Proceedings of the 13th IFAC Conference on

Programmable
Proceedings of Devices
the 13thand
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Proceedings of Devices
May 13-15, 2015.
Programmable the 13thand
Cracow,IFAC Conference
Poland
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Systems
Programmable Devices and Embedded Systems
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IFAC-PapersOnLine 48-4 (2015) 368–373
Design and Realization of Low Cost Control for Greenhouse Environment with
Design
Design and
and Realization
Realization of
of Low
Low Cost
Cost Control
Control
Remote for
for Greenhouse
Control Greenhouse Environment
Environment with
with
Remote Control
Remote Control
Lukas Bajer*, Ondrej Krejcar*

Lukas Bajer*, Ondrej Krejcar*
Lukas Bajer*, Ondrej Krejcar*


*Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove,
*Center
*Center for
for Basic and
and Applied
Hradec
Basic Research,
Kralove,
Applied Faculty
Czech Republic
Research, of
of Informatics
Faculty (e-mail: and
and Management,
{lukas.bajer;
Informatics University
University of
of Hradec
ondrej.krejcar}@uhk.cz).
Management, Hradec Kralove,
Kralove,
Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic (e-mail: {lukas.bajer; ondrej.krejcar}@uhk.cz).
Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic (e-mail: {lukas.bajer; ondrej.krejcar}@uhk.cz).
Abstract: This project describes the design and implementation of control unit coordinating sensors of
Abstract:
Abstract: This
This project
various physical describes
quantities
project the
the design
and actuators.
describes and
and implementation
designBeside of
of control
the data collection
implementation fromunit
control coordinating
sensor
unit units, thesensors
coordinating problem
sensors of
of
various
consists physical
of their quantities
local and and
remote actuators. Beside
visualization. The the data
selected collection
concept is from
createdsensor
by
various physical quantities and actuators. Beside the data collection from sensor units, the problem the units,
Arduinothe problem
platform,
consists
which usesof their local and
expansion remote
modules forvisualization. The and
data acquisition selected concept is
visualization to created
control by
thethe Arduino
solution. Theplatform,
chosen
consists of their local and remote visualization. The selected concept is created by the Arduino platform,
which
solutionuses
is expansionfor
sufficient modules
home for data acquisition
automation and is and visualization
useful for a wide to control
range of the solution.
potential The chosen
customers. The
which uses expansion modules for data acquisition and visualization to control the solution. The chosen
solution
concept is concretized
is sufficient for home
into an automationgreenhouse
intelligent and is useful for a widewhere
environment, rangecomplete
of potential customers.
control is The
designed
solution is sufficient for home automation and is useful for a wide range of potential customers. The
concept
over the is concretized Such
into an intelligent greenhouse environment, where complete control while
is designed
concept isenvironment.
concretized into an solution optimizes
intelligent the quality
greenhouse of treatment
environment, whereof crops or flowers
complete it can
control is designed
over
also the environment.
bring financial Such on
savings solution optimizes
subsequent the quality
operation of theofsystem,
treatmentas of crops orResults
expected. flowersofwhile
the it can
control
over the environment. Such solution optimizes the quality of treatment of crops or flowers while it can
also
also bring
concept
bringwerefinancial
tested savings
financial with the on
savings subsequent
good
on operation
results during
subsequent a trialof
operation the
theofsystem,
ofrun as
as expected.
expected.inResults
a real greenhouse,
system, which of
Results thethe
of control
quality
the controlof
concept were
the designed
concept tested
were solution with
tested with the
wasthe good
verified.results during
Specific
good results a trial
procedures
during run of a real
andofdesign
a trial run greenhouse,
a real solutions
greenhouse, in which
areinalso the
listed
which quality
thewithin of
qualitythis
of
the designed
paper
the solution
to highlight
designed was
was verified.
verified. Specific
the solution.
solution Specific procedures
procedures and and design
design solutions
solutions are
are also
also listed
listed within
within this
this
paper to highlight the solution.
