11

Philippine
Politics and
Governance
Quarter 1– Module 2:
(Week 5-8)
Philippine Politics and Governance – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Week 5-8
First Edition, 2020

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 11

Philippine
Politics and
Governance
Quarter 1 – Week 5
Nation, State and Nation-State
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Philippine Politics and Governance Grade 11 Alternative Delivery

Mode (ADM) Module on Nation, State & Nation-state, Globalization, Politics in the
Pre-Spanish to Spanish Period and Democracy in the Philippines!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:

Welcome to the Philippine Politics and Governance Grade 11 Alternative Delivery

Mode (ADM) Module for weeks 5-8!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
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learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
process what you learned from the lesson.
 What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will
help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends retention
of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
 What I Need to Know

Nation and state are two similar and sometimes interchangeable yet different
concepts in political science. This lesson will enlighten the learners about the
characteristics of the two concepts that make them similar as well as those show
their differences.

At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to:

1. define nation and state;
2. differentiate nation from state; and
3. explain how nation-state is created.

What I Know

Lesson
Week 5
5 State, Nation & Nation-state
Identify the following characteristics as NATION or STATE.
1. Territory
2. Language
3. Culture
4. History
5. Government
6. Sovereignty
7. Religion
8. Population
9. Nationality
10.Ethnicity

What’s In
Nation
A Nation (from Latin: natio, "people, tribe, kin, genus, class, flock") is a large group
or collective of people with common characteristics attributed to them - including
language, traditions, mores (customs), habitus (habits), and ethnicity. The
definition of a nation is a body of people in a particular location with a distinct
government.

A nation is a stable community of people formed in the basis of a common

language, territory, economic life, ethnicity and/or psychological make-up
manifested in a common culture. Is distinct from a people and is a more abstract,
and more overtly political than an ethnic group. It is a cultural-political community
that has become conscious of its autonomy, unity and particular interest. Nation
seems so compelling, so “real”, and so much a part of the political and cultural
landscape, that people think they lasted forever. In reality, they come into being
and dissolve with changing historical circumstances sometimes over a relatively
short period of time.
Example of Nation:
United States
Palestine
Roma
Kurdish
Bangsamoro

What’s New

State
“A state is a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying
a definite portion of territory, independent of external control and possessing an
organized government to which the great body of inhabitants render habitual
obedience.”
State is a type of polity that is an organized political community living under a
single system of government and may or may not be sovereign. A state is more than
a government that is clear. Government changes, but state endure. A state is the
means of rule over a defined or “sovereign” territory. It is comprised of an executive,
a bureaucracy, courts and other institutions. States distribute and re-distribute
resources and wealth, so lobbyist, politicians and revolutionaries seek in their own
way to influence or even to get hold of the levers of state power.
There are currently 196 independent countries or States around the world.
Territories of countries or individual parts of a country are not countries in their
own right.

Examples of entities that are not countries include: Hong Kong, Bermuda,
Greenland, Puerto Rico, and most notably the constituent parts of the United
Kingdom. (Northern Ireland, Wales, Scotland, and England are not countries.)
A "state" (with a lower-case "s") is usually a division of a federal State (such as the
states of the United States of America).

What is It

Four Element of State

1. Population -the State is a human institution. Hence population is its first
and foremost element. No state can be imagined without the people, as there
must be some rule and others to be ruled. State is a community of persons.
It is a human political institution. Without a population there can be no
State. Population can be more or less but it has to be there.
2. Territory -People cannot constitute a state unless they occupy in a definite
territory. -Territory is its “material basis”. Art.1 Sec. 1 1997 Constitution
states the National Territory. The territory of the state comprises:
Land, mountains, rivers and lakes within its frontiers, • Territorial
water, extending six miles into the sea from the coast • Air, space,
lying above its territory. A geographical contiguous territory is an
asset; otherwise it creates problems of administration and control.
Any interference with rights of one state by others may lead to wars.
3. Government - A community of persons does not form a state unless it is
organized by established government. Government usually consists of three
branches:
1. Legislature an elected group of people who have the power to make and
change laws in a state or country.
2. Executive someone in a high position, esp. in business, who makes
decisions and acts according to them.
3. Judiciary the part of a country’s government that is responsible for its
legal system and that consists of all the judges in its courts of law
4. Sovereignty - This is the power of the state to command and enforce
obedience of its will from people. It means power over people of an area
unrestrained by laws originating outside the area or independence
completely devoid of direct external control.

