E.

DELLE SEDIE

A COMPLETE

METHOD OF SINGING

A THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL TREATISE

ON THE ART OF SIN"GING

PR. $2.00 NET

NE'\VVORK
G. SC I-I I l~ 1\.1 v--: l~
 PREFACE.

Mv preceding works, entitled "Esthethics of the Art of Singing and of the Melodrama,''
and "Vocal Art," filled no less than seven volumes. now condense them to a single one, in
order to make more readily accessible to the pupil at least a summary of ali that I consider
requisite for his complete musical and artistic education. And as he may perhaps desire to
have some subjects presented in fuller detail in the course of his studies, he will find in this
volume frequent rtferences to my previous works; the aim and scope of which, as well ;1:-;

the actual conditions of the art of singing, I h~1ve stated in various prefaces to the afore:,aid

works; so I think i~ superfluous to speak again about them here. I will merely say that

continued experience of my principles, as applied in teaching, both by myself and hy other

professors, has confirmed my opinion of their efficacy. I therefore confidently offer the public
this new edition ; hoping it will be favorably received by all who occupy themselves with
the most beautiful of the fine arts.
 Fl RS T PA RT.
FIRST LESSON.

ON THE MECHANISM OF THE VOICE.

The organs which produce the human voice act with an anatomo-physiological analysis of the vocal
in a special manner. To facilitate their movements, organs, assisted by the anatomical plates.
it is necessary to know their structure and natural The notes accompanying them are those which
motions. For this reason we commence our lessons Dr. MANDL has inserted in my treatise L, Art Lyrique.

F(tf. I.

FIG. I.
The head and the thorax bisected.

' 1 Vocal cords

A Larynx Jt 2 Epiglottis
3
B-B' Pharynx
C CEsophagus
3 Lips
4 Dental arches
5 Tongue
Fig. II. 7 Soft palate
8 Uvula
q Tonsils
E Nasal cavities H Lungs
F Trachea / Diaphragm
!_yt' G Bronchial tubes.
ar
FIG. II.
The la1ynx viewed from above (open Glottis).

1 Vocal cords - gl. Glottis

- ar Arytenoid cartilages
2 Epiglottis -f False vocal cords.
 3
THE LARYNX.
"The larynx (A, Fig. I) is situated in the centre
of the fore part of the neck ; its shape is almost that
of a triangular box open above and below. The pro-
tuberance caused by it in the throat of man is known
as Adam's apple. This permanent opening of the
larynx is supported by two walls consisting of strong
cartilages. The inner part is lined with a mucous
membrane and presents two horizontal folds, the
vocal lips ( 1), commonly called vocal cords, whose
movements are opposed, and whose tension, length
and thickness produce the different tones.
" The epiglottis (2) is a lid fixed at the upper
opening of the larynx ; by lowering itself during the
action of swallowing, it prevents food from entering
the cavity of the larynx.''
Certain authors affirm that this organ exercises
an influence on the resonance of the vocal tone, giv-
ing more fullness chiefly to the grave tones, and thus
acting as a resonance-chamber of the larynx.
'' The space between the vocal cords through
which the air passes is called the glottis (Fig. II, gl.).
The vocal cords are brought together, parted, dis-
tended or relaxed by the arytenoid cartilages (Fig. II,
ar.); over the vocal cords there are two mucous
f::>lds called false vocal cords (f).
"The pharynx (B-8 1 ) is a cavity situated behind
the mouth; its ordinary shape is that of a flattened fun-
nel with the base turned upward, while the narrower
end opens into the larynx and the resophagus (C).
Its dimensions are subject to great variations, due
partly to age, sex and general development, and
partly to the extreme mobility of the larynx and the
soft parts of the oral cai i{v (D).
1 will then better be able to execute these practical studies in con-
'' Three cavities communicate with the pharynx:
The larynx, the oral cavity and the nasal cavities.
SECOND LESSON.
VOCAL TONE AND RESPIRATION.
THE voice is the result of vibrations of the vocal
organs transmitted to the air. The ear perceives in
tones three essential qualities : Pitch (acuteness or
gravity), intensity (strength or weakness), and the
timbre.
"Pitch is determined by the number of vibrations
in a given time. For the acute tones the number is
greater than for the grave.
The amplitude of the vibrations, likewise calcu-
lated for a definite time, determines the intensity of
the tone.
The shape of the sonorous body, or the way in
which it is set in oscillation, determines the timbre of
the tone; but for the voice, which acts like the wind-
instruments provided with reed-pipes, the timbre is
produced :
( 1) By the pressure of air against the reed (vocal
cords).
'' The oral cavity has the stu~x; of an oval box.
It has an opening in front (the mouth); an inner wall
formed by the lips (3), and the dental arches (4); two
lateral walls formed by these arches and the cheeks;
the lower side is formed mostly by the tongue (5) ~nd
the upper side by the palatine arch (6); lastly, a back
wall formed by the veil of the palate (7), which is
extremely mobile, and from the middle of which
depends the uvula (8), while at the base of this latter,
on each side, are the tonsils (9).
"The opening bounded by the veil of the palate
and the root of the tongue, establishing communica-
tion between the oral cavity and pharynx, is called
the isthmus of the throat.
"The nasal cavities (E) consist of three channels,
the openings of which are called nostrils. There are
the external and the internal nostrils; the latter com-
municate with the pharynx. These channels also
communicate within the nose with other cavities
situated among the bones of the head. The larynx
communicates below directly with the trachea (F),
which divides into the bronchial tubes (G), the final
ramifications of which constitute the spongy tissue of
the lungs (H). These organs are placed in the bony
encasement of the thorax, composed of the ribs, the
collar-bone, the intercostal niuscles, and the vertebral
column.
'' They rest on the diaphragm (Fig. I, lett. I),
the great horizontal muscle which separates the case
of the thorax from the intestines."
NoTE. We insist on the necessity ot attentively studying at
least the I st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th and 6th lessons of this book while
studying the lessons in Solfeggio contained in Book I; for the pupil
formity with the best phonic conditions for the easy and correct
production of vocal tones.
(2) By the shape given to the resonance-cham-
ber.
The resonance-chamber of the voice is composed
of the pharynx and the neighboring ca1.n"ties (the oral
cavity). On this subject TYNDALL (1) expresses himself
thus:
" When the air is forced from the lungs through
the slit which separates the vocal cords, they arc
thrown into vibration; by varying their tension, the
rate of vibration is varied, and the sound changed in
pitch. The vibrations of the vocal cords are practically
unaffected by the resonance of the mouth, though we
shall afterwards learn that this resonance, by reinforc-
ing one or the other of the tones of the vocal cords,
influences in a striking manner the clang-tint (timbre)
of the voice.''
( 1) Sound. London: Longmans & Co.
 4
The generative element of vocal sound being thus
duly determined, we may assert that if the air, in as-
cending, causes the tone at the upper end of the
larynx, where the vocal cords are situated. this same
tone will gather resonance in the oral cavity situated
above the larynx. Thus it is evident th;1t the voice
follows an ascending course both for the grave and
the acute tones; consquently all pressure of air tow-
ards the trachea (F, Fig. 1) would only be injurious to
the timbre of the voice, destroying its flexibility and
rendering the inflexions indispensable to sentiment
:md to musical expression almost impossible.
Thus, breathing constitutes the principal part in
the correct production of the vocal tones.
~espiration is effected by two different move-
ments; the first, called inspiration, draws the atmos-
pheric air into the lungs.
This movement (depression) is produced by the
contraction of the diaphragm and the dilation of the
thorax; that of expirlzfion by the contraction of the
chest or thorax and the relaxation of the diaphraglll.
The two movements follow each other continually
without interruption.
Expiration provides the lmynx with the current
of air necessary to give vibration to the vocal tone,
which finds its resonance-chamber i'l the oral (avi(v
and the phmynx.
To obtain this natural result, in its full extent and
flexibility, we must avoid discharging from the mouth,
b; :i violent expiration, the air set in vibration; we
must allow time for the vibrations to propagate them-
selves in the reso:1ance-clnmber, so that each tone
may be transmitted far, in all its intensity, by the air
which surrounds us; the mouth then acts as a speali-
ing-trunipet. A tone should be propelled from the
resonance-chamber only by the regular ;md successive
vibrations, i.e., by rontinuo11s sound,- any movement
contrary to this acoustic principle will unnecessarily
THIRD LESSON.
blTENSITY oF THE
The intensity of the vocal tone may and should
depend 0:1 the amplitude of the vowel, that is, on the
resonance of the tone in the oral ra1)i(v and the phar-
ynx, and on the force of the impulsion given tn the
vibrations of the tone.
DR. FouRNIE (I), in his V1ork Physiologv of the ·voice
and of the .\polien ,i'orJ, comparing the vocal cords
to the lips, expresses himself thus : "The lips are
formed of muscle~ which, while contracting, narrow
the orifice of the mouth, giving to its edges a variable
d~nsity according to the degree of contraction. . . . .
The vocal cords greatly resemble the lips; and if the
tones produced by the former are evidently the
more harmonious, this is because these cords were
~1) 'Physiologic de'" 7,•oix et de /a, parole. Paris: Adri~n Dela-
Laye, Libraire-Editeur.
fatigue the respiratory apparatus, and greatly impair
the sonority, flexibility, and mellowness of the voice.
To emit the vocal tone spontaneously, the air
must enter the lungs without any shock, and in such
a w;1y as to effect a complete average inspiratio:1, so
as to avoid il!l exressive dilatiou of the thorax.
First of all, this ungraceful movement c1use3 a
useless effort to the respiratory organs, provokes the
escape of uncontrolled air, and diminishes the resist-
ani"e of the ex/.,iration, which must always be slow
and sustained. The inspiration ought to be renewed
befor~ expiration is altogether accomplished. Thus
the jerky movements of the inspiration, which do not
give the lungs time to absorb the ambient air, will be
:1voided. To draw the air into the lungs, a sudden
and vigorous inspiration is not necessary; it suffices
to r:iise the sfrrn nm, and this movement, aided by
the co:ltr:1ction or lowering of the diaphragm ( 1, Fig.
I), permits the lungs to expand and to absorb a quan-
tity of :iir, as a moist sponge absorbs the liquid to
which it is approJched. Too forcible inspiration
causes an immediate expiration; this causes a pant-
ing respiration.
NoTI:. To accustom the chest to retain the air, in order to
facilitat'..: slow expiration, the following exercise will prov~ very use-
ful. At first, let your respiration be of average fullness, conforming
to what we said above, :md as soon as the ins;)iration is effected,
count in a low voice from 1, ~, 3, up to the nurn:)er you c:in easily
attain without tension and complete exh:1usti011 of the breath. Be
c:1reful not to let any air escape between the articubtio:1 of the num-
l1ers. After a short rest repeat this experiment s~·ver:il times i:1 suc-
cession, and the whole several times every clay. This 111et:10d ac-
customs you to control your respiration, and your chest to 1,10derate
the outflow of air, according to the exigencies of t:1e singing voice.
\Vhen you can easily execute this first exercise, try to pronounce
short phrases, being still careful not to let any air escape between
sylbbles. This exercise is to be first executed on any one of the
notes most easily sung in the medium compass; after which, change
C1e tone either higher or lower without exceeding the limits of the
!lledium compass.
VocAL To:,..;E.
created for t:w special purpose of producing musical
tones."
Thus the intensity of tlw voice depends on the
vigor with which the vocal (ords make a tone vibrate,
:md consequently on the quantity of matter set in mo-
tion.
Pursuing the above comparison we may add, so as
to render this theory more intelligible, that the lips
while articulating the explosive consonants (labials),
M, B, P, contract h such a manner as to effect the
compression of a quantity of air, the intensity of w'.1ich
L,; more or less great according to the power of com-
pression exercised by the lips. Ry this ;1ctio:1 We
produce three explosive motions in three Lfotinct
grades of energy; the contracting lips come h con-
~Jct and prevent the escape of air; but this motion i~.;
( xecuted with a we;1ker tension for the syllable ME

