Exam

Name___________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer 1)
consists primarily of ________.
A) cartilage and compact bone B) chondrocytes and osteocytes
C) osteoblasts and osteoclasts D) marrow and osteons
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

2) Normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of ________. 2)
A) potassium, phosphate, and vitamin D B) vitamin D, phosphate, and chloride
C) calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D D) sodium, calcium, and vitamin E
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

3) What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo? 3)

A) hyaline cartilage B) fibrocartilage
C) dense fibrous connective tissue D) elastic connective tissue
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

4) Cranial bones develop ________. 4)

A) within osseous membranes B) within fibrous membranes
C) from cartilage models D) from a tendon
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

1
5) Which of the following statements best describes interstitial growth? 5)
A) Unspecialized cells from mesenchyme develop into chondrocytes, which divide and form
cartilage.
B) Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from
within.
C) Fibroblasts give rise to chondrocytes that differentiate and form cartilage.
D) Growth occurs in the lining of the long bones.
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

6) Factors in preventing (or delaying) osteoporosis include ________. 6)

A) decreasing weight-bearing exercise B) decreasing exposure to the sun
C) increasing dietary vitamin C D) drinking fluoridated water
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

7) What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause? 7)

A) inadequate calcification of bone
B) decreased osteoclast activity
C) increased osteoclast activity
D) decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

8) Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood, as well 8)
as shaping the articular surfaces?
A) Haversian system B) lacunae
C) epiphyseal line D) epiphyseal plate
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

9) The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to 9)
support weight and withstand tension stress?
A) spongy bone B) trabecular bone C) irregular bone D) compact bone
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

2
10) For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary? 10)
A) The cartilage matrix begins to deteriorate.
B) An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue.
C) A bone collar forms around the cartilage model.
D) A medullary cavity forms.
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

11) What is the structural unit of compact bone? 11)

A) osseous matrix B) lamellar bone C) spongy bone D) the osteon
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

12) Spongy bones are made up of a framework called ________. 12)

A) osseous lamellae B) osteons
C) lamellar bone D) trabeculae
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

13) The process of bones increasing in width is known as ________. 13)

A) closing of the epiphyseal plate
B) appositional growth
C) concentric growth
D) long bones reaching adult length and width
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

14) Wolff's law is concerned with ________. 14)

A) the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it
B) the function of bone being dependent on shape
C) vertical growth of bones being dependent on age
D) the diameter of the bone being dependent on the ratio of osteoblasts to osteoclasts
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

3
15) A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ________. 15)
A) articular cartilage B) epiphysis
C) metaphysis D) diaphysis
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

16) Ossification of the ends of long bones ________. 16)

A) is produced by secondary ossification centers
B) involves medullary cavity formation
C) takes twice as long as diaphysis
D) is a characteristic of intramembranous bone formation
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

17) Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through ________. 17)
A) calcification of the matrix
B) interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates
C) the secretion of bone matrix into the medullary cavity
D) differentiation of osteoclasts
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

18) In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows ________. 18)

A) in a circular fashion
B) by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis
C) by pulling the diaphysis toward the epiphysis
D) from the edges inward
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

19) Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system? 19)
A) communication B) production of blood cells (hematopoiesis)
C) support D) storage of minerals
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

4
20) What are the small spaces in bone tissue that are holes in which osteocytes live called? 20)
A) Haversian canals B) lacunae
C) trabeculae D) Volkmann's canals
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

21) Growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. Which hormone is important for bone 21)
growth during infancy and childhood?
A) somatomedins B) growth hormone
C) prolactin D) thyroid hormone
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

22) Ostealgia is ________. 22)

A) a defect called clubfoot B) a disease of the bone
C) fractured bone D) pain in a bone
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

23) Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream? 23)
A) parathyroid hormone B) estrogen
C) thyroxine D) calcitonin
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

24) The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of ________. 24)
A) yellow marrow and spicules B) blood vessels and nerve fibers
C) cartilage and interstitial lamellae D) osteoclasts and osteoblasts
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

5
25) Which of the following is a bone marking name that indicates a projection that helps to form joints? 25)
A) meatus
B) fossa
C) foramen
D) epicondyle
E) ramus
Answer: E
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

26) Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________. 26)

A) blood-forming cells B) elastic tissue
C) Sharpey's fibers D) fat
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

27) Osteogenesis is the process of ________. 27)