What’s More

Nation-State
A type of state that joins the political entity of a state to the cultural entity of a
nation, from which it aims to derive its political legitimacy to rule and potentially
its status as a sovereign state if one accepts the declarative theory of statehood as
opposed to the constitutive theory.

When a nation of people has a State or country of their own, it is called a nation-
state. Places like France, Egypt, Germany, and Japan are excellent examples of
nation-states. There are some States which have two nations, such as Canada and
Belgium. Even with its multicultural society, the United States is also referred to as
a nation-state because of the shared American "culture." There are nations without
States. For example, the Kurds are stateless people.

What I Have Learned

Nation and State are two similar and sometimes interchangeable yet different
concepts in political science. State is a political entity which is bounded by a
territory and headed by a government while nation is more cultural and identity-
based. State has elements: population- a total of individuals occupying an area or
making up a whole; territory- is the area that controlled by the government;
government- the group of people that makes a rules/laws and control the country;
Sovereignty- is the most exclusive elements of state. Without sovereignty no state
can exit.

What I Can Do

Differences between Nation and State

The state has four elements-population, territory, government, and sovereignty. In
the absence of even one element, a State cannot be really a State. A state is always
characterized by all elements. While the nation is a group of people who have a
strong sense of unity and common consciousness. Common territory, common
race, common religion, common language, common history, common literature and
common political aspirations are the elements which help the formation of nation,
and yet none of these is an absolutely essential element. The elements which go to
build a nation keep on changing. States is a Political Organization while Nation is a
social, cultural, psychological, emotional and political unity. Possession of a
definite territory is essential for the State but not for a Nation.

Using the Venn Diagram differentiate Nation from State

Assessment

Identify the following:

1. _____________Is a large group or collective of people with common

characteristics attributed to them - including language, traditions, mores
(customs), habitus (habits), and ethnicity
2. When a nation of people have a State or country of their own, it is called
a________________
 3. _________________Is a community of persons more or less numerous,
permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, independent of
external control and possessing an organized government to which the great
body of inhabitants render habitual obedience.
4. _________________ Community of persons occupying a territory.
5. _________________ It comprises the land, mountains, rivers and lakes within
its frontiers, territorial water, air, space, lying above its territory.
6. _________________ It usually consists of three branches the legislature,
executive and judiciary.
7. _________________ This is the power of the state to command and enforce
obedience of its will from people.
8. _________________ It states the National Territory.
9. True or false. There are some States which have two nations__________
10.True or false. There are nations without States___________

Additional Activities

Create your own virtual nation-state. Make/describe the culture, history, language,
religion, nationality, territory.
What’s New What I Know Assessment
state Nation
nation Nation-state
nation State
nation Population
state Territory
state Government
nation Sovereignty
state Article 1, Sec. 1
nation True
nation True
Answer Key
 What I Need to Know

The concept of globalization is relatively new. Globalization is an event and issue

that affects all fields of study, from social sciences, natural sciences, to humanities.
This lesson provides the definitions of globalization, as well as gives perspective on
how globalization affects political processes in our country.

At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to:

1. define globalization;
2. explain how globalization influences nation-state.

What I Know

Lesson Week 6
6 State and Nation in the Age
of Globalization
True or False. Write true if the statement is correct, otherwise false.
1. Globalization has positive and negative impact on nation-states______
2. The political upheavals helped to create nation-states______
3. Globalization defined physical and cultural boundaries of nation-states_____
4. Sceptics argue that the world had evolved these past years and that it is now
more borderless______
5. Hyperglobalist think that the world has not evolved much________
6. Globalization has impact on developing countries’ economies_______
7. Globalization makes the world small_______
8. Globalization has changed the landscape of technology_______
9. Globalization saw two superpowers: China and USA_____
10.Globalization posed threats to the existence of nation-states_____

