Generalized Dynamics of Soft-Matter Quasicrystals: Tian-You Fan

Springer Series in Materials Science 260
Tian-You Fan
Generalized
Dynamics of
Soft-Matter
Quasicrystals
Mathematical Models and Solutions
Springer Series in Materials Science
Volume 260
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Tian-You Fan
Generalized Dynamics
of Soft-Matter Quasicrystals
Mathematical Models and Solutions
123
Tian-You Fan
Beijing Institute of Technology
Beijing
China
ISSN 0933-033X ISSN 2196-2812 (electronic)

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Preface
As well-known quasicrystals with 12-fold symmetry observed since 2004 in liquid

crystals, colloids, polymers and nanoparticles have been received a great deal of
attention. In particular, 18-fold symmetry quasicrystals in colloids were discovered
in 2011. More recently the quasicrystals with 12-fold symmetry were also found in
giant surfactants. The formation mechanisms of these kinds of quasicrystals are
connected closely with self-assembly of spherical building blocks by supramole-
cules, compounds, block copolymers and so on and are quite different from that
of the metallic alloy quasicrystals. They can be identified as soft-matter qua-
sicrystals exhibiting natures of quasicrystals with soft-matter characters. Soft matter
lies in the behaviour of intermediate phase between solid and simple fluid, while the
nature of quasicrystals exhibits importance of symmetry as they are highly ordered
phase. These features are very complex yet extremely interesting and attractive.
Hence, they have raised a great deal of attention of researchers in physics, chemistry
and materials science.
All the observed soft-matter quasicrystals so far are two-dimensional qua-
sicrystals. It is well known that two-dimensional quasicrystals consist of only two
distinct types from the angle of symmetry theory, one being 5-, 8-, 10- and 12-fold
symmetries, the other being 7-, 9-, 14- and 18-fold according to the symmetry
theory. Therefore, two terminological phrases can be defined such as the first and
second kinds of two-dimensional quasicrystals respectively. The two-dimensional
solid quasicrystals observed so far belong to the first kind ones only, while
soft-matter quasicrystals discovered up to now can be in both kinds. This may
imply that many new types of soft-matter quasicrystals in addition to those with 12-
and 18-fold symmetries may be observed in the near future. Hence, the interdis-
ciplinary studies on soft-matter quasicrystals present great potential and hopeful
research topics.
However, some difficulties exist in studying those new phases due to the
complexity of their structures and lack of fundamental experimental data including
the material constants to date. Furthermore, the theoretical studies are also difficult.
For example, the symmetry groups of soft-matter quasicrystals observed or possibly
to be observed have not yet been well investigated although there are some work
v
vi Preface
being done (the details are not be included in the book). In conjunction with this
issue, the study on constitutive laws for phasons and phonon–phason coupling are
still difficult.
In spite of these problems, there are potential efforts to undertake the study on
these topics. For example, the soft-matter quasicrystals as a new ordered phase are
connected with broken symmetry or symmetry breaking, like those discussed in
solid quasicrystals. Thus, the elementary excitations such as phonons and phasons
are important issues in the study of quasicrystals based on the Landau phe-
nomenological theory. For soft-matter quasicrystals, furthermore, another elemen-
tary excitation, i.e. the fluid phonon must be considered besides phonons and
phasons. According to the Landau school, liquid acoustic wave is fluid phonon
(refer to Lifshitz EM and Pitaevskii LP, Statistical Physics, Part 2, Oxford:
Butterworth-Heinemann, 1980). This is suitable for describing the liquid effect of
soft-matter quasicrystals, which can be seen as complex liquids or structured liq-
uids. The elementary excitations—phonons, phasons and fluid phonon—and their
interactions constitute the main feature of the new phase. They will be discussed as
a major issue in the book. The concept of the fluid phonon is introduced in the study
of quasicrystals for the first time. Related to this, the equation of state should also be
introduced. With these two key points and referencing the hydrodynamics of solid
quasicrystals the dynamics of Soft Matter quasicrystals can be established, but with
an important distinction compared with that of solid quasicrystals. The present
hydrodynamics cannot be linearized due to the nonlinearity of equation of state. To
overcome the difficulty arising from other aspects in theory, we can draw from
study of solid quasicrystals (For example, Lubensky TC, Symmetry, elasticity and
hydrodynamics in quasiperiodic structures, in Introduction to Quasicrystals, ed by
Jaric M V, Boston: Academic Press, 199–289, 1988; Hu CZ et al, Symmetry
groups, physical property tensors, elasticity and dislocations in quasicrystals,
Rep. Prog. Phys., 63(1), 1-39, 2000; Fan TY, Mathematical Theory of Elasticity of
Quasicrystals and Its Applications, Beijing: Science Press/Heidelberg:
Springer-Verlag, 1st edition, 2010, 2nd edition, 2016). This shows that the theory
of solid quasicrystals is a basis for the present discussion, which provides an initial
glimpse from the viewpoint of quantitative analysis to the rich phenomena of
soft-matter quasicrystals.
Some applications are given by describing the matter distribution, deformation
and motion of soft-matter quasicrystals. The mathematical principle and its appli-
cations require the assistance of other areas of knowledge, a part of which is briefly
listed in the first six chapters of the book (more details can refer to Chaikin J and
Lubensky TC, Principles of Condensed Matter Physics, New York: Oxford
University Press, 1995), and the others are introduced in due the computation. The
computational results are preliminary and very limited so far, but verified partially
the mathematical model, and explored in certain degree to distinguish the dynamic
behaviour between soft-matter and solid quasicrystals to some extent. In addition,
the specimens and flow modes adopted in the computation might be intuitive,
observable and verified easily. However, it does not mean that they belong to the
most important samples.
Preface vii
The author thanks the National Natural Science Foundation of China and
Alexander von Humboldt Foundation of Germany for their support over the years
and Profs. Messerschmidt U in Max-Planck Institut fuer Mikrostrukturphysik in
Halle, Trebin H.-R. in Stuttgart Universitaet in Germany, Lubensky T.C. in
University of Pennsylvania, Cheng, Stephen Z.D. in University of Akron in USA,
Wensink H.H. in Utrecht University and in Holland, Li Xian-Fang in Central South
University and Chen Wei-Qiu in Zhejiang University in China for their cordial
encouragement and helpful discussions.
Beijing, China Tian-You Fan

