RESPIRATORY SYSTEM - is the
network of organs and tissues that
help you breathe. It includes your
airways, lungs, and blood vessels.
FUNCTION OF RESPIRATORY:
1. REGULATION OF BLOOD PH
– The respiratory system can
alter blood pH by changing
blood CO2 levels.
2. VOICE PRODUCTION – air
movement past the vocal
cords makes sound and
speech possible.
3. OLFACTION – the sensation
of smell occurs when airborne
molecules are drawn into the
nasal cavity.
4. INNATE IMMUNITY – The
respiratory system protects
against some microorganisms
and other pathogens, such as
viruses, by preventing them
from entering the body and by
removing them from
respiratory surfaces.
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM HAS
(2) TWO DIVISIONS: THE UPPER
RESPIRATORY TRACT AND THE
LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT.
THE UPPER RESPIRATORY
TRACT – includes the nose,
pharynx (throat), and the larynx.
THE LOWER RESPIRATORY
TRACT – includes the trachea,
bronchi, and the lungs.
NOSE – consist of the external nose
and the nasal cavity.
EXTERNAL NOSE – is the visible
structure that forms a prominent
feature of the face.
NARES or NOSTRILS – are the
external openings of the nose.
CHOANAE – are the openings into
the pharynx.
NASAL CAVITY – extends from the
nares to the choanae.
NASAL SEPTUM – is a partition
dividing the nasal cavity into right
and left parts.
DEVIATED NASAL SEPTUM –
occurs when the septum bulges to
one side.
HARD PALATE – forms the floor of
the nasal cavity from the oral cavity.
CONCHAE – the three prominent
bony ridges.
-are present on the lateral
walls on each side of the nasal
cavity.
PARANASAL SINUSES – are air-
filled spaces within bone. Include
the maxillary, frontal, ethmoidal,
and sphenoidal sinuses.
SINUSITIS – is inflammation of the
mucous membrane of sinus,
especially one or more of the
paranasal sinuses.
NASOLACRIMAL DUCTS - carry
tears from the eyes, also open into
the nasal cavity.
SNEEZE REFLEX – dislodges
foreign substances from the nasal
cavity.
PHARYNX – is the common
passageway for both the respiratory
and the digestive system.
NASOPHARYNX – is the superior
part of the pharynx.
UVULA – is the posterior extension
of the soft palate.
PHARYNGEAL TONSIL – helps
defend the body against infection.
OROPHARYNX – extends from the
uvula to the epiglottis.
PALATINE TONSILS – are located
in the lateral walls near the border
of the oral cavity and the
oropharynx.
LINGUAL TONSIL – is located on
the surface of the posterior part of
the tongue.
LARYNGOPHARYNX – passes
posterior to the larynx and extends
from the tip of the epiglottis to the
esophagus.
LARYNX – commonly called the
voice box.
-is located in the anterior
throat and extends from the base of
the tongue to the trachea.
3 MAIN FUNCTIONS OF LARYNX
1. MAINTAINS AN OPEN AIRWAY.
2. PROTECTS THE AIRWAY
DURING SWALLOWING.
3. PRODUCES VOICE.
THE LARYNX CONSIST OF (9) NINE
CARTILAGE STRUCTURES: THREE
SINGLES AND THREE PAIRED.
THYROID CARTILAGE or ADAMS
APPLE – is attached superiorly to
the hyoid bone.
- First single and largest
cartilage.
CRICOID CARTILAGE – forms the
base of the larynx on which the
other cartilages rest.
-second single and most
inferior cartilage of the larynx.
EPIGLOTTIS – third single cartilage,
is to seal off the windpipe during
eating, so that food is not
accidentally inhaled
THE THREE PAIRS OF CARTILAGES
ARE ON EACH SIDE OF THE
POSTERIOR PART OF THE LARYNX.
CUNEIFORM – the top cartilage
CORNICULATE CARTILAGE – the
middle cartilage.
ARYTENOID CARTILAGE -the
bottom cartilage.
VESTIBULAR FOLDS – also called
as the false vocal cords.
- The superior set of
ligaments
VOCAL FOLDS – also called as the
true vocal folds.
-the inferior set of ligaments.
LARYNGITIS – an inflammation of
the mucous epithelium of the vocal
folds.
TRACHEA – or windpipe, allows air
to flow into the lungs.
-membranous tube attached
to the larynx.
COUGH REFLEX - is complex,
involving the central and peripheral
nervous systems as well as the
smooth muscle of the bronchial tree.
CLINICAL IMPACT
HEIMLICH MANEUVER - is a
procedure used to help
a choking person who is conscious
and unable to talk.
CRICOTHYROTOMY - is an
important emergency procedure that
is used to obtain an airway when
other, more routine methods are
ineffective or contraindicated.
TRACHEOSTOMY – is an operation
to make an opening into the
trachea.
TRACHEOTOMY – refers to the
actual cutting into the trachea.
TRACHEA - begins just under the
larynx (voice box) and runs down
behind the breastbone (sternum).
THE TRACHEA has (2) SMALLER
TUBES called BRONCHI - one
bronchus for each lung.
LUNGS – are the principal organs of
respiration.
THE RIGHT LUNG has (3) three
lobes: (1) SUPERIOR LOBE (2)
MIDDLE LOBE (3) INFERIOR LOBE
THE LEFT LUNG has (2) two lobes:
(1) SUPERIOR LOBE (2) INFERIOR
LOBE
BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENT
- is a portion of lung supplied by a
specific segmental bronchus and
arteries.
TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE –
consist of the main bronchi and
many branches.
EACH MAIN BRONCHUS DIVIDES
INTO LOBAR BRONCHI.
LOBAR BRONCHI – conduct air to
each lung lobe.
- 2 lobar bronchi in the left
lung and 3 lobar bronchi in
the right lung.
SEGMENTAL BRONCHI - divide
into many primary bronchioles that
divide into terminal bronchioles.
BRONCHIOLES - are air passages
inside the lungs that branch off like
tree limbs from the bronchi—the two
main air passages into which air
flows from the trachea (windpipe)
after being inhaled through the nose
or mouth. 
Bronchioles also subdivide
numerous times to give rise to
TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES, then
subdivides to form RESPIRATORY
BRONCHIOLES. Then each
respiratory bronchiole subdivides to
form ALVEOLAR.
TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES - is the
most distal segment of the
conducting zone.
RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
-are the final division of
the bronchioles within the lung.
ALVEOLAR – are small air-filled
chambers where the air and the
blood come into close contact with
each other.
ALVEOLAR SACS - are sacs of
many alveoli, which are the cells
that exchange oxygen and carbon
dioxide in the lungs.
RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE – of
the lungs is where gas exchange
between the air and the blood takes
place.
PLEURAL CAVITY - also known as
the pleural space, is the thin fluid-
filled space between the two
pulmonary pleurae (known as
visceral and parietal) of each lung.
PLEURA - is a serous membrane
which folds back onto itself to form
a two-layered
membranous pleural sac.
- Is the lining of serous
membrane.
PARIETAL PLEURA – lines the
walls of the thorax, diaphragm, and
mediastinum.
VISCERAL PLEURA – covers the
surface of the lungs.
SUPERFICIAL LYMPHATIC
VESSELS – they drain lymph from
the superficial lung tissue and the
visceral pleura.
DEEP LYMPHATIC VESSELS – they
drain lymph from bronchi and
associated connective tissues.
VENTILATION or BREATHING -is
the process of moving air into and
out of the lungs.
THERE ARE (2) TWO PROCESS OF
VENTILATION: (1) INSPIRATION or
INHALATION, (2) EXPIRATION or
EXHALATION.
INSPIRATION – is the movement of
air into the lungs.
EXPIRATION – is the movement of
air out of the lungs.
MUSCLES OF INSPIRATION – are
the required set of muscles in
inhalation.
- These includes the
diaphragm, and the upper
and more lateral external
intercostals, and the
parasternal portion of
the internal intercostal
muscles.
DIAPHRAGM – is a large dome of
skeletal muscle that separates the
thoracic cavity from the abdominal
cavity.
MUSCLES OF EXPIRATION – is the
required set of muscles for forceful
exhalation.
-These includes the internal
intercostals and depress the ribs
and sternum.
(2) TWO PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES
GOVERN THE FLOW OF AIR INTO
AND OUT OF THE LUNGS.
1. CHANGES IN VOLUME
RESULT IN CHANGES IN
PRESSURE – as the volume of
a container increases, the
pressure within the container
decreases.
2. AIR FLOWS FROM AN AREA
OF HIGHER PRESSURE TO
AN AREA OF LOWER
PRESSURE – if the pressure is
higher at the end of a tube
than at the other, air or fluid
flows from the area of higher
pressure toward the area of
lower pressure.
LUNG RECOIL – is the tendency
for an expanded lung to decrease
in size.
- Due to the elastic
properties of its tissues
and because the alveolar
fluid has surface tension.
SURFACE TENSION – exist because
the oppositely charged ends of water
molecules are attracted to each
other.
SURFACTANT – is a mixture of
lipoprotein molecules produced by
secretory cells of the alveolar
epithelium.
PLEURAL PRESSURE - is
the pressure surrounding the lung,
within the pleural space. During
quiet breathing, the pleural
pressure is negative; that is, it is
below atmospheric pressure.
PNEUMOTHORAX- is the
introduction of air into the pleural
cavity, the space between the
parietal and visceral pleurae that
normally contains only pleural fluid.
- Is a collapsed lung.
SPIROMETRY – is the process of
measuring volumes of air that move
into and out of the respiratory
system.
SPIROMETER – is the device that
measures these respiratory volumes.
RESPIRATORY VOLUMES – are
measures of the amount of air
movement during different portions
of ventilation.
RESPIRATORY CAPACITIES – are
sums of two or more respiratory
volumes.
1. TIDAL VOLUME – is the
volume of air inspired or
expired with each breathe.
2. INSPIRATORY RESERVE
VOLUME- is the amount of air
that can be inspired forcefully
beyond the resting tidal
volume (about 3000 mL).
3. EXPIRATORY RESERVE
VOLUME – is the amount of
air that can be expired
 forcefully beyond the resting
tidal volume (about 1200 mL).
4. RESIDUAL VOLUME – is the
volume of air still remaining in
the respiratory passages and
lungs after maximum
expiration.
1. FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL
CAPACITY – is the expiratory
reserve volume plus the
residual volume.
2. INSPIRATORY CAPACITY –
is the tidal volume plus the
inspiratory reserve volume.
3. VITAL CAPACITY – is the
sum of the inspiratory reserve
volume of the tidal volume,
and the expiratory reserve
volume.
4. TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY – is
the sum of the inspiratory and
expiratory reserves and the
tidal and residual volumes
(about 5800 mL).
FORCED EXPIRATORY VITAL
CAPACITY – is the rate at which the
lung volume changes during direct
measurement of the vital capacity.
ANATOMICAL DEAD SPACE - is
the total volume of the conducting
airways from the nose or mouth
down to the level of the terminal
bronchioles and is about 150 ml on
the average in humans.
PARTIAL PRESSURE – of a gas is
the pressure exerted by a specific
gas in a mixture of gases, such as
air.
OXYHEMOGLOBIN - a bright red
substance formed by the
combination of hemoglobin with
oxygen, present in oxygenated
blood.
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE – is
located inside red blood cells and on
the surface of capillary epithelial
cells.
MEDULLARY RESPIRATORY
CENTER – Its main function is to
send signals to the muscles that
control respiration to
cause breathing to occur.
-consists of two dorsal
respiratory groups and two ventral
respiratory groups.
Pre-BOTZINGER COMPLEX – is a
collection of neurons in the pons.
HERING-BREUR REFLEX
-supports rhythmic respiratory
movements by limiting the extent of
respiration.
HYPERCAPNIA - changes the pH
balance of your blood, making it too
acidic.
CHEMORECEPTORS -  detects
changes in the normal environment,
such as an increase in blood levels
of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) or a
decrease in blood levels of oxygen
(hypoxia), and transmits that
information to the central nervous
system which
engages body responses to restore
homeostasis.