ENGLISH PHONOLOGY

KELOMPOK1

Chapter one :
The speech mechanism
Speech production
Speech production is the process by which thoughts are translated into speech. This
includes the selection of words, the organization of relevant grammatical forms, and
then the articulation of the resulting sounds by the motor system using the vocal
apparatus. Speech production can be spontaneous such as when a person creates the
words of a conversation, reactive such as when they name a picture or read aloud a
written word, or imitative, such as in speech repetition. Speech production is not the
same as language production since language can also be produced manually by signs.

ordinary fluent conversation people pronounce roughly four syllables, ten

or twelve phonemes and two to three words out of their vocabulary (that
can contain 10 to 100 thousand words) each second. [1] Errors in speech
production are relatively rare occurring at a rate of about once in every 900
words in spontaneous speech.[2] Words that are commonly spoken or
learned early in life or easily imagined are quicker to say than ones that are
rarely said, learnt later in life, or are abstract
 THE NEXT
Places of articulation
Main article: Place of articulation
Human vocal apparatus used to produce speech
The physical structure of the human nose, throat, and vocal cords allows for the productions of many
unique sounds, these areas can be further broken down into places of articulation. Different sounds
are produced in different areas, and with different muscles and breathing techniques.[28] Our ability to
utilize these skills to create the various sounds needed to communicate effectively is essential to our
speech production. Speech is a psychomotor activity. Speech between two people is a conversation -
they can be casual, formal, factual, or transactional, and the language structure/ narrative genre
employed differs depending upon the context. Affect is a significant factor that controls speech,
manifestations that disrupt memory in language use due to affect include feelings of tension, states of
apprehension, as well as physical signs like nausea. Language level manifestations that affect brings
could be observed with the speaker's hesitations, repetitions, false starts, incompletion, syntactic
blends, etc. Difficulties in manner of articulation can contribute to speech difficulties and
impediments.[29] It is suggested that infants are capable of making the entire spectrum of possible
vowel and consonant sounds. IPA has created a system for understanding and categorizing all possible
speech sounds, which includes information about the way in which the sound is produced, and where
the sounds is produced.[29] This is extremely useful in the understanding of speech production
because speech can be transcribed based on sounds rather than spelling, which may be misleading
depending on the language being spoken. Average speaking rates are in the 120 to 150 words per
minute (wpm) range, and same is the recommended guidelines for recording audiobooks. As people
grow accustomed to a particular language they are prone to lose not only the ability to produce certain
speech sounds, but also to distinguish between these sounds
 KELOMPOK 2

Chapter two :
Description & classification of speech sound
 Description speech sound
Speech sounds are broadly divided into two categories, namely, Vowels
and Consonants. If we say the English word shoe, we realize that this
word is made up of two sounds, one represented by the letter sh and the
letter oe.
When we produce the word represented the letter sh slowly, we realize
that during the production this sound, the air escapes through the
mouth freely and we do not hear any friction. The sound that is
represented by the letter sh in the word shoe is a consonant and the
sound represented by the letters oe in the word shoe is Vowel.
 The next!
Classfication
To describe a consonant sound, we need certain important pieces of information.
We need to know the following regarding its production:

the air stream mechanism;

the state of the glottis;

the position of the soft-palate;

the active articulator;

the passive articulator;

the stricture involved.

 The next
The air –stream mechanism: All English sounds (vowels as well as
consonants) are produced with a pulmonic egressive air-stream
mechanism, i.e., lung-air pushed out.
1. 2. The state of glottis; Speech sounds can be classified voiceless or
voiced, depending upon whether the vocal cords are wide apart
and the glottis is wide open (voiceless) or the vocal cords are kept
loosely together and they vibrate (voiced).
2. The position of the soft-palate; Speech sounds can be classified as
oral or nasal, depending upon whether the soft-palate is raised so
as to shut off the nasal passage of air (oral) or it is lowered to open
the nasal passage of air simultaneously with an oral closure
(nasal). Sounds can also be nasalized.
KELOMPOK 3
The English consonant

