MOSHI CO-OPERATIVE UNIVERSITY

(MOCU)

THE LAW ON EMPLOYMENT AND LABOUR RELATIONS IN TANZANIA

A COMPREHENSIVE STUDENT TRAINING MANUAL

By
Tsar MWAKISIKI MWAKISIKI EDWARDS
(Master of the Rolls)

Dated this 9th day of April 2019

Mwakisiki, M.E (2019). The Law on Employment and Labour Relations in Tanzania. A
Comprehensive Student Training Manual. Moshi Cooperative University: Moshi

PRELUDE
“This Training Manual tries to give some insights on the Labour and Employment Relations topics
relating to among others; Fundamental rights and protection, Employment Standards, Freedom of
Associations, Organizational Rights, Trade unions and Employers Association, Collective Bargaining
and Agreement, Strikes and Lock-outs, Dispute Resolution Mechanisms and Machinery, Workers
Compensation, Employment for non-citizens and Social Security System in Tanzania. The overall aim of
this study manual, is therefore, to provide the reader with analysis of theories, practice and issues
including problems emanating from interaction of employees, employers, trade unions and government on
regular basis, from Tanzania and from other jurisdictions, which are very useful in not only understanding
the concepts, but also guiding the practitioners in handling prevailing workplace cases and issues like
negotiations pending strikes, Lockouts and Collective Bargaining and Agreements just to mention a few. I
understand that it’s difficult to cover each and everything in a short publication like this considering the
vastness of the subject at hand but undoubtedly I have used my best endeavour to at least underscore all
the essentials that an average labour law student is required to grasp” [All mistakes committed in this
publication remains Mine]

CONTACTS: +255 757 119 205 or +255 719 634 862: E-mail: Mwakeyeddy@gmail.com
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE: ................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION TO LABOUR LAW .............................................................................................. 1
Meaning of Labour Law .......................................................................................................................... 1
Labour relations defined .......................................................................................................................... 1
Scope of Labour law ................................................................................................................................ 1
Operation of Labour laws ........................................................................................................................ 1
Significance of labour law ....................................................................................................................... 2
CLASSIFICATIONS OF LABOUR LAW ............................................................................................. 2
Substantive Law....................................................................................................................................... 2
Procedural Law ........................................................................................................................................ 2
SOURCES OF LABOUR LAW .............................................................................................................. 2
CONSTITUTION .................................................................................................................................... 2
Constitution as the source of Labour Law ............................................................................................... 2
LEGISLATIONS ..................................................................................................................................... 3
Employment and Labour Relation Act, 2004 (hereinafter referred to as “ELRA”) ................................ 4
Objectives of the Act ............................................................................................................................... 4
The Labour Institution Act, 2004 (hereinafter referred to as “LIA”) ...................................................... 5
Subsidiary Legislations governing Labour matters ................................................................................. 5
Employment and Labour Relations (Code of Good Practice) Rules, G.N. No. 42 of 2007 .................... 5
The Employment and Labour Relations (General) Regulations 2017 (GN 47 2017) ............................. 5
Labour Institutions (General) Regulations 2017 (GN 45 2017) .............................................................. 6
LAW OF CONTRACT............................................................................................................................ 7
PRECEDENT .......................................................................................................................................... 7
RECEIVED LAWS ................................................................................................................................. 7
INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS .................................................................................................... 8
ILO Instruments ....................................................................................................................................... 8
Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize Convention, 1948 (No. 87) ............... 8
Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98).............................................. 9
Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29) ........................................................................................... 11
Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105) ..................................................................... 12
Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111) ....................................... 12
Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100) ................................................................................ 13
Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138) ......................................................................................... 13
Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182) ................................................................. 14
WRITINGS OF PROMINENT JURISTS ............................................................................................. 14
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LABOUR LAW IN TANZANIA .............................................. 15
The Security of Employment Act No. 62 of 1964 Cap 387 .................................................................. 16
The Industrial Court of Tanzania Act No. 41 of 1967 Cap 60 (The Permanent Labour Tribunal Act) 17
Trade Union Act No.10 of 1998 Cap 244 .............................................................................................. 17
Severance Allowance Act No. 57 1962 Cap 386 .................................................................................. 17
PITFALLS UNDER OLD LABOUR LAW REGIME ......................................................................... 17
BACKGROUND TO AND PROCESS OF LABOUR LAW REFORMS ........................................... 18
Process of Reform in Tanzania .............................................................................................................. 18
GROUNDS FOR REFORM .................................................................................................................. 19
EXTERNAL FACTORS ....................................................................................................................... 19
Globalisation .......................................................................................................................................... 19
Policy changes-from Planned to Market Economy ............................................................................... 19
Regional and Sub-regional Development .............................................................................................. 19
De-linking Trade Unions From the Ruling Party .................................................................................. 19
INTERNAL FACTORS ........................................................................................................................ 19
CHAPTER TWO: ................................................................................................................................ 21
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND PROTECTION .......................................................................... 21
Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 21
PROHIBITION OF CHILD LABOUR ................................................................................................. 21
Who is a child? ...................................................................................................................................... 21
Rule against child employment ............................................................................................................. 22
Prohibition of Child Labour under the Child Act, (No.21) of 2009 ...................................................... 23
Prohibition of child labour under The Employment and Labour Relations (General) Regulations 2017
(GN 47 2017) ......................................................................................................................................... 25
Circumstances permitted to employ a child under the Regulation ........................................................ 25
Contract of employment for the child .................................................................................................... 26
PROHIBITION OF FORCED LABOUR ............................................................................................. 26
