Transcription ……..

Q/ transcribe the following

words ( ‫مهمه جدا‬

(Pit , which , tone , coil , why , voice , finger)

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Articulators: refer to the physical organs or structures

involved in producing sounds. Such as lips, tongue , teeth , palate ,
and vocal cords .

Types of articulators
There are two types of articulators:

Active articulators : these are movable speech organs such as

tongue and lips

Passive articulators: these are immovable speech organs such as

hard palate .

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Consonants : they are sounds that made by closure or

narrowing in the vocal tract so that the air flow is either
completely blocked or restricted that audible friction is produced.
Consonants can be classified according to three criteria:
1- place of articulation : refers to the area in the mouth at which
the constriction occurs. It includes ( bilabial , labiodental , dental ,
alveolar , post-alveolar , palatal , velar , and glottal)

2- manner of articulation: the degree to which the air flow is

obstructed . it includes ( plosive , fricative , affricates ,
approximants also called semi-vowels or glides , nasal , lateral )

3- voicing : it includes two types ; voiced consonants which

means there is vibration in the vocal cords and voiceless
consonants which means there is no vibration in the vocal cords.

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There are eight places of articulation:

 Bilabial: contact between the lips;

 Labio-dental: contact between the lower lip and the upper

teeth;

 Dental: contact between the tip of the tongue and the area
just behind the upper teeth;

 Alveolar: contact between the tongue and the Alveolar ridge

(this is the ridged area between the upper teeth and the
hard palate);

 Palatal: contact between the tongue and the hard palate

or Alveolar ridge;
  Post-alveolar: contact between the tongue and the back of
the Alveolar ridge;

 Velar: contact between the tongue and the soft palate;

 Glottal: restriction of the airflow at the glottis

Question for practice

Choose the right answer - Which one of the below consonants is labio-
dental?

1- F ,V

2- A, L

3- H, P

4- G, K

Types of Manner of Articulation

Manner of
How it is created
articulation

Plosive A short, quick release of air after closed stricture.

Close stricture that creates friction when air is

Fricative
released.

Start with producing a plosive

Affricate
and blending immediately into a fricative.

Nasal Air is released through the nasal passages.

 Close proximity of the articulators without causing
Approximant
any closure or friction.

1. Plosives or stops
In phonetics, a plosive consonant, also known as a stop, is made when
the vocal tract is closed and the airflow is blocked as it leaves the
body. The blockage can be made with the tongue, lips, teeth or glottis.

When analyzing a plosive, we consider the way the articulators are

used (lips, tongue, palate); we check the closure of the airstream and
the release of the airstream when the vocal organs separate.

Manner of articulation: plosives examples:

In English, there are six plosives:

PLOSIVE

BILABIAL p, b

ALVEOLAR t, d

POST ALVEOLAR t, d
VELAR g, k

DENTAL t, d

2. Fricatives
Like plosives, fricatives are restricted as they leave the body. We can
use teeth, lips, or tongue to limit the flow of air. Unlike plosives,
fricatives are longer sounds (you can sustain a fricative, like
the phoneme / f /, but you can't sustain a plosive, like the phoneme / p
/). Some fricatives have a hiss-like quality. These are called sibilants. In
the English language, there are two sibilants: / s / and / z /. For
example, sick, zip and sun.

In English, there are nine fricatives:

FRICATIVE

DENTAL ð, θ

LABIODENTAL f, v

ALVEOLAR s, z
POSTALVEOLAR ʃ, ʒ

Glottal H

The fricative sounds / z, ð, v, ʒ / are voiced, and the sounds / h, s, θ, f, ʃ

/ are voiceless.

Manner of articulation: fricatives examples:

Voiced fricatives:

/ v /: vat, van
/ ð /: then, them
/ z /: zip, zoom
/ ʒ /: casual, treasure
Voiceless fricatives:

/ f /: fat, far
/ s /: site, cycle
/ h /: help, high
/ ʃ /: ship, she
/ θ /: think, north
3. Affricates
Affricates are also known as semi-plosives and are created by
combining a plosive and a fricative consonant. There are two
affricatives: / t ʃ / and / dʒ /.

Both sounds are post-alveolar, which means we create them with the
tongue behind the alveolar ridge (part of the palate just behind your
upper teeth, before the hard palate). The sound / tʃ / is a voiceless
affricate, while the sound / dʒ / is a voiced affricate.