December 2016
Contents
1 Introduction to Soft Matter in Brief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 Discovery of Soft-Matter Quasicrystals and Their Properties . .... 5
2.1 Soft-Matter Quasicrystals with 12- and 18-Fold
Symmetries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 5
2.2 Characters of Soft-Matter Quasicrystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 8
2.3 Some Concepts Concerning Possible Hydrodynamics on
Soft-Matter Quasicrystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4 First and Second Kinds of Two-Dimensional Quasicrystals . . . . 9
2.5 Motivation of Our Discussion in the Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3 Review in Brief on Elasticity and Hydrodynamics of Solid
Quasicrystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.1 Physical Basis of Elasticity of Quasicrystals, Phonons and
Phasons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2 Deformation Tensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.3 Stress Tensors and Equations of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.4 Free Energy Density and Elastic Constants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.5 Generalized Hooke’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.6 Boundary Conditions and Initial Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.7 Solutions of Elasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.8 Generalized Hydrodynamics of Solid Quasicrystals . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.8.1 Viscosity of Solid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.8.2 Generalized Hydrodynamics of Solid Quasicrystals . . . . 25
3.9 Solution of Generalized Hydrodynamics
of Solid Quasicrystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.10 Conclusion and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
ix
x Contents
4 Equation of State of Some Structured Fluids . . . . . ............. 31

4.1 Overview on Equation of State in Some Fluids ............. 31
4.2 Possible Equations of State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. 33
4.3 Applications to Hydrodynamics of Soft-Matter
Quasicrystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. 33
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. 34
5 Poisson Brackets and Derivation of Equations of Motion
of Soft-Matter Quasicrystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.1 Brown Motion and Langevin Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.2 Extended Version of Langevin Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.3 Multivariable Langevin Equation, Coarse Graining. . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.4 Poisson Bracket Method in Condensed Matter Physics. . . . . . . . 37
5.5 Application to Quasicrystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.6 Equations of Motion of Soft-Matter Quasicrystals . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.6.1 Generalized Langevin Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5.6.2 Derivation of Hydrodynamic Equations of
Soft-Matter Quasicrystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 40
5.7 Poisson Brackets Based on Lie Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 44
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 48
6 Oseen Flow and Generalized Oseen Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6.1 Navier–Stokes Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6.2 Stokes Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.3 Stokes Paradox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.4 Oseen Modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.5 Oseen Steady Solution of Flow of Incompressible Fluid Past
Cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6.6 Generalized Oseen Flow of Compressible Viscous Fluid Past a
Circular Cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6.6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6.6.2 Basic Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6.6.3 Flow Past a Circular Cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6.6.4 Quasi-Steady Analysis—Numerical Solution . . . . . . . . . 62
6.6.5 Conclusion and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
7 Dynamics of Soft-Matter Quasicrystals with 12-Fold Symmetry . . . . 69
7.1 Two-Dimensional Governing Equations of Soft-Matter
Quasicrystals of 12-Fold Symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
7.2 Simplification of Governing Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7.2.1 Steady Dynamic Problem of Soft-Matter
Quasicrystals with 12-Fold Symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7.2.2 Pure Fluid Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
7.3 Dislocation and Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Contents xi
7.4 Generalized Oseen Approximation Under Condition of Lower