PROHIBITION OF DISCRIMINATION AT WORK PLACE ............................................................ 27
Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 27
Prohibition of discrimination in trade unions and employer association............................................... 30
Recourse against discrimination at work place ..................................................................................... 30
FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION .......................................................................................................... 31
Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 31
CHAPTER THREE: ........................................................................................................................... 35
EMPLOYMENT STANDARDS ........................................................................................................ 35
Employment Standards defined ............................................................................................................. 35
Objectives of employment standards ..................................................................................................... 35
Employment defined .............................................................................................................................. 36
An Employee ......................................................................................................................................... 36
Presumption as to who is employee ....................................................................................................... 36
The Meaning of Employer ..................................................................................................................... 37
EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT ............................................................................................................. 37
Types of employment contract .............................................................................................................. 38
Contract for unspecified time ................................................................................................................ 38
Contract for specific time ...................................................................................................................... 38
Contract for specific task ....................................................................................................................... 38
CONTENT OF EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT ................................................................................... 39
Fixed Term Contracts ............................................................................................................................ 39
DISTINCTION BETWEEN CONTRACT OF SERVICE & CONTRACT FOR SERVICE .............. 40
The Control test; .................................................................................................................................... 40
The Organization Test; .......................................................................................................................... 42
Allocation of financial risk/the economic reality test/the multiple tests: .............................................. 43
The 280 days rule; ................................................................................................................................. 44
HOURS OF WORK .............................................................................................................................. 44
Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 44
Hours of work under the ELRA............................................................................................................. 44
Break in working day ............................................................................................................................. 46
Daily and weekly rest periods ................................................................................................................ 46
Work on public holidays ........................................................................................................................ 47
NIGHT WORKS ................................................................................................................................... 47
Prohibition of night works for pregnant women and children ............................................................... 48
REMUNERATION ............................................................................................................................... 48
Remuneration and basic wages distinguished ....................................................................................... 49
Calculation of wage rates ....................................................................................................................... 49
Payment of remuneration ....................................................................................................................... 49
Deduction and other acts concerning remuneration .............................................................................. 50
LEAVE .................................................................................................................................................. 50
ANNUAL LEAVE ................................................................................................................................ 51
Entitlement for annual leave .................................................................................................................. 51
Time for granting annual leave .............................................................................................................. 51
Conditions regarding annual leave ........................................................................................................ 51
SICK LEAVE ........................................................................................................................................ 53
Entitlement for sick leave ...................................................................................................................... 53
Medical benefits ..................................................................................................................................... 53
MATERNITY LEAVE .......................................................................................................................... 54
Entitlement for Maternity leave ............................................................................................................. 54
Eligibility for Maternity leave ............................................................................................................... 55
Commencement and end of Maternity leave ......................................................................................... 55
Medical entitlement during maternity leave .......................................................................................... 55
Right to breastfeeding ............................................................................................................................ 56
PARTENITY LEAVE ........................................................................................................................... 56
Entitlement for paternity leave .............................................................................................................. 56
Leave without pay (sabbatical leave) entitlements ................................................................................ 57
CHAPTER FOUR: .............................................................................................................................. 58
TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT UNDER THE LAWS OF TANZANIA .. 58
Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 58
TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT UNDER OLD LABOUR REGIME ....................................... 58
The doctrine of hire and fire and summary dismissal under old labour regime .................................... 58
TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT UNDER NEW LABOUR REGIME ...................................... 60
Meaning of termination of employment ................................................................................................ 60
TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT FOR EMPLOYEE UNDER PROBATIONARY PERIOD ... 61
Probationary period defined .................................................................................................................. 61
Period for probation ............................................................................................................................... 61
Activities to be done by employer during probationary period ............................................................. 62
Termination of employment under probation ........................................................................................ 62
UNFAIR TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT ................................................................................. 63
FORMS OF TERMINATION & PROCEDURE .................................................................................. 65
Termination by Agreement: ................................................................................................................... 65
Automatic Termination: ......................................................................................................................... 65
Refusal to renew a contract: .................................................................................................................. 66
Resignation: ........................................................................................................................................... 66