A) bone destruction to liberate calcium
B) bone formation
C) making collagen fibers for calcified cartilage
D) making a cartilage model of the fetal bone
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

28) The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue called ________. 28)
A) a bony matrix with hyaline cartilage B) perforating (Sharpey's) fibers
C) the struts of bone known as spicules D) Volkmann's canals
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

29) The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________. 29)
A) osteoclast B) osteoblast C) chondrocyte D) osteocyte
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

6
30) In some cases the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. What might be the 30)
cause?
A) overproduction of thyroid hormone
B) too much vitamin D in the diet
C) osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity
D) elevated levels of sex hormones
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

31) The most abundant skeletal cartilage type is ________. 31)

A) epiphyseal B) elastic C) fibrocartilage D) hyaline
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

32) Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth? 32)
A) the lengthening of hyaline cartilage
B) along the edges only
C) growth at the epiphyseal plate
D) the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

33) The term diploë refers to the ________. 33)

A) double-layered nature of the connective tissue covering the bone
B) two types of marrow found within most bones
C) fact that most bones are formed of two types of bone tissue
D) internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

34) Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells 34)
accomplishes this process?
A) stem cell B) osteoclast C) osteocyte D) osteoblast
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

7
 35) Which of the following glands or organs produces hormones that tend to decrease blood calcium 35)
levels?
A) pineal gland B) thyroid C) spleen D) parathyroid
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

36) The universal loss of mass seen in the skeleton, which begins about the age of 40, ________. 36)
A) reflects incomplete osteon formation and mineralization
B) is absolutely uniform throughout the skeleton
C) is slower in females than in males
D) is greater in African Americans than in Northern Europeans
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

37) Osteomyelitis is ________. 37)

A) partially due to insufficient dietary calcium
B) caused by altered vitamin D metabolism
C) literally known as "soft bones"
D) due to pus-forming bacteria
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

38) What are the differences between the diaphysis and the epiphyses of long bones? 38)
Answer: The diaphysis bone is composed almost entirely of compact bone (except in
irregular and short bones), while the epiphyses are composed almost entirely of
spongy bone. The epiphyses are on the ends of the bone; the diaphysis is the
"shank" of the bone. The diaphysis in long bones has a large medullary cavity,
whereas the epiphyses do not.
Explanation:

8
Figure 6.2

Using Figure 6.2, match the following:

39) Compact bone. 39)
Answer: C
Explanation:

40) A central (Haversian) canal may contain arteries, veins, capillaries, lymph vessels, and 40)
________ fibers.
Answer: nerve
Explanation:

41) Bones appear to be lifeless structures. Does bone material renew itself? 41)
Answer: Bone only appears lifeless in gross anatomy. Microscopically, bone is full of cells
and blood vessels that maintain and renew bone tissue. Approximately 5% to 7% of
our bone mass is recycled each week. Up to 0.5 g of calcium may enter or leave the
bones each day, depending on the negative feedback hormonal mechanism and
gravitational forces.
Explanation:

9
Figure 6.1

Using Figure 6.1, match the following bone types with the numbered structure:

A. Long
B. Short
C. Flat
D. Irregular
E. Sesamoid

42) Bone 7. 42)

Answer: B
Explanation:

10
Figure 6.2

Using Figure 6.2, match the following:

43) Location of the epiphyseal line. 43)
Answer: B
Explanation:

44) Describe how oxygen is carried from outside a bone to an individual osteocyte. 44)
Answer: Blood vessels enter through the periosteum into a perforating canal. The vessel may
follow along the axis of the bone through a central canal. Osteocytes have long,
almost dendritic-like extensions or arms that reach out through tiny holes called
canaliculi. The canaliculi connect one cell to another and to the central canal.
Oxygen would leave the blood vessel in the central canal and travel through the
canaliculi from cell to cell until it reaches the cell in question.
Explanation:

45) ________ is a disease of the bone in which bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit, 45)
leaving the person with thin and often very fragile bones.
Answer: Osteoporosis
Explanation:

11
Figure 6.1

Using Figure 6.1, match the following bone types with the numbered structure:

A. Long
B. Short
C. Flat
D. Irregular
E. Sesamoid

46) Bone 4. 46)

Answer: D
Explanation:

47) Compare the function of the organic materials in the bone matrix with the function of the 47)
inorganic materials in the matrix.
Answer: The organic matrix contributes to the bone structure and its tensile strength, while
the inorganic matrix contributes to hardness and resistance to compression.
Explanation:

12
Figure 6.1

Using Figure 6.1, match the following bone types with the numbered structure:

A. Long
B. Short
C. Flat
D. Irregular
E. Sesamoid

48) Bone 2. 48)

Answer: A
Explanation:

49) ________ are multinucleated cells that destroy bone. 49)

Answer: Osteoclasts
Explanation:

50) Several hormones control the remodeling of bones. Which two respond to changing blood 50)
calcium levels?
Answer: To keep bones in proper dimensions, PTH and calcitonin are the major determinants
of whether and when remodeling will occur in response to changing blood calcium.
Explanation:

13
51) Blood cell formation is called ________. 51)
Answer: hematopoiesis
Explanation:

52) List the steps in the repair process of a simple fracture. 52)
Answer: Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation,
and remodeling.
Explanation:

53) ________ growth is growth in the diameter of long bones. 53)

Answer: Appositional
Explanation:

54) A bone embedded in a tendon is called a(n) ________ bone. 54)

Answer: sesamoid
Explanation:

55) A long bone forms by a process known as ________ ossification. 55)

Answer: endochondral
Explanation:

56) What is found in a Haversian canal? 56)

Answer: Blood vessels and nerve fibers.
Explanation:

57) How can a tooth be moved in a bony socket during orthodontic treatment? 57)
Answer: Because bone deposition and reabsorption can occur, and because bone responds to
mechanical stress (Wolff's law), a tooth can be moved. By applying slight pressure to
a tooth, the bone on the forward side will reabsorb, while the bone on the reverse
side will be reformed.
Explanation:

14
Figure 6.2

Using Figure 6.2, match the following:

58) Area where yellow marrow is found. 58)
Answer: D
Explanation:

15
Figure 6.1

Using Figure 6.1, match the following bone types with the numbered structure:

A. Long
B. Short
C. Flat
D. Irregular
E. Sesamoid

59) Bone 1. 59)

Answer: C
Explanation:

60) A round or oval hole through a bone that contains blood vessels and/or nerves is called 60)
a(n) ________.
Answer: foramen
Explanation:

16
Figure 6.1

Using Figure 6.1, match the following bone types with the numbered structure:

A. Long
B. Short
C. Flat
D. Irregular
E. Sesamoid

61) Bone 5. 61)

Answer: A
Explanation:

62) If your doctor notices a marked decrease in calcium ion levels in your blood, what gland 62)
might he suspect is not functioning properly and why?
Answer: The parathyroid gland normally responds to low calcium ion levels in the blood and
releases PTH, which mobilizes osteoclasts to step up bone destruction, releasing
more calcium into the bloodstream. If the parathyroid is not functioning properly it
may release too much PTH or not respond at all, which seems to be the case here.
Explanation:

63) Inflammation of bony tissue is called ________. 63)

Answer: osteitis
Explanation:

17
Figure 6.1

Using Figure 6.1, match the following bone types with the numbered structure:

A. Long
B. Short
C. Flat
D. Irregular
E. Sesamoid

64) Bone 6. 64)

Answer: E
Explanation:

65) Why are the bones of young children much more flexible than those of the elderly? 65)
Answer: Bones of children are not completely calcified, with a higher ratio of more flexible
organic fibers. Bones in the elderly are more completely calcified, which gives the
characteristic of rigidity.
Explanation:

18
Figure 6.1

Using Figure 6.1, match the following bone types with the numbered structure:

A. Long
B. Short
C. Flat
D. Irregular
E. Sesamoid

66) Bone 3. 66)

Answer: C
Explanation:

67) How is the beginning of intramembraneous ossification different from endochondral 67)
ossification?
Answer: Intramembraneous ossification starts in connective tissue from mesenchymal cells
that become osteoblasts. These osteoblasts cluster together into an ossification
center. Endochondral ossification starts with a hyaline cartilage "template."
Mesenchymal cells become osteoblasts and begin forming bone around the cartilage.
Explanation:

19
Figure 6.2

Using Figure 6.2, match the following:

68) Area with articular cartilage. 68)
Answer: A
Explanation:

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

69) Bones are classified by whether they are weight bearing or protective in function. 69)
Answer: True False
Explanation:

70) Short, irregular, and flat bones have large marrow cavities in order to keep the weight of the bones 70)
light.
Answer: True False
Explanation:

71) Compact bone is replaced more often than spongy bone. 71)
Answer: True False
Explanation:

72) The structural unit of compact bone (osteon) resembles the growth rings of a tree trunk. 72)
Answer: True False
Explanation:

73) Closure of the epiphyseal plate stops all bone growth. 73)
Answer: True False
Explanation:

20
74) The periosteum is a tissue that serves only to protect the bone because it is not supplied with nerves 74)
or blood vessels.
Answer: True False
Explanation:

75) Bone tissue in the skeleton of a human fetus is completely formed at six months' gestation. 75)
Answer: True False
Explanation:

76) The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress. 76)
Answer: True False
Explanation:

77) Each consecutive bone lamella has collagen fibers that wrap in alternating directions. 77)
Answer: True False
Explanation:

78) The term osteoid refers to the organic part of the matrix of compact bones. 78)
Answer: True False
Explanation:

79) In newborn infants, the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone contain yellow bone 79)
marrow.
Answer: True False
Explanation:

80) Cartilage has a flexible matrix that can accommodate mitosis of chondrocytes. 80)
Answer: True False
Explanation:

81) Sixty-five percent of the mass of bone is a compound called hydroxyapatite. 81)
Answer: True False
Explanation:

82) An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only. 82)
Answer: True False
Explanation:

83) All bones formed by intramembranous ossification are irregular bones. 83)
Answer: True False
Explanation:

84) Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain 84)
bones.
Answer: True False
Explanation:

21
MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.

Match the following:

85) Patella. A) Long bone
85)
Answer: B
B) Sesamoid bone
86) Radius.
86)
Answer: A

Match the following:

87) Cells that can dissolve the bony A) Osteoclasts
87)
matrix.
Answer: A

Match the following:

88) Abnormal bone formation and A) Paget's disease
88)
reabsorption.
Answer: A

Match the following:

89) Scapula. A) Flat bone
89)
Answer: A

Match the following:

90) The cells responsible for the early A) Epiphyseal line
90)
stages of endochondral ossification.
Answer: B B) Chondrocytes

91) The appearance of this structure

91)
signals the end of bone growth.
Answer: A

Match the following:

92) Hip bones. A) Irregular bone
92)
Answer: A

Match the following:

93) The growth pattern of bone in which A) Appositional growth
93)
matrix is laid down on the surface.
Answer: A

Match the following:

94) Small channels that radiate through A) Canaliculi
94)
the matrix of bone.
Answer: A

22
Match the following:
95) An incomplete fracture or cracking of A) Greenstick
95)
the bone without actual separation of
the parts. Common in children.
Answer: A

Match the following:

96) Carpals. A) Short bone
96)
Answer: A

Match the following:

97) Bone fragments into many pieces. A) Comminuted
97)
Answer: A

Match the following:

98) Layers of bone matrix. A) Lamellae
98)
Answer: A

Match the following:

99) Common sports fracture resulting A) Spiral
99)
from a twisting force.
Answer: A

Match the following:

100) Bone formed is poorly mineralized A) Osteomalacia
100)
and soft. Deforms on weight bearing.
Answer: A B) Osteoporosis

101) Bones are porous and thin but bone

101)
composition is normal.
Answer: B

Match the following:

102) Area where bone longitudinal growth A) Epiphyseal plate
102)
takes place.
Answer: A

Match the following:

103) The lining of the marrow cavity. A) Endosteum
103)
Answer: A

Match the following:

104) The area of long bones where cartilage A) Diaphysis
104)
cells are replaced by bone cells.
Answer: A

Match the following:

105) Cells that can build bony matrix. A) Osteoblasts
105)
Answer: A

23
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

106) While on vacation last spring, June fell on the pavement and broke her wrist. At the emergency room, a resident
placed a cast on her wrist after manipulating the bones. It seemed to heal within a few months. However,
recently she has noticed lumps in the area where the break happened and she has been complaining of pain.
What could be causing the lumps and the pain?
Answer: June probably has "bony spurs," which are abnormal projections from a bone due to bone overgrowth.

107) Mrs. Brown was outside on her patio cleaning windows when she fell off her step ladder and fractured her right
hip. She had emergency surgery for an open reduction and internal fixation of the right hip. Three days
postoperative, she asks you if she will have trouble going through airport security. What has prompted her
concern?
Answer: Open reduction is the correction of the bone alignment through a surgical incision. It may include
internal fixation of the fracture with the use of rods, wire, screws, pins, or nails, metal items that may
trigger security alarms.

