ESc201: Introduction to Electronics

Circuit Fundamentals

Rohit Budhiraja
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
IIT Kanpur

1
 Examination Schedule
• 1st Major Online Quiz: Tuesday, Jan 25, 2022, 5.00-6.00 PM in the
tutorial hour
• 2nd Major Online Quiz: Tuesday, Feb 15, 2022, 5.00-6.00 PM in the
tutorial hour
• Mid-semester examination: Week of Feb 21-Feb 26, 2022
• 3rd Major Online Quiz: Tuesday, Apr 5, 2022, 5.00-6.00 PM in the
tutorial hour
• End-semester Examination: Week of Apr 25- May 4, 2022

2
 Today’s agenda
• Discuss about power and energy
• Figure out whether a circuit element is consuming/supplying power
• Learn about Kirchhoff’s current and voltage laws

3
Recap
• Current is time rate of flow of electrical charge

• Units are amperes (A), equivalent to coulombs/second (C/s)

• Current has a magnitude and a direction

I

1016 electrons flow per second

Direction of current flow is opposite to that of electron flow

4
Recap
Voltage difference is a Source of current flow
Units of Voltage: Volts (V)

12V 12V

0V
12V
5
Recap
R
Resistance

Ohm’s law v (t )  R  i (t )

v
R
Conductance G = 1/R i
v (t ) i
i (t )   G  v (t ) G
R
v
Voltage

Terminal B is 5 V higher Terminal A is 5 V higher

than terminal A than terminal B

• Voltage across terminals A and B is work

(energy) required to move a unit charge + General
from terminal A to B through the Circuit
element
VAB=2V
Element
_
• V = dw/dq
• w – energy in Joules
• q – charge in Coulombs
Power and Energy

• Energy is ability to work; SI unit of joule [J]

• Power = rate of energy use/generation: dw/dt
• Units is Watts = Joule/Sec

dw dw dq
P (t )    v(t ) i (t )
dt dq dt
t2
dw
P (t ) 
dt
 w 
t1
p (t ) d t

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Power
V1
I
P  (V 1  V 2 )  I
X

V2

If V1 > V2 then P is positive and it means that power is being

delivered to the electrical element X

If V1 < V2 then P is negative and it means that power is being

extracted from the electrical element X.
X is a source of power !

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Note on direction of current

2A X -2A
X

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Examples of power consumption/supply
12V
1A P= ?

X
P  (V 1  V 2 )  I
 (1 2  6 )  1  6 W
6V

12V P= ?
1A
P  (V 1  V 2 )  I
X
 (1 2  6 )   1   6 W
Power is supplied by element
6V
X instead of consumption 11
 6V P= ?
1A

X P  (V 1  V 2 )  I
 ( 6  1 2 )   1  6W
12V
Power is being delivered to the
electrical element X

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 There is only one battery in the circuit. Can you find which
element is a battery?

A battery is a source of power, so power dissipated is negative

Answer is C

13
Power dissipated in a Resistor

+ i
v i R v
i
v R R
- P vi
2
v
P i  R
2 P
R

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Circuit Analysis

R1 R3
VS R2 R4 IX

What is current in R2 ?
Procedure:

Use Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) and Kirchhoff's Current law

(KCL) to transform the circuit into a set of equations whose
solution gives the required voltage or current value
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Engineering Analysis

Real-life System

Abstract Model

Mathematical
problem

v2 v2
P 
R1 R 2 16
Nodes and loops

Node: A point where 2 or more circuit elements are connected.

R1 R3
VS R2 R4 IX

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A loop is formed by tracing a closed path through circuit
elements without passing through any intermediate node more
than once

R1 R3
VS R2 R4 IX

This is not a valid loop !

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Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)

Sum of currents entering a node is equal to sum of currents

leaving a node

i1  i 2  i3
Conservation of charge!
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Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)
N
Net current entering a node is zero i
1
j  0

Current entering a node is considered positive and current

leaving a node is considered as negative

i1  i 2  i 3  0

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Examples:

i3  i 4

1  3  ia  0 1  3  ib  2  0

ia  4 A ib   2 A 21
Examples:

1  3  ic  4  0

ic   8 A
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KCL: More general formulation

The sum of currents entering/leaving a closed surface is zero.

i2
i1

R1 R3
VS R2 R4 IX

i3 i4

i1  i 2  i3  i 4  0
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Series Circuit

Two elements are connected in series if there is no other

element connected to the node joining them

A, B and C are in series

The elements have the same current going through them

i a  ib  i c 24
A and B are in series E, F and G are in series

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Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)

The algebraic sum of the voltages equals zero for any

closed path (loop) in an electrical circuit

Conservation of energy!
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Example

L o o p 3 :  ve  vd  vb  va  0
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Parallel Circuits
Two elements are connected in parallel if both ends of one
element are connected directly to corresponding ends of
the other

A and B are connected in parallel

D, E and F are connected in parallel

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The voltage across parallel elements are equal (both
magnitude and polarity)

v a  vb   vc
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Example

 3  5  v c  0  v c  8V

 v c  (  1 0 )  v e  0  v e   2V
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Use KVL , KCL and Ohm’s law to solve the given problem

+ v1 -

i1 +

V2
i2
-

Step 1
 v x  v1  v 2  0  v x  v1  v 2 KVL

Step 2
v 1  i1  5 v 2  i2  1 0 Ohm’s Law

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Step 3: Find currents i1 and i2

i1
v x  v1  v 2

v1  i1  5
i2
v 2  i2  1 0

v x  ( i1  2 i 2 )  5

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 Use ohm’s law : v = I x R

I1 = ?

+ + +
0.5A 1A
5V 5V 5V

- - -

Apply KCL at the indicated node

i1  0 .5  1  1  0  i1  2 .5 A v1  i1  5  1 2 .5V

v x  v1  v 2  1 2 .5  5  1 7 .5V
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