What’s In

Creation of Nation-states
Following the decolonization during the late 19 th and 20th centuries, Southeast
Asian countries became independent. in 1898, when the Philippines gained
independence from Spain, a new nation-state was created. Decolonization was
further delayed due to political and economic turmoil in both Europe and Asia in
the 20th century, such as the First and Second World Wars. These political
upheavals ultimately led to the configuration of power from the Europeans to the
two superpowers, the Union Soviet and the United States, and the consequent loss
of more European colonies in Southeast Asia such as Singapore from British, and
Vietnam from France. With the advent of globalization, the defined physical and
cultural boundaries of nation-states are now being threatened by a new type of
order that some scholars claim to have taken its roots on various historical
processes such as the colonization in the 16th century.

Identify the following whether they are State, Nation or Nation-state

1. Hongkong
2. Japan
3. Philippines
4. Canada
5. Vietnam
6. France
7. Puerto Rico
8. Iceland
9. Palestine
10.Kurdistan

What’s New

Globalization Defined
Globalization is a process of interaction and integration of every landscape in the
planet (Levin Institute 2015). To borrow Arjun Appadurai’s terms (Appadurai 1996),
these landscapes (culture and social life) and ideoscapes (ideas). Globalization is a
process that is slowly changing things into one complex scheme that transcends
cultural, political, technological and social boundaries-a system devoid of spatial
restraints that ultimately challenges the very existence of nation-states.

Globalization is defined as the expanding scale, growing magnitude, speeding up

and deepening impact of interregional flows and patterns of social interaction. It
also refers to a shift or transformation in the scale of human social organization
that links distant communities and expands the reach of power relations across the
world’s major regions and continents (Held and McGrew, 2003: 4).

What is It

Two Theories on Globalization

Two theories on globalization: Hyperglobalists argue that the world had evolved
these past years and that it is now more borderless, especially in the economic
field. National economies are now part of a global economy where international
financial markets and transnational dominate. They say there is a
denationalization but that it is part of an economic logic in which "national
governments are just transmission belt for global capital" (King and Kendall, p144).
In contrast, Sceptics disagree with this thesis; they think that the world has not
evolved much and that instead of being in a globalized world we are now in a more
international world.

What’s More

Effects of Globalization
Globalization has changed the role of the state politically because of strengthened
interstate relationships and dependence on one another. States were created to be
sovereign but now, due to globalization, often give their sovereignty away to
‘pooling’ (Shaw, 2000: 185) in conventions, contracting, coercion and imposition
(Krasner, 1995/6). The state’s role has changed from being an authoritative figure
to a dependent figure relying on others making decisions or making decisions
based on other’s beliefs. Socially, globalization has had a problematic effect,
making people and states more at risk and causing the state’s role to change to
encompass solving these issues and becoming a protector rather than a controller. 
The main example of globalization’s negative state impact is the formation of
terrorism. The pandemic due to Covid 19 and expanding epidemic of AIDs and
other deadly diseases due to amplified cross-border movement is a social problem
of globalization changing the role of the state. Our progressively clever world allows
barriers between states to be broken through technological globalization (Cable,
1999: 32). The media is a major factor: worldwide newspapers and television
stations are now commonplace, creating the impression of the world being one
state and raising awareness of events elsewhere in the world because states are no
longer separated. The increased use of the internet is a second aspect of
technological advancements affecting the state’s role. People are easily contactable
across the world, creating stronger relationships between states. Finally, globalized
economic changes have a substantial effect on the state’s role. The global economy
has been created by online banking, stock markets and, largely, global franchises.

What I Have Learned

Globalization is a process of interaction and integration of every landscape in the

planet. Globalization has changed the role of the state in many ways: politically
through interdependence and independence of states, socially through the
problems and threats of terrorism and deadly diseases, technologically through the
media and internet and economically through the change from national to global
economies. The state has moved from a controlling to a protecting role internally in
facing the problems that globalization has caused, but also from an authoritative to
a dependent figure externally between the sovereign state age to current unfailing
interdependence.