108) Emily, a 64-year-old obese woman, was brought to the hospital suffering pain in her legs, and an X ray
revealed that she had a simple fracture in her right femur and a crack in her left tibia. Other tests revealed that
her bones were brittle and porous. What might have happened to Emily, and what advice would she have been
given by the physician?
Answer: Emily has osteoporosis, a debilitating bone disease that strikes more women than men after age 45-50.
The bones become weak and brittle due to leaching of calcium from the bone. Emily has been told that
she needs to lose weight because her bones may not have the strength to support her body mass.

109) Johnny fractured the lower third of his right tibia in a skiing accident. The soft tissues in the area were severely
damaged and their surgical removal was necessary. After prolonged immobilization, it was found that Johnny
was healing very poorly. The explanation offered by the orthopedic surgeon was that vascularization of the
fracture site was still inadequate and good healing was absolutely dependent upon an adequate blood supply.
Describe how a long bone receives its blood supply and trace the path of nutrient delivery to the osteocytes.
Answer: Long bones are nourished by nutrient arteries that frequently enter the shaft. Removal of the soft tissues
probably reduced the flow of blood to the affected area. The pathway would include diffusion of
nutrients from blood vessels to periosteum to Volkmann's canals to Haversian canals to canaliculi to
lacunae.

110) People who live in the north should take supplemental calcium with vitamin D. Explain why.
Answer: Vitamin D is manufactured by sunlight and is needed for absorption of dietary calcium. People who live
in the north where the winter months are severe may need supplemental vitamin D because of the
decreased amount of sunlight exposure.

111) Explain why swimming is not generally recommended as an exercise to prevent osteoporosis.
Answer: Mechanical stress and gravity help to promote skeletal remodeling. Swimming is not considered a
weight-bearing exercise. The water, not bones, supports the body's weight while swimming.

112) If your elderly patient's blood calcium level is normal, does that mean the patient does not have osteoporosis?
Explain.
Answer: No. The level of calcium in the blood is expected to be normal, even in advanced cases of osteoporosis.
The calcium in the bones will be low, but that is not indicated by the blood nourishment.

24
113) Alice and James adopted a 3-year-old child from a developing country. They noticed that her legs were bowed
and there were some deformities in her cranial and pelvic bones. They brought her to a physician for a
diagnosis. What was the diagnosis, and what was the treatment for the disorder?
Answer: The child most likely has rickets, a condition caused by poor diet, especially one deficient in vitamin D.
The parents were told to increase her intake of calcium and vitamin D and to make sure that she gets
some sunshine every day.

114) A 75-year-old woman and her 9-year-old granddaughter were victims of a train crash. In both cases, trauma to
the chest was sustained. X rays of the grandmother revealed several fractured ribs, but her granddaughter had
none. Explain these different findings.
Answer: The child had more organic material in her bones, which allows them to bend, while her grandmother's
bones are extensively calcified, with little organic material, and are probably thin due to osteoporosis.

115) When does prevention of osteoporosis start?

Answer: The prevention of osteoporosis should begin with children. Parents need to provide children with the
opportunity to develop as much bone as they have inherited the ability to develop. If people increase
their peak bone mass as young adults, they will have additional protection from osteoporotic fractures in
the future.

25
Answer Key
Testname: C6

1) C
2) C
3) A
4) B
5) B
6) D
7) D
8) D
9) D
10) B
11) D
12) D
13) B
14) A
15) D
16) A
17) B
18) B
19) A
20) B
21) B
22) D
23) A
24) B
25) E
26) D
27) B
28) B
29) B
30) D
31) D
32) D
33) D
34) B
35) B
36) A
37) D
38) The diaphysis bone is composed almost entirely of compact bone (except in irregular and short bones), while the
epiphyses are composed almost entirely of spongy bone. The epiphyses are on the ends of the bone; the diaphysis is
the "shank" of the bone. The diaphysis in long bones has a large medullary cavity, whereas the epiphyses do not.
39) C
40) nerve
41) Bone only appears lifeless in gross anatomy. Microscopically, bone is full of cells and blood vessels that maintain and
renew bone tissue. Approximately 5% to 7% of our bone mass is recycled each week. Up to 0.5 g of calcium may enter
or leave the bones each day, depending on the negative feedback hormonal mechanism and gravitational forces.
42) B
43) B