Constructive Termination ...................................................................................................................... 67
GROUNDS FOR TERMINATION ...................................................................................................... 68
Misconduct ............................................................................................................................................ 69
Procedures .............................................................................................................................................. 71
Burden of proof for the alleged misconduct .......................................................................................... 72
POOR WORK PERFORMANCE ......................................................................................................... 72
Procedures .............................................................................................................................................. 72
INCAPACITY ....................................................................................................................................... 73
INCOMPATIBILITY ............................................................................................................................ 75
OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS (Retrenchment) ......................................................................... 76
Procedures for Termination based on Operational Requirement........................................................... 77
PROVISIONS OF THE CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT RELATING TO TERMINATION ....... 78
NOTICE AND PRIOR PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS ................................................................... 78
REMEDIES FOR TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT ................................................................... 79
Interpretation of Section 40 of ELRA ................................................................................................... 79
Factors for consideration in the award of compensation ....................................................................... 81
An order of reinstatement and or re-engagement .................................................................................. 82
Power of the High Court to vary compensation .................................................................................... 83
PAYMENT ON TERMINATION AND CERTIFICATE OF EMPLOYMENT ................................. 84
Severance pay ........................................................................................................................................ 84
Transport allowance to the place of recruitment ................................................................................... 85
AVANUES FOR REDRESS ................................................................................................................. 86
CHAPTER FIVE: ................................................................................................................................ 88
TRADE UNIONS EMPLOYERS ASSOCIATION AND FEDERATION .................................... 88
Introduction and definition of terms ...................................................................................................... 88
Meaning of trade Union ......................................................................................................................... 88
Meaning of federation............................................................................................................................ 88
Meaning of Employer’s Association ..................................................................................................... 89
TRADE UNION MOVEMENT IN TANZANIA ................................................................................. 89
Trends in legislation regulating trade unions ......................................................................................... 91
Requirements for registration of trade, employers association and federation...................................... 97
Contents of trade union and employers’ organization by-laws constitution ......................................... 98
PROCESS OF REGISTRATION .......................................................................................................... 99
Application for registration .................................................................................................................... 99
Registration or refusal of registration .................................................................................................. 101
Entering the name into the register and issuance of a certificate ........................................................ 102
Lost or destroyed certificate ................................................................................................................ 102
The register for organisation and federations ...................................................................................... 102
Effect of registration and legal status of a registered organisation or federation ................................ 103
Change of name or constitution ........................................................................................................... 104
Accounting records and audits of organisation and federations .......................................................... 105
DUTIES OF REGISTERED ORGANISATION AND FEDERATION............................................. 105
Duty to keep records ............................................................................................................................ 105
Duty to provide information to registrar .............................................................................................. 106
NON-COMPLIANCE WITH THE CONSTITUTION ....................................................................... 106
Application to the labour court for redress .......................................................................................... 106
Factors the labour court should take into account before hearing the application .............................. 106
AMALGAMATION OF REGISTERED ORGANISATION OR FEDERATION ............................ 107
Amalgamation defined ......................................................................................................................... 107
Amalgamation of registered organisation or federation ...................................................................... 107
Application for registration of amalgamated organisation or federation ............................................. 107
Effects of Amalgamation ..................................................................................................................... 107
CANCELLATION OF REGISTRATION .......................................................................................... 108
Application for cancellation by registrar to the labour court ............................................................... 108
Labour court power in entertaining the application ............................................................................. 108
Effects of cancellation of registration .................................................................................................. 108
DISSOLUTION OF TRADE UNION AND EMPLOYER’S ORGANISATION.............................. 108
Dissolution defined .............................................................................................................................. 108
Application for dissolution of trade union and employer’s organisation ............................................ 109
Power of the labour court in dissolution .............................................................................................. 109
EXAMPLES OF TRADE UNIONS AND EMPLOYER’S ORGANISATION ................................. 109
The Association of Tanzania Employer’s (ATE) ................................................................................ 110
Management of an organization .......................................................................................................... 110
Vision and Motto of an organization ................................................................................................... 111
Membership of the organisation .......................................................................................................... 111
Employer’s Association of Zanzibar (ZANEMA) .............................................................................. 111
The Trade Union Congress of Tanzania (TUCTA) ............................................................................. 112
vision 112
Goals 112
Zanzibar Trade Union Congress (ZATUC) ......................................................................................... 112
ROLES AND CHALLENGES FACING TRADE UNIONS IN TANZANIA................................... 113
ROLES OF TRADE UNIONS ............................................................................................................ 113
To recruit new members ...................................................................................................................... 113
To represent union members in negotiations and collective bargain................................................... 113
To settle labour disputes at the Commission for Mediation and Arbitration (CMA), High Court (Labour
Division) 114
To create unions’ field branches at work places .................................................................................. 114
To collect union dues (union contributions) ........................................................................................ 114
Trade unions conduct meetings and seminars to their members ......................................................... 115