than for BE, and when we pronounce the syllable PE,
the force of contraction is still more vigorous. These
three motions are identically the same, but they pro-
duce three perfectly distinct articulations, by the dif-
ferent force of the pressure of the lips. This force
alters the physical conditions of the air in the mouth.
The more or less strong contraction of the vocal
cords must evidently determine the intensity of the
tone within limits corresponding to the degree of air-
pressure.
So, if we consider the vocal instrument from this
both natural and logical point of view, we shall avoid
all violent efforts hazardous to the voice, and shall
likewise attain all the force and intensity of which it
is capable.
To obtain this result, we have only to use with-
out exaggeration the vocal cords in the same sense as
the lips when articulating the syllable PE. For the
me;J_ o-fortt\ in which the ml'an intensi(v requires less
vigorous contraction of the vocal cords, their move-
ment may he compared to the motion of the lips in
articulating the syllable BE. For the piilllO or 'i,t:eak
tone, the syllable ME may serve as illustration.
It has been demonstrated that the air around us
sustains our equilibrium; consequently the mouth is
always full of it, even when no sound is emitted.
'This air is therefore the first to transmit the vocal
tone, the production of which (independent of its pro-
longatio:1, resulting from continued vibrations) must
necessarily be instantaneous. Hence a violent expir-
ation from the chest drives out the air in the 1~1outh
FOURTH LESSON.
ANALYSIS
THE vocal tone is formed by the articulated
vowel.
Physicists have tried to explain the phenomena
that produce the vowel. Among these eminent men,
HELMHOLTZ has established a remarkable theory on the
timbres, and developed his experiments so far as to
succeed in manufacturing an organ pronouncing the
vowels A, E, I, 0, U. (1).
In spite of this important discovery, the problem
remained unsolved; every physicist examined these
timbres from the standpoint of his own language.
But on April 25, 1870, MR. KOENIG presented to the
Ac1derny of France the result of his experiments, with
the aid of five new tuning-forks exactly an octave
apart in pitch. The vowel U corresponds to the note
B-flat (great Eo on H:e pianoforte); 0, to (small) b-
flat; A, to b1-flat; E, to b1-flat; and 1, to l/l-flat. Thus
he determined, in a positive and uniform manne:·, the
tones corresponding to the five timbres or vowels.
This is how he proved that his observation was cor-
( 1) The vowels a, c, i, o, u, must he pronounced as in Italian;
viz: ah, ch, ce, oh, oo.
5
before the vocal tone has time to propagate its vibra-
tions therein. For if the vocal tone vibrates in unison
with the air filling the mouth, which air the force of
expiration has expelled, the new air, notwithstanding
its velocity, cannot come into vibration in the same
conditions as that driven out; consequently, the voice
will have less intensity and carrying-power. It is a
mistake to think that for singing, a great deal of
bre~th must be used; it suffices to articulate clearly
and with precision the tones which the '' lips of the
glottis" are required to produce.
DR. MANDL, in the 2nd chapter of his scientific
work Hygiene de la voix, has admir~1 bly explained, by
the aid of a lar_vngoscope, the production of grave and
acute tones. He writes: '' When we examine the
glottis by the aid of the laryngoscope, during the
production of grave tones in the chest-register of the
voice (which we call lower register), we see the glottis
open to its full extent and the vocal cords vibr:1te in all
their length. In the production of acute tones form-
ing the head-register (which we call upper register),
only the fore part of the vocal lips is set in vibration.
The constriction is much less strong for low tones
than in the high tones of the chest-register; this ex-
plains the relaxation which we feel while passing from
the lower to the higher register."
If the air passes through the glottis too forcibly,
the tone will suffer an alteration in timbre and in-
tonation; and for the high notes, particularly, there is
a risk of paralyzing the vibrating motion of the vocal
cords; i.e., there will be absence of sound.
OF THE VOCAL ORGANS.
rect. We know that when we set a tuning-fork in
vibration, in order to hear its sound we must carry it
to the ear. Mr. Koenig sets in vibration the first tun-
ing-fork, carries it to his mouth, and slowly pro-
nounces the five vowels, commencing with A; the
fork remains mute up to the vowel O inclusive; but
as soon as U is pronounced, the vibrations of the fork
are reinforced by the sympathetic vibration of the air
contained in the mouth, giving an immediate and
very clear sound to the musical tone produced by its
own vibrations. This experiment is repeated with
the other tuning-forks, and each answers to the cor-
responding vowel.
DR. G. B. BoLZA (in his Vocabularis Ge11etico-
Etimologico of the Italian language, published in Vien-
na in 18 52), classed the vowels according to their
acuteness in the same order as we find the:11 in the
tuning-forks of Mr. KOENIG.
We thought it useful to dwell on this demonstra-
tion, because it contains a lesson of great importance
and benefit for the singer. If MR. KoENIG's tuning-
forks, when brought to the mouth, find the reinforc~
ing body sympathetic with the vowel pronounced,
 6
:md to which they were attuned, it is evident that the
arr in the mouth vibrates in unison with the exterior
motor. Thus the modifications made in the oral cav-
ity by the constriction of the lips, must exercise a re-
markable influence on the tone of the voice. The
mouth may be considered as the adjustable resonance-
chamber of the voice.
We have seen that great B-flat answers to the
vowel U,· but, as we know, in female and tenor 'Voices
this tone does not exist.
3
Having afterwards found that / corresponds to
b b, it follows that we must set aside this vowel, be-
cause the corresponding tone does not belong to the
human voice.
The voice therefore usually has at its disposal three
typical vowels, 0, A, and E; the first belongs to the
grave tones, the second to the medium, and the third
to the high tones; all intermediate modifications de-
pend on these leading vowels.
The conclusions arrived at through MR. KoENIG's
tuning-forks were a powerful incentive to further
study of the motions of the lips, by means of which
the timbres (vowels) may be variously shaded and
transformed; for we must not forget that by modify-
ing the timbres we can express human passions. We
shall again call attention to this subject when studying
the effects of the crescendo and decrescendo.
The principle of the transformation of the leading
vowels by the configuration given to the mouth
through the lips, was established some time ago by
eminent physiologists, and for the study of the shades
of the voice we may profit by their scientific obser-
vations. For the present we will simply observe that
the two vowels U and / are almost out of the vocal
diapason; nevertheless, they must be pronounced in
speech.
These vowels are pronounced in a special way,
i. e., they blend naturally with other vowels near
which they lie (in the series), and conformably to the
tone of the voice.
FIFTH LESSON.
MOVEMENTS OF THE LARYNX AND
Having examined the vocal tone (the vowel)
with regard to its sympathetic resonance in the
mouth, we shall see under what homologous condi-
tions it may be emitted with regard to the move-
ments of the larynx. This organ, with relation to
the singing voice, has two motions which ought to
be taken into account, because of their influence on
the timbres of the vocal tone. The first, called gen-
eral motion, consists in raising the larynx; the sec-
ond, called particular 1notio11, consists in modifying
the state of the vocal cords by the constriction of the
muscles which adjust the aperture of the glottis.
Experience proves that, with regard to the tim-
bre, the lowering of the larynx facilitates the emission
As each tone ot the scale follows a phonetic order,
varying according to pitch, we may assert that there
are as many intermediary vowels as tones, considered
with respect to their particular tonality.
If we execute a scale on the vowel A, for in-
stance, and observe the successive phonetic order, we
notice that the grave tones during their vibration give
a timbre which approaches this same vowel A, some-
what broad. This A gradually grows sombre in ris-
ing towards the acute, up to F t~ j; at G
~=-j
...,
_j the vowel becomes a little clearer, while
on A ~@=l j this vowel again becomes close, its
sound approaching open 0.
at B ;md C ~@: f .~ ]; with D ~,-F
This vowel disappears
~ it com-
,=~
mences to approach the French_ diphthong EU,
and on E -j the timbre of this diphthong
is established. The note F ~~;g_~J,
e.1
while pre-
serving the preceding vowel, tends to approach
the close French E. As the voice rises toward the
acute, the higher tones develop this last vowel more
and more. For all these shades we took the vowel
A as our point of departure; but when we repeat the
exercise with another vowel we meet with them
similarly.
These vowel-shadings being the result of modi-
fications made in the oral cavity (which is the mobile
resonance-chamber of the voice) by means of the lips,
it is clear that they undergo slight changes according
to the shape of the walls of the mouth.
The types which we have mentioned, may never-
theless be considered as the main basis of the modifi-
cations we speak of.
SOFT PALATE.
of high notes, and its raising facilitates that of the
grave ones.
Now, should we examine with a laryngoscope
the act of emitting tone, an opinion opposite to mine
may be formed. To see the vocal cords with this
ingenious and useful apparatus, we must protrude
the tongue in order to place near the soft palate a
small mirror, so as to reflect the larynx. We have
noticed that the tongue, when protruded, causes the
rising of the larynx; thus this motion will give it an
invariably raised position.
When the larynx is so raised we may emit high
tones, but thin and shrill. It is true that we are dis-
posed to raise it when we produce high tones, but if
 Ne closely observe their timbre, we shall perceive that
they are thin, and excessively sharp and shrill.
To sing correctly, it is necessary to give the voice
a flexible, homogeneous and round tone.
Therefore, the rising of the larynx in high notes
cannot be favorable to this production of vocal tones.
I shall not dwell too long on a subject so often dis-
puted, but will only point out the practical applica-
tion of my theory.
As said above, the tongue when protruded causes
the larynx to rise; if you execute this movement
while singing a high tone, you will acknowledge
what we have already stated-namely, that the tone
produced has a thin, sharp, shrill timbre. During its
continuation retract the tongue little by little, and the
lowering of the larynx being effected under just the
same conditions as that of the tongue, you will hear
a progressive change in the timbre, which will gradu-
ally grow soft, flexible and round.
The same experiment, repeated without gradual
preparation, will produce two distinct vowels,-the
first one sharp and thin, the second full and soft.
£1 Ell
I. Soft palate with the uvula.
2. Pillars of the soft palate.
3. Tongue.
4. Pharynx.
The application of this theory in a reverse sense,
to the grave tones, will yield similar results; the tone
emitted when the larynx is lowered will have a thick
and veiled timbre, while the same tone emitted with
the larynx raised will be resonant, broad and flexible.
According to this experiment, we conclude that
the must lower the larynx for high tones, and
raise it for grave ones.
These motions of the larynx, as shown by us,
cause analogous movements of t!1e soft palate, and
both contribute largely to an easy and flexible emis-
sion of the vocal tone.
We have seen that the pharynx (Fig. I, B) con-
stitutes the back part cf the isthmus of the throat, the
front part of which is formed, below, by the root of
the tongue, and above, by the soft palate and uvula
(Fig. I, D, 7, 8). At the sides are the two pillars of
the soft palate. All these parts are extremely mobile,
and under the influence of muscular action can either
expand or contract the vocal tube; these motions act
progressively according as the tones fall or rise in
pitch.
The soft palate plays a considerable part in these
movements, and, according to whether it is lowered
or raised, the sonorous column may pass through the
nasal cavities or through the mouth.
When the soft palate is lowered, it approaches
the root of the tongue, and so narrows the sonorous
tube; the tone then resounds both in the nasal and
oral cavities. If, on the contrary, the soft palate
the bucco-nasal orifice will be almost closed, and the
sound will escape from the mouth. This vocal tube
does not contribute directly to the production of
sound, but favors its formation hy the dimensions it
is susceptible of assuming.
The following illustrative plate will serve as a
practical study for the movements of the soft palate.
In the above plate there are only the three main
motions; on these depend all the gradations corre-
sponding to the tones of the and also to the
movements of the larynx.
Fig. I presents the type of the grave tone. The
soft palate lowered with the uvula ( 1} approaches the
root of the tongue (3). The pillars of the soft palate
(Fig. III, 2, 2) are lowered with the uvula and with-
drawn from the middle, so that the pharynx (Fig.
III, 4) is almost hidden.
This motion contracts the sonorous tube, and the
ton<.! resounds in the nasal cavities and in the pha-
ryngo-buccal cavities, i. e., through the entire length
of the pharynx.
Between the position indicated in Pigs. I and II,
 8