/ tʃ /: chair, choose
/ dʒ /: jump, jet

4. Nasals
Nasal consonants, also known nasal stops, are made by blocking the
airflow from the mouth, so it comes out of the nose instead. In nasal
vowels, by contrast, the sound is generated by lowering the soft palate
to allow the airflow out of both mouth and nose.

The consonants / m, n, ŋ / are not caused by the nose, but by the tongue
or lips that prevent the airflow. Because of the vibration of the vocal
cords, we consider nasal consonants voiced.

There are three nasal consonants: / m, n, ŋ /.

/ m /: mirror, melody
/ n /: name, nose
/ ŋ /: working, long
NASAL

BILABIAL m

ALVEOLAR n

VELAR ŋ

5. Approximants
approximants created by air moving between the vocal
organs. Approximants, also known as lateral sounds, are created by
allowing the airflow to leave by the sides of the mouth.

There are four approximant groups, as follows:

1-Bilabial approximant: the sound is made by the lips almost closing
but without any contact.
With / w / in words like where wind and we.
2-Palatal approximant: the sound is made by the middle of the
tongue almost touching the palate.
With / j / in words like yell, yes and you.

3-Alveolar approximants
Alveolar lateral approximant: the sound is created by the tip tongue
forming a closure with the alveolar ridge allowing the airflow to leave
by the sides.

With / l / in words like mall, hall and like.

4-Alveolar frictionless approximant: the sound is created by the
tongue tip almost making contact with the alveolar ridge.

With / r / in words like rose, run

‫ مراجعه وحفظ وصف االصوات‬:‫ (مالحظه‬description of

consonants sounds )
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The difference between vowels and consonants

)(‫مهم‬
A vowel is any sound with no audible noise produced by
constriction in the vocal tract, and consonant is a sound with
audible noise produced by a constriction.
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Definition of diphthongs )‫مهم‬

Diphthongs are gliding vowels, created when a speaker glides
from one vowel sound glides into another. The first vowel is usually
longer and stronger than the second one in the English language. For
example:

In the English word 'house' the vowel sound in the first syllable, /aʊ/ is
a diphthong. It starts with the sound of the vowel /a/ and glides to the
sound of the vowel /ʊ/. The diphthong is formed by the transition
between the two vowel sounds and is thus considered a single vowel
sound.
List of diphthongs
There are eight different diphthongs in the English language. They are:

 /eɪ/ as in late (/leɪt/) or gate (/geɪt/)

 /ɪə/ as in dear (/dɪə/) or fear (/fɪə/)
 /eə/ as in fair (/feə/) or care (/keə/)
 /ʊə/ as in sure (/ʃʊə/) or cure (/kjʊə/)
 /əʊ/ as in globe (/ˈgləʊb/) or show (/ʃəʊ/)
 /ɔɪ/ as in join (/ʤɔɪn/) or coin (/kɔɪn/)
 /aɪ/ as in time (/taɪm/) or rhyme (/raɪm/)
 /aʊ/ as in cow (/kaʊ/) or how (/haʊ/)

Definition of tripthongs )‫مهم‬

A triphthong is a glide from one vowel to another and the to a
third, all produced rapidly and without interruption. For example,
a careful pronunciation of the word 'hour' begins with a vowel
quality similar to 'ɑ:', goes on to 'ʊ' then ends in 'ə'.
Definition of
1- Phonetics : the science which studies the characteristics of
human speech sounds .

2- Phonology : is the study of the sound system of a language .

3- Allophone : the different realization of phoneme .

4- Phonemic transcription : is the representation of each

phoneme by single symbol. For example : which /wɪʧ/

5- aspiration: it is a short period after the expolsion of / p , t , k /

occurring before vowel . When the air leaves the mouth without
voice . for example : pat [pʰæt] .
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Note : / / these means the transcription is phonemic

[ ] these means the transcription is phonetic

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 Questions for practice :

 The place of articulation for the sounds /p/ and /b/ is

a. Labiodental
b. Dental
c. Bilabial
d. Velar
e. Alveolar

 Plosive , Bilabial , Voiceless are the features of the sound

a. /p/
b. /m/
c. /r/
d./l/
e. /w/

 The transcription of the word pit is

a. /pit/
b. /pɪt/
c. /pet/
d. /pət/
e. /pʒt/

 Open , Front , Unrounded are features of the sound

a. /ʊ/
b. /n/
c. /ə/
d. /æ/
e. /b/
Q/ What are the vocal folds?

Q/ The pressure of the air below the vocal folds can also be varied.
Mention the main differences .

Q /What are the parts of the tongue?

THE END OF UNITE FOUR