© 2015, IFAC
paper to
Keywords: (International
highlight
Arduino, the Federation
solution.
automation, of actuator,
sensor, Automaticvisualization,
Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
greenhouse
Keywords: Arduino, automation, sensor, actuator, visualization,
Keywords: Arduino, automation, sensor, actuator, visualization, greenhouse
greenhouse


  controls (button, potentiometer, PIR sensor)
1. INTRODUCTION
1. INTRODUCTION  controlsto(button,
Ability
controls (button,
potentiometer,
store and work with the
potentiometer,
PIR
PIR
sensor) data
measured
sensor)
1. INTRODUCTION  Ability to store and work with the measured data
microSD
Monitoring of intelligent environments where a large number  Ability to store and work with the measured data
Monitoring
of measured of variables,
intelligent environments
static values where as wella large number
as dynamic  microSD
Monitoring of intelligent environments where a large number  microSD 2. SYSTEM DESIGN
of measured
processes with variables,
different static values
dynamics is a as well as task
complicated dynamic
Pies
of measured variables, static values as well as dynamic 2. SYSTEM DESIGN
processes
et al. withand
(2013) different
Pies etdynamics
al. is a Each
(2014).
processes with different dynamics is a complicated task Pies
complicated
variable task
has Pies
the Arduino is ideal 2.for SYSTEM
similarDESIGNtypes of non-industrial
et
et al.
ability
al. (2013) (2013)
to detuneand
and thePies et al.
Piescharacter (2014).
et al. (2014). Each
of the Each variable
measured system
variable has the
has and
the Arduino
automation is(Fuentes
ideal for et similar
al.. 2014) types
and of non-industrial
(Agudo et all. 2014).
ability to detune the character of the measured system and Arduino is ideal for similar types of non-industrial
therebytoput
ability the system
detune in a constant
the character regulatory system
of the measured processand or automation
Primarily (Fuentes
its modularity et al..and
2014) and (Agudofacilitates
sophistication et all. 2014).
the
thereby put the systemstate in a constant automation (Fuentes et al.. 2014) and (Agudo et all. 2014).
even
thereby non-controllable
put the system in a(Luo et all.regulatory
constant regulatory
process
2012), (Olvera
process
or
et al.
or Primarily
design and itsimplementation
modularity and of sophistication
the final facilitates
solution. The the
entire
even non-controllable state (Luo etetall. 2012), (Olvera et al. Primarily its modularity and sophistication facilitates the
2011), (Lee et all. 2011) and David
even non-controllable state (Luo et all. 2012), (Olvera et al. al. (2013). design
solution and
of implementation
greenhouse of the can
automation finaltherefore
solution.beThe entire
expressed
2011), (Lee et all. 2011) and David et al. (2013). design and implementation of the final solution. The entire
2011), (Lee etsystem
all. 2011) and include
David ettheal.following:
(2013). solution
solution of
of greenhouse
clearly with block diagram
greenhouse automation
of thecan
automation canHWtherefore
therefore be
be expressed
communication
expressedof
The resulting should clearly with block diagram of the HW communication
The resulting system should include the following: Arduinowith
clearly andblock its surroundings,
diagram of theasHW shown in figure of
communication 1.
of
The resulting system should
Visualization include
of values and the
systemfollowing:
state Arduino
Description
Arduino and
andof its surroundings,
itsindividual as
as shown
parts with
surroundings, in
in figure
figure 1.
their corresponding
shown 1.
 WebVisualization of
interface–remotevalues and
accesssystem state Description
communications of individual parts with the
follows to understand their
ideacorresponding
of proposed
 Visualization of values and system state Description of individual parts with their corresponding
 Local
Web interface–remote
preview with access
the option of scrolling through communications
solution. follows to understand the idea of proposed
 Web interface–remote access communications follows to understand the idea of proposed
 Local
screenspreview
Local preview withwith thethe option
option of of scrolling
scrolling through
through
solution.
solution.
 Sensorics
screens
screens 2.1 Arduino MEGA 2560
 Sensorics
Central measured variables
Sensorics 2.1 Arduino MEGA 2560
2.1 Arduino MEGA 2560
 temperature
Central
Central measured
measured variables
variables Arduino is a control unit and the heart of the entire
 temperature Arduino
automation. is a control unit and
and the heart of the entire
humidity
temperature Arduino is All a controlcomputing
unit and communication
the heart of the processes
entire
 humidity automation.
except ethernet All computing
Allarecomputing
handled byandand communication
its microcontroller.
communication Arduino processesis
 atmospheric
humidity pressure automation. processes
 atmospheric
real-time pressure
clock except ethernet
also adapted forare handled
aremodular by
by its
its microcontroller.
handledexpansion and thereforeArduinois also is
isa
 atmospheric pressure except ethernet microcontroller. Arduino
 External real-time measured
clock
real-time clock variables also
base adapted
also for further
adapted for modular
forshield expansion
expansion and
extensions.
modular and therefore
therefore is is also
also aa
 External air measured variables
temperature base for further shield extensions.