By : group 3
Ratna Lahusen
Bilabial Plosive /p,b/
Description : The soft palate being raised and the nasal
resonator shut off, the primary obstacle to the air - stream is
provided by the closure of the lips. lung air is compressed
behind this closure, during which stage the vocal cords are held
wide apart for /p/, according to its situation in the utterance. the
air escapes with force when the lip closure is released
Example :
/p/ : Pen, pound, poor, post, etc
/b/ : cub, lab, robe, rib, etc.
Alveolar Plosives /t,d/
Description : Lung air is compressed behind this closure ,
during which stage the vocal cords are wide apart for /t/,
but my vibrate for all part of the compression stage for /d/
according to its situation in the utterance. the lip position
for /t/ and /d/ will be conditioned by that of the adjacent
sounds, especially that of a following vowel or semi-vowel .
Example :
/t/ : take, toy, tail, town, etc
/d/ : day, doll, desk, dog, etc
 Velar Plosives /k,g/
Description : Lung air is compressed behind this closure during
which stage the vocal cords are wide apart for /k/, but may vibrate
for all or part of the compression stage for /g/ according to its
situation in the utterance. the lip position will be conditioned by
that of adjacent sound, especially following vowels or semi vowels.
Spread lips for the plosives in keen, geese, and somewhat rounded
lips for the plosives in cool, goose.
Example :
/k/ : cook, cake, come, key, etc
/g/ : go, goat, girl, goose, gate, Etc
 KELOMPOK 4
By group 4 :
zulfan kwairumaratu & rafia la hasima
PALATO_ALVEOLAR AFFICATES
 Definition
The sofi palate being raised and nasal resonator shut
of, the obstacle to the air_stream is formed by a
closure made between the tip, blade, and rims of the
tong and the upper alveolar ridge and side teeth.
EXAMPLES OF SOUNDS PALATO_ALVEOLAR
AFFICATES
(tʃ)

a. word initial:
•chip
•chart
•check
b. word final:
•catch
•rich
 (dʒ)
a. word initial
•jury
•job
•jewelry
•Janet 
b. word final
•edge
•judge
Kelompok 5

By Group :
Alrino Ode Masimu
Labio Dental Fricatives
LABIO – DENTAL FRICATIVES
/F, V/….

INTRODUCTION
labio dental fricatives are part of the english consonant, as we see in the previous
chapter three, there are a lot of consonant sounds that you know. but I can only
explain the fifth point, namely the labio dental fricatives and dental fricatives.
Labio dental fricatives ( fig, /f,v/….)
Dental Fricatives ( fig, /o, o’ / )
 Description :
labio dental fricatives
The soft palate being raised and the nasal resenator shut off, the inner surface of the lower lip makes a
light contact with the edge of the upper teeth. So that the escaping air produces friction. The actual point
of contact will vary somewhat according to the adjacent sound, e.g. in the case of a back strongly
rounded vowel or of a billabial plosive (floor, roof, obvious), the contact on the lower lip tends to be more
retracted than in the case of a front spread vowel (feel, leaf).
Examples :
/F/
Fortis ( f, ff, ph, gh, e.g, “ off physies enough )
WORD INITIAL ( feet, fit, fat, father, fool, fail, photo )
WORD MEDIAL ( affair, defend, offer, tougher, loafer, suffer, selfish….)
/V/
LENIS ( v, f, ph, e.g, vine, of, nephew )
WORD INITIAL ( veal, vast, vain, vice, voice )
WORD MEDIAL ( ever, fever, over, silver, cover )
Dental Fricatives
the soft palate being raised and the nasal resonator shut off, the tif and rims
of the tongue make a light contact with the edge and inner surface of the
upper incisors and a firmer contact with the upper side teeth, so that the air
escaping between the forward surface of the tongue and the incisors causes
friction. With some speaker, the tongue – tip may protrude through the teeth.
Examples :
/0/
FORTIS ( spelt always ‘th’ )
WORD INITIAL ( thief, thick, thatch, thought, thumb )
WORD MEDIAL ( ethies, ether, method, …)
WORD FINAL ( smith, heath, breath, path, …)
 KELOMPOK 6