26
Answer Key
Testname: C6

44) Blood vessels enter through the periosteum into a perforating canal. The vessel may follow along the axis of the bone
through a central canal. Osteocytes have long, almost dendritic-like extensions or arms that reach out through tiny
holes called canaliculi. The canaliculi connect one cell to another and to the central canal. Oxygen would leave the
blood vessel in the central canal and travel through the canaliculi from cell to cell until it reaches the cell in question.
45) Osteoporosis
46) D
47) The organic matrix contributes to the bone structure and its tensile strength, while the inorganic matrix contributes to
hardness and resistance to compression.
48) A
49) Osteoclasts
50) To keep bones in proper dimensions, PTH and calcitonin are the major determinants of whether and when remodeling
will occur in response to changing blood calcium.
51) hematopoiesis
52) Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and remodeling.
53) Appositional
54) sesamoid
55) endochondral
56) Blood vessels and nerve fibers.
57) Because bone deposition and reabsorption can occur, and because bone responds to mechanical stress (Wolff's law), a
tooth can be moved. By applying slight pressure to a tooth, the bone on the forward side will reabsorb, while the bone
on the reverse side will be reformed.
58) D
59) C
60) foramen
61) A
62) The parathyroid gland normally responds to low calcium ion levels in the blood and releases PTH, which mobilizes
osteoclasts to step up bone destruction, releasing more calcium into the bloodstream. If the parathyroid is not
functioning properly it may release too much PTH or not respond at all, which seems to be the case here.
63) osteitis
64) E
65) Bones of children are not completely calcified, with a higher ratio of more flexible organic fibers. Bones in the elderly
are more completely calcified, which gives the characteristic of rigidity.
66) C
67) Intramembraneous ossification starts in connective tissue from mesenchymal cells that become osteoblasts. These
osteoblasts cluster together into an ossification center. Endochondral ossification starts with a hyaline cartilage
"template." Mesenchymal cells become osteoblasts and begin forming bone around the cartilage.
68) A
69) FALSE
70) FALSE
71) FALSE
72) TRUE
73) FALSE
74) FALSE
75) FALSE
76) TRUE
77) TRUE
78) TRUE
79) FALSE
80) TRUE
81) TRUE
27
Answer Key
Testname: C6

82) TRUE
83) FALSE
84) TRUE
85) B
86) A
87) A
88) A
89) A
90) B
91) A
92) A
93) A
94) A
95) A
96) A
97) A
98) A
99) A
100) A
101) B
102) A
103) A
104) A
105) A
106) June probably has "bony spurs," which are abnormal projections from a bone due to bone overgrowth.
107) Open reduction is the correction of the bone alignment through a surgical incision. It may include internal fixation of
the fracture with the use of rods, wire, screws, pins, or nails, metal items that may trigger security alarms.
108) Emily has osteoporosis, a debilitating bone disease that strikes more women than men after age 45-50. The bones
become weak and brittle due to leaching of calcium from the bone. Emily has been told that she needs to lose weight
because her bones may not have the strength to support her body mass.
109) Long bones are nourished by nutrient arteries that frequently enter the shaft. Removal of the soft tissues probably
reduced the flow of blood to the affected area. The pathway would include diffusion of nutrients from blood vessels to
periosteum to Volkmann's canals to Haversian canals to canaliculi to lacunae.
110) Vitamin D is manufactured by sunlight and is needed for absorption of dietary calcium. People who live in the north
where the winter months are severe may need supplemental vitamin D because of the decreased amount of sunlight
exposure.
111) Mechanical stress and gravity help to promote skeletal remodeling. Swimming is not considered a weight-bearing
exercise. The water, not bones, supports the body's weight while swimming.
112) No. The level of calcium in the blood is expected to be normal, even in advanced cases of osteoporosis. The calcium in
the bones will be low, but that is not indicated by the blood nourishment.
113) The child most likely has rickets, a condition caused by poor diet, especially one deficient in vitamin D. The parents
were told to increase her intake of calcium and vitamin D and to make sure that she gets some sunshine every day.
114) The child had more organic material in her bones, which allows them to bend, while her grandmother's bones are
extensively calcified, with little organic material, and are probably thin due to osteoporosis.
115) The prevention of osteoporosis should begin with children. Parents need to provide children with the opportunity to
develop as much bone as they have inherited the ability to develop. If people increase their peak bone mass as young
adults, they will have additional protection from osteoporotic fractures in the future.

28