Reynolds Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
7.5 Steady Dynamic Equations Under Oseen Modification in Polar
Coordinate System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
7.6 Flow Past a Circular Cylinder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
7.6.1 Two-Dimensional Flow Past Obstacle, Stokes
Paradox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
7.6.2 Statement on the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
7.6.3 A Flow Past a Cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
7.6.4 Quasi-Steady Analysis—Numerical Solution by
Finite Difference Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
7.6.5 Numerical Results and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
7.7 Three-Dimensional Equations of Generalized Dynamics of
Soft-Matter Quasicrystals with 12-Fold Symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . 88
7.8 Possible Crack Problem and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
8 Dynamics of Possible Five and Tenfold Symmetrical Soft-Matter
Quasicrystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
8.1 Statement on Possible Soft-Matter Quasicrystals of Five and
Tenfold Symmetries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
8.2 Two-Dimensional Basic Equations of Soft-Matter
Quasicrystals of Point Groups 5; 5 and 10; 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
8.3 Dislocations and Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
8.4 Probe on Modification of Dislocation Solution by Considering
Fluid Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
8.5 Transient Dynamic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
8.5.1 Specimen and Initial-Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . 104
8.5.2 Numerical Analysis and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
8.6 Three-Dimensional Equations of Point Group 10 mm
Soft-Matter Quasicrystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
9 Dynamics of Possible Soft-Matter Quasicrystals of Eightfold
Symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 115
9.1 Basic Equations of Possible Soft-Matter Eightfold
Symmetrical Quasicrystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
9.2 Dislocation in Quasicrystals with Eightfold Symmetry . . . . . . . . 117
9.2.1 Elastic Static Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
9.2.2 Modification Considering Fluid Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
xii Contents
9.3 Transient Dynamics Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

9.3.1 Specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
9.3.2 Computational Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
9.3.3 Analysis of Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
9.3.4 Some Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
9.4 Flow Past a Circular Cylinder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
9.5 Three-Dimensional Soft-Matter Quasicrystals with Eightfold
Symmetry of Point Group 8 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
10 Dynamics of Soft-Matter Quasicrystals with 18-Fold
Symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
10.1 Six-Dimensional Embedded Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
10.2 Elasticity of Possible Solid Quasicrystals with 18-Fold
Symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
10.3 Dynamics of Quasicrystals of 18-Fold Symmetry with Point
Group 18 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
10.4 The Steady Dynamic and Static Case of First and Second
Phason Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
10.5 Dislocations and Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
10.5.1 The Zero-Order Approximate Solution of
Dislocations of Soft-Matter Quasicrystals
with 18-Fold Symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
10.5.2 Modification to the Solution (10.5.3)–(10.5.6)
Considering Fluid Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
10.6 Discussion on Transient Dynamics Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
10.7 Other Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
11 The Possible 7-, 9- and 14-Fold Symmetry Quasicrystals
in Soft Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
11.1 The Possible Sevenfold Symmetry Quasicrystals with Point
Group 7m of Soft Matter and the Dynamic Theory . . . . . . . . . . 151
11.2 The Possible Ninefold Symmetrical Quasicrystals with Point
Group 9m of Soft Matter and Their Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
11.3 Dislocation Solutions of the Possible Ninefold Symmetrical
Quasicrystals of Soft Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
11.4 The Possible 14-Fold Symmetrical Quasicrystals with Point
Group 14mm of Soft Matter and Their Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
11.5 The Solutions and Possible Solutions of Statics and Dynamics
of 7- and 14-Fold Symmetrical Quasicrystals of Soft Matter . . . 163
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Contents xiii
12 An Application of Analytic Methods to Smectic A Liquid

Crystals, Dislocation and Crack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
12.1 Basic Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
12.2 The Kleman–Pershan Solution of Screw Dislocation . . . . . . . . . 167
12.3 Common Fundamentals of Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
12.4 The Simplest and Most Direct Solving Way and Additional
Boundary Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
12.5 Mathematical Mistakes of the Classical Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
12.6 The Physical Mistakes of the Classical Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
12.7 Meaning of the Present Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
12.8 Solution of Plastic Crack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
13 Conclusion Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Notations
r Radius vector
D Domain
S Boundary of domain
Su Boundary part at which the displacements are given
St Boundary part at which the tractions are given (or Sr at
which the applied stresses are given)
q Mass density (g/cm3 )
p Fluid pressure (Pa=N/m2 )
u Phonon-type displacement field (cm)
w Phason-type displacement field (or second phason dis-
placement field only for quasicrystals with 7-, 9-, 14- and
18-fold symmetry (cm)
V Fluid velocity field (or fluid phonon field) (cm/s)
@ui @uj Phonon strain tensor
eij ¼ 12 @xj þ @xi
@wi
wij ¼ @xj
Phason strain tensor (or second phason strain tensor only
for quasicrystals of second kind)
n_ ij ¼ 12 @Vi @Vj Fluid phonon deformation rate tensor (1/s)
@xj þ @xi
rij Phonon stress tensor (Pa)
Hij Phason stress tensor (or second phason stress tensor only
for quasicrystals of second kind) (Pa)
0
rij Viscous stress tensor (Pa)
0
pij ¼ pdij þ rij Fluid phonon stress tensor (Pa)
Cijkl Phonon elastic coefficient tensor (Pa)
Kijkl Phason elastic coefficient tensor (or second kind phason
elastic coefficient tensor only for quasicrystals for second
kind of quasicrystals) (Pa)
Rijkl Phonon–phason coupling elastic coefficient tensor (u–w
coupling elastic coefficient tensor) (Pa)
xv
xvi Notations
g First viscosity coefficient of fluid (0.1Pa s=Poise)