Assessment

Identify the following influences of globalization on nation-states. Write P if politics,

C if culture, T if technology, I if ideology, and SE if socio-economic.
1. Diseases such as Covid-19, AIDS, and SARS.
2. e-commerce
3. Liberalism
4. Increased use of internet
5. Formation of terrorism
6. Online banking
7. Influx of Hollywood movies, Korean pop-song and Japanese anime
8. Strengthened interstate relationships and dependence
9. Democracy versus communism
10.Preference on imported good

Additional Activities

Follow the knowledge map. Fill-in the necessary information for each stage.

1. Give two definitions of globalization

2. Give two ways by which globalization takes

place

3. Give two positive results of globalization

4. Give two negative results of globalization

5. Give two things that could balance the impact of globalization on nation-
states
What’s In What I Know Assessment
NATION TRUE SE
STATE TRUE SE
STATE TRUE I
STATE FALSE T
STATE FALSE SE
STATE TRUE T
NATION TRUE C
NATION-STATE TRUE P
NATION FALSE I
NATION TRUE C
Answer Key
 What I Need to Know

There are two misconceptions about the Philippine politics that must be corrected.
First, that there was no politics in the Philippines prior to the colonization period.
Whenever a group is formed and leaders are chosen, there is already a
manifestation of politics in the form of election. The second misconception is that
every issue we have in politics and governance was caused by colonization. These
issues may be traced back even before the conquest. This lesson gives a bird’s eye
view of the politics prior to the Spanish colonization in the country and during the
Spanish occupation for almost three hundred years.
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
1. Describe the Philippine politics and governance from pre-colonial to Spanish
period;
2. Identify similarities and differences between today’s politics and the
experiences and processes of politics in the past;
3. Discuss the changes in Philippine politics and governance;
4. Assess the effects of the colonial experience of the country in its present
politics and governance; and
5. Analyze the evolution of Philippine politics and governance.

Lesson Week 7
7 Politics in the Pre-Spanish &
Spanish Period
Read each question carefully and encircle the correct answer.

1. The country was composed of settlements or villages, each called barangay

which was derived from a Malay word “balangay” means_________
a. Village b. boat c. ship d. government
2. Each barangay was ruled by a chieftain called______
a. King b. Maharlika c. datu d. shaman
3. Which of the following is NOT a practice of trail by ordeal?
a. exposure to ants
b. giving lighted candles to the suspects
c. the suspects plunge into the river or lake with lances
d. the suspects take an oath
4. A datu during the pre-Spanish era held vast powers. Which of the following
is NOT his function?
a. religious leader b. legislator c. judge. d. commander-in-chief
5. The early Filipinos had both written and unwritten laws. The statement is___
a. True b. false c. hearsay d. opinion
6. The oldest known written law in the Philippines
a. Code of Maragtas b. Code of Kalantiaw c. Hammurabi Code
 7. Datu Sumakwel of Panay wrote a written law called Sumakwel Code. He was
chief from which island?
a. Cebu b. Ilo-ilo c. Panay d. Sulu
8. The following are punishments for some offenses except:
a. Flogging b. mutilation of fingers c. exposure to ants d. lethal injection
9. New laws are announced by public announcer called__________
a. aliping namamahay b. sultan c. umalohokan d. babaylan
10.A practice by early Filipinos to determine a person’s guilt or innocence____
a. trial by publicity b. trial by ordeal c. impeachment d. duel

What’s In

Prior to the arrival of the Spaniards in the Philippine shores, the country was
composed of settlements or villages, each called barangay which was derived from a
Malay word “balangay” means boat. The barangay was the unit of government and
consisted of from 30 to 100 families. Each barangay was independent and ruled by
a chieftain or datu. In other places a chieftain is called rajah or sultan. There was
no king in those days, although some chieftains were more powerful than the
others and consequently respected by the other chiefs. The datu holds vast powers
as he exercised all the functions of the government. He was the chief executive, law
maker and the judge. He was the supreme commander-in-chief in times of war. A
datu had advisers called council of elders.

Activity 1.1 The Social Class

The people of the barangay were divided into four classes. Below are the different
groups of people within the barangay. Write in each layer the social classes and
describe each and their functions in the society.

