.
• Add the top right numbers together and write the sum in
the top right.
• Add the bottom left numbers together and write the sum in
the bottom left.
• Add the bottom right numbers together and write the sum
in the bottom right:
Matrix Algebra: Addition and Subtraction
Matrix Algebra: Addition and Subtraction
Matrix Algebra: Addition and Subtraction
• In fact, you can use this basic technique for any matrix
addition as long as your matrices have the same dimensions
(the same number of columns and rows).
• In other words, if the matrices are the same size, you can
add them. If they aren’t the same size, you can’t add them.
• A matrix with 4 rows and 2 columns can be added to a matrix
with 4 rows and 2 columns.
• A matrix with 4 rows and 2 columns cannot be added to a
matrix with 5 rows and 2 columns.
• The above technique is sometimes called the “entrywise sum”
as you’re simply adding entries together and noting the result.
Matrix Algebra: Addition and Subtraction
Matrix Algebra: Addition and Subtraction
Matrix Addition for Unequal Dimensions
• If you have unequal dimensions, you can still add the matrices
together, but you’d have to use a different (much more advanced)
technique.
• One such technique is the direct sum. The direct sum ( ⊕)of any pair
of matrices A of size m × n and B of size p × q is a matrix of size (m +
p) × (n + q):
Matrix Addition for Unequal Dimensions
Matrix Addition for Unequal Dimensions
Matrix Multiplication
Matrix multiplication by Scalar
• Multiplication of an integer with a matrix is simply a
scalar multiplication.
• We know that a matrix is an array of numbers. It consists
of rows and columns.
• If you multiply a matrix by a scalar value, then it is known
as scalar multiplication.
• Another case is that it is possible to multiply a matrix by
another matrix.
Matrix multiplication by Scalar
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
Matrix Multiplication: Two Matrices
• When you want to multiply two matrices together, the process
becomes a little more complicated. You need to multiply the rows of
the first matrix by the columns of the second matrix.
• In other words, multiply across rows of the first matrix and down
columns of the second matrix. Once you’ve multiplied through, add
the products and write out the answers as a new matrix
• You can only perform matrix multiplication on two matrices if the
number of columns in the first matrix equals the number of rows in
the second matrix.
• For example, you can multiply a 2 x 3 matrix (two rows and three
columns) by a 3 x 4 matrix (three rows and four columns).
Matrix Multiplication: 2x2
Matrix Multiplication: 3x3
Properties of Matrix Multiplication
Commutative Property
The matrix multiplication is not commutative.
• Assume that, if A and B are the two 2×2 matrices,
• AB ≠ BA
• In matrix multiplication, the order matters a lot.
Associative Property
• If A, B and C are the three matrices, the associative property of matrix
multiplication states that,
(AB) C = A(BC)
Distributive Property
• If A, B and C are the three matrices, the distributive
property of matrix multiplication states that,
• (B+C)A = BA +CA
• A(B+C) = AB + AC
Multiplicative Identity Property
• The identity property of matrix multiplication states that,
• I = I. A = A
• Where A is an n× n matrix and “I” is an identity matrix of
order n.
Dimension Property
• In matrix multiplication, the product of m × n matrix and
n×a matrix is the m× a matrix.
• For example, matrix A is a 2 × 3 matrix and matrix B is a 3
× 4 matrix, then AB is a 2 × 4 matrices.
Multiplicative property of Zero
References
• https://www.toppr.com/guides/maths/matrices/types-of-matri
ces/#:~:text=The%20various%20types%20of%20matrices,s
ymmetric%20matrix%2C%20and%20antisymmetric%20mat
rix
.
• https://byjus.com/maths/matrix-multiplication/#:~:text=Matrix
%20multiplication%20Rules&text=The%20product%20of
%20two%20matrices%20A%20and%20B%20is
%20defined,number%20of%20rows%20of%20B.&text=If
%20both%20A%20and%20B,not%20necessary%20that
%20AB%20%3D%20BA.
• https://www.chilimath.com/lessons/advanced-algebra/addin