To create and maintain workplace committees.................................................................................... 115
Trade unions promote the implementation of proper employment standards ..................................... 115
To enhance mutual relationship with employees, employers and labour stakeholders ....................... 115
Trade unions maintain country’s labour movement ............................................................................ 116
CHALLENGES FACE TRADE UNIONS ......................................................................................... 116
Trade unions have low voice and limited freedom to criticize the government. ................................. 116
Problem in youth membership ............................................................................................................. 116
Several gaps in the labour laws mainly the Employment and Labour Relations Act No 6/2004 ........ 117
Disunity among the unions and other labour stakeholders .................................................................. 117
The structure and system of trade unions is static ............................................................................... 117
CHAPTER SIX: ................................................................................................................................. 119
ORGANISATIONAL RIGHTS ....................................................................................................... 119
Organization rights defined ................................................................................................................. 119
Deduction of trade union dues ............................................................................................................. 119
Trade union representation .................................................................................................................. 120
Leave for trade union activities ........................................................................................................... 120
Procedure for exercising organisational rights .................................................................................... 120
Termination of organisational rights ................................................................................................... 121
CHAPTER SEVEN: .......................................................................................................................... 122
COLLECTIVE BARGAINING ....................................................................................................... 122
Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 122
Collective bargaining defined .............................................................................................................. 122
Objectives of collective bargaining ..................................................................................................... 122
The law on collective bargaining ......................................................................................................... 123
Scope of collective bargaining ............................................................................................................. 123
The Right to Engage in Collective Bargaining: ................................................................................... 124
Bargain unit ......................................................................................................................................... 124
Recognised trade union ........................................................................................................................ 125
Registered trade union ......................................................................................................................... 125
THE BARGAINING PROCESS ......................................................................................................... 125
Recognition of parties: ......................................................................................................................... 125
Withdrawal of recognition ................................................................................................................... 127
Recourse against employer refusal to a CBA ...................................................................................... 127
Bargaining Topics ................................................................................................................................ 129
Bargaining Levels ................................................................................................................................ 129
The duty and obligation to disclose and bargain in good faith ............................................................ 129
Disclosure of Information; ................................................................................................................... 131
COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS ......................................................................................................... 132
Binding nature of collective Agreements ............................................................................................ 133
AGENCY SHOP AND CLOSED SHOP AGREEMENTS ................................................................ 133
Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 133
Agency shop and closed shop distinguished ....................................................................................... 134
Agency shop and closed shop in the laws of Tanzania ....................................................................... 134
The requirements for binding agency shop agreements ...................................................................... 135
Disputes concerning collective agreements ......................................................................................... 137
WORKERS PARTICIPATION........................................................................................................... 137
COLLECTIVE BARGAINING IN PUBLIC SECTOR...................................................................... 138
IMPORTANCE OF COLLECTIVE BARGAINING ......................................................................... 139
Collective bargaining develops better understanding between the employer and the employees: ...... 139
It promotes industrial democracy: ....................................................................................................... 140
It benefits the both-employer and employees: ..................................................................................... 140
It is adjustable to the changing conditions: .......................................................................................... 140
It facilitates the speedy implementation of decisions arrived at collective negotiation: ..................... 140
CHAPTER EIGHT: .......................................................................................................................... 141
STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS ........................................................................................................... 141
Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 141
Strike and lockouts distinguished ........................................................................................................ 141
The role and object of strikes and lockouts ......................................................................................... 142
THE RIGHT TO STRIKE AND LOCKOUTS ................................................................................... 142
Dispute of right and dispute of interest distinguished ......................................................................... 142
Restrictions on right to strike or lockout ............................................................................................. 143
Procedure for engaging in lawful strikes or lockouts .......................................................................... 144
Nature of protection of lawful strike or lockout .................................................................................. 147
STRIKE IN ESSENTIAL SERVICES ................................................................................................ 148
SECONDARY STRIKES .................................................................................................................... 150
PROTEST ACTION ............................................................................................................................ 152
Procedure for engaging in protest action ............................................................................................. 152
ILLEGAL STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES .................................... 153
ROLE OF POLICE & PRIVATE SECURITY IN STRIKES AND LOCKOUT ............................... 154
CHAPTER NINE: ............................................................................................................................. 156
DISPUTE RESOLUTION ................................................................................................................ 156
Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 156
Dispute defined .................................................................................................................................... 156
DISPUTE HANDLING UNDER OLD LABOUR REGIME ............................................................. 156
DISPUTE HANDLING UNDER NEW LABOUR REGIME ............................................................ 158
MECHANISM FOR LABOUR DISPUTE SETTLEMENT .............................................................. 158
MEDIATION ....................................................................................................................................... 158