 External measured variables base for further
Arduino requiresshield extensions.
a supply voltage of 7-12V (or 5V in case of
 air temperature
 air air humidity
temperature Arduino
programmingrequires via a USB)
supply for
voltage
it toof
ofrun
7-12V (or 5V USB
properly. in case of
also
 soil air humidity
moisture
air humidity
Arduino requires a supply voltage
programming
serves as a means via forUSB)
transmitting
7-12V
for it toinformation
(or 5V in case
run properly. to USB
the
of
also
terminal
 light soil moisture
measurement
soil moisture
programming via USB) for it to run properly. USB also
serves
via UARTas a communication
means for transmitting Horalekinformation
et al. (2010). to the terminal
serves as a means for transmitting information to the terminal
 Actuators light measurement
light measurement via UART communication Horalek et al. (2010).
 Actuators via UART communication Horalek et al.
Since the Arduino MEGA is the main unit, it collects data (2010).
 audio signalization
Actuators
 audio signalization
ventilation Since the
from the
Since Arduino
thesensors
Arduino andMEGA
controlsis
MEGA the
isthe main
main unit,
theactuators. unit, it
it collects
collects data
data
 audio signalization
 ventilation air circulation and heating
from the sensors and controls the
from the sensors and controls the actuators. actuators.
 ventilation
 air circulation and heating
 air circulation and heating

2405-8963 © 2015,
Copyright IFAC 2015 368Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control)
Peer review©under
Copyright IFAC responsibility
2015 of International Federation of Automatic
368Control.
Copyright © IFAC 2015
10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.07.062 368
 PDeS 2015
May 13-15, 2015. Cracow, Poland Lukas Bajer et al. / IFAC-PapersOnLine 48-4 (2015) 368–373 369
Fig. 1. Block diagram of HW –composition of the automation system
2.2 Ethernet Shield
This unit is the extension module for Arduino platform and is
used for creating web visualization of the automation Krejcar
et al. (2009). An integrated special feature is the ability to
record measured values or actuator states and write them onto
a microSD card Krejcar (2007).
2.3 Meteo Shield
Meteo shield is a commercially manufactured component for
the Arduino platform. In the case of greenhouse automation,
it’s used to take temperature, humidity and atmospheric
pressure measurements in its immediate vicinity Vozda et al.
(2012). Another feature of this expansion is the ability to
work with real time clock. This enables the unit to become
independent in time orientation and allows for time events
planning.
369
3. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
SENSORIC PARTS AND ACTUATORS
This chapter is a fundamental part of the work and therefore,
its subsections will be discussed more thoroughly in the
paper. Main idea of the proposed solution is based on
interesting projects provided by literature (Luo et all. 2012),
(Olvera et al.. 2011) and (Lee et all. 2011). We also studied
novel use of intelligent sensors and actuators as well as their
development in Smart way as presented in (Attar et all.
2014), and (Ma et all. 2013).
For technological reasons, standard types of sensors and
actuators were chosen for implementation in this project.
From the large number of manufactured automation
components, those who fulfilled the necessary requirements
for the greenhouse automation were selected (Iwasaki et all.
2013) and (Luan et all. 2012).
PDeS 2015
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3.1 Sensors
Fig. 2. FC-28-B –diagram of the sensor design
A commercially manufactured sensor called FC-28-B is used
for the measurement, which allows the collection of analogue
voltage values, which is in turn used for the soil moisture
level evaluation. Another feature is the use of potentiometer
to set the digital level of voltage to signal the achievement of
desired moisture level. Sensor diagram is shown in figure 2.
3.2 Actuators
Fig. 3. Air circulation and heating–regulation schema
The airflow in an environment is directly influenced by the
shape of the closed area, air density and even its moisture.
These listed quantities are not nearly all the physical elements
entering the regulatory system but for the purpose of this
study, they will suffice Krejcar et al. (2011). Specifically, the
automation will decide based on the measured temperature in
different parts of the greenhouse, even outside. The control
370
will be also influenced by the values of internal and external
humidity David et al. (2012) and Machacek et al. (2012).
3.3 Irrigation
Fig. 4. Irrigation - schematics
To control one of the most important parts of the greenhouse
automation, a transistor is used for switching a relay, which
attracts the reed and switches the pump. A diode connected to
the supply voltage of 5 V is used to protect the control part of
the circuit when switching an inductive load. The reed is
electrically isolated from its switching part which protects the
control circuit from dangerous voltage needed to start up the
pump motor Tutsch et al. (2010).
Since the feedback is not yet created, it is necessary to watch
the water level inside the tank so the pump is not destroyed
by lack of water.
4. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
SOFTWARE SOLUTION
The colour orange shows part of the program, which consists
of description of the implemented SW functionality, as well
as the description of input and output parameters.
Furthermore, there is a declaration part, where variables are
assigned to data types and global constants are declared.