representing the type of the medic:1 tones of the The following plate shows the effect of this
vocal scale, a series of ascending movements of the position.
soft palate takes place in direct ratio to the 'height of
the tones. The contraction of the isthmus of the
throat being considerably less, the vocal tone finds its
spontaneous resonance in the middle upper part of
the pharynx, and also in the mouth.
Fig. III presents the type of the high tone. DR.
FoL:RNIE says: '' The soft palate rises with the voice,
and while the bucco-nasal orifice closes gradually, it
prevents more and more the resounding of the voice
in the nasal cavities. In the highest notes of the
vocal scale the closing of this orifice is complete; and
then we can see the pillars of the soft palat~ ;1pproach-
ing each other towards the middle, and forming a real
wall i:1 front of the pharyngeal waII."
Fig. III presents very distinctly the position de-
.s--.~.....--
scribed by DR. FouRNIE.
By this configuration of the sonorous tube, the
voice resounds in the upper part of the pharynx and
in the mouth up to the frontal sinus. These natur;ll
_'1
motions of the voice may be disturbed, delayed, or
even neutralized by a too strong expiration, which I. Lower jaw.
may cause the tongue to rise. 2. Tongue.
The soft palate rises with a movement contr:,r:; 3. Soft palate.
to that of the larynx, following the same regubr order 4. Isthmus of the throat.
of gradations; i. e., it rises as the tone rises, while 5. Larynx.
the larynx, to give the voice a homogeneous and easy 6. Pharynx.
tone, should descend by like gradations. 7. Nostrils.
Before finishing this expbnation it is well to
warn the pupil against lowering the under jav,' too Such an abnormal position of the mouth pro-
much, particularly for high tones. duces an imperfect and disagreeable timbre, the effects
The excessive lowering of the jaw considerably of which we have noticed above.
contracts t!ie isthmus of the throat, and consequently These faults are avoided when the jaws are mod-
the amplitude of the tonal vibrations. erately opened.

SIXTH LESSON.

THE REGISTERS OF THE VOICE AN!) THE ATTACK OF TONES.