Mediation defined ................................................................................................................................ 158
Referral of dispute for mediation ......................................................................................................... 159
Condonation ......................................................................................................................................... 160
Referral Form....................................................................................................................................... 160
Time frame for conducting mediation ................................................................................................. 162
Representation of parties during mediation proceedings ..................................................................... 162
Recourse where the dispute remains unresolved after mediation ........................................................ 162
Consequences of not attending mediation proceedings ....................................................................... 163
Stages in mediation proceeding ........................................................................................................... 164
Postponement of hearing ..................................................................................................................... 164
Conclusion of the mediation ................................................................................................................ 164
ARBITRATION .................................................................................................................................. 165
Arbitration defined ............................................................................................................................... 165
Types of Arbitration ............................................................................................................................ 166
Disputes that must be arbitrated .......................................................................................................... 166
Procedure for referral of dispute for arbitration................................................................................... 167
Power of arbitrator ............................................................................................................................... 167
Representation in arbitration proceedings ........................................................................................... 167
An award in conclusion of arbitration ................................................................................................. 167
Correction of errors in an award .......................................................................................................... 168
Setting aside arbitral award ................................................................................................................. 168
Stages of arbitration process ................................................................................................................ 169
Consequences of failure to attend arbitrator proceeding ..................................................................... 169
Postponement of the hearing ............................................................................................................... 170
ADJUDICATION ................................................................................................................................ 170
Adjudication defined ........................................................................................................................... 170
Adjudication by labour court ............................................................................................................... 170
DISPUTE RESOLUTION BY COLLECTIVE AGREEMENT ......................................................... 171
COMBINED MEDIATION AND ARBITRATION....................................................................... 171
CHAPTER TEN: ............................................................................................................................... 173
LABOUR INSTITUTIONS .............................................................................................................. 173
Labour institutions defined .................................................................................................................. 173
Labour Dispute Settlement Bodies in Zanzibar ................................................................................... 173
LABOUR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL ........................................................................... 174
Establishment of LESCO ..................................................................................................................... 174
Composition of the LESCO ................................................................................................................. 174
Function and power of the LESCO ..................................................................................................... 175
Qualifications for chairman and member of the council ..................................................................... 175
Tenure of the office and remuneration of the members....................................................................... 176
Removal of the members and filling of vacancies ............................................................................... 176
Committees of the Council .................................................................................................................. 176
Meetings of the Council ....................................................................................................................... 177
Administration of the Council ............................................................................................................. 177
Annual report of the Council ............................................................................................................... 177
COMMISSION FOR MEDIATION AND ARBITRATION.............................................................. 178
Establishment of CMA ........................................................................................................................ 178
JURISDICTION OF CMA .................................................................................................................. 179
Pecuniary Jurisdiction of CMA ........................................................................................................... 179
Territorial jurisdiction of CMA ........................................................................................................... 179
Function of the commission................................................................................................................. 179
Power of the Commission .................................................................................................................... 180
Composition of the Commission ......................................................................................................... 180
Tenure and condition of service of commissioners ............................................................................. 181
Director of the Commission ................................................................................................................. 182
Mediators and Arbitrators .................................................................................................................... 183
Powers of Mediators and Arbitrators ................................................................................................... 183
Witnesses under CMA ......................................................................................................................... 184
Accounts and audit of the commission ................................................................................................ 184
Limitation of Liability and disclosure ................................................................................................. 185
Annual report of the commission ........................................................................................................ 185
ESSENTIAL SERVICE COMMITTEE (ESC)................................................................................... 185
unctions of the ESC ............................................................................................................................. 185
Composition of the ESC ...................................................................................................................... 186
Tenure of office for chairperson and members .................................................................................... 186
Allowances to the member of the ESC ................................................................................................ 186
Removal of the members of ESC ........................................................................................................ 186
Powers of the ESC ............................................................................................................................... 187
Administration of the ESC................................................................................................................... 187
WAGE BOARDS (WB) ...................................................................................................................... 187
Establishment of the wage board ......................................................................................................... 187
Factor to be taken into account when fixing wage rates ...................................................................... 188
Composition of the wage board ........................................................................................................... 188