 Serfs or Aliping
Namamahay
 Nobility or Maharlika 3

 Freemen or Timawa
 Slaves or Aliping
2

Sagigilid 1
 What’s New

Laws
The early Filipinos had both written and unwritten laws. These unwritten laws were
customary which were handed down orally from generation to generation. The
written laws were promulgated by the Datus. Only few written laws are said to have
existed. Among them the so-called Code of Kalantiaw made by Datu Kalantiaw of
Panay islands. The other written law was the Code of Maragtas which was said to
have written by Datu Sumakwel of Panay as well. The laws dealt with various
subjects such as inheritance, divorce, usury, partnership, crime and punishment,
property rights, family relations and loans. The crimes may be classified as felony,
major or minor crimes. Each offense committed was dealt by punishments by small
fines, flogging, mutilation of fingers, swimming for number of hours or exposure to
ants. The umalohokan, a public announcer called the attention of the people to
announce the new law.

What is It

The Judicial Process

Disputes are inevitable in any society and Filipino society in the pre-Spanish era
was no exemption. Conflicts were settled through a “court” composed of the Datu
as judge and the elders as the jury. Trials were publicly done and decisions were
promptly rendered, thereby avoiding what is now known as “delaying tactics”. This
was because there were no lawyers at that time, all trials were conducted efficiently
and without any delay. Both parties faced each other with their respective
witnesses. To show honesty and sincerity they went through an oath: “may this
crocodile devour me if I don’t tell the truth”, “may I die here and now if I tell a lie”
as that there was no bible to swear by.

Guide Questions:
1. What can you say about the judicial process of the early Filipinos?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Briefly explain: Justice delay is justice denied?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Activity 1.2 Guilty or Not Guilty

Trial by ordeal was a practice among ancient Filipinos to determine the guilt or
innocence of a person. Among Ifugaos of northern Luzon the ordeal by combat was
common. Bultong was the ordeal by wrestling. The loser is adjudged as the guilty.
Another ordeal was called alaw which involved a duel. Below are some ordeals.
Write your verdict for the following ordeals as to who is guilty or not guilty:
1. Placing a stone in a vessel with a boiling water and the suspects take out the
stone from the vessel.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Giving lighted candles to the suspects
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. The suspects plunge into the river or lake with lances
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. The suspects are asked to chew uncooked rice
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

What’s More

The Political Structure

Spain established a centralized colonial government in the Philippines that was
composed of a national government and the local governments that administered
provinces, cities, towns and municipalities. National government: maintained peace
and order, collected taxes, built schools and other public works. The Governor
General was the King's representative and the highest- ranking official in the
Philippines.He had great powers. Among which was the power to appoint and
dismiss public officials, except those personally chosen by the King. He was the
commander in chief of the colonial armed forces. He was also the president of the
Royal Audencia. (Like the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court today). There were
115 Spanish Governor- Generals in our country. The first one was Miguel Lopez de
Legazpi (1565-1572) and the last was Diego de los Rios (1898)

The Governor General and other government officials had so much power that it
was commonly abused. To investigate the abuses, bodies were created: the
Residencia-this was a special judicial court that investigates the performance of a
Governor General who was about to be replaced. The Residencia, of which the
incoming Governor-General was usually a member, submitted a report of its
findings to the King; Visita- the council of Indies in Spain sent a visitador general
to observe the conditions of the colony. He directly reports to the king of Spain; and
the Royal Audiencia- the highest court of the land.
 What I Have Learned

Describe the Philippine politics during the pre-Spanish period and compare it today
in terms of:
a. Leadership
b. Laws

What I Can Do

Write down five attributes of a good government and discuss why each is
important.
1. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Assessment

I. Matching Type: Match Column A to B

A B
1. A Malay word which means boat A. umalohokan
2. A ruler or chieftain B. balangay
3. A practice to prove a person’s guilt C. datu
or innocence D. trial by ordeal
4. An Ifugao ordeal of wrestling E. bultong
5. A public announcer
II. Essay: Briefly explain
1. What were the roles of a datu or a chieftain? Compare it to the present-day
barangay chairman.
 Additional Activities

Using the Venn diagram below, compare and contrast the political system and
governance of the people before and present day. Label the diagram accordingly.
Write four items in each aspect.