g=q First kinetic viscosity coefficient of fluid (cm2/s)
f Second viscosity coefficient of fluid (0.1Pa s=Poise)
f=q Second kinetic viscosity coefficient of fluid (cm2/s)
Re Reynolds number
Cu Phonon dissipation coefficient (m3 s/kg)
Cw Phason dissipation coefficient (or second kind phason
dissipation coefficient tensor only for quasicrystals of
second kind) (m3 s/kg)
v First phason-type displacement field (only for second kind
quasicrystals) (cm)
vij ¼ @v
@xj
i First phason strain tensor (only for second kind
quasicrystals)
sij First phason stress tensor (only for second kind qua-
sicrystals) (Pa)
rijkl Phonon–first phason coupling elastic coefficient tensor (or
u–v coupling elastic coefficient tensor only for second kind
quasicrystals) (Pa)
Cv Phason dissipation coefficient of first kind of quasicrystals
Chapter 1
Introduction to Soft Matter in Brief
Soft-matter quasicrystals are observed in liquid crystals, colloids, polymers and

surfactants, which belong to some kinds of soft matter. Soft matter is the common
title, introduced by de Gennes [1] in 1991, of liquid crystals, colloids, polymers,
foams, emulsions, surfactants, biomacromolecules, etc.; they are neither ideal solid
nor simple fluid, but present characters of both solid and fluid, belonging to an
intermediate phase between isotropic fluid and ideal solid macroscopically.
Sometimes, one calls them as anisotropic fluids or structured fluids [2–5], more
exactly speaking, as anisotropic liquids or structured liquids.
The Chinese chemists analyse [6] that if every atom or a molecular possesses the
thermal energy kB T, in an ideal solid, e.g. solid crystal, here kB is the Boltzmann
constant, T the absolute temperature. The thermal energy per unit volume kB T=l30
may characterize an entropy state of the crystal, here l0*0.1 nm the lattice size or
interatomic distance. For soft-matter systems, the structure and dynamic properties
are related with mesoscopic size l*10–100 nm (e.g. the size of long-chain of
polymers, or size of self-assembly structures, etc.) and fluctuation, thermal motion
and self-organization or self-assembly, which are often induced by entropy, whose
thermal energy per unit volume may be denoted by kB T=l3 . Apparently, at room
temperature, the thermal energy per unit volume of soft matter is lower of 6–9 order
of magnitude than that of the ideal crystals; this may explain the softness of soft
matter from point of view of intra-structure of materials. To contrast this, the ideal
solid presents very high stiffness. This distinction between soft matter and ideal
solid is significant. In some cases we have to draw some lessons from crystals, the
thermal energy per unit volume concept may provide a basis by some analogies
between soft matter and ideal solid. The other differences between soft matter and
conventional materials will be talking about in the following description, but there
is no possibility to study them in detail and in-depth in the book.
For simplicity, we here consider only on the hydrodynamics of soft-matter
quasicrystals. Strictly speaking only the fluidity, or the flow effect from point of
view of fluid, is considered apart from elasticity and interaction between fluidity and
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. and Beijing Institution of Technology Press 2017 1
T.-Y. Fan, Generalized Dynamics of Soft-Matter Quasicrystals, Springer Series in
Materials Science 260, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-4950-7_1
2 1 Introduction to Soft Matter in Brief
elasticity of the matter. The fluidity, elasticity and their interaction are only a part of
the behaviour of soft matter, which can help us to understand the deformation and
motion of soft-matter quasicrystals in macroscope. In this case the micro-scale
structures of the matter have not been concerned. Although the meso-scale struc-
tures are important for soft matter, it has not been concerned in general in our
presentation apart from some special exceptions. In this sense, the modelling on
hydrodynamics of soft matter and soft-matter quasicrystals is a macro- and
continuum-medium study, with low-frequency and long-wavelength characters,
which have been discussed in solid quasicrystals, and can be extended to the present
study.
Among various kinds of soft-matter systems, liquid crystals are typical and rel-
atively well studied, and their material constants are more detailed. The phe-
nomenological, i.e. from macroscopic and continuum point of view, understanding
of liquid crystals provides us some insights, which are beneficial and useful for
studying the mechanical behaviour of soft-matter quasicrystals. For example, in
some cases, the Newton’s fluid law can approximately be used, and the Hooke’s
elasticity law can also be used, but the deformation is comparatively complex, which
consists of bulk deformation and deformation induced by curvature variation for
liquid crystals, for the bulk deformation the conventional Hooke’s law still holds,
and for the deformation due to curvature one needs some additional expressions,
which are not related to the discussion in this chapter and omitted here, except in
Chap. 12, we have to mention concerning the quantity arising from curvature of
smectic A liquid crystals, which is very interesting. Because of the intermediate
phase between simple fluid and ideal solid, the soft matter presents many behaviour
different from those of isotropic liquids and ideal crystals. For example, in ordinary
liquid, and in nematic liquid crystals, there is only one acoustic wave speed, i.e.
longitudinal wave sound speed. In solid crystals and amorphous solids, there are
three acoustic wave speeds under the linear deformation, i.e.
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffi qffiffiffi
c1 ¼ k þq2l or c1 ¼ L þq2M , c2 ¼ c3 ¼ lq or c2 ¼ c3 ¼ Mq , refer to the
discussion in Chap. 10 of this book [7]. Smectic A liquid crystals, it has only one
nonzero displacement component, belongs to one-dimensional crystals, or saying,
their elastic deformation is in anti-plane state, or longitudinal shear state. If it is pure
qffiffiffi
solid, it has only one acoustic wave speed Eq where E is the elastic modulus and
qffiffiffiffi
@p
q is the mass density; if it is pure fluid, it has only one acoustic speed @q , where
p is the fluid pressure. For smectic A liquid crystals there are both acoustic wave