Yellow is the part of the program, which initializes hardware
peripherals and communication units after the header files are
imported and variables are declared. This entire part of the
program is passed only once and throughout the following
runtime, the return to this part is no longer possible. This part
of the program is called SETUP and has no return value.
Green colour specifies the part of the program called LOOP,
which has no return value as well. This part realizes the
cyclical portion of the program, every function, structure and
operation is running in an endless loop, which can be stopped
only by giving the corresponding SW command, or
disconnecting the power supply Krejcar et al. (2013).
 PDeS 2015
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Fig. 5. Program progress schematics
Example of blinking LED is shown in figure 6.
Fig. 6. Running program - example of blinking LED
5. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
VISUALISATION
Visualization should be a part of any automation structure,
because once the sensors measure some data, which the
actuators have to act upon, control over the current state of
the system is necessary Stankus et al. (2010). To keep control
only on the uploaded program could lead to an uncertainty
whether the system is performing all the tasks. Although the
main idea of automation is to perform operations without
371
human presence, it is better to have insight into the action
which are being carried out. Performed actions can be
monitored on different levels of access Krawiec et al. (2010).
5.1 MicroSD Card
The solution, which records the past states of the system, can
be continuous saving of the measured values and actuator
states onto a microSD card. Storing information on the
memory card can be realized in several formats:
• Text document (.TXT)
• Document spreadsheet (.CSV)
To provide easier data handling and possibility to create
graphs and statistics, CSV format was chosen. Support of the
memory card operations is realized using a standard SD.h
library, which is already implemented in the basic installation
of the Arduino development environment Bodnarova et al.
(2013).
5.2 LCD Display
LCD displays are manufactured in different sizes, backlight
colors, number of lines and characters. Due to the large
amount of information that needs to be continuously
displayed, the 16x4 (number of characters x number of rows)
variant was selected.
The actual number of lines and characters alone isn’t
sufficient to visualize everything, so the possibility of
switching screens with partial information is introduced.
These screens can be theoretically unlimited in number.
Said switchable local visualization on LCD screen is shown
in figure 7.
Fig. 7. LCD screen displaying values
This example shows LCD in the process of displaying some
basic values like time, temperature, humidity and
atmospheric pressure.
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5.3 Webserver – Arduino implementation
To implement the second version of the remote visualization,
an ethernet shield with Wiznet W5100 processor is needed.
This processor isn’t built for large data loads in the form of
complex and graphically sophisticated sites.
Therefore, the website only consists of rather basic graphics
and the rest is in text form. Web application is displaying
different types of thermometers, humidity measuring,
atmospheric pressure and system states.
6. DISCUSSION OF THE IMPLEMENTED SOLUTION
In the process of creative work, next step after completing the
set objectives is evaluation and consideration of the
opportunities for improvement. In the beginning, the question
to decide was which platform to use. The decision was
narrowed to the category of non-industrial controllers, after
studying a wide range of possibilities. Industrial solutions
were disproportionately more expensive and would even
require considerable financial resources to purchase and
extend the necessary license. In this particular case of
greenhouse environment, non-industrial solutions are
sufficient.
The Arduino platform is probably the best we have
encountered, when speaking about the realization of sensoric
measurements Behan et al. (2013). It is also the most
affordable solution for a wide number of potential customers.
There has been no major problem with the implementation of
actuator control, sensoric measurements, local visualization
and even SW creation. However, deficiencies were found in
database control and in uncomfortable design of the remote
visualization with the creation of web server.
Fig. 8. Real testing environment during evaluation
7. CONCLUSION
The goal of this project was to evaluate and choose the best
platform for the implementation of home automation. An
example was also showcased on the automation of a garden
greenhouse environment. Within an environment with a large
372
number of mutually influencing variables, it is necessary to
choose an optimal controller.
One of the main findings of this project is that the Arduino
platform is an ideal tool for implementation of similar non-
industrial automations. It allows the use of multiple sensors
and is able to manage a wide range of actuators. Advantage
of this solution is definitely a numerous occurrences of the
most widely used communication systems and especially, the
price.
The resulting concept included the modular expandability
feature. By layering the so called Shields on top of each
other, a comfortable sensoric solution can be achieved.
The visualization requirement for displaying local values was
met, as well as the requirement for remote access via a web
interface. The LCD display range isn’t able to relay so much
information at once, so it was necessary to add an additional
switchable screen. Compared to the local display, the remote
visualization is a far more complex visualization method
Hajovsky et al. (2012).
The results of this project are fully sufficient while it can be
used as a concept for future developments of other related
projects.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work and the contribution were supported by project
“SP-103-2015 - Smart Solutions for Ubiquitous Computing
Environments” Faculty of Informatics and Management,
University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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