Tenure of office for the member of the board ..................................................................................... 189
Removal of the members from the office ............................................................................................ 189
Allowances to the member of the board .............................................................................................. 190
Function and power of the board ......................................................................................................... 190
Investigation by the board ................................................................................................................... 190
Report of the wage board ..................................................................................................................... 191
MAKING OF THE WAGE ORDER .................................................................................................. 191
Matter to be included in the wage order .............................................................................................. 192
Recourse where the minister fails to make a wage order .................................................................... 192
Period of operation of wage order ....................................................................................................... 193
Legal effect of the wage order ............................................................................................................. 193
Regulation of Wages and Terms of Employment Order (2010), GN No. 172 of 30 th April 2010. ..... 194
Labour Institutions Wages Order 2013 (GN 196 of 2013) .................................................................. 194
Administration of the wage board ....................................................................................................... 194
LABOUR ADMINISTRATION AND INSPECTION ....................................................................... 195
Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 195
Importance of labour inspection .......................................................................................................... 195
Administration of Labour Laws ........................................................................................................... 196
Delegation of powers ........................................................................................................................... 196
Power of Labour officers ..................................................................................................................... 197
COMPLIANCE ORDER ..................................................................................................................... 198
Objections to compliance order ........................................................................................................... 198
Appeals from order of Labour Commissioner ..................................................................................... 199
Compliance certificate ......................................................................................................................... 200
THE LABOUR COURT...................................................................................................................... 200
Establishment of the Labour Court ...................................................................................................... 200
Composition of the Labour Court ........................................................................................................ 201
Jurisdiction of the Labour Court .......................................................................................................... 202
Appeals from decision of the Labour Court ........................................................................................ 202
Registrar and deputy registrar of the Labour court .............................................................................. 203
Rules of the Labour Court ................................................................................................................... 204
Reference by Labour Commissioner to Labour Court and CA ........................................................... 204
When to make an application to set-aside an ex parte judgment by the Labour court ........................ 205
Leave to appeal to the Court of Appeal of Tanzania: What are the relevant provisions? ................... 205
Court power to revise CMA arbitral awards-Relevant provisions ...................................................... 205
Whether one may apply for revision from decisions of labour court .................................................. 205
Application for extension of time to file a revision–What are the relevant provisions? ..................... 205
How to move the labour court ............................................................................................................. 206
Grounds for review in Labour court .................................................................................................... 206
Content of affidavits filled in labour court .......................................................................................... 206
Extension of time–sufficient cause to be shown .................................................................................. 206
Extension of time – What are the major considerations for granting similar applications? ................ 206
Content of the judgement or ruling ...................................................................................................... 207
Representative suit in Labour matters ................................................................................................. 207
Limitation of time in labour matters .................................................................................................... 207
CHAPTER ELEVEN: ....................................................................................................................... 209
WORKER’S COMPENSATION ..................................................................................................... 209
Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 209
Background to the enactment of workers compensation Act .............................................................. 209
Applicability of the Act ....................................................................................................................... 210
Objectives of the Act ........................................................................................................................... 210
Definition of important terms .............................................................................................................. 211
ESTABLISHMENT OF WORKERS COMPENSATION FUND (WCF) ......................................... 212
Application of funds ............................................................................................................................ 212
EMPLOYER’S OBLIGATIONS ........................................................................................................ 212
Employers to register with the Director-General................................................................................. 213
Employers to furnish returns of earnings ............................................................................................. 213
Other obligations ................................................................................................................................. 213
THE DIRECTOR GENERAL ............................................................................................................. 214
BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE WORKERS COMPENSATION FUND ..................................... 214
RIGHT TO COMPENSATION .......................................................................................................... 214
Incidents for Compensation ................................................................................................................. 214
RIGHT TO COMPENSATION FOR OCCUPATIONAL INJURY .................................................. 215
Accident during conveyance ................................................................................................................ 215
Accidents During Training or Performance of Emergence ................................................................. 215
RIGHT TO COMPENSATION FOR OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES .............................................. 215
Presumption of cause of occupational disease ..................................................................................... 216
Accidents or diseases Contracted Outside Tanzania ........................................................................... 216
Accidents or diseases contracted in Tanzania...................................................................................... 216
Prescription of claim for compensation ............................................................................................... 216
REFUSAL TO PAY COMPENSATION ............................................................................................ 217
Alienation, reductions, cession or relinquishment ............................................................................... 217
Civil Liability of Employer and third Party-unlimited ........................................................................ 217
Deduction of compensation from Common law award ....................................................................... 218
Recovery of Compensation from Tortfeasors by DG employer or third parties ................................. 218
Offence of Threats and Compulsion .................................................................................................... 218