qffiffiffi qffiffiffiffi
@p
speeds Eq and @q and the former is often depend upon angular between
wave vector k and the normal vector n of the layer of the smectic A liquid crystal.
From this example, we can see that the soft matter presents behaviour different from
those of simple fluid and ideal solid. Because soft matter presents some very com-
plicated nonlinear behaviour, whose spectra and dispersion relations cannot be easily
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffi
k þ 2l l
determined, so the wave speeds. Some time one introduces q ; q and
1 Introduction to Soft Matter in Brief 3
qffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffi
@p @p
@q in some cases we denote @q ¼ c4 for simplicity to describe wave speeds
propagating in soft matter, this is only a coarse approximation, and the realistic wave
speeds in the matter present differences with those in magnitude and nature, and
relevant mechanism is not so clear. In the succeeded introduction on computations
will partly reveal these questions.
For liquid crystals, the dynamic viscosity describing fluid effect
g ¼ 0:1 Pa s ¼ 1 Poise, which is the dynamic viscosity coefficient, sometime, the
kinetic viscosity coefficient g=q also be used, note that the unit is cm2/s rather than
Poise; and the elastic modulus describing the bulk deformation
E ¼ 108 erg/cm3 ¼ 107 Pa ¼ 10 MPa; and the Poisson ratio m may be negative
unlike that for solid; these quantities are very fundamental and useful for us, and we
can draw them as the basic material constants for soft-matter quasicrystals within
the discussion, and are frequently used in our computation. Although liquid crystals
are not completely represented other kinds of soft matter, their viscosity is quite
large (for about larger 100 times than that of water), and meantime with a certain
elasticity. In general, for simple fluid one has not considered its elasticity; while for
ideal solid one does not consider its viscosity (at least which is not so important). In
the introductions in the following chapters, when we carry out the analysis and
computation on deformation and motion of soft-matter quasicrystals, the experi-
ences and data accumulated in the studying liquid crystals are good references for
us. Apart from these, some data, e.g. the phonon dissipation coefficient Cu and
phason dissipation coefficient Cw for soft-matter quasicrystals, are not available to
obtain, which we have to draw relevant values from solid quasicrystals as a
reference.
Another important feature of motion of soft matter is in small Reynolds number
Re. According to the definition, Re ¼ qUa g , in which a represents the characteristic
size of the matter or flow field. Because the characteristic velocity U is small and
the viscosity coefficient g is great, in general, the Reynolds number is small, i.e.
Re ¼ 104 1. In this case the force due to viscosity is greater than that due to
inertia. We can take the Stokes assumption omitting the inertia terms in the equation
of motion in some time, like that doing in the classical fluid dynamics. This sim-
plifies the equations, but which are still very complicated, the analytic solution,
even if an approximate analytic solution, is not available and not like that in the
classical fluid dynamics, there one has obtained quite lot of approximate analytic
solutions. Although the equations in the classical fluid dynamics are complex,
which are much simpler than those in hydrodynamics of soft matter, it should be
pointed out that the Stokes approximation in the two-dimensional case leads to the
famous Stokes paradox—there be no solution. Oseen [8] deeply analysed the
Stokes paradox physically. To overcome the paradox, the Stokes approximate
equations must be modified; they should be replaced by Oseen approximate
equations and leads to reasonable solutions in the two-dimensional case. The further
discussion on this can refer to Sommerfeld [9], Sleozkin [10] and Kochin et al. [11].
When we discuss the soft-matter dynamics, especially the two-dimensional
4 1 Introduction to Soft Matter in Brief
problems, we will touch the similar problems, and the Oseen theory is very
important and useful for us. Note that the [10] pointed out Oseen approximation
holds for the cases Re\10, which is helpful for the study of soft matter.
In addition, in the previous introduction concerning soft matter is very limited
and preliminary, which only provides the most elementary knowledge for presen-
tation and application in the current chapter. Suggest readers to refer monographs
[2–5] for a further understanding of soft matter, such a great broader field with
fruitful contents. The hydrodynamics and possible hydrodynamics will be intro-
duced in the subsequent chapters.
References
1. P.D. de Gennes, Soft matter. Mod. Phys. Rev. 64, 544–548; Angew. Chem. 31, 842–845
(1992)
2. T.A. Witten, P.A. Pincus, Structured Fluids: Polymers, Colloids, Surfactants (Oxford
University Press, New York, 2004)
3. M. Kleman, Soft Matter Physics: An Introduction (Springer, Berlin, 2003)
4. M. Motiv, Sensitive Matter: Foams, Liquid Crystals and Other Materials, (New York,
Harvard University Press, Gels, 2010)
5. N.J. Israelachvili, Intermolecular and Surface Forces (Academic Press, New York, 2010)
6. H.X. Guo, Coarse-graining model of polymers, in Computer Simulation of Soft Matter and
Theoretical Methods (Chemical Industry Press, Beijing, 2010) (in Chinese)
7. T.Y. Fan, Mathematical Theory of Elasticity of Quasicrystals and Its Applications (Science
Press, Beijing, Springer, Heidelberg, (1st edn.), 2010, (2nd edn.), 2016)
8. C.W. Oseen, Ueber die Stokes’sche Formel und ueber eine verwandte Aufgabe in der
Hydrodynamik, Ark. Math. Astronom. Fys. 6(29) (1910); C.W. Oseen, Neuere Methoden und
Ergibnisse in der Hydrodynamik, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig (1927)
9. A. Sommerfeld, Vorlesungen ueber theoretische Physik, Band II, Mechanik der deformier-
baren Medien, Verlag Harri Deutsch, Thun. Frankfurt/M. (1992)
10. N.A. Sleozkin, Incompressible Viscous Fluid Dynamics (Gostehizdat Press, Moscow, 1959)
(in Russian)
11. N.E. Kochin, I.A. Kibel’i, N.V. Roze, Theoretical Hydrodynamics (Government Press of
Phys-Math Literature, Moscow, 1953) (in Russian)
Chapter 2
Discovery of Soft-Matter Quasicrystals
and Their Properties
2.1 Soft-Matter Quasicrystals with 12- and 18-Fold