The analysis of the vocal organ has shown that
the voi:.:c ttkes on a special timbre corresponding to
it~; pitch, both with reference to the tones composing
the vocal scale, :md to wlut concerns the blending of
the tonal vowel with the vowel of the spoken word.
By strictly observing the theory of vocal tones,
we shall readily obtain a homogeneous emission of
the voice in all its compass.
This result causes us to inquire what the term
registers of the voice means: for, having learned that
the "ascending current of air passing the glottis, its
force of pressure, the movements executed by the
larynx, and the shapes :1ssumed by the pharyngo-
buccal cavity, produce a shock which gives rise to
different timbres of the voice,,. one may ask: What
is the sense of the expression ··registers,'' as applied
to certain series of tones classed according to their
various pitch ?
Thanks to our preceding studies on the voice, we
have seen that every tone may assume a timbre which,
while specific, is homogeneous as compared to another
tone of different pitch.
The earlier terms, chest-register, medium register,
and head-register, may have had reason for existing
so long as anatomical studies of the vocal organs had
not admitted of establishing the correct physiology
of the voice.
From the observations already made, we h,1ve
noticed that the grave tones find their resonance in
the whole length of the pharynx; and that by almost
completely closing the oral passage, by raising the
tongue and lowering the soft palate, the voice passes
in great part through the nasal cavities; we now add
that the voice when resounding in the whole pharynx
finds a kind of sympathetic vibration in the higher
part of the thorax.
This (very n:1tural) phenomenon of resonance
was in all probability the occasion, that the term
chc::t-toncs w:is applied to low notes.
But if we Derely reflect, that the vocal tone
 9
comes from the vocil cords, and t 1,:1t the chest, not
being empty, cannot be considered as a resonance-
ch2mber, the inaccuracy of this term will be apparent.
The resonance of tones belonging to the medium
of the voice is produced, as already noticed, in the
middle high part of the pharynx, and in the corre-
sponding part of the mouth; these tones buzz (so to
speak) in the throat. This fact explains sufficiently
why the term medium register, or throat-tones, was
given to this series.
Finally, by almost completely raising the soft
palate, and drawing back the uvula, the passage of
the vocal tones through the nasal cavities is entirely
cut off, and they resound in the fore part of the
mouth, and in the frontal sinus; these tones being of
high pitch, find a resonance in the forehead, hence
the term head-tones.
Having thus explained the origin of these three
erroneous terms, we may add that they lead to move-
ments contrary to the nature of the vocal organ, and
that if in a voice we find tones called transition notes
(the "break"), they are derivable solely from an
abnormal direction (reflection, or deflection) given to
the resonant tone. This defect may be avoided by
pupils who have not yet sung; but with those who
have contracted these faulty habits we must use
means to eradicate them, or at least to lessen them.
In old methods of singing we find exercises in-
tended for smoothly connecting the notes called chest-
notes to those of the 1nediunz, and these latter to those
of the head; this is called blending the registers.
These exercises (of which we give an example)
consist of tied notes, sustained long enough to allow
of a gradual change of timbre. The first note must
be produced with the so-called chest-register; the
second, of the same pitch as the first, must be trans-
formed into the vocal timbre called medium register;
and the third into the timbre called head-register.
Example:
By continued practice of this fatiguing exercise
singers often succeeded ~n blend{ng these three gra-
dations of the voice, and in rendering the tones of
the entire compass a little more homogeneous. Thus
a sort of mixed timbre was formed, corresponding tc,
the forte of the acute tones, which were called also
chest-tones, although they belonged to the series of
acute tones called, when sung piano, head-tones; to
a certain extent this resembles the effect of an imme-
diate crescendo executed on a high note.
Our future course of study on the crescendo and
decrescendo will practically prove that the exercise
spoken of above simply amounts to different grada-
tions of intensity in the tone, obtained by displacing
the harmonics; for it is evident that, when the
fundamental tone dominates, the timbre is full;
but when we detach from the fundamental tone
its higher harmonics, the timbre is comparatively
weak.
Now we shall pass to the theory of the attack of
tones; that is to say, the way to make them vibrate
without incurring the defect of a feeble production
called humming.
We have noticed that the vocal sound is pro-
duced by the shock of the air passing the glottis
while expelled from the lungs, and in Lesson Ill we
learned that the vocal cords act like the lips of the
mouth, when the explosive consonants P, B, M arc
articulated; the movement corresponding to the first
(p) produces the forte; to the second (b ), the mez.z.o
forte; and to the third (m), the piano. The vocal
cords articulate, as it were, a dry syllable ha, in three
different degrees of energy and constriction.
The following exercises were written to train the
voice in this attack.
The degrees of constriction of the vocal cords
vibrating to obtain a forte, must correspond to the
movement of the lips as shown by the syllable PE1
just as those for BE correspond to the ruez.z.o Jorie,
and those for ME to the piano. The syllables are
placed over the notes, and correspond to the sign~
undP-r them.
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 18
SEVENTH LESSON.
FORMATION OF THE VOWELS.
We have often spoken of the important influence
of the vowels on the vocal tone. To correctly em-
ploy them for obtaining a spontaneous production of
tones, we must proceed to a minute analysis of this
phenomenon.
From the demonstration with the tuning-forks of
MR. KoENIG, and according to the opinion of many skil-
ful physiologists, we conclude that A occupies the cen-
tre of the human voice; consequently, its production
ought to be most natural and easy; however, we
observe that this vowel also requires a particular posi-
tion of the organs of the mouth, which, if we propose
to consider it as the primary type of the other vowels,
we must bear in mind; for this vowel A, like the
others, may be produced under various phonetic con-
ditions. To facilitate study, for the sake of clearness,
we shall take up the investigation of the vowels in
succession, following the same order as in Lesson V
of my Vocal Art.
The position of the vocal organs in pronouncing the
letter A, which is considered the most easy and natural
one for the production of tones, is the following:-
The root of the tongue takes an intermediate po-
sition in the pharynx, while the soft palate rises,
bringing its pillars somewhat towards the middle of
the tongue, which is hollowed in the centre, its tip
touching the lower jaw near the teeth. This position
is nearly that shown in Fig. II, Lesson V. This
vowel possesses a medium pitch corresponding to
the tuning-fork for b1 -tlat of MR. KOENIG. Its pho-
netic accent is almost exactly that of the vowel A in
the word FATHER.
Taking A, then, as a basis for our demonstra-
tion, according to the classification found in my Vocal
Art, we will follow the movements shown there in
the I st group, in which, starting with A, we reach
U, passing through the intermediate gradations of the
vowels open O (as in RQCK), and close O (as in
RQME); we must produce these vowels one after the
other; at first, by preparing the corresponding mo-
tions separately; later, when these movements have
become quite familiar, we shall renew the experi-
ment in one breath, giving A its natural sound at
once, and then, still sustaining this first tone, pass-
ing to the other vowels, open 0, close 0, and U
( 00), without letting any air escape between them.
Open O requires the root of the tongue to be
slightly drawn back and raised, while the mouth is
brought gradually to an oval shape, never lowering
the under jaw too much; then the sounds produced
by the vocal cords will take immediately the true
timbre of open 0, as in the word RQCK; its pitch is
approximately sniall b-flat.
To obtain the close 0, the lips are only to be
protruded more, this vowel then corresponding to 0
in the word RQME.
This position for close O will facilitate the pro-
duction of U, for which the tongue must be drawn
back and raised a little more (position somewhat
similar to that in Fig. I), and the lips protruded so
as to render the oral cavity as deep, and its opening
as narrow, as possible, without closing it too far.
Such an adjustment of the oral cavity will pro-
duce the pharyngeal resonance necessary to form U,
and thus induce the intonation of a low tone approxi-
mating to great B-tlat.
For the pronunciation of U, a necessary observa-
tion is offered; sometimes the upper lip is protruded
and folded like a bird's beak over the lower Ii p,
which is drawn back; this improper position deadens
the voice, as it almost entirely closes the mouth, and
must be carefully avoided.
-~-----
1st group, from A to U: a-o open-o close-u.
The second group also commences with A,
reaching I by passing through E open and E close.
Reassuming the position of the mouth for A, we
have to bring the tongue forward a little with its
centre near the palatine arch, at the same time slightly
lowering its root; the corners of the mouth will be
slightly opened, thus narrowing the aperture.
The pharyngo-buccal tube being so adjusted, the
tone issuing from the larynx passes between the front
part of the tongue and the palatine arch.
Thus A will be transformed, and take on the
sound of open E as in the word BB.ND.
After this, by a stronger impulsion given to these
movements, close E, as in the word Tg RM, will be
produced; its pitch approaches that of b2-tlat.
Then, to reach /, the root of the tongue is low-
ered still more, and its centre approaches the palatine
arch, while its tip almost touches the lower front
teeth, and the lips are protruded a little.
This last vowel sympathizes with the tone b3-flat
of MR. KoENIG's set of tuning-forks; but as to its vocal
production, it rather approaches close E or French U;
for this tone is beyond the ordinary range of the
human voice.
2d group, from A to /: a-e open-e close-/.
The 3d group passes from A to French U (this
group belongs more especially to the French lan-
guage), and passes through the intermediate sounds
of French EU open and close. The following dem-
onstration will therefore be studied in conformity
with the rules for French pronunciation.
Now, resuming the position for A, and bringing
the lips together so as to narrow the orifice of the
mouth, we pronounce open EU, because this vowel
is that which most nearly approaches the natural
timbre of the vocal tube, its position being almos 1
identical with that for A, except as to the position of
the lips; however, open EU as pronounced in the
French word EPREUVE, requires the lips to be less
protruded than for close EU in the word FEU. This
last position of the mouth prepares that for French U
in BRULE.
 The tongue is more hollowed in the middle than
for EU; the centre of its root is brought close to the
palatine arch, and its tip is applied to the lower front
teeth, and is raised a little. The pitch of this vowel
is acute, since its form closely approaches that of
close E and / (French).
3d group,
from A to French U: a-eu
EIGHTH LESSON.
ON THE TIMBRES OF THE VOICE.
The human voice is classed in two categories, the
articulated voice and the modulated voice. To the
former belongs all speech; to the latter, song; sing-
ing is usually associated with words, but articulation
is not indispensable to it. Later we shall have to
deal with this last form· for the present we limit our
study to the modulated voice, its easy and correct
emission forming the basis of declamatory song.
The question of the timbres is extremely compli-
cated; for we must take into account:
(1.) The two principal timbres, the close, i. e.
sombre voice, and the open, i. e. clear voice.
(2.) The particular timbres of each voice, and the
characteristics which make us distinguish one from
another.
(J.) The timbres which constitute the phonetic
conditions in relation to the degrees of vocal pitch
which we examined in Lesson IV.
(4.) The intermediate shades between the ten
types examined, which shades are subject to the ex-
igencies of the accents given to spoken words; this
obliges us to describe each motion of the vocal .organs
proper to these types.
(5.) The special timbres required by the expres-
ion of the spoken word as associated with senti-
ment, and their relation to pitch. (See observation
made in Lesson IV.)
(6.) The inflections given to the timbres of the
voice to express correctly the emotions of the soul; for
it is evident that love, hatred, sorrow, pleasure, com-
plaint, reproach, prayer, menace, etc., cannot be ex-
pressed with a timbre of unvarying uniformity.
The most eminent physiologists have studied the
question of the vocal timbres in connection with the
formation of the timbres of musical instruments.
This study has given rise to various, and some-
times conflicting, opinions. Two principal timbres
were recognized in the voice, namely, the dose and
the open; but the theories for their formation are not
unanimously accepted. To familiarize the pupil as
much as possible with this very important point, we
shall briefly consider the different opinions which
most nearly coincide.
The scientist MOLLER and PROF. BATAILLE agree
that the close timbre is produced solely by the lower-
ing of the larynx, which means that the opposite
movement produces the dear timbre. MR. SEG0ND
and DR. FouRNIE say that the immobility of the larynx
cannot be exclusively the cause of the sombre voice,
In Lesson IV we noticed that the movements of
the larynx are associated with those of the root of the
tongue, and that these latter exert a peculiar influence
on the timbres of the voice; thus it is evident that the
movements of the tongue indicated for the formation
of the vowels, must be effected in general with its
rear part, because those which require the action of
the front part are used especially for the articulation
of the consonants.
because one can sing in the sombre timbre with the
larynx raised to its utmost.
According to DR. FouRNIE, this phenomenon is
produced by the '' resounding of the voice when the
vocal tube is so adjusted that the dimensions of the
cavity are as large as possible, and the orifices limit-
ing this cavity contracted enough to oppose an easy
emission of air."
Thus again it is the oral cavity with its neighbor-
ing cavities, which by their adjustment determine the
shades of the timbres by reinforcing certain harmonics
of the given tone.
The use of the two main timbres of which we
have just spoken must be limited to the domain of
expression and to the production of certain high
tones; for if we employ either exclusively, we shall
impair the sonority of the voice in some cases, and
the easy production of tones in general, while causing
the vocal organ considerable fatigue.
Independent of the two main timbres, i. e. the
close tinibre and the open timbre, an attentive study of
the general timbres of the human voice becomes in-
dispensable for uniting the dissimilar tones at the
''break'' in passing from one register to another.
The importance of such study may be easily
appreciated. This theory seems to belong to a new
school, but it was practised by the old masters of
singing; and as that school has fallen into disuse, it
is necessary to re-establish it with the exercises and
theories based on the employment of vowels corre-
sponding to the tones of the vocal scale.
Our aim is, therefore, to establish a school of so!-
feggio so arranged that it may be studied with the aid
of vowels alone, or with the timbres corresponding
to the several phonic conditions of intonation.
The utility of applying the phonic vowels to sol-
feggio is evident, and it does not hinder in any way
the complete education of the musician; we affirm,
on the contrary, that this didactic arrangement aids
him to apply successfully in practice the primitive
phonic properties of the vocal tone.
Although we have often spoken of the vowels cor-
responding to the tones of the vocal scale, we must
again observe that this theory presents great difficulties
when we try to put it into practice: the slight modifica-
tions made in the initial vowel by the different tones of
the scale are so minute, that the ear could hardly per-
ceive them, if not aided by precise estimates and expla-
nations. An exact perception of these delicate shades
 20

