Freewheeling Path for Inductor Current

Q iL

D
Energy Storage and Transfer Device

On-time Off-time

D off D on

● When the on-time inductor current path is discontinued, the freewheeling

path provides an alternative path for the inductor current.

● The freewheeling path is usually constructed with a diode, called the

freewheeling diode.

21
 Inductive Switching Circuit #3

· Case #1 : V S1 = 50 V and V S 2 = 25 V

Closed

0.5 Ts Open
Energy Storage and Transfer Device

iL
Ts
+ vL -
V S1 - V S 2 = 25 V
V S1 V S2
A
vL (t)
B
Area A = Area B
-V S2 = -25 V

iL(t)

22
 Inductive Switching Circuit #3

· Case #2 : V S1 = 50 V and V S 2 = 30 V · Case #3 : V S 1 = 50 V and V S 2 = 20 V

0.5 Ts 0.5 Ts
Energy Storage and Transfer Device

Ts Ts
30 V
20 V

vL (t)
vL (t)

-20 V
Area A = Area B -30 V Area A > Area B

iL(t) iL(t)

23
 Definition of Capacitance
iC
+
+
vC C q
-
Energy Storage and Transfer Device

q (t )
· Definition of capacitance: C º
vC (t )

dq(t)
· Definition of current: iC (t) =
dt

· Circuit equation of capacitance

dq(t) dv (t) 1
iC (t) =
dt
=C C
dt
vC (t) =
C ò iC (t) dt

24
 Circuit Equations for Capacitors
iC
+

vC C
Energy Storage and Transfer Device

· Basic equations
dvC (t) 1
iC (t) = C
dt
vC (t) =
C ò iC (t) dt

· Special cases

1 1 I
With iC (t) = I S , vC (t) =
C ò iC (t)dt =
C ò I S dt = S t
C

dvC (t) dV S
With vC (t) = V S , iC (t) = C =C =0
dt dt
25
 Current Drive of Capacitor
iC
+

vC (t) 1
C vC (t) =
C ò iC (t) dt
Energy Storage and Transfer Device

Current drive: excitation of capacitor with a current source

iC (t) iC (t)

+ IS

IS C vC (t)
- t
IS
1 t
vC (t) = ò I S dt C
C
I
= St
C vC (t) t

26
 Capacitive Switching Circuit #1

Closed
Open

iC IS
Energy Storage and Transfer Device

IS vC C iC
dv C
- iC ( t ) = C = -¥
dt

IS
C
vC
0 t1

1 æ ö2
÷
· Instantaneous release of the electric energy of C ççvC (t1 )÷
2 è ø
generation of a current spike that kills the switch
27
 Capacitive Switching Circuit #2

Closed
Open
isolation diode
Energy Storage and Transfer Device

+ iC IS

IS vC C
iC
-

IS / C
vC

· Isolation diode blocks the capacitor voltage when the switch is closed.

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 Charge Balance Condition
● Charge balance condition: the charge increase in one switching period should be
equal to the charge decrease in that switching period.
Dq inc = Dq dec
● Excitation of capacitor with a rectangular current waveform
i C (t)
Energy Storage and Transfer Device

I1
T2

+ iC
q (t) C T1
-I 2
-
Dq = iC (t) Dt
Amp-sec balance condition
Dq inc = I1T1 ö÷
÷÷ Dq inc = Dq dec I 1T1 = I 2T2
Dq dec = I 2T2 ÷÷÷
ø
● The average value of the capacitor current can be considered to be zero
assuming that the averaging is performed over a sufficiently longer period than
the switching period.
29
 Implications of Amp-Sec Balance Condition
● Whenever possible, a switching circuit establishes a steady-state equilibrium by
adjusting the circuit variables to satisfy the amp-sec balance condition on the
capacitors in the circuit.

● A circuit that violates the amp-sec balance condition can be easily devised, but
the circuit eventually destroys itself by an over-voltage condition on the capacitor.
Energy Storage and Transfer Device

Example Closed
Open

+ iC IS

IS vC C
iC
-

IS / C
vC

30
 Capacitive Switching Circuit #3
iC = 0

+ vC -
I S1 IS2

· Case #1 : I S1 = 25 A and I S 2 = 25 A
Energy Storage and Transfer Device

Switch open Closed

i C = I S1
Open Open
+ vC -
I S1 IS2
25A
A
iC (t)
B
Switch closed Area A=Area B
-i C = I S 2
-25A

+ vC -
I S1 I
I S1 IS2 - S2
C C

vC (t) 31
 Capacitive Switching Circuit #3

· Case #2 : I S1 = 30 A and I S 2 = 30 A · Case #3 : I S1 = 20 A and I S 2 = 20 A

Closed Closed
Open Open Open Open
Energy Storage and Transfer Device

20 A 30 A
A 0A A
iC (t) iC (t)
B
B -20 A
- 30 A

vC (t) vC (t)

32
 Ideal Transformer
iP iS
+ 1:n +

vP vS
Energy Storage and Transfer Device

- -

· Definition of circuit variables

vP (t): primary voltage iP (t): primary current
vS (t): secondary voltage iS (t): secondary current
n: turns ratio

· Definition of circuit equation

vS (t) = n vP (t)
iP (t) = n iS (t)

33
 Circuit Equations of Ideal Transformer
iP iS
+ 1:n +

vP vS vS (t) = n vP (t)
iP (t) = n iS (t)
Energy Storage and Transfer Device

- -

● Examples

iP = 0 1 : n iS = 0 iP = ¥ 1 : n iS = ¥
+ +

V dc v S = n V dc V dc v S = n V dc

- -

Secondary sideopen Primary side open Secondary side short Primary side short

34
 Practical Transformer

iP iS
+ +
φc
vP vS
Energy Storage and Transfer Device

- -

Structure and dot convention Symbol and polarity

● Dot convention: the primary and secondary currents flowing into the winding
terminals marked ● produce a mutually additive magnetic
flux.

● Lenz`s law: an electro-magnetic induction occurs in such a way that the

magnetic flux produced as the outcome of the magnetic induction
opposes the magnetic flux that initiated the induction process.

35