Symmetries
During 2004, Zeng et al. [1] observed the quasicrystals with 12-fold symmetry in
liquid crystals. Almost at the same time, in 2005 Takano [2] and in 2007 Hayashida
et al. [3] discovered the similar structure in polymers. The quasicrystals of 12-fold
symmetry were observed also in chalcogenides and organic dendrons.
In 2009, Talapin and coworkers [4] found the quasicrystals of 12-fold symmetry
in complex of binary nanoparticles.
Figure 2.1 shows the diffraction pattern of soft-matter quasicrystals with 12-fold
symmetry.
In 2011, the 12- and 18-fold symmetry quasicrystals were discovered in colloids
by Fischer et al. [5]; they observed the structures in PI30-PEO120 of one of Poly
(Isoprene-b-ethylene oxide) (PIn-PEOm) at room temperature, by using X-ray
scattering and neutron scattering. The 18-fold symmetry quasicrystal is the first
observed since 1982 in solid and soft-matter quasicrystals, whose diffraction pattern
and Penrose tiling are shown in Figs. 2.2 and 2.3, respectively.
More recently, Cheng et al. [6] observed the 12-fold symmetry quasicrystals in
giant surfactants, which is the first observation in this kind of soft matter.
Though the 12-fold symmetry quasicrystals in solids were discussed quite long
time already, the 18-fold symmetry quasicrystals are studied for the first time to us,
which have not been known previously. This is very new and interesting topics. The
12-fold symmetry quasicrystals in theory of solid quasicrystals are well known, but
the 18-fold symmetry quasicrystals are totally a new phase to the researchers, which
are unknown for most readers; we have only very few of understanding for the
structure and properties.
In solid quasicrystals people know the formation of quasiperiodic structure lies
in atom arrangement. In soft matter the formation of quasiperiodic structure men-
tioned above presents a quite different mechanism, e.g. self-assemble of spherical
6 2 Discovery of Soft-Matter Quasicrystals and Their Properties
Fig. 2.1 Diffraction pattern

