RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

ANAPHY - LECTURE
RESPIRATION PARANASAL SINUSES:

Respiration includes the following process:
1. Ventilation, or breathing, which is the
movement of air into and out of the lungs.
2. The exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon
dioxide (CO2) between the air in the lungs
and the blood.
3. The transport of O2 and CO2 in the blood.
4. The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the
blood and the tissues.
- Air filled spaces within bone
- Open into nasal cavity
- Lined with mucous
CONCHAE:
- On each side of nasal cavity
- Increase surface area of nasal cavity
- Help in cleaning, humidifying, warming of
air

NASOLACRIMAL DUCTS:
FUNCTIONS
1. Respiration - Carry tears from eyes
2. Regulation of blood pH - Open into nasal cavity
3. Voice production FUNCTIONS OF THE NOSE
4. Olfaction
5. Innate Immunity - Filters
- Airway for respiration
UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT - Involved in speech
EXTERNAL NOSE - Warms air
- Sneezing dislodges materials from nose
NASAL CAVITY
PHARYNX
PHARYNX
- A common passageway for the respiratory
and digestive system.

NASOPHARYNX:

- Takes in air

OROPHARYNX:

- Extends from uvula to epiglottis.

- Takes in food, drinks, and air

LARYNGOPHARYNX:

- Extends from epiglottis to esophagus

NOSE - Food and drink pass through

EXTERNAL NOSE: UVULA:

- Composed of mainly of hyaline cartilage - “little grape”

- Extension of soft palate
NASAL CAVITY:
PHARYNGEAL TONSIL:
- Extends from nares (nostrils) to choane
- CHOANA – openings to pharynx - Aids in defending against infections
- Hard palate is its roof
 - Caused by overuse, dry, infection

ANATOMY OF LARYNX

LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT

LARYNX

TRACHEA

BRONCHI VESTIBULAR AND VOCAL FOLDS

LUNGS

LARYNX
Located in the anterior throath and extends from the
base of the tongue to the trachea.

Consists of cartilage

“also known as voicebox”

THYROID CARTILAGE:
- Largest piece of cartilage TRACHEA
- Called Adam’s apple
- Windpipe
EPIGLOTTIS: - Consists of 16 to 20 C-shaped pieces of
cartilage
- Piece of cartilage - Contains cilia pseudostratified columnar epi.
- Flap that prevents swallowed materials from - Smoking kills cilia
entering larynx - Coughing dislodges materials from trachea
VOCAL FOLDS/CORDS: - Divides into right and left primary bronchi
(lungs)
- Source of voice production
- Air moves past them, they vibrate, and BRONCHI
sounds is produced - Divides from trachea
- Force of air determine loudness - Connect to lungs
- Tension determines pitch - Lined with cilia
LARYNGITIS: - Contain C-shaped pieces of cartilage

- Inflammation of vocal folds

 LUNGS ASTHMA ATTACK:

- Primary organ of respiration Cone shaped - Contraction of terminal bronchioles leads to

- The base rests on the diaphragm reduced air flow
- The apex extends above the clavicle
- Right lung has 3 lobes
- Left lung has 2 lobes BRONCHIOLES AND ALVIOLI
- Contains many air passageways (divisions)

LUNG AIRWAY PASSAGES

1. Primary bronchi
2. Lobar (secondary) bronchi
3. Segmental (tertiary) bronchi
4. Bronchioles
5. Terminal bronchioles
6. Respiratory bronchioles
7. Alveolar ducts
8. Alveoli
 Structures become smaller and
more numerous from primary
bronchi to alveoli

RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
- In lungs where gas exchange between air
and blood occurs
- Formed by walls of alveoli and capillaries
- Alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles
also contribute
- Very thin for diffusion of gases

LAYERS OF RESPIRATORY
MEMBRANE
- Thin layer of fluid from alveolus Alveolar
epithelium (simple squamous)
- Basement membrane of alveolar epithelium
- Thin interstitial space
- Basement membrane of capillary
endothelium Capillary endothelium (simple
squamous)

ALVEOLI:

- Small air sacs

- Where gas exchange occurs
- Surrounded by capillaries
- 300 million in lungs
PLEURAL MEMBRANES AND CAVITIES - Thoracic cavity volume decreases, pressure
increases
PLEURA - double-layered membrane around lungs - Alveolar pressure is greater than (high)
PARIETAL PLEURA - membrane that lines atmospheric pressure (low)
thoracic cavity - Air moves out of lungs

VISCERAL PLEURA - membrane that covers LUNG RECOIL

lung's surface - Is the tendency for an expanded lung to
PLEURAL CAVITY - space around each lung decrease in size
- Occurs during quiet expiration
VENTILATION - Is due to elastic fibers and thin film of fluid
lining alveoli
(BREATHING)
SURFACTANT
- Process of moving air in and out of the lungs
- Uses the diaphragm, which is a skeletal - A mixture of lipoproteins
muscle that separates the thoracic and - Is produced by secretory cells of the alveoli
abdominal cavities - Is a single fluid layer on the surface of thin
fluid lining alveoli
PHASES OF VENTILATION
- Reduces surface tension
INSPIRATION: - Keeps lungs from collapsing