Group of 6
Wanti Misnayanti
palato alveolar fricative until bilabial nasal
What is Palato Alveolar fricative?
Palato alveolar is a sound that occurs due to the
narrowing between the tongue leaf and alveolum and
front of the tongue and the hard palate.
And fricative are characterised by a “hissing”sound
which is produced by the air escaping through a small
passage in the mouth.
 Description
The soft palate being raised and the nasal
resonator shutt off, the tip
and blade of the tongue make a light contact
with the alveolar ridge, the front of the tongue
being raised at the same in the direction of the
hard palate and the side rims of the tongue
being contact with upper side teeth.
THE NEXT
The soft palate being raised and the nasal
resonator shutt off, the tip and blade of the
tongue make a light contact with the alveolar
ridge, the front of the tongue being raised at the
same in the direction of the hard palate and the
side rims of the tongue being contact with upper
side teeth.
/ ᶴ /, / ᴣ /

Shop fashion wish pleasure

Share occean push leisure

She election bush desicion

Shall delicious rush collision

Shoulder mention irish measure

THE NEXT
 Glottal fricative also called the breathy-voiced glottal

transition is a type of sound used in some spoken

languages which patterns like a fricative or approximant
consonant phonologically, but often lacks the usual
phonetic characteristics of a consonant.
 Since English /h/ occurs only in syllable initial, prevocalic

positions, it may be regarded as a strong, voiceless onset of

the vowel in question.
THE NEXT
 Bilabial nasal (also known as dwibibir consonants)
are consonants that are articulated using both lips.
 The lips form a closure as for /p, b/; the soft palate
is lowered, adding the resonance of the nasal
cavity to those of the pharynx and the mouth
chamber closed by the lips; the tongue will
generally
 KELOMPOK 7

GROUP 7
Gladys P Hi.Hakim
Haryana Tidore
Alveolar nasal-lateral
DEFINITION
1. Alveolar nasal
the tongue forms a closure with the teeth ridge and
upper side teeth as for /t, d/; the soft palate is lowered.
Adding the resonance of the nasal cavity to those of the
pharynx and of that part of the mouth chamber behind
the alveolar closure.
2. Lateral /l/
The soft palate being in its raised position shutting off
the nasal resonator, the tip of tongue is in contact with
the upper teeth ridge.
Examples Of Sounds Alveolar Nasal-lateral
a. Word Intial
• Neat
• Knit
• Net
• Knot
b. Word Final
• Mean
• Pen
• Learn
• Down
c. lateral
live, milk, doll, look, else, hill
 KELOMPOK 8
BY Group :
lili nur indah & abudar yusup
THE ALVEOLAR FRICTIONLESS
CONTINUANT / r /
Description
The soft palate being raised and the nasal resonator
shut off. the tip of the tongue is held in a position
near to, but not fouching. the rear part of the upper
teeth ridge: the back rims of the tongue are touching
the upper molars; the central part of the tongue is
lowered, with a general contraction of the tongue, so
that the effect of the tongue position is one of
hallowing and slight retroflexion of the tip. The air
steam is thus allowed to escape freely. Without
friction, over the centre part of the tongue. The lip
position is determined largely by that of following
vowel.‘reach’ without neutral to spread lips.
Example :
a) Word initial : reed, rag, royal.
b) Word medial intervocalic : mirror, very, sorry
c) Word final : far away, poor old man, once for all.
d) In consonantal cluaters
1. following fortis accented plosive: price, proud, trece, try, cream,
crow: expression, surprise, attract, decree, extremely
2. following fortis fricative, unaccented fortis plosive, or accented fortis
plosive preceded by /s/ in the same syllable: fry, afraid, throw thrive,
shrink, shrug, apron, nitrate, cockroach; sprint, sprat street, strain, seream.
Serape
3. following lenis consonant-lricative afler /d/: brief, bright, dress. dry,
grey grow, umbrella, address. agree. hungry, comrade, sovereigr general,
miserable.
e) Word containing more the one / r / : Brewery, library, arrowroot
Description
The vocalic allophones of RP / j / are articulated by the
tongue assuming the position for a front half-close to close
vowel (depending on the degree of openness of the following
sound) and moving away immediately to the position of the
following sound:
Example:
Word initial: yes, yard, young
Following accented care, pure, secure
Following fortis fricatives or unaccented : refuse, pursue,
opulent
Following lenis consonant : beauty, duty, music, new.
KELOMPOK 9
BY GROUP :
PUTRY TAHER
What is labio velar semi vowel ?