Answer Key

B
C
A
C
II. answers may vary A
A A
E A
D D
C C
B D
Assessment What I Know What’s New
 What I Need to Know

Lapu-Lapu was known as the first Filipino who fought for our democracy even if
the word did not exist to Filipino vocabulary. And today, the Philippines is known
as the oldest republic in Asia and it is one of the most democratic country. The
democracy that Filipinos enjoyed today is a hard-earned one. Filipinos fought
several battles and they cost blood and lives of our forefathers. This lesson will
shed light to our learners how democracy developed in the Philippines and how the
colonization process affected the democracy that we embrace up to this day.
At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to:
1. define democracy
2. discuss the development of democracy in the Philippines;
3. describe the effects of colonization process the way democracy is practiced in
the Philippines.

What I Know

Lesson Week 8
8 Democracy in the
Philippines
Define/Explain the following:
1. Democracy________________________________________________________
2. Ilustrado__________________________________________________________
3. KKK_______________________________________________________________
4. Philippine Organic Act of 1902_____________________________________
5. Tydings-McDuffie Law_____________________________________________
6. Philippine Assembly____________________________________________
7. Martial Law_______________________________________________________
8. Constitution ______________________________________________________
9. People Power Revolution___________________________________________
10.Propaganda Movement_____________________________________________
 What’s In

Democracy Defined
the word democracy is derived from two Greek words: demos which mean people
and kratos meaning rule. In essence, democracy means rule of the people.
Democracy has long been exercised in the ancient Greece specially in Athens where
the power of government emanates from the people. They rejected the idea of divine
right. Democratic society has the following characteristics: people enjoy the
freedom of speech, right to vote and be elected to office, the right to legislate or
oppose a legislation, people enjoy liberty to choose religion and among others that
you enjoy today.

Activity 8.1. Democracy at Work

Draw a symbol that represents democracy based on your own understanding of the
concept and illustrate how democracy works in the Philippines. Give 5 explanations
of your illustration.

What’s New

Introduction of Democracy in the Philippines

During the late 19th century, the Philippines saw a new ideology that liberal people
brought in the country through inflow and outflow of ideas when the country was
opened to the world. Rich Filipinos or ilustrados who studied in Europe were
influenced by the ideals of the French Revolution. With these ideals, these
ilustrados wanted reform in the country and this idea was done through the
propaganda movement lead by Marcelo H. del Pilar and other Filipinos in Europe. It
was the first Filipino nationalist movement led by Filipino elites. The cry for
democracy caught the emotions of Andres Bonifacio who founded the KKK or
Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan. The group
staged rebellion against the Spaniards in order to gain independence. The rebellion
spread across the country until Emilio Aguinaldo declared independence in Kawit,
Cavite on June 12, 1898. However, the independence was not fully enjoyed when
Spain ceded the country to the United States through the Treaty of Paris when the
former lost to war against the Americans.
Guide Question:
1. How ilustrados helped spread the ideology of democracy to common
Filipinos?

What is It

The Katipunan was a secret society that started the revolution which saw the
decline of Spanish regime in the country when brave men and women tore their
cedulas on August 26, 1896. This act was seen as fight for democracy. The
Katipunan was replaced by another government whose officials headed by Emilio
Aguinaldo, were elected in the Tejeros Convention held on March 22, 1897. On
November 1, 1897, a republic was established by Gen. Aguinaldo in Biak na Bato,
now San Miguel de Mayumo in Bulacan. It had constitution which lasted only for
two years. It declared that the aim of the revolution was the “separation of the
Philippines from Spain”. With the outbreak of the Spanish-American war,
Aguinaldo established a dictatorial government on May 24, 1898 which was
followed by the declaration of Philippine independence.
Guide Questions:
1. Emilio Aguinaldo declared independence in Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898,
do you think the Filipinos gained full independence following the
declaration? Why or why not?
2. Was Bonifacio’s KKK a success or a failure? Defend your answer.