- Breath in PLEURAL PRESSURE

- Uses the diaphragm and the external
- Pressure in the pleural cavity less than
intercostal muscles
alveolar pressure
EXPIRATION: - Keep the alveoli from collapsing

- Breath out FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE

- Uses the diaphragm PULMONARY VENTILATION
FORCEFUL EXPIRATION:
LUNG ELASTICITY:
- Uses intercostal muscles
- Lungs need to recoil between ventilations
PRESSURE CHANGES AND AIR FLOW - Decreased by emphysema

- When thoracic cavity volume increases LUNG COMPLIANCE:

pressure decreases
- Expansion of thoracic cavity
- When thoracic cavity volume decreases - Affected if rib cage is damaged
pressure increases
- Air flows from areas of high to low pressure RESPIRATORY PASSAGEWAY
RESISTANCE:
INSPIRATION
- Occurs during an asthma attack, infection,
- Diaphragm descends and rib cage expands
tumor
Thoracic cavity volume increases, pressure
decreases PULMONARY VOLUMES
- Atmospheric pressure is greater than (high)
alveolar pressure (low) SPIROMETER:
- Air moves into alveoli (lungs) - Device that measures pulmonary volumes
EXPIRATION TIDAL VOLUME (TV):
- Diaphragm relaxes and rib cage recoils - Volume of air inspired and expired during
quite breathing (500 mL)
INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (IRV): FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE
- Volume of air that can be inspired forcefully PULMONARY VOLUMES
after a normal inspiration (3000 mL)
- GENDER
EXPIRATRORY RESERVE VOLUME (ERV): - AGE
- HEIGHT
- Volume of air that can be expired forcefully - WEIGHT
after a normal expiration (1100 mL)
GAS EXCHANGE
RESIDUAL VOLUME (RV):
RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE:
- Volume of air remaining in lungs after a
maximal expiration (can’t be measured with - Where gas exchange between blood and air
spirometer) (1200 mL). occurs
- Primarily alveoli
VITAL CAPACITY (VC): - Some in respiratory bronchioles and alveolar
- Maximum amount of air a person can expire ducts
after a maximum inspiration. (4600 mL) - Does NOT occur in bronchioles, bronchi,
trachea
VC = IRV + ERV + TV - Influenced by thickness of membrane, total
area of membrane, partial pressure of gases
TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY:
RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE THICKNESS:
TLC = VC + RV
Increased thickness decreases rate of diffusion
Pulmonary edema decreases diffusion

Rate of gas exchange is decreased

O2 exchange is affected before CO2 because CO2

diffuse more easily than O2

RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE SURFACE

AREA:

Total surface area is 70 square meters (basketball

court)

Decreased due to removal of lung tissue, destruction

from cancer, emphysema.

PARTIAL PRESSURE
- The pressure exerted- byCCa specific gas in a
mixture of gases
- The total atmospheric pressure of all gases at
sea level is 760 mm hg
- The atmosphere is 21% 02
- The partial pressure for O 2 is 160 mm hg
- The upper-case letter p represents partial
pressure of a certain gas (Po2).

DIFFUSION OF GASES IN LUNGS

- Cells in body use O2 and produce CO2
 - Blood returning from tissues and entering
lungs has a decreased Po2 and increased
Pco2
- O2 diffuses from alveoli into pulmonary
capillaries (blood)
- CO2 diffuses from capillaries into alveoli
DIFFUSION OF GASES IN TISSUES
- Blood flow from lungs through left side of
heart to tissue capillaries.
- Oxygen diffuses from capillaries into
interstitial fluid because Po2 in interstitial
fluid lower than capillary
- Oxygen diffuses from interstitial fluid into
cells (Po2) is less
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF BREATHING
- Chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata
respond to changes in blood pH
- Blood pH are produced by changes in blood
CO2 levels
- An increase in CO2 causes decreased pH,
result is increased breathing
- Low blood levels of O2 stimulate
chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies,
increased breathing

CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORT AND

BLOOD pH
- CO2 diffuses from cells into capillaries
- CO2 enters blood and is transported in
plasma, combined with blood proteins,
bicarbonate ions
- CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid
CO2 + H2O = H2CO3
- Bicarbonate ions dissociate into a hydrogen
ion and a bicarbonate ion
H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
- Carbonic anhydrase (RBC) increases rate of
CO2 reacting with water
- CO2 levels increase blood pH decreases.

RHYTMITIC VENTILATION
- Normal respiratory rate is 12 to 20
respirations per minute (adults).
- In children, the rates are higher and may
vary from 20 to 40 per minute.
- The rhythm is controlled by neurons in the
medulla oblongata.
- Rate is determined by the number of times
respiratory muscles are stimulated.

NERVOUS CONTROL OF BREATHING

- Higher brain centers allow voluntary
breathing
- Emotions and speech affect breathing

HERING-BREUER REFLEX:

- Inhibits respiratory center when lungs are

stretched during inspiration.