• The voiced labio-velar semi vowel is a type of consonant

sound, used certain in spoken languages, including
english.

• It is the sound denoted by the letter ( w ) in the english

alphabet.and labio velar consonant are doubly articulated
at the velum and the lips.
DESCRIPTION
The vocalic allophones of RP/w/ are
articulated by the tongue assuming the
position for a back half-close vowel
(depending upon the degree of oprnness of
the following sound) and moving away
immediately to the position of the following
sound
THE NEXT
/ w /, / w /, / v /

West away vest

Way twenty vent

Work awake vine
Wide forward verse
Warm backward vane
 KELOMPOK 10
THE ENGLISH VOWEL
BY:
NUMILA LA ALIHI
KAMELIA MULIS
 Definition of vowel
Vowel is any voiced speech sound characterized by
generalized friction of the air passing in a continuous
stream through the pharynx and opened mouth but
with no constriction narrow enough to produce local
friction. It is the sound of the greatest.
The symbols of vowel
/i/ and /i:/
Description:
/i/ :the front of the tongue is raised to a height slightly below
and behind the close front position:the lips are spread:the tongue
is tense.with the side tims making a firm contact with the upper
molars./i:/does not normally occur in a syllable closed by /ŋ/.
examples: seat, feet, piece, reach, lease, beef (/i/). See, seed, seen,
key, feel, feed (/i:/).
 /I/
Description:
The short vowel /I/ is pronounced with a part of the
tongue Nearer to centre than to front raised just above the
half -close position.the lips are loosely spread:the tongue is
lax (compared With the tension for /i/:), with the side rims
making a light cantact with the upper molas, /I/ may occur in
all positions in the word. Examples: wish, imp, ill, hid, in.
 /e/

Description :

For the short vowel /e/, the front of the tongue is raised between the half open and
half-close positions:the lips are loosely spread and are slightly wider apart than
for /i/:the tongue may have more tension than in the case of /i/.the side rims making
a light contact wiith the upper morals:/e/ does not occur in final, open syllables.
Examples: end, any, egg, may, went.

/æ/

Description :

The mouth is slighty more open than for /e/: the fron of the tongue is raised just
below the half–open position, with the side rims making a very slight cantact with
the back upper molars:the lips are neutrally open. Examples: and, add, ran, bag,
land.
 /e/

Description :
For the short vowel /e/, the front of the tongue is raised between the half open
and half-close positions:the lips are loosely spread and are slightly wider apart
than for /i/:the tongue may have more tension than in the case of /i/.the side
rims making a light contact wiith the upper morals:/e/ does not occur in final,
open syllables. Examples: end, any, egg, may, went.

/æ/

Description :

The mouth is slighty more open than for /e/: the fron of the tongue is raised
just below the half–open position, with the side rims making a very slight
cantact with the back upper molars:the lips are neutrally open. Examples: and,
add, ran, bag, land.
 /e/

Description :
For the short vowel /e/, the front of the tongue is raised between the half open
and half-close positions:the lips are loosely spread and are slightly wider apart
than for /i/:the tongue may have more tension than in the case of /i/.the side
rims making a light contact wiith the upper morals:/e/ does not occur in final,
open syllables. Examples: end, any, egg, may, went.

/æ/

Description :

The mouth is slighty more open than for /e/: the fron of the tongue is raised
just below the half–open position, with the side rims making a very slight
cantact with the back upper molars:the lips are neutrally open. Examples: and,
add, ran, bag, land.
 /ɒ/
Description:
This short vowel is articulated with wide open jaws and slight. Open lip rounding: the back of
the tongue is in the fully open position, no contact being made between the tongue and the upper
molars . /ɒ/ does not occur in a finalopen syllable. Examples: on, song, lost, hot, wrong, lock.

