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    Copyright:

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    7 views5 pages

    Jjap 6 258

    Uploaded by

    SIDDHARTH BHASNEY
    hi

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PxYsics Vot. 6, No. 2, FEBRUARY, 1967 Theory of a Cone-Plate Viscometer for Non-Newtonian Liquids Syoten Oxa Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University Setagaya-ku, Tokyo and Akira Takant Yamawaki Gakuen, Minato-ku, Tokyo (Received October 20, 1966) ‘A general relationship between the torque M and the angular velocity @ of a plate is obtained for a time-independent non-Newtonian liquid specified by an arbitrary flow curve. It is assumed that the motion of the liquid is steady and that each liquid particle moves with a constant angular velocity on a circle on a horizontal plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation. The edge effects are neglected. It is shown how to determine the flow curve from the experimental relationship between M and @ for some special cases. Following special cases are considered: i) non-Newtonian liquid obeying power law flow curve, i) non-Newtonian liquid obeying flow curve expanded into power series, iii) Bingham body. It is shown that the relationship between Af and for a non-Newtonian liquid obeying power law flow curve is reduced to the well-known formula for a Newtonian liquid when the exponent tends to unity. Introduction the coefficient of viscosity » which appears In a cone-plate viscometer a cone with a wide vertical angle is placed on a horizontal flat plate. The generator of the cone makes a very small angle « with the plate which is of the order of one degree to two degrees. The wedge-like space between the cone and the plate is filled with a liquid to be investi- gated (Fig. 1). Either the cone or the plate is fixed. In the following let the cone be fixed; the plate rotates with a constant angular velocity @ around the axis of the cone. We shall first find a general relationship between the torque M and the angular velocity @ for a time-independent non- Newtonian liquid specified by an arbitrary flow curve. Then we will show how to determine the flow curve from the experi- mental relationship between M and 9 for some special cases. For a time-independent non-Newtonian liquid, we shall assume that Cone-plate viscometer Fig. 1. in the expressions of stresses of a Newtonian Jiquid is not constant, but a function of the velocity gradient. The same procedure has been adopted for the flow of a non-Newtonian liquid through a tube of uniform cross section” as well as a tapered tube”. The edge effects are neglected. A theory of the finite cone-plate viscometer for a simple fluid of Noll has been presented by Slattery”. The relationship between the torque M on the plate and the angular velocity 2 of the plate for a Newtonian liquid has been derived theoretically by several authors. Thus the formula M=(2za"/3)(nQ/a) has been obtained, where » is the coefficient of viscosity and ais the radius of the circular portion of the plate in contact with the liquid. One of the most important characteristics of a cone-plate viscometer lies in the fact that the rate of shear is practically constant and equals to Qla throughout the sample. Thus this type of viscometer is quite suitable for the study of non-Newtonian liquids. §2. Assumptions With regard to the motion of the liquid, the following assumptions are made: i) the liquid is incompressible; ii) the motion of the liquid is laminar; iii) the motion is steady; iv) no body force acts on the liquid; v) the motion has an axial symmetry; vi) each 258 Theory of a Come-Plate Viscometer for Non-Newtonian Liquids liquid particle moves on a circle on the horizontal plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation; vii) there is no relative motion between the walls and the liquid in immediate contact with the walls; viii) the edge effects are neglected. The assumption vi) corresponds to neglect of centrifugal forces. For small values of 2 this assumption as well as the assumption ii) may be allowed. $3. Stress Components We shall take a spherical coordinate system 7, @, and ¢ whose origin is at the vertex of the cone, For a time-independent non-Newtonian liquid the stress components will be given by ae a) ED ee ries roses) (3) cama “a wat) rane] a, , 2 (6 [x ot mat y )]- where 0, op and vy are the velocity com- ponents, p is the pressure, ‘The apparent viscosity ye is regarded as a function of coordinates and becomes identical with the coefficient of viscosity 7 in the special case of a Newtonian liquid. From the assumptions vi) and v), we have (6) 2=0, =0, Be (7) ‘Therefore, rab (8) sw=—p (9) woo (0) i) rH ys oes) a2) 3 (2s type Z(e us ). 