of 12-fold symmetry
quasicrystals in soft matter
Fig. 2.2 Diffraction pattern

of soft-matter quasicrystals
with 18-fold symmetry
building blocks by supramolecules, compounds, block copolymers,

micrometre-sized colloidal grains and so on. Figure 2.4 shows some examples of
compounds exhibiting conical conformations that self-assemble into spherical
supramolecular dendrimers forming quasicrystals.
These discoveries present highly importance and extremely interesting. At first,
under certain temperature and density, quasicrystal state in soft matter is stable; this
promotes us to understand quasicrystals theoretically. It is well known that qua-
sicrystal state in metallic alloys is formed under a rapid cooling condition, which is
2.1 Soft-Matter Quasicrystals with 12- and 18-Fold Symmetries 7
Fig. 2.3 The Penrose tiling of quasicrystals with 18-fold symmetry in soft matter
Fig. 2.4 Seven examples of compounds exhibiting conical conformations that self-assembly into
spherical supramolecular dendrimers forming quasicrystals
quite different from that of soft-matter quasicrystals, because these two cases are in
quite different thermodynamic environments. The discovery of 18-fold symmetry
quasicrystals leads to appearance of new point groups and space groups, and
promotes the development of symmetry theory and group theory. Of course, the
appearance of these new quasicrystals enlarges the scope of the quasicrystal study.
Finally, soft-matter quasicrystals may be a class of photon band gap material,
present in the application or potential application meaning in electronics, device
technology, etc. In addition, the self-assembly technique developing in the study is

meaningful as well.
2.2 Characters of Soft-Matter Quasicrystals
Based on the experimental results the soft-matter quasicrystals are observed in

different kinds of soft matter; their forms and structures are quite different to each
other. This book is unable specially and in detail to study soft matter. Our object is
only to study soft-matter quasicrystals, and for this purpose we have to understand a
preliminary and necessary knowledge on soft matter. The nature of soft matter is an
intermediate phase between ideal solid and simple fluid, or call it is as a complex
fluid or structured fluid, more exactly a complex liquid or structured liquid, which is
one of soft condensed matters.
The soft-matter quasicrystals observed so far are two-dimensional. During the
process of their formation it accomplished the chemical reactions and some phase
transitions, such that crystal–quasicrystal transition, liquid crystal–quasicrystal
transition, etc. In the formation process of quasicrystals coming from colloids, there
is a connection with electricity, because the particles in colloids have charges.
These complex physical–chemical effects are not discussed in our presentation on
soft-matter quasicrystals yet.
The main attention hereafter is on mechanical behaviour and continuous theory
of soft-matter quasicrystals.
The related thermodynamics of soft-matter quasicrystals will be simply intro-
duced. Lifshitz et al. [7, 8] studied thermodynamics; they attended the stability of
the new phase, which is a very important problem, of course. For studying
hydrodynamics of soft-matter quasicrystals, an equation of state is necessary. Fan
and coworkers [9, 10] gave some preliminary discussions, but the model needs
experimental verification. Some results concerning thermodynamics of soft matter
will be discussed in brief in Chap. 4.
Due to lack of experimental data, numerical analysis can help us to obtain some
results on mechanical and physical behaviour of the matter. For example, after our
computation, we find the compressibility of soft-matter quasicrystals is quite large,
e.g. dq=q0 ¼ 104 103 ; dq ¼ q q0 , while for solid quasicrystals,
dq=q0 ¼ 1013 ; in addition, the ratio pyy =ryy 1, i.e. the ratio between fluid stress
over elastic stress is almost the same order of magnitude for soft-matter qua-
sicrystals,
while the ratio between viscous stress and elastic stress is about
0
ryy =ryy 1015 for solid quasicrystals, where ryy denotes the elastic stress, r0yy is
the solid viscous stress, and pyy is the fluid stress, refer to Cheng et al. [11, 12],
which show the compressibility and fluid phonon are very important in soft-matter
quasicrystals. The gigantic distinctions in the hydrodynamic behaviour between
soft-matter quasicrystals and solid quasicrystals also reveal the great differences in
2.2 Characters of Soft-Matter Quasicrystals 9
nature between these two kinds of matters, in fact. This is not differentiated only in
quantity. Of course these computational results are needed to be verified by
experiments.
In addition, some characters of general soft matter hold for soft-matter qua-
sicrystals, e.g. the motion of soft-matter quasicrystals is in small Reynolds number,
similar to that of the general soft matter.
2.3 Some Concepts Concerning Possible Hydrodynamics