/ɔ:/
Description :
This relatively long vowel is articulated with medium lip-rounding ;the back of the tongue is
raised between the half-open and half-close positions.no contact being made between the tongue
and the upper molars. /ɔ:/ does not normally occur before /ŋ/. Examples: all, board, stock, shot,
hot, long.

/ʊ/
Description:
The sort vowel /ʊ/ is pronounced with a part of the tongue nearer to centre than to back raised
jut above the half-close position: it has therefore, a symmetrical back relationship with the front
vowel /I/: the tongue is laxly held (compared with the tenser /u:/ ), no firm contact being made
between the tongue and the upper molars. Examples: would, woman, sugar, stood, good, took.
 /u:/

Description:
long /u:/ is a back close vowel, but the tongue raising is relaxed from the closest position and
is somewhat advanced from true back: Its relationship with /ʊ/ is similar to that between /i:/
and /I/, the articulation of /u:/ being tense compared with that of /ʊ/, though no firm contact is
made between the tongue and the upper molars. The lips tend to be closely rounded. /u/: does
not formally occur before /ŋ/. Examples: too, whom, soup, moon, shoe, blue.
/ɜ:/

Description :
/ɜ:/ is arti articulated with the centre of the tongue raised between half-close and half open, no
firm contact being made between the tongue and the upper molars: the lips are neutrally
spread.the quality is therefore remote from all peripheral cardinal vowel values. Examples:
bird, girl, learn, first, earn.
 /ə/
Description:
/ә/ has a very high frequency of occurrence in
unaccented syllable. Its quality is that of a central vowel
with neutral lip positions. Having in non-final positions a
tongue-raising between half-open and half-close. the
vowel is articulated either in the half-open central position
or in the most open region of the central area. The
acoustic formants of /e/are, therefore, likely to be similar
to those for /ɜ:/or /v/or according to the situation.
Examples: ago, apply, agent, adore, admit.
 KELOMPOK 11
By group :
Deltifanti & Ahmid umamit
chapter five dipthongal vowel glides
 Dipthong of Vowels glides
A diphthong occurs when there are two separate vowel sounds within
the same syllable. Indeed, the word, diphthong comes from the Greek
worA diphthong occurs when there are two separate vowel sounds
within the same syllable. Indeed, the word, diphthong comes from the
Greek word diphthongos, which means “two sounds” or “two tones.” It
is also known as a “gliding vowel,” because the one sound literally
glides into another.d diphthongos, which means “two sounds” or “two
tones.” It is also known as a “gliding vowel,” because the one sound
literally glides into another.
What are vowels glides?
A complex speech sound or glide that begins with one vowel and
gradually changes to another vowel within the same syllable, as (oi) in
boil or (ī) in fine.
One of the best diphthong examples is the word “oil.” Here, we have
two vowels working side by side and, together, they create a sound
different than anything “O” or “I” alone can produce.
...
/ʊə/
Fur.
Sure.
Lure.
Pure.
Manure.
 Kelompok 12
By group :
Nurlina Abukhair

Strong form & Weak form

 Strong form & Weak form
These words have no stress, and so they are weakened. That weakened
form is called “weak form” as opposed to a “strong form”, which is the
full form of the word pronounced with stress. The strong form only
happens when we pronounce the words alone, or when we emphasize
them. Weak forms are very often pronounced with a schwa, and so are
very weak and sometimes a bit difficult to hear properly
EXAMPLE :
But arrow3 strong form: /bʌt/ weak form: /bət/

Tell him to go arrow3 strong forms /hɪm/ /tu:/ weak form: /tel əm tə
gəʊ/
As you can see, the grammatical words “him” and “to” are unstressed
and have a weak form when pronounced inside a sentence.

Another example: I would like some fish and chips

THE NEXT
Strong forms arrow3 /aɪ wʊd laɪk sʌm fɪʃ ænd tʃɪps/ This version sounds
unnatural and, believe it or not, more difficult to understand for a
native speaker.
Weak forms arrow3 /ɑ wəd laɪk səm fɪʃ ən tʃɪps/ and we can use weaker
forms sometimes: /ɑd laɪk səm fɪʃ ən tʃɪps/ so we can see that the
auxiliary verb “would” has two weak forms /wəd/ and /d/