PROCEDURES FOR CLAIMS OF COMPENSATION .................................................................... 218
1. NOTIFICATION OF AN ACCIDENT ........................................................................................... 218
Notice of Accident by employee or employer ..................................................................................... 218
Notification of an Accident by Employer to Director General ............................................................ 219
Notification of Occupational Disease .................................................................................................. 220
Notification of death ............................................................................................................................ 220
Care and treatment pending compensation .......................................................................................... 221
2. INQUIRY BY DIRECTOR GENERAL INTO ACCIDENT ......................................................... 221
Particulars in support of the claim ....................................................................................................... 222
Employee to submit to medical examination ....................................................................................... 222
3. SUBMISSION AND REVIEW OF CLAIM FOR COMPENSATION .......................................... 223
Submission for Claim for compensation ............................................................................................. 223
Receipt of a claim by Director General ............................................................................................... 224
Submission of medical report .............................................................................................................. 224
4. CONSIDERATION OF CLAIM BY DIRECTOR GENERAL ...................................................... 225
Formal hearing by Director General .................................................................................................... 225
Party Representation during the conduct of formal hearing ................................................................ 226
Appointment of Assessors ................................................................................................................... 226
5. DETERMINATION OF COMPENSATION .................................................................................. 227
Compensation for Temporary Total or Partial Disablement ............................................................... 227
Temporary Partial Disablement (TPD) ................................................................................................ 227
Compensation for Permanent Disability .............................................................................................. 228
Enhancement of Compensation ........................................................................................................... 228
Payment of Lump sum in lieu of pension ............................................................................................ 228
Compensation for an employee who has previously received Compensation .................................... 228
Constant attendance – Sec. 50 ............................................................................................................. 228
Dependants - Section 52 ...................................................................................................................... 229
MEDICAL AID AND REHABILITATION BENEFITS ................................................................... 229
Conveyance of an Injured Employee - Section 61 .............................................................................. 229
CHAPTER TWELVE: ...................................................................................................................... 230
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ................................................................................ 230
Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 230
Laws, Regulations, and Standards of Occupational Health ................................................................. 230
Duties of workers imposed under the law ........................................................................................... 232
General duty of an employer under the law ......................................................................................... 232
Punishment for non-compliance Act by employer or employee ......................................................... 233
ENFORCEMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ............................................... 234
Establishment of the OSHA................................................................................................................. 234
Summary of the Challenges and Problems for Occupational Health in Tanzania............................... 235
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: .................................................................................................................. 236
EMPLOYMENT FOR NON-CITIZEN .......................................................................................... 236
NON-CITIZEN (EMPLOYMENT REGULATION) ACT OF 2015.................................................. 236
Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 236
Application of the Act ......................................................................................................................... 236
Provisions on the Relevant Authorities ............................................................................................... 236
Categories of work permit ................................................................................................................... 237
Procedures for Application of work permits ....................................................................................... 238
Online Application ............................................................................................................................... 238
APPLY IN-PERSON ........................................................................................................................... 238
For Class A Permit............................................................................................................................... 238
For Class B, C, and D Permit .............................................................................................................. 239
PROTECTION OF LOCAL TALENTS ............................................................................................. 239
SUCCESSION PLAN: ........................................................................................................................ 239
CRIMINAL PENALTIES: .................................................................................................................. 239
THE NEW NON-CITIZEN EMPLOYMENT REGULATION OF 2016 .......................................... 240
Introduction: ........................................................................................................................................ 240
ELIGIBLE CRITERIA AND CONDITIONS FOR GRANTING WORK PERMIT: ........................ 240
Documents required to accompany the application ............................................................................. 240
Stipulated time frame to handle the application .................................................................................. 241
Condition and criteria for issuance of work permit ............................................................................. 241
EMPLOYMENT OF REFUGEES ...................................................................................................... 242
EMPLOYMENT OF NON-CITIZEN IN PUBLIC SECTOR ............................................................ 242
BULK RECRUITMENT OF NON-CITIZENS .................................................................................. 242
IMPOSED RESTRICTION FOR USE OF A WORK PERMIT AS A RESIDENCE PERMIT: ....... 242
CESSATION OF WORK PERMIT .................................................................................................... 243
WORK PERMIT FOR SHORTER PERIOD ...................................................................................... 243
PROCEDURES FOR EXEMPTIONS TO EMPLOY A NON-CITIZEN: ......................................... 243
Grounds for Exemption ....................................................................................................................... 243
SUBMISSION OF A SUCCESSION PLAN ...................................................................................... 244
PERIOD FOR RENEWAL APPLICATION ...................................................................................... 244
CHAPTER FOURTEEN: ................................................................................................................. 245
SOCIAL SECURITY IN TANZANIA............................................................................................. 245
Definition of the term Social Security ................................................................................................. 245
Key element of Social Security in Tanzania ........................................................................................ 245
Scope of Social Security ...................................................................................................................... 245
Benefits offered by social security scheme.......................................................................................... 246
BACKGROUND TO SOCIAL SECURITY IN TANZANIA ............................................................ 246
Before independence ........................................................................................................................... 246
After independence .............................................................................................................................. 246
THE SOCIAL SECURITY SCHEMES IN TANZANIA ................................................................... 247
NSSF Pension Fund ............................................................................................................................. 247
PPF Pension Fund ................................................................................................................................ 248
LAPF Pension Fund ............................................................................................................................. 248
GEPF Retirement Benefit Fund ........................................................................................................... 249
National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) ............................................................................................. 249
Community Health Fund (CHF) .......................................................................................................... 249
THE SOCIAL SECURITY REGULATORY AUTHORITY (SSRA) ............................................... 250
Functions of the SSRA ........................................................................................................................ 250
Powers of the SSRA ............................................................................................................................ 251
Operation of the SSRA ........................................................................................................................ 251
Establishment of the Social Security Tribunal .................................................................................... 252
THE PROCESS OF SOCIAL SECURITY REFORMS IN TANZANIA........................................... 253
THE PUBLIC SERVICE SOCIAL SECURITY FUND ACT, (NO. 2) OF 2018 .............................. 254
Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 254
Centralized Social Security Schemes .................................................................................................. 254
Establishment of the Public Service Social Security Scheme (PSSSS)............................................... 255
Establishment of the Public Service Social Security Fund (PSSSF) ................................................... 255
Establishment of Board of Trustee ...................................................................................................... 256
REGISTRATION PROCESS .............................................................................................................. 257
Employer to register with the fund ...................................................................................................... 257
Registration of employee ..................................................................................................................... 258
Registration of existing employers and members ................................................................................ 258
Issuance of membership card ............................................................................................................... 258
Loss, mutilation or destruction of membership card ........................................................................... 259
Change of particulars ........................................................................................................................... 259
Notification on transfer, change of or cessation of employment ......................................................... 259
Notification of relocation of employer or closure of business ............................................................ 260
Variation of forms ................................................................................................................................ 260
CONTRIBUTION TO THE FUND .................................................................................................... 260
Mode of payment ................................................................................................................................. 261
Additional contributions for delayed remittance of contributions by employer .................................. 261
Treating un remitted contributions as paid .......................................................................................... 261
Protection of the contributions and member’s ability to mortgage ..................................................... 262
Conditions for granting mortgage facility ........................................................................................... 263
Refund of excess contributions ............................................................................................................ 263
Authority to withdraw from fund ........................................................................................................ 264
BENEFITS OF THE MEMBER TO THE SCHEME ......................................................................... 264
Qualifying Condition for entitlement of benefit .................................................................................. 264
RETIREMENT PENSION BENEFITS .............................................................................................. 265
Application for the retirement benefits ................................................................................................ 265
Qualifying conditions for old age pension benefit .............................................................................. 266
Notification and delayed payment of benefits ..................................................................................... 266
Rates of retirement pension ................................................................................................................. 267
Refund of contributions due to emigration .......................................................................................... 267
MATERNITY BENEFITS .................................................................................................................. 267
INVALIDITY BENEFIT ..................................................................................................................... 268
Rate of invalidity benefit ..................................................................................................................... 268
Application for invalidity benefit ........................................................................................................ 268
UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS ........................................................................................................ 269
Application for unemployment benefits .............................................................................................. 269
Duration of Unemployment benefit ..................................................................................................... 269
SICKNESS BENEFIT ......................................................................................................................... 270
Rate of Sick Leave ............................................................................................................................... 270
Application for death gratuity benefit .................................................................................................. 271
Application for survivors’ benefits ...................................................................................................... 271
CONTINUING ELIGIBILITY, SUSPENSIONS & TERMINATION OF BENEFITS..................... 271
Basis and duration of benefits .............................................................................................................. 271
Verification of continuing eligibility of beneficiary ............................................................................ 271
Suspension for failure to provide information ..................................................................................... 271
Suspension resulting from uncertain address of residence .................................................................. 272
Termination of benefit ......................................................................................................................... 272
Application for review ......................................................................................................................... 272
SUITS BY AND AGAINST THE BOARD ........................................................................................ 272
Savings and Amendments.................................................................................................................... 273
Offences: 273
Vesting of assets and liabilities ............................................................................................................ 274
Transitional Period ............................................................................................................................... 274
ACHIEVEMENTS OF SOCIAL SECURITY SCHEME IN TANZANIA ........................................ 274
SHORTCOMINGS IN CURRENT SOCIAL SECURITY SCHEME IN TANZANIA ..................... 274
WEAKNESSES OF THE NEW LABOUR LAWS ............................................................................ 276
Employers’ Perspectives ...................................................................................................................... 276
Employees’ Perspectives ..................................................................................................................... 276
QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER REFLECTION .................................................................................. 278
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................................... 279