will be most easily promoted by the master's prac-
tical demonstration; nevertheless, it is necessary to
explain the matter here as far as possible.
We shall therefore proceed by comparative ex-
amples. The human voice commands a series of
tones of from 4 to 5 octaves, taking the sum of the
compass of different voices. These different voices
possess specific characteristics; the Soprano, Mez.zo-
Soprano, and Contralto, for females, and for males the
Light Tenor, Robust Tenor, Barytone, and Bass. Their
peculiar timbres make us -distinguish their different
character; but all, in their respective scales (com-
pass), undergo similar shadings of the vowel, accord-
ing to the tonal pitch and the inflections peculiar to
expression and sentiment.
The vowels corresponding to the pitch of the
vocal tones ( as shown in the following comparative
table), will be identical in all the voices, excepting a
few modifications required by the specific character of
each voice.
COuv!P/IR/lTIVE TABLE
OF THE PHONIC SH~DES PROPER ro
THE 'VOC~L SC~LE.
The words placed opposite the notes serve to
indicate the phonic accent of the vowel correspond-
ing to the vocal tone. In each WORD the vowel is
marked ~v the same special sign as the sing! e
VOWEL preceding.
The necessary instructions for the compass pe-
culiar to each voice, and the way to develop it, will
be found in the chapter dldvice to singers t'ntmding to
become professors, in my treatise on Vocal ~rt.
For the present we will only remark th:1t each
voice has, under ordinary conditions, a compass of
from 12 to 14 diatonic tones. We shall therefore
limit our demonstration to the range of 12 diatonic
tones, because the extreme low tones, as well as the
extreme high ones, have almost the same shade as
the next note above or below, accenting the timbre
of this latter a little more; thus, in the high tone, the
vowel is closer, whereas in the lower ones it is
broader, approaching either O or U according to the
class of the voice.
We add to the above comparative table a graphic
demonstration, dividing the 12 diatonic tones into
four series following each other in ascending diatonic
succession. (See next page.)
The 1st series includes the first six notes of the
scale of C, in four sections.
The 2nd starts with A and extends to the follow-
ing C, in two sections.
The 3rd starts with C of the 2nd series, and stops
at the following E, forming two sections.
The 4th series, also in two sections, starts with
E and extends to G.
We see that the fifth corresponds to the vowel
of the tonic, and that the sixth takes the phonic
character of the fourth. This is the reason that, in
the example in question, we divided the 1st series
into four sections. By this arrangement we wished
to call the pupil's attention to the very delicate shades

~h~ Bask
which change the initial vowel of this series.
~. - ] ii t:;d a~ _,."_ Before passing to the application of the following
exercise, the pupil must carefully study the tones
~ a semi-obscure, as £n v I
t~==;;=:l - the word . . . . 1-y{! ner which result from the vowels, in conformity with the
comparative table, so as to apply them with precision
r~ - -j ii- close,
E -
as the Jina!
· . • . . . .
D rama- to the musical notes with which they are united.
a zn -
r; These exercises wiH be more fully developed in
-0-

the studies which follow this first demonstration.

E ~
_j (l, grave, as
word . .
zn the J/7/
as We should not pass to the study of the intervals until
the phonetic vowels corresponding to the tones of
~;-..,.._gj a open,
- - word
as
.
zn the Bask the scale can be employed without the slightest un-
certainty concerning their formation.
~a~:d: as zn the Wtls We shall then be convinced of the advantage of
such a method for the production of vocal tone, and

~~ 0 ~~:d _as zn ~h~ Opinion

of the facility of obtaining the necessary modulations
for correctly rendering the expression required by the

1 ,:;, agrave (!ll1!! in law). n "Ii

E --- 3 as in the Ital. w. .
E ~ eu close, as in the "'+.une
~ French word. . J e
E ~ eu grave, as in the
E ~ - French word. .
E ~ e close (e in led), as i\ r . -
~ in the French word ..1. v ature
E ~ 3 e close ('!!: -in but), as R 0 ~ •
emotions. We shall also be convinced that the voice
cannot be supported or posed without detriment to
OO the timbre; for it must be sustained by the pressure
of air in the wind-pipes of the trachea and larynx.
To render our demonstration more intelligible, we
think it well to examine the tones of the scale in their
Ft, diatonic succession, more particularly as the shades
eu which divide the semitones are not very noticeable;
however, their gradations will be explained hereafter.
For sharped notes the vowel corresponding to
the natural tone of the same name slightly approaches

l:~=:--==3 - in the French word CJ ratn the vowel of the foll-owing tone; the contrary is the
case witP ..,"tted notes. To facilitate this study we
 JI
place the sign t after the vowel of the sound marked flatted notes the t, will be placed before the phonic
over the note which is sharped, while in the case of vowel.

a
,/\
0 a o a-n- a, o o o ,'\
a

I ~~=-l~-Wd~~ 2 ,~~~~1=§1
,/\ A A
a o eu fll! eu o
f-=- g ' ' I

EXPLANATORY TABLE
OF THE FOLLOWING EXERCISES.

A SERIES I. F SERIES II I.
1. First section.
1. First section.
2. Second "
2. Second "
3. Third ''
4. Fourth '' G Summary of Series I, II, and III.
B The four sections combined.
H SERIES IV.
C Summary of Series I. 1. First section.
D SERIES II. 2. Second "
1. First section.
2. Second ''
I Summary of Series I, II, III, and IV.

E Summary of Series I and II. K Major and Minor Scales in the four Series.
 A

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11646
 37

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11646
38
Ninth Lesson
The phonic intervals.

The object of our preceding studies was to lead the pupil to the practical produc-
tion of the vocal tones under the phonic conditions peculiar to each with regard
to their pitch. In this lesson we shall continue the same study on broad.er lines.
From the diatonic scale we shall pass to the intervals) preserving the same didactic
arrangement followed in the preceding exercises. For this study it is necessary to
practise the intervals in their most regular and homogeneous phonic conditions; that
is, all tones must preserve a correct timbre while undergoing the changes required
by the changing pitch. In order to facilitate this study, we shall proceed by guide
and skip in the first exercise of each interval.

28.
c.

11646
 39

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42

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11646
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56

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58

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11646
 59

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H64c6
60
The Chromatic intervals.
The preceding studies have familiarized the pupil with the exact intonation of the
intervals arranged in regular order and in conformity with the phonic conditions prop-
er to each tone. To facilitate the application of this theory, we have till now proceeded
in diatonic order. It now becomes necessary to learn the chromatic sucession of the same
tones, for perfect familiarity with these closely approximate degrees of the scale serves
to render intonation very f'xact. This was our object in presenting, in Lesson VII of
Vocal Art, the study of i'11tervats by chromatics. As this lesson includes one of the
most essential parts in the didactic order of the studies of sing-ing, the pupil may
refer to it. ·we give a few preliminary exercises on the phonic conditions of the chro-
matic tones.

Intervals of Thirds.
Andante.
I

46.
c.

----====-----
Thi' se intnvals must be eatefully practise<l with n•gard to thf' homogenrity of the different tones
and tht'ir unity of timbrr, as well a~ with re~ard to tht'ir intonation.

11646
 62
Andlante.

48.
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49.
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Andante.