on Soft-Matter Quasicrystals
Solid quasicrystals are generated among metal alloys; soft-matter quasicrystals are
generated in liquid crystals, colloids, polymers, surfactants, etc.; latter belong to
some kinds of soft matter. These soft matters exist a quite long period; they belong
to nontraditional materials rather than traditional ones, which we are not so familiar
with them. Soft matter is the common title, introduced by de Gennes [13] in 1991,
of liquid crystals, colloids, polymers, foams, emulsions, surfactants, biomacro-
molecules, etc.; they are neither ideal solid nor simple fluid, but present characters
of both solid and fluid, belonging to an intermediate phase between isotropic fluid
and ideal solid macroscopically. Sometimes, one calls them as anisotropic fluid or
structured fluid [14–17]. In Chap. 1 we have mentioned in brief about these.
2.4 First and Second Kinds of Two-Dimensional

Quasicrystals
Up to now, discovered soft-matter quasicrystals, i.e. 12- and 18-fold symmetry

quasicrystals are two-dimensional quasicrystals, but there are distinctions between
them from point of view of symmetry. The 12-fold symmetry quasicrystals are
similar to those of 5-, 8- and 10-fold symmetry quasicrystals, they may be classified
as first kind of two-dimensional quasicrystals according to quasiperiodic structure,
while 18- and possible 7-, 9- and 14-fold symmetry quasicrystals belong to second
kind of two-dimensional quasicrystals [18]. The detailed analysis will be given in
Chaps. 10 and 11, but the second kind of two-dimensional quasicrystals has not
well been studied including their symmetry; only a few of point groups are dis-
cussed. Based on the analysis, the first kind of two-dimensional quasicrystals has
phonon and phason elementary excitations, while the second kind of
two-dimensional quasicrystals has phonon, first and second phason elementary
excitations, respectively. The concept of the second phasons was suggested by Hu
et al. [19], in which they developed a hypothesis on six-dimensional embedding
space, and the discussion was based on group representation theory. In Chaps. 7, 8
and 9, we will discuss the first kind of two-dimensional soft-matter quasicrystals,
Table 2.1 Systems, Laue classes and point groups of the first kind of two-dimensional
quasicrystals
Systems Laue classes (for solid) Point groups
5-fold symmetry 11 5;
5
12 5m; 52;
5m
10-fold symmetry 13 10; 10; 10=m
14 10mm; 1022; 10m2; 10=mmm
8-fold symmetry 15 8;
8; 8=m
16 8mm; 822;
8m2; 8=mmm
12-fold symmetry 17 12; 12; 12=m
18 12mm; 1222; 12m2; 12=mmm
Table 2.2 Point groups of the second kind of two-dimensional quasicrystals

Axis Plus mh Plus mv Plus 2h Plus multi-operators
7 14 7m 72 14m2
7 7m 7m
14 14/m 14mm 1422 14/mmm
14 14m2 14m2
9 18 9m 92 18m2
9 9m 9m
18 18/m 18mm 1822 18/mmm
18 18m2 18m2
and in Chaps. 10 and 11, we will discuss the second kind of two-dimensional
soft-matter quasicrystals, respectively. Compared with the first kind of
two-dimensional quasicrystals, the theory on the second one is developing, so there
are only very few of results.
The symmetry of the first kind of soft-matter quasicrystals can be drawn from the
analysis of solid quasicrystals, i.e. the point groups are listed in Table 2.1, of
course, the Laue classes are not needed here.
The symmetries on the soft-matter quasicrystals of the second kind have not well
been studied, but Tang and Fan [20] put forward the point group classification and
the group representation on the structure.
Based on the Schoenflies method, the point groups of 7-, 14-, 9- and 18-fold
symmetry quasicrystals are listed in Table 2.2.
The theory of group representation including the character tables of the second
kind of two-dimensional quasicrystals given in [20] is quite complicated. The
introduction about the derivation needs a very large volume of space, which is not
able to be conducted here. The key results concerning this are the determination of
quadratic invariants of strain tensors of phonons, first and second phasons and their
2.4 First and Second Kinds of Two-Dimensional Quasicrystals 11
couplings (i.e. the determination of all independent nonzero components of physical

modulus tensors of the material) so the constitutive equations, which will be pre-
sented in Chaps. