4 Group

th

Matrices
The members :
1. Agung Mulyawati (180631029)
2. Titi Sumiyati (180631034)
3. Zhilal Hafidzoh (180631026)
Contents:
• Definition
• Properties of Matrix
• Special Type of Matrices
• Matrices’ Operation
 Matrix Addition
 Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
 Matrix Multiplication
 Matrix Transposition
 Finding the Determinant of a Matrix
 Matrix Inversion
What is matrix?
A matrix is a rectangular array of elements. The elements can be symbolic expressions
or numbers. Matrix [A] is denoted by

 a11 a12 ....... a1n 

a a22 ....... a2 n 
[ A]   21
  
 
am1 am 2 ....... amn 
Each matrix has rows and columns and this defines the size of the matrix. If a
matrix [A] has m rows and n columns, the size of the matrix is denoted by m×n.
The matrix [A] may also be denoted by [A]mxn to show that [A] is a matrix with
m rows and n columns.

Each entry in the matrix is called the entry or element of the matrix and is
denoted by aij where I is the row number and j is the column number of the
element.
 Properties of matrix
• The dimension (size) of a matrix is defined by the
number of rows and number of columns
• Examples:

3 × 3: 2×4:
Properties of matrix
• An element of a matrix is usually written in lower
case, with its row number and column number as
subscripts:
Special Types of Matrices
• Row Vector
• Column Vector
• Submatrix
• Square Matrix
• Upper Triangular Matrix
• Lower Triangular Matrix
 Diagonal Matrix
 Identity Matrix
 Zero Matrix
 Tri-diagonal Matrices
 Diagonally Dominant
Matrix
Matrices’ Operation
• Matrix Addition
• Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
• Matrix Multiplication
• Matrix Transposition
• Finding the Determinant of a Matrix
• Matrix Inversion
Matrix Addition
• Vectors must be the same size in order to add
• To add two vectors, add the individual elements:

• Matrix addition is commutative:

A+B=B+A
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
• To multiple a matrix by a scalar, multiply each
element by the scalar:

• We often use this fact to simplify the display of

matrices with very large (or very small) values:
Multiplication of Matrices
• To multiple two matrices together, the matrices
must have compatible sizes:

This multiplication is possible only if the number

of columns in A is the same as the number of rows
in B
• The resultant matrix C will have the same number
of rows as A and the same number of columns as B
Multiplication of Matrices
• Element ij of the product matrix is computed by
multiplying each element of row i of the first
matrix by the corresponding element of column j
of the second matrix, and summing the results
• This is best illustrated by example
Example – Matrix Multiplication
• Find

• We know that matrix C will be 2 × 2

• Element c11 is found by multiplying terms of row 1
of A and column 1 of B:
Matrix Multiplication
• In general, matrix multiplication is not
commutative:

AB ≠ BA
Transpose of a Matrix
• The transpose of a matrix by switching its row and
columns
• The transpose of a matrix is designated by a
superscript T:
Determinant of a Matrix
• The determinant of a square matrix is a scalar
quantity that has some uses in matrix algebra.
Finding the determinant of 2 × 2 and 3 × 3
matrices can be done relatively easily:
• The determinant is designated as |A| or det(A)
• 2 × 2:
Determinant of a Matrix
• 3 × 3:
Inverse of a Matrix
• Some square matrices have an inverse
• If the inverse of a matrix exists (designated by -1
superscript), then

where I is the identity matrix – a square matrix with

1’s as the diagonal elements and 0’s as the other
elements
Inverse of Matrix
• The inverse of a 2X2 matrix is easy to find:
Example-Invers of Matrix
• Example: find inverse of A:
Practice Problem
• Find A-1, check that A A-1 = I
Inverse of a Matrix
• Note from the formula for the inverse of a 2 × 2
matrix that if the determinant equals zero, then
the inverse is undefined
• This is true generally: the inverse of a square
matrix exists only of the determinant is non-zero