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H646
 86
TENTH LESSON.
THE CRESCENDO AND DECRESCENDO.
After the foregoing lessons on the regular and
phonetic order of the tones of the vocal scale, we
shall take up the analytical study of the natural condi-
tions of vocal expansion and elasticity.
It consists mainly of the gradations in the inten-
sity of the tones, namely, the forte . mezzo-forte and
piano; it also treats of the crescendo and decrescendo,
these being the gradations by which we arrive at the
inflections required by emotion.
But exaggeration of expression, and inexperience
in art, may lead the pupil to produce the rrescendo by
increasing the pressure of air, or even by constraining
the respiration. This violent manner of augmenting
tonal intensity generally produces a harsh, shrill tone
and even false intonation, in fortissimo effects. On
returning to the piano, i.e., by a decrescendo, he runs
the risk of interrupting the continuity of tone, or,
should no break occur, he will find difficulty in re-
straining the vibrations of the tone itself, on account
of the considerable constriction he must exert on the
vocal tube.
This effort, opposed to the very nature of the
vocal organs, would be highly prejudicial to the vocal
tones, and prevent the production of the shades re-
quired for expression. We have shown the in-
conveniences of misunderstanding the causes which
determine the acoustic effects of the crescendo and
decrescendo; let us now examine these causes. We
know that the commotion produced in the air by the
( regular) vibration of an elastic, solid, or gaseous
body, reaches our ear in the form of a tone; that the
number of vibrations determines its pitch, while their
amplitude, together with the causes that provoke con-
cussion, determine its intensity. We have learned
that the human voice acts by the aid of the air, which,
forced from the lungs, passes the slit between the
vocal cords; and thatthese latter, thus set in vibration,
produce the vocal tone.
The voice is reinforced in the oral cavity and
pharynx, they constituting the adjustable resonance-
chamber of the vocal organ.
In Lesson V we spoke of the movements of the
lips and tongue, of the soft palate, and of the pharynx,
which modify the timbres of the voice, thus forming
a number of different vowels; the production of these
different timbres results from displacing the harmon-
ics composing the vocal tone, and this phenomenon
determines the resonance of the tone towards a higher
or a lower note, according to the direction one wishes
to give to its resonance (1). Thus the numerous
vocal timbres are produced, which characterize the ex-
pression and produce the intermediate shades proper
to the piano, mezzo-forte, and forte, which constitute
in great part expressive singing.
The resonance of the vocal tone has the property
of reinforcing one or another of the tones proper to
the vocal cords; so that this resonance can assume a
higher or lower pitch without at all affecting the pitch
of the tone then in vibration.
TYNDALL says that the promptness and accuracy
with which the vocal cords can change their tension,
their form, and the distance which separates them, to
which must be ;1dded the elective resonance of the
cavity of the mouth, render the voice the most per-
fect of musical instruments.
The intensity of the air passing the glottis, to
cause the vibration of the vocal tone, must correspond
( 1) The nature of the vocal tone is complex; i.e., it is composed
of various simple tones which vary in pitch, and, when added to-
constitute the tone called fundamental, i.e., the lowest and
loudest, from which the tone takes its name. This tone is accom-
panied by a series of others higher in pitch, which, when united,
form the timbre. If we 3ttentively listen to a thick violoncello~
string set in vibr3tion, we notice, besides the fundamental tone of the
string, a series of tones higher and fainter. These are called partial
tones, or harmonics. They include the octave above the funda-
mental, the 5th of the octave, the ::md octave above, the major third
of the second octave, etc., etc,
with the sum of the qualities mentioned by TYNDALL;
otherwise the various degrees of fullness of the tone
itself could not remain homogeneous, and both flexi-
bility and intonation would suffer extremely.
This phenomenon can be explained by a simple
experiment: Take a pitch-pipe with a reed, blow
moderately into the mouth-piece, and the pipe at once
gives the tone; continuing the tone, decrease the
pressure of the breath, and the sound will decrease in
intensity, producing the decrescendo; but if at the
same time you diminish the degrees of the intensity of
the air, the tone becomes lower. If you increase
them too much you will have the contrary effect;
and if you still persist in increasing, the pitch-pipe
ceases to sound.
This proves that when matter is set in motion, it
is subject to some special economic laws from which
it cannot depart.
The vocal cords are in nearly the same condition
as the reed of the pitch-pipe, as regards the pressure
and intensity of the air setting them in vibration; it is
for this reason that the air expelled from the lungs
vibrates in unison with that i:1 the mouth. The vocal
cords form, as it were, a reed which, associating its
vibrations with those of the air in the mouth, pro-
duces in this sonorous tube the reinforcement of the
vibrating tone.
In Lesson VI, speaking of the formation of the
vowels, we learned that the air in the mouth vibrates
in conformity with the several shapes given to the
latter.
These adjustments of the oral cavity reinforce
the fundamental tone or any harmonic. Thus it is
that the human voice can produce, at the same time,
the fundamental tone, and the harmonics in diverse
proportions.
The tone is that quality of sound derived from its
degree of gravity or acuteness; both depend on the
number of vibrations made in a given time. The in-
tensity of the sound (which we must not confound
with the toue) depends above all on the amplitude of
its vibrations and on the causes which determine the
initial ~hock, and not on the number of vibrations.
The prog~essive weakening of the intensity of the
vocal sound does not imply a lowering of the tone;
be({llJse, though their amplitude ch~ing~s, tt1t1nber
of the vibrations does not, as long as the conditions of
the shock remain the same; consequently forte and
piano depend on the resonance or the displacement of
the harmonics of the tone itself.
If we attentively observe the continuation of a
vocal tone during a decrescendo, we soon perceive
that with the decrease of its intensity (gradually vary-
ing the primitive type of the vowel) it approaches a
vowel having a timbre more acute, without altering
it too much; in a crescendo we notice the contrary
effect. Our observations show that the crescendo is
produced by the effect of the inferior resonance, and
the decrescendo by the superior.
As the harmonic nearest the tonic (fundamental)
is the higher octave, it is evident that a tone produced
piano would cause the reinforcement of the harmonic
of the higher octave, to the prejudice of the tonic.
By going from the piano to the forte, the harmonics
of the tone sung will be gathered around the tonic,
and thus reinforce the lower octave.
According to this natural principle of the change
in the harmonics, we may establish as a theory, that
the crescendo transports its resonance to the lower
octave, and that the decrescendo finds its resonance
in the higher octave.
The continuous emission of the human voice de-
pends on the regular and constant pressure of the air
coming from the lungs; we must notice, then, that if
the pressure of the breath against the vocal cords
should diminish in intensity during a decrescendo, the
tone would nece~sarily be lowered, since the cause of
the shock would have changed. If we too greatly
increase the intensity and pressure of air during
the crescendo, the voice will rise higher than the
original tone.
The displacement of the harmonics of the vocal
sound must be made easier by the modifications of the
voctl instrument formed by the pharynx, the or~tl
cavity, and the lips. We have already remarked that
when the voice passes from forte to piano or vie'-!
versa, it causes slight changes in the initial vowel.
so as to reach either the superior or inferior reso-
nance, according as the tone is sung de(rescendo or
crescendo. These changes are shown in the (ompara-
Hve plate in Lesson VI, concerning the phonic vowels
c:orresponding to the tones of the voc.-\1 scale.
 88

Now we have learned how to consider the vocal the harmonics, the forte, uniting with the fundamental
tone according to its phonic conditions; consequent- sound all its harmonics, engenders a tone of grave
ly we must regard each tone as formed by a special resonance corresponding to an A, inclining to open
vowel. O,· it may be approximatively compared to A grave
We are acquainted with the vowels (Lesson VII) in W d S. We start with this vowel to effect our
used for the formation of a considerable number of demonstration, passing successively through the
secondary vowels of a weaker timbre; we may ex- vowels whose regular gradation conforms to the less-
plain this principle by comparing these vowels with ening of the intensity and the sharpening of the reso-
the harmonics of a tone, as that of a bass string on nance; we thus succeed in producing the decrescen-
the pianoforte of violoncello. In fact, during the vi- do represented by E in He,R. The tone adapted for
brations of a thick violoncello-string, we hear, besides our experiment will be represented by a note from the
the fundamental, other attendant tones of weaker tim- medium of the voice; its value will be that of a breve;
bre and higher pitch, called partial or harmonic and it serves to represent the initial vowel. On the
tones. Therefore, the intermediate vowels of a weaker upper staff will be written a number of crotchets car--
timbre may be considered as harmonics of the vocal responding to the duration of the breve, representing
tone, since their phonic condition corresponds to tones the timbres or vowels effecting the displacement of
higher than the initial one. Having ascertained that the harmonics which, in forte, are grouped around
these slight shadings of the initial vowel result from the tonic. Above the crotchets we place vowels an-
the movements imparted to the organs of the mouth, swering to those in the comparative table.
we can systematize the practical study of the crescen- Example:
do and decrescendo with the aid of the phonic vowels
Decrescendo
noted in the comparative table in Lesson VI, in so a g o fj eu eu e f
far as the succeeding exercises have conduced to a
practical and regular application.
If O corresponds to the grave resonance, and
E to the acute, the interval which the voice must run
through to effect the crescendo and decrescendo, will
be included between these two extreme limits. Crescendo
We must consider, however, that according to B e - o" o/\
eu eu a a
A

the comparative table (which we use as our guide)

the high tones of the vocal scale require the produc- 1~=t===:t==~~E==:8g~
tion of an E as in the word HER, and that the grave
tones, on the contrary, take an open A as in
TH ER. Thus the two sonorous types of M.
f'd-
KOENIG,
,~==----__ -:~---=-~:-===-------