What’s More

The American Rule

The American military rule in the Philippines began on April
4, 1898, a day after the capture of Manila which empowered
the US president to establish a military government, as the
Commander-in-chief of all Armed Forces of the United States.
His authority was delegated to the military governor who
exercised the powers of the three branches of the government
so long the war existed. The first military governor general in
the Philippines was General Wesley Merritt. On March 3,
1901, the US Congress passed a bill which ended the military
government and the eventual establishment of the civil
government on July 4, 1901. The following year, the Philippine Organic Act of 1902
created the Philippine Commission. Several offices were created to exercise power of
the American government in the country. The most important of which was the
Philippine Assembly which acted as the lower house to the Philippine Commission
and held its first election in 1907. The next phase of political development in the
Philippines under Americans was the establishment of Commonwealth Government
pursuant to the Tydings-McDuffie Law which provided a ten-year transition period
and the Philippine independence will be proclaimed. Democracy was further
established through the 1935 Constitution. But in 1972, the foundation of
democracy was halted when Ferdinand Marcos, through Presidential Decree 1081,
place the entire country under Martial Law. Democracy was restored by the 1987
Constitution, the fundamental law of the land, following the success of the People
Power Revolution that ended the dictatorship of Marcos.

Activity 3.2. Democracy Timeline

Make a timeline of the establishment of democracy in the country. Online research
may be conducted for additional information.

What I Have Learned

Complete the statement.

1. Democracy is________________________________________________________
2. Democracy in the Philippines was achieved when_____________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Aguinaldo_______________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. The American contributions in the development of democracy are_____
_____________________________________________________________________

Assessment

1. It is derived from two Greek words demos which mean people and kratos
meaning rule.____________
2. The first military governor general in the Philippines _____________________
3. The act which created the Philippine Commission__________________
4. It acted as the lower house to the Philippine Commission_____________
5. The law which provided a ten-year transition period and the Philippine
independence_____________________
6. The decree which placed the country under Martial Law__________
7. It was a secret society that started the revolution which saw the decline of
Spanish ________________
8. The Philippine independence__________________
 9. They were the rich Filipinos who wanted reform____________
10.He founded the propaganda movement________________

Additional Activities

Martial Law is a special power of the government granted to the president. Compare
the declarations Martial Law of President Marcos and President Duterte. Cite
events which prompted such declarations of the two presidents?

Marcos Duterte
What I Know
Democracy- rule of the people
Ilustrado- rich Filipinos
KKK-secret society founded by Bonifacio
Philippine Organic Act of 1902- law that
created Phil Commission
Tydings-McDuffie Law- law that provides
Assessment
transition period for self-rule democracy
Philippine Assembly-served as lower house Wesley Merritt
of the Phil Commission Philippine
Martial Law- special power granted to the Organic Act of
president 1902
Constitution – fundamental law of the land Philippine
People Power Revolution- 1986 EDSA Assembly
revolution that toppled Marcos dictatorship Tydings-
Propaganda Movement- First McDuffie Law
Filipino nationalist movement led PD 1081
by ilustrados in Europe KKK/Katipunan
June 12, 1898
ilustrado
MH del Pilar
Answer Key
References
Pawilen, R.A, Pawilen, Reidan M. (2017) Philippine Politics and Governance

Ramos, R.E. Philippine Politics and Governance. Vibal Group, Inc, Quezon City

Image/s/internet sources
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nationstate-globalization.asp
 https://www.e-ir.info/2012/11/24/has-globalisation-altered-the-role-of-
states/#:~:text=Globalization%20has%20changed%20the%20role
%20of%20the%20state%20in%20many,from%20national%20to
%20global%20economies.
 Kumar, Pawan. 21 Mahatma Gandhi Quotes From My Quotebook That
Will Inspire You!, https://artplusmarketing.com/21-mahatma-gandhi-
quotes-from-my-quotebook-that-will-inspire-you-18ac9c114130
 https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/commander-and-
soldier-salute-each-other-vector-14282694
 Difference Between Politics and Political Science | Difference
Between http://www.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/politics/difference-
between-politics-and-political-science/#ixzz6SQKWCb3D
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