Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pressure Vessels,Reservoirs,Tanks
9AEI306.75 2
What is Level ?
9AEI306.75 3
Methods of level Measurement
Direct Method
Indirect Method
9AEI306.75 4
Direct Method
9AEI306.75 5
Sight Glass
9AEI306.75 6
Sight glass
9AEI306.75 7
Sight Glass
9AEI306.75 8
Sight Glass
9AEI306.75 9
Construction
9AEI306.75 10
Working
As the level of the liquid in the tank rises and falls, the
9AEI306.75 11
Ranges
9AEI306.75 12
Advantages
10000 psi
9AEI306.75 13
Disadvantages
always convenient
even though the liquid inside the tank does not, and thus,
9AEI306.75 14
Disadvantages
and fluid
9AEI306.75 15
Materials
550ºc temperature
9AEI306.75 16
Float actuated Level indicator
Float Actuated Level Indicator
9AEI306.76 18
Float Actuated Level Indicator
9AEI306.76 19
Float Actuated Level Indicator
9AEI306.76 20
Construction
9AEI306.76 21
Types of floats
9AEI306.76 22
Working
suitable mechanism
9AEI306.76 23
Advantages
• Economical
• Reliable designs
ground level
9AEI306.76 24
Disadvantages
suspensions
9AEI306.76 25
Resistive type of level
Indicator
Resistive type of level Indicator
9AEI306.77 27
Principle of Resistive type Level Indicator
electrical signal
9AEI306.77 28
Float actuated type Resistive Level
Indicator
9AEI306.77 29
Construction and Working
• The float begins to move As the liquid level
changes
• The float displacement actuates the arm
• It causes the slider to move over the resistive
element of the potentiometer
• The circuit resistance changes
• This resistance change is directly proportional to the
liquid level in the tank
9AEI306.77 30
Fixed Resistive type of level Indicator
9AEI306.77 31
Construction and Working
9AEI306.77 32
Advantages
9AEI306.77 33
Advantages
• Simple to calibrate
9AEI306.77 34
Disadvantages
9AEI306.77 35
Disadvantages
9AEI306.77 36
Applications
9AEI306.77 37
Capacitance Level Indicator
Capacitive Type of Level Indicator
9AEI306.78-79 39
Principle
The operation is based upon the familiar equation of a
parallel plate capacitor given by
C = ε A/D
ε = Dielectric Constant
A = Area of plate, in m²
9AEI306.78-79 40
Principle
level indicators.
9AEI306.78-79 41
Variable Area Method
liquids
9AEI306.78-79 42
Construction
• The metal rod and the container walls form the two plates
of the capacitor
9AEI306.78-79 43
Working
• When the level of liquid in the tank rises the
capacitance varies linearly with the height of the
material
• The relationship between level of a liquid and the
capacitance is given by :
C = 2πεh/logе(d2/d1)
Where ε = permittivity of the insulator;F/m
h = height of the material ; m
d1 = diameter of the metal rod ; m
d2 = diameter of the insulator ; m
9AEI306.78-79 44
Working
9AEI306.78-79 45
Capacitive Voltage Divider Method
9AEI306.78-79 46
Construction
• The liquid surface acts as one electrode for liquids
whose conductivity is high
9AEI306.78-79 47
Construction
9AEI306.78-79 48
Working
• As the level of the liquid in the tank varies the
E0 = E i C1/(C1+C2) Volts
9AEI306.78-79 49
Working
them.
9AEI306.78-79 50
Variable Dielectric Constant Method
a capacitor
9AEI306.78-79 51
Construction
9AEI306.78-79 52
• If the liquid is conductive in nature,
• The metal rod and the liquid form the plates of the
capacitor
9AEI306.78-79 53
Working
• The capacitance of this capacitor depends upon the
height of the dielectric between the plates i,e the liquid
level.
• As the level of the liquid increases the capacitance
increases.
• Thus, the capacitance is proportional to the height of
the liquid in the tank
• The capacitance thus measured is an indication of
liquid levels.
9AEI306.78-79 54
Advantages
9AEI306.78-79 55
Disadvantages
9AEI306.78-79 56
Nucleonic Level Gauges
Nucleonic Type of Level Detectors
9AEI80-81 58
Radiation Phenomenon
9AEI80-81 59
Radiation Phenomenon
• Alpha(α ) radiation,
• Beta (β ) radiation
• Gamma (γ) rays
9AEI80-81 60
Selection of Nucleonic Particles
9AEI80-81 61
Nucleonic Type of Level Detector
Fig : 1
9AEI80-81 62
Principle
9AEI80-81 63
Nucleonic Type of Level Detector
Nucleonic source
Nucleonic
Detector
9AEI80-81 64
Principle
9AEI80-81 65
Construction
• A source of gamma rays is placed at the bottom of the
tank.
9AEI80-81 66
Working
9AEI80-81 67
Working…
• The higher the level of the liquid in the tank, the greater is
the absorption
9AEI80-81 68
Working…
9AEI80-81 69
Disadvantages
9AEI80-81 70
Advantages
1. No physical contact with the liquid
5. No moving parts
9AEI80-81 71
Applications
9AEI80-81 72
Ultrasonic Level Gauges
What are Ultrasonics ?
9AEI306.82-83 74
Ultrasonic type of level detectors
9AEI306.82-83 75
Ultrasonic Type Of Level Detector
Fig : 1
9AEI306.82-83 76
Principle
9AEI306.82-83 77
Construction
9AEI306.82-83 78
Working
9AEI306.82-83 79
Working
9AEI306.82-83 80
Advantages
9AEI306.82-83 81
Disadvantages
9AEI306.82-83 82
Applications
9AEI306.82-83 83
Level Switches
Level Switches
AEI306.84 85
Principle of Operation
AEI306.84 86
Principle of Operation…
AEI306.84 87
Float Materials & Design
AEI306.84 88
Materials…
AEI306.84 89
Magnetic Float Operated Switch
Fig : 1
AEI306.84 90
Construction
AEI306.84 91
Working
• When the level falls the sleeve moves down and after a
certain stage goes outside the field of the magnet .
AEI306.84 92
Advantages
• Low cost
• Reliable
AEI306.84 93
Disadvantages
AEI306.84 94