0 anJ. E, undergo a slight modification by the sing- Suono ftlato Son file' Swell-tone
ing voice; this is to be kept in mind in the following g ; eu eu
-Ill\
o o (1 a .... q o o eu eu e f
I\ -"- -

practical demonstration.
Our first demonstration is applied to the decre-
scendo, for the reason that, from the very nature of the
vocal instrument, the tone-producing organs can relax
more rapidly after the vigorous shock given by the
forte; and this agrees with our observations in Les-
son IV, concerning the movements peculiar to the
vocai cords, according to the system elucidated by
Dr. Fournie.
After what we have said on the displacement of
~================------==---~====---+-=..[
During this experiment the pupil must sustain
the tone by a retarded motion of the expiration, so as
to avoid a sud~en escape of the air, keeping the tho-
rax raised in its natural position and without effort;
for its lowering would let th<; air escape uncontrolled;
 ~
consequently, the swell-tone would lose in tension
and firmness. Notice that the vowels placed above
the notes have served to render our demonstration
clearer; but they must be considered only as a typi-
cal guide intended to lead to the minute modifica-
tions necessary for the production of this acoustic
effect of the vocal tone, without prejudice to the ini-
tial vowel characterizing the· timbre set in vibration.
Let us now proceed to the decrescendo.
We remember the exercise in Lesson IV, for at-
tacking the tone; in the same way we must proceed
to set the voice in vibration in the / orte of each tone
in the following scale, and give to each the decre-
scendo.
To prevent the pupil, preoccupied by the en-
deavor to obtain this acoustic effect, from falling into
the very probable error of neglecting the phonic condi-
tions of each single tone, we write over the notes the
vowels corresponding to their phonic condition ac-
cording to the aforesaid comparative table.
While studying the decrescendo we shall abstain
from,indicating the intermediate vowels which served
for explaining the phenomenon under consideration ;
for here the pupil must follow the transformation
of the vowel [by degrees conforming to the vibra-
tions of the bass string of the pianoforte, and adapted
to the peculiarities of each voice. ln order to help
him to reach this result, we have combined the ac-
companiment with each note in the scale, so that his
ear· may more readily follow the effect of the decreas-
ing vibrations of the tonic and the displacement of its
harmonics, up to the resonance of its higher octave.
By this means, this acoustic effect may easily lead the
voice to produce the decrescendo; provided the pupil
endeavors to make it follow the effect produced by
the piano-string. This study must be executed slow-
J_y, in order to give the ear time to perceive this phe-
nomenon, and the voice time to imitate it.
When the pupil can correctly execute the first
scale (1), he may proceed to its higher transposition,
by chromatic progression, in order to render the
changes of pitch as homogeneous as possible with
the first scale, by careful attention to the phonic
changes which it undergoes.
(1) The word scale refers only to the progression by conjunct de-
grees of the exercises in question, composed for the purpose of study-
ing each tone separately.
 90

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H646
 91

When a vocal tone is to he united to another with a decrescendo) we must first en-
deavor to obtain the resonance of the higher octave on the first tone before passing to the
second, which, consequently, must produce a weaker timbre.
In the following exercise the decrescendo will be produced on the interval of a second)
as: C-D.
By the preceding exercise, we showed that the decreseelldo on one tone, draws the latter
into a plallissimoJ corresponding in resonance to its higher octave, while preserving the in-
itial pitch; it is clear, then, that the second tone, on which the decrescendo in the follow-
ing exercise stops, can be composed of higher harmonics only, that is, it can be made sensi-
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enon forms, to a certain extent, an analogous effect to the substitution of the interval of the
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11646
 93

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------
11646
94

The crescendo.

To obtain the effect of the crescendo, we must proceed in the contrary sense to that of
the decrescendo; in other words; by attacking the tone pianissimo and swelling gradually to
forte.
Thus it is by the resonance of the higher octave, producing the weak tone, that one should
attack the tone, then, by eularg-iug tlw vcnYel, one ·will approach insensibly, by very minute de-
g-rees, to A grave, as in WAS.
The pressure of the air against the vocal cords must increase naturally and without effort,
parallel with thP descent of the resonance.
'\Ve must not exaggerate this action, for it may happPll that a strong pressure of air ob-
scurfs the voice, whik forcing the involuntary escape of the atmospheric air iu the mouth.
To facilitate a comprehension of the transformation of the vowel in this exercise, the av-
plication of which is much more difficult, we shall µlace above the first uote the vowel cor-
responding to the high resonance while on the second will be seen the true vowel proper to
the special pitch of the same tone.
'fo show th,~ acute resonance~ of the notes A, B, C, n etc., the , mn~l will be inYariably ma rke<l 0

thus: f, but the pupil must always endeavor to dose it more and more as the resonance rises toward the
acute, by an _E mute as in Bird.
The exercis('S follow.
La:r~o. A /1.
<>-==:::a
- - f'H-c::::::a
- e-=:::::a -P...:::::::::::a
.
ri
.
I

~- -
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- II
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II

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I I
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- .•' II I II

..
I II II I

-
I
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I
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11 I II IT -
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11646
 95

Largo.
A
0-====-

71.
C.

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116,1-6
96

After careful practice of the preceding studies on the decrescendo and crescendo, we shall
take up the study of the alternative application of the effects of resonance.
The following exercises must be successively transposed in pitch.

An cl ante.
.!!-===

72.
C.

A A A
~
a--==== a::===- a===- a-==::::
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l ,~ I l .rt
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():::::=-- a:::::::::=-- a-====

H6!16
u-
-- ff 1l'
·----- U'
 97
A A
a--= a::::==-

t:r
---- u

The result of the preceding exercises will allow us to apply the effects of the cresce1tdo
u
------ u

and decrescendo to a series of consecutive tones. In the following scale these effects are
applied.
The pupil ought to practise it in several successive keys; and in attacking the first tone he
must give the voice the resonance of the higher octave; the notes that follow ,,·ill descend
in resonance to the lower octave by gradations equal to those of the ascending notes: a con-
trary effect will be produced hy the descending movement.

Andante.
A A A
a I\
a
.,.....
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-·~ 1•
a -a
I !
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I
a
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fl
a !!. a
- a a a
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r
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Andante.
fl . ~
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,
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r• I I I I -...;, ,-,1. n ::;.J

.,.....
I I I
II
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w
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n
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it 6- 1" -ee-
73.
C. ~ ...... h,,
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...... ......
n
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-
,.,.
,~
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y
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T
I
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r,1
I

[,I
-
~
.

The effect of swell-tones is prepared and obtained by the exercises given below. As the
studies practised hitherto have sufficiently prepared the voice for natural and easy expan-
sion, there is no need of too strong a pressure of ~ir. The notes must be bound to each
other without dragging. By the resonance of the higher or lower octave, as the case may
be, the desired result will be attained, as before.
Thus, in deorescendo, one tone will be bound to another while passing from forte to pi-
a1to, and in crescendo the contrary effect will be observed. When mezzo forte is reached the
passage to the note to be bound ought to be effected lightly and steadily.

116!!8
98
Andante. A A
a a a

74-.
C.

,\
a

t j ~
I
====

,\ ,\
a a a a

-&
I
-==~====-

The eX(•rcisPs on smell-I ones, as aJ>1)1 ied to simple and corn pound intervals now follo\\:.

Andante sostenuto.

75.
G.

116'16
 99

!
{ ---+---+---t---------+--t------;- +----1-----+-----il---.t---a--------~ra--e---~~-...+---+--+--------n--~~-_ -::-~_+--~-1-----_- _----;----,
1---H+\----__.__~---------t~-----,,,,..--------~~

~ .

/- -;- - . .___ r
~ /--r---~
J------------iJf-+t-11-----H-r--+----,11-+---r-++--P'~~"--+--1*I
---i=----1-lf--4L-r~1'-+'--r%$---if+"L---\--+--1r-·----JoHS--f-+H-1-+-r---+-J+---rt-I
-===== ====- -=====- ~ !.-=:===== =====-

116!16
100
Andante.

76.
Fm.

~
ll
i,

-- .
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r,
I
I'll
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r,
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116'!6
 101

77.
A~.

l'i I I
~I
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--:--... --~.---
I II k
k
I#
IV I I I ,. -
-
.... I
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I

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.al
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....I I I I I I -l. r I
-. I T ~· ,,,.J..J
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----
I .._., - II
'-', I I I I ....I I T I I

'-'
[I

===-
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.... fl . ----------
4~,
I
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u-
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V I
... ., " .... <-'I I ...i I I I I I I
t)

....
~ ~ ~~ L

t i
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l1 .. 'l
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ii qf ~~ i
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I

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a-
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y
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-- ----
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t) '-._/ I I I I I r
~ .::::::=--

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.. ., ,.., .... -41., -41 ...◄

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.
n IV
r,
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I I I I I I I I I I
102

The Echo.

Tl1ere an' two kiIJds of t'rhoPs, thr rcho 1noduced immediatdy aml tlw echo produced af-
t er a p,rnsP of ~n.:rifrr ()r 1es:; du rat i11n. The fi r~t is ol>t a ined hy nwans u f an immediate dcur-e-
Sf'Plldo on thr- fa_st tonP of tlw musical phrase and by blPI1ding,- this df'r:Tf'St'f'!ldo with thP first 11011 of the
1

echo, carrying tht· Yoic1• from a g-raYe to au acnte timlJre. In the secoml instance thP last tu11e
of the musical plmiSP must ho given with all its natural hrilliauny, and then, aftPr a pause, the
echo must be 11rnduce{l with the mice full, hut sombre, in to11e.
To obtain the pffent uf thA echo it is necessary to g-ivt' tlu· YOicf~ a dose, almost veiled, tim-
bre, restraining thP hn•ath slightly and at tlw same time opeHiHg- the throat \rnll; the tone (11hrase)
must be g-in~n with au OJH:'H vowel, a1Hl tlw t rho with a clost>d one.
0

78.
D.

H646
 103
SECOND PART.
FIRST LESSON.
ON AGILITY.
AGILITY is an essential requisite for singers, as
much for the flexibility and mellifluousness of the
voice, as for the brilliancy needed in florid singing.
By means of the flexibility of the vocal organ, the dili-
gent student will finally be able to give his voice all
the inflections necessary for representing the passions
logically and naturally, and, to passages of agility, the
color proper to the sentiment.
By passage of agilitv is meant the rapid, distinct,
and rhythmical vocal execution of several notes on
one syllable.
Agility demands a natural disposition analogous
to that for the trill ; nevertheless, by constant and
well-directed study, the deficiencies of nature may be
remedied. The human voice, like instruments, must
be conspicuous for its sonority, homogeneity and
purity of timbre ; the syllables on which passages of
agilily are placed are always long, and the voice,
while preserving its brilliancy and purity, must intone
clearly, and in a correct and facile manner, all the
notes ; and this without effort, either real or apparent,
otherwise agility will become a cause of suffering,
instead of a pleasure, to the ear of the auditor. Effort
is often caused by the respiration when not regulated
according to the principles we have explained.
The most favorable vowels for singing are A,
E, 6 and their relative intermediaries, they being best
adapted for giving fullness and intensity to tones. U We must be careful not to fatigue it with too long
is not favorable to just and even intonation, ~tnd /
even less so, as it gives the voice a sharp and whining
timbre.
It is a mistake to think that agility is out of place
in melancholy or passionate singing ; for we often
express a sad or sentimental thought better by a slow
or rapid succession of inarticulate sounds than by
words.
' E. DELLE Sm1E, Part II.
We have just said that agility may be executed
with a slow as well as with a rapid movement, ac-
cording to the idea which dominates the mind. A
melancholy idea originates in despair, fear, pain, or
resentment, and the passages of agility pertaining to
these will necessarily be rapid ; but to express aban-
don, tenderness, sadness, or the remembrance of a
happy past, agility must be slow and sustained : with
these two contrary movements we must associate the
inflections which give them the best and most natural
expression and color, and this is why flexibility and
mellifluousness are indispensable to the voice for ren-
dering and executing passages of agility.
The movement and rhythm of agility must,
moreover, reflect the idea with which it is associated,
and this with the object of giving (by means of the
rw..auentando and e.Affrettando, applied almost simul-
taneously to the same phrase) that descriptive or
imitative color which is necessary for reptoducing the
expression of the thought.
It is also a great error to believe that passages
of agility are always well-placed on any syllable or
word whatever, without considering whether the
melodic situation, the sentiment, or the style, permit :
they must always be apropos.
The first condition for success in this study is
to know how to regulate and control the respiration.
passages, when it is not yet well established. In
agility, as in sustained singing, one must not reduce
himself to the last extremity of the breath ; as, be-
sides the fatigue imposed upon the breathing-appa-
ratus, the effect of the singing would be compromised:
thus, if in the course of studies and exercises for ac-
quiring agility of the throat and voice, we should
come across passages too long to allow the expiration
to reach the end without effort, it will be well to
divide them into two or more parts, being careful
to stop at the end of each, and beginning the suc-
ceeding part on the same note we left off at, until
the respiration has acquired the necessary facility to
execute them without interruption.
We must observe an irreproachable precision of
the intervals, and here we shall point out more es-
pecially intervals of seconds, which always tend to
lower the pitch ; also that of the major third, the
first note of which has a natural tendency to rise
above the pitch, and the third note to descend. In
the ascending scales, besides the intervals of seconds,
we must sustain the leading-tone, which is apt to
be attracted by the tonic, and may often become in-
appreciable because of its precipitancy.
In scales of octaves we must also accent the
.,ubdominant, and in scales of ninths the dominant.
All exercises must be practised both ways, and,
whether the passages be slow or rapid, they must al-
ways be regularly rhythmed and the movement must
not be precipitated, as a too rapid emission of suc-
cessive tones would produce confusion or indistin-
guishable noise, in which only the first and last notes
of the passage executed would be audible, rather
than a musical effect.
assages of agility must preserve the same time
as the ensemble of the piece, except when the expres-
sion indicates otherwise. We must work slowly at
first, accenting all the notes according to the given
rules, and gradually increasing the movement as we
acquire facility. All the notes of an exercise or pas ...
sage must preserve the same nature, the same degree
of force and accent, and the same intensity. We
must not go on to the study of inflections and shades,
until the mechanism of the throat and the flexibility
of the voice are sure. As the vocal cords vibrate
the notes of a musical passage, one must see that
they are well connected, in order to avoid any es-
cape of air between them, which would produce a
disagreeable jerky effect; some throats have great
difficulty in doing this, and their execution is shaky,
heavy or uncertain; in this case all the notes must be
marked, and if this is not enough, the picchettato
sounds must be practised until the throat has ac-
quired the necessary flexibility.
 105

10

79.
C.

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106
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108

Andante.

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11646
112
Second Lesson.
Appoggiatu.ra, Gruppetto, Staccato, Flautato, Repeated Sounds and Triplets.
Appoggiatnrns are classed as simple appoggiaturas and acciaccaturas or crush-
ed notes. Both may be placed at various intervals (a second or more) from the note 1o
which they gTavitate; the si11tple appoggiat11ra takes one-half of the value attributed
to its principal note, while the aoci'accatura glides promptly on to the principal note.
Both oppoggiat11ras receive from the voice an accent more marked than that given
to the principal note; but while the first, by its value, offers the voice opportunity
for expansion, the second, because of its rapidity, cannot do so; consequently it car-
ries its accent on to the note on which it falls, while producing for itself a more
vigorous shock of the air that passes the glottis, that is., the stroke of the vocal cords
for the lltci1wcot11ra is more vigorous than that for the appogg'iat11rn.
In the following exercises we mark this difference by the sign > for the appog-
gi'at11ra, and this A for the acciaccnturn.

Anclante.
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113
114

Andantino.
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•]1646
 115
riten.
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The gruppetto.
The gruppetto, with regard to the attack of the vocal tone, follows the order indicat-
ed for the nppoggiatura; we must notice, however, that the accent which extends to
several notes in succession is more marked on the highest note: we shall give some
examples. The first line., marked by the letter G) gives the ordinary notation, while
the second marked E, illustrates the execution.

83.
C.

The exercises following this first example serve to extend the scope of its practical
execution.
116'iH
H6

Andante.

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 117

86.
F.

Andante.

87.
F.

11646
118
Andante · cantabile.
dolce

88.
E.

11646
 119

89.
C.
120
Allegro maestoso.

90.
G.

116116
 121

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11646
t22

Andante maestoso.

91.
B~.

11646
 1.23

116.\6
124

Staccato Tones.
The str1cNlfo is produced by a slig"hi contraction of the vocal cords: the expira-
tion of the air must be very light. Its acoustic effects and execution resemble a
succession of tones the duration of which is so short that they produce the effect
of being instantly stopped by a rest equally short. The following example makes
our explanation clearer.
The letter G marks the notation, and E the execution.

G.
92.
E.

93. ~
Bk ~~~==t:::=:;::::===;===t===t:::t=.::==~=t=~~===.::==t==t:::t=~~==:t===!

11646
 125

... -
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11646
126

Alleg·ro moderato.

95.
C.

116.\6
128
\Ve give here two more exercises on Staccato tones, but with the staccato pre -
ceded by (or issuing from) a legato tone.

98.
C.

97.
C.

1164:6
 129
Flautato Tones.
The j/(111/nto is executed in the same way as the stann(lfo,, but slig·htly prolonged by
an instantaneous decrescentlo. When the notes to be sung flmdato are joined in groups,
each tone is carried on to the following one without being detached, so that the vi bra -
tions of the vocal cords, while remaining the same, produce the effect of a succes -
sion of undulations, so to speak, on account of the decresoendo promptly executed on
each tone, although bound to the following one.

98.
c.
 130

Alleg·ro moderato.

99.
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receives a more vigorous impulse than that given to the first.

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102.
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11646
 136
Syncopation.

Synt!opatt:on produces remarkable results, above all with regard to expression; this irreg-
ularity of measure must be very noticeably marked by the voice; this is effected by a slight
stroke of the vocal· cords, but care must be taken not to let a great quantity of air escape.

103.
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11646
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Triplets.
The execution of triplets presents great difficulties. There are two tendencies to be avoid-
ed; that of disjoining the notes in ascending passages, and that of running them together in de-
scending ones.
,ve shall acquire perfect equality by reversing the accent, as we have indicated for the scales.

105.
c.
 142

The Diatonic Scales.

The Scales are of two kinds, the diatonic and the l'hromatic) both of them often employed
in rapid singing. The study of the scales ought to be the more diligently practised, as it con-
tributes greatly to render the voice flexible and homogeneous in all its timbres.
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the purity of each tone, in tbe blending of the crescendo and rleorescendo, and in the accentsap-
plied without tension to the first note of each group composing the whole of the scale; but the
pupil must take care that the effect of one tone does not diminish that of the next.

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The trill, 01w of the fi11est ornanwuts of si11,l::il1p:, may lw c{ecutt'li w1th ,;r without
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