13) From the assumption vi) we have 259 vg=rosind , a where is the angular velocity of a liquid particle around the axis of the cone. ‘There- fore we have aw 6 rage 22 sind 15) 1 si (15) a0 sory sind. 16) rsp sin (16) §4. Equations of Motion From the assumption iv), the -component of the equations of motion is o( Bea ete Bt ate or 8 Fsind 08 vate, tas Uae tie cot 0) La Late, 1 des Pap CONS Ot Teint 88 pity Beate an r where p is the density. From the assump- tions ifi), v) and eq. (7), eq. (17) is simplified as follows: Substituting eqs. (15) and (16) into the above equation we have V4 (49.80 inp), 12 (, 20 gy Foe eM) ar 5808) aw 2eoto aw ace =: (1 Fe gy Sin Ot Bag e) when (20) Since 7 does not appear in the boundary conditions, we shall assume that is a func- tion of @ alone, i.e. the conical shell between 4 and 8+-d0 rotates as a rigid body. Conse- quently, eq. (18) is simplified to a Integration of eq. (21) yields Me sin aa cot (1 da és sind) do (21) 260 do sin? a=, (22) eB sinto=e (22) or c aig? (23) where cis an integration constant. Thus the shear stress s+, takes its largest value at the wall of the cone. Since o is assumed to be independent of 7, cy vanishes. ros/j7=(do/d0) sin @ is the rate of shear, and is connected with the stress 25 by the flow curve fire) as follows: a sin 0=/ie). Here the sulfices of sv are omitted for the sake of simplicity. If we change the in- dependent variable by the substitution (23), we get!’ (2A) 1 _fo 2 Vee—o) * Changing again the independent variable by the substitution (25) sec’ gd. (26) We get do, ae where g is equal to 2/2—0. eq. (27) yields sec d-flesec’ g) , (27) Integration of (28) —|fesee gisecadg+a , where A is an integration constant. ‘Thus, the boundary conditions (19) and (20) become (29) (30) Therefore, from eqs. (29) and (30), ea. (28) becomes 2 ["sesec'g) seegds. @) Since a is sufficiently small, it can be seen from eq. (24) that the rate of shear is ap- proximately equal to Q/a even in a non- Newtonian liquid. §5. Relationship between the Torque M and the Angular Velocity @ ‘The constant ¢ in eq. (31) is related with Syoten OKA and Akira TaKAMI the torque M on the circular plate. given by Mis Ma\"\rteodenardéar @y Substituting ss, of eq. (23) into the above equation we get 2na’ Mae (33) or 3M Fear (4) Consequently, the relationship between 2 and M is given by eq. (31), or 2: i. 4; oa sec! *) sec gdp. (85) From eqs. (28) and (29) we have o= |" sec! p) see gdp (86) §6. Non-Newtonian Liquid Obeying Power Law Flow Curve In this case, f(e) is given by So)=he" , wn where k and m are constants. Substituting eq. (37) into eq. (31), we obtain ‘ =ne'(" sec"™ dg (38) or from eq. (34), pf BMY" cactmtt nap a=) {; sect gdp. (39 Therefore, we have log 2=n log M+const. (40) corresponding to eq. (37) Thus, we can get the value of 2 from log 2—log M plot. Equa- tion (39) can be written as ca ays M= ee 2 a sec fd If we assume that the value of a is sufficiently small, we can write ay {i seo gba. (42) ‘Then, eq. (41) is reduced to the simplified form: Theory of a Come-Plate Viseometer for Non-Newtonian Liquide _ 208 ( 2)" WAL This is the same formula as that derived by Piper and Scott. For the special case where n is equal to unity, eq. (41) is reduced to 2rat 90 e [sect aaa M: (44) where k=1/. Here 7 is the coefficient of viscosity of a Newtonian liquid. Equation (44) is identical with the well-known formula for Newtonian liquids. 2za* 72 M: 2 j cosec® add site dea’ [sina 3 vol, cos" a =log tan (45) Since a is assumed to be sufficiently small, eq. (45) is reduced to the familiar form 2rat 7 3 a (46) If we develop cos¢ into a Taylor's series, eq. (41) can be written 2na® which is valid for any value of 1. ‘The definite integral \° sec" gdb can be evaluated in a closed form for n=1, 1.5, 2, 25 oee ‘The angular velocity is given by eq. (36) 3M \"(4 © enti ee at) \; sec™gde. (48) §7. Non-Newtonian Liquid Obeying the Flow Gurve Expanded into Power Series In this case, f(r) is given by FO= Ac". 49) Substituting eq. (49) into eq. (31), we get 9=% Aut" sec gdp. (60) ‘We shall assume that the experimental relationship between 2 and M is given by 26 2=5.B,M". Then the coefficient A, is obtained as follo AB 2LY |" sc gas] 2na*\" 1 = Bl _—: (51) Be a In the special case n=1, Aste BJ sect gag] 2a 3a Bt (62) §8. Bingham Body In this case, f(c) is given by 1 Se)=— (t-89) tty mm }

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