CHAPTER 15: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 RESPIRATORY
- Used to acquire oxygen, and remove
carbon dioxide from the blood.
 CARBON DIOXIDE
- By-product of ATP production and
must be removed from the blood.
Otherwise, increased of level of CO2
will lower the blood PH.
 OXYGEN
- Required for body’s cell production to
synthesize the chemical energy
molecule, ATP.
 BLOOD PH
- Must be maintained within the narrow
limits to maintain homeostasis.
THE SEVEN STRUCTURE OF THE RESPIRATORY
TRACT.
1. EXTERNAL NOSE
- Enclose chamber for air inspiration
2. NASAL CAVITY
- Is for cleaning, warming, and
humidifying chamber for inspired
aired.
3. PHARYNX
- Known as Throat
- Passageway of both food and air.
4. LARYNX
- Voice box
- Its structure helps keep the airway
constantly open or patent.
5. TRACHEA
- Windpipe
- Servers as an air- cleaning tube to
funnel inspired air to each lung.
6. BRONCHI
- Are tubes that direct air into the lungs
7. LUNGS
- Labyrinth of air tubes and a complex
network of air sac, called alveoli, and
capillaries.
FUNCTION OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 RESPIRATION
- What we call breathing, is critical for
homeostasis.
2 BROAD ASPECTS OF RESPIRATION:
1. VENTILATION
- Movement of air into and out of the
lungs.
2. RESPIRATION
- Diffuses of gasses across cell
membrane
2 MAJOR TYPES OF RESPIRATION:
1. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
- Movement air between the
atmospheric air in the lungs and the
blood.
2. INTERNAL RESPIRATION
- Movement of air between the blood
and the body’s cells.
2 REGIONS OF RESPIRATORY TRACT/SYSTEM
1. THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
- From nose to larynx
2. THE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
- From the trachea through the alveoli
in the lungs.
 CONDUCTING ZONE
- For ventilation
- From nose to the smallest air tube
within the lungs
 RESPIRATORY ZONE
- Within the lungs, including the
specialized smallest air tubes and the
alveoli.
- Gas exchange/respiration
GAS EXCHANGE FOR RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
BETWEEN AIR AND BLOOD:
1. VENTILATION
- Breathing
- Movement of air into and out of the
lungs
2. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
- Terminal portion of the air tubes.
3. GAS TRANSPORT
- CO2 and O2 travels in the blood and
form cells.
4. INTERNAL RESPIRATION
- Gas exchange with tissue and involves
the exist of O2 from the blood into
 cells, while Co2 exist cells to enter the  HARD PALATE
blood’ - floor of the nasal cavity, which separate
it from the oral cavity in the mouth.
 NASAL SEPTUM
ADDITION TO RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PERFORMS
- Two halves are separated by a wall of
THE FUNCTIONS:
tissue.
1. REGULATION OF BLOOD PH  CARTILAGE
- Alter the blood pH by changing blood - It composted of the anterior part of
CO2 levels. the nasal septum.
2. PRODUCTION OF CHEMICAL MEDIATOR  BONES
- The lung produces an enzyme called - composed of the posterior part of nasal
angiotensin-converting enzyme which septum.
is important for blood pressure  CONCHAE
regulation. - Three lateral bony ridges
3. VOICE PRODUCTION - Turbinate bones
- Air moving past the vocal folds makes - Act as wind turbines
sound and speech possible  PARANASAL SINUSES
4. OLFACTION - Opening within the superior and
- Sensation of smell occurs in airborne middle meatuses (grooves).
molecules drawn into nasal cavity.  NASOLACRIMAL DUCT
5. PROTECTION - For tear drainage from the surface of
- Provides protection against some the eye.
microorganism by preventing them  SINUSITIS
from entering the body. - Inflammation of the mucous
membrane
THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT  VIRAL INFECTION
- Can cause mucous membrane to
 NOSE AND NASAL CAVITY become inflamed and swollen and to
 NOSE produce excess mucus.
- Consist of external nose and nasal
cavity  PHARYNX
 EXTERNAL NOSE - throat
- Visible structure the forms a - Opening of both digestive and
prominent feature of the face. respiratory system.
 HYALINE CARTILAGE PLATES
- Largest part of the external nose 3 REGIONS OF PHARYNX:
 BRIDGE 1. NASOPHARYNX
- Where the eyeglasses rest - Superior portion of the pharynx.
- Consist of bones - Posterior to nasal cavity
 NASAL CAVITY - Continuation of the nasal cavity from
- Open chamber inside the nose, where the choanae.
the air first enters.  SOFT PALATE
 NARES/NOSTRILS - Inferior nasopharynx
- Anterior external openings of the - Incomplete partition composed of
nasal cavity muscle and connective tissue
 CHOANAE - It separates the nasopharynx from the
- Posterior openings into the pharynx of middle portion of the pharynx.
the nasal cavity  UVULA
 - The extension of the soft palate  CUNEIFORM CARTILAGE
 PHARYNGEAL TONSIL/ ADENOIDS - Contained in mucous membrane
- Posterior wall of the nasopharynx. anterior to the corniculate cartilage.
- Helps the body defends against  VESTIBULAR FOLDS
infection. - false vocal cords
 OROPHARYNX - Superior pair of ligaments
- Continuation of the nasopharynx  VOCAL FOLDS
- Middle portion of the pharynx - True vocal cords
- Lines within moist stratified squamous - Inferior ligaments
epithelium - Primary source of voice production
 LARYNGITIS
2 GROUPS OF TONSILS:
- It the vocal cords become inflamed
1. PALATINE TONSILS - Occurs if the person’ loses his/her
2. LINGUAL TONSIL voice

 LARYNGOPHARYNX  TRACHEA
- Continuation of the oropharynx - Windpipe
- Posterior length of the larynx: from - Allows air to flow into the lungs
most superior larynx structure the  TRACHEAL RINGS
epiglottis, to the esophagus. - 15-20 C-shapes pieces of hyaline
cartilage
 LARYNX
- Voice box  BRONCHI
- Houses the ligaments used for speech - Divides into small tubes (Main bronchi
as well as for swallowing and other or primary bronchi), which extends to
functions. the lungs.
- Located at the anterior part of the  CARINA
laryngopharynx and extends from the - Location where the trachea divides
base of the tongue to the trachea. into the two main bronchi is a ridge of
- 6 of the cartilage are paired cartilage
- 3 of the cartilages are unpaired - Important landmark of x-ray
 THYROID (SHIELD) CARTILAGES  TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE
- Largest of the cartilage - Consist of trachea and the network of
- Known as Adam’s apple air tubes in the lungs.
 CRICOID CARTILAGES
THE 4 CLASSES OF AIR PASSAGEWAYS:
- Forms the base of the larynx, which
other cartilage rest 1. LOBAR BRONCHI (SECONDARY BRONCHI)
 EPIGLOTTIS - Arise directly from the main bronchi
- Attached to the thyroid cartilage and - Line with pseudostratified ciliated
project superiorly columnar epithelium.
- Helps divert foods away from the  RIGHT LUNG
trachea opening during swallowing. - 2 lobar bronchi
 ARYTENOID CARTILAGES  LEFT LUNG
- Articulate with the superior border on - 3 lobar bronchi
the posterior of the crinoid cartilage 2. SEGMENTAL BRONCHI (TERTIARY
 CORNICULATE CARTILAGES BRONCHI)
- Attached to the superior tips of the
arytenoid cartilage
 - Supply subdivisions within each lung’s
lobe, which called bronchopulmonary
segments
3. BRONCHOLES
- results from continued branching of
the segmental bronchi.
- Less than 1 mm in diameter
- Less cartilage
- More smooth muscle
4. TERMINAL BRONCHI
- Arise from several subdivisions of
bronchioles
- Have no cartilage in their walls
- Smooth muscle is prominent.
CHANGES IN AIR PASSAGEWAY DIAMETER
 BRONCHODILATION
- Occurs when smooth muscle relaxes,
making the bronchiole diameter
normal (larger)
 BRONCHOCONSTRICTION
- It narrows bronchial
- occurs when smooth muscle
LUNGS DIVIDED INTO 3 LOBES
contracts, the bronchioles become
smaller (tighten)
- difficult to breath
 ALVEOLI
- The site of external respiration.
- are small, air-filled chamber, where
the air and blood come into close
contact with each other.
MULTIPLE LEVELS OF BRANCHING
1. RESOPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
- Have few attached alveoli
- Divides to form smaller respiratory
bronchioles
2. ALEOLAR DUCTS
- Arise from the respiratory bronchioles
- Long, branching hallways with many
open doorways, which open to the
alveoli
3. ALVEOLAR SAC
- Are chambers connected to tow or
more alveoli at the end of an alveolar
ducts.
THE RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
 RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
- It forms the alveolar walls and
surrounding pulmonary capillaries in
the lungs.
- Location is in external respiration
 THORASCI WALL AND MUSCLES OF
RESPIRATION
- Consist of the vertebrae, ribs, muscle,
sternum, and costal cartilage.
 THORACIC CAVITY
- Is the spaced enclosed by the thoracic
wall and the diaphragm.
- Contains 2 lungs
 LUNGS
- Are primary organs of respiration
- Largest organ of the body, based on its
storage or volume.
- 3 lung lobes on the right (lobes) and 2
lung lobes on the left
1. LOBES
- contains 3 large section of the right
lungs.
2. BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENTS
- Supplied by the segmental bronchi.
3. LOBULES
- Partial walls of connective tissue.
 BASE
- The portion of the lungs in contact
with the diaphragm.
 APEX
- the portion of the lungs that are above
the clavicle.
 HILUM
- Indentation od the medial surface of
the lung.
- Structure consist such as the main
bronchus, blood vessel, nerves, and
lymphatic vessels which enter or exist
the lungs
 ROOT OF THE LUNG
- All the structure passing through the
hilum.
 CARDIAN NOTCH
 - The medical indentation of the left - Top of the dome is flat sheet of
lung. connective tissue
- Right lung is negative (-)  MUSCLE OR EXPIRATION
- Left lung is positive (+) - Depressing the ribs and the sternum
decreases the thoracic volumes.
BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE LUNGS
 Muscle can elevate the ribs and increase
 OXYGENATED BLOOD thoracic volume or depress the ribs and
- Blood that has passed through the decreases thoracic volume
lungs and picked-up O2
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRESSURE
- Leaves through the pulmonary veins.
GRADIENTS AND VENTILATION
 DEOXYGINATED BLOOD
- Blood that has passed through the - Air moves from an area of higher
tissue and release some of it’s O2 pressure to an area of lower pressure.
- Transported to the lungs through the - Pressure is inversely related volume.
pulmonary arteries
MEASURE OF LUNG FUNCTION
 PULMONARY VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES
LYMPHATIC SUPPLY TO THE LUNGS
 SPIROMETRY
2 LYMPHATIC SUPPLIES
- Process of measuring volume of air
1. SUPERFICIAL LYMPHATIC VESSELS that moves into and out of the
- Drain lymph from the superficial lung respiratory system
tissue and the visceral pleura  SPIROMETER
 VICERAL PLEURA - The device used to measure these
- Are deep to the connective tissue that pulmonary volumes.
surrounds each lung
4 PULMONARY VOLUME EXIST:
2. DEEP LYMPHATIC VESSELS
- Drain lymph from the bronchi and 1. TIDAL VOLUME (TV)
associated connective tissue. - Normal volume of air inspired and
expired with each breath
 PLUERA - 500 mL
- Surrounds the lungs and protect 2. EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (ERV)
against frictions. - The amount of air that can be
 PLUERA CAVITIES forcefully expired after normal
- Lined with the serous membrane expiration
 PARIETAL PLURA - 1100 mL
- Continues with the visceral pleura 3. RESIDUAL VOLUME (RV)
- The serous membrane covers the - Volume of air still remaining in the
inner thoracis wall, the superior respiratory passages and lungs after
surface of the diaphragm, and the - 1200 mL
mediastinum. 4. INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (IRV)
- Amount of air that can be inspired
BEHAVIOR OF GASSES AND VENTILATION
forcefully after a normal inspiration
 MUSCLE OR RESPIRATION - 3000 mL
- contraction of the diaphragm increases  PULMONARY CAPACITIES
thoracic volume. - The sum of the two or more
 CENTRAL TENDON pulmonary volumes
EXAMPLE OF THE PULMONARY CAPACITIES
 1. INSPIRATORY CAPACITY  PARTIAL PRESSURE
- The tidal volume plus the inspiratory - The contribution of a gas to a total
reserve volume pressure of a mixture of gasses
- 3500 mL - Water vapor pressure produce by
2. VITAL CAPACITY water
- The sum of the IRV, TV, and ERV
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- Maximum of air can person expel from
the respiratory tract  LUNG RECOIL
- 4600 mL - Result from the elastic fibers and the
3. FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY water surface tension
- The ERV plus the RV  SURFACANT
- The amount of air remaining in the - Collapse of the alveoli due to surface
lungs at the end of a normal expiration tension is prevented by the molecules
- 2300 mL - Surfactant reduces water surface
4. TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY tension
- Sum of IRV and ERV plus the TV and  PLEURA PRESSURE
RV - A negative pleura can cause the alveoli
- 5800 mL to expand
 FORCE VITAL CAPACITY  PNEUMOTHORAX
- Functional measure of lung - An opening between the pleural cavity
performance and the air that cause a loss of pleura
pressure
ALVEOLAR VENTILATION
SUMMARY OF THE PRESSURE CHANGES
- Measure of the volume of air available
DURING A NORMAL BREATHING CYCLE
for gas exchange per minute
 DEAD SPACE  Pleura pressure is -4 mm HG at the end of
- Is the part of the respiratory system a normal expiration; air stops flowing out
were gas exchange does not take the lungs
place.  Pleura pressure decrease to -7 mm HG
TWO TYPES OF DEAD SPACE BETWEEN during inspiration; air flows
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1. ANATOMICA DEAD SPACE
2. PHYSIOLOGICAL DEAD SPAC

FARCTORS AFFECTING VENTILLATION

 GENDER, AGE, BODY SIZE, & PHYSICAL

FITNESS
- Ventilation typically reduced in certain
disease state
 COMPLIANCE
- measure of lung expansion caused by
intra-alveolar pressure.
 REDUCE COMPLIANCE
- Means that is more difficult than
normal to expand the lungs.
BEHAVIOR OF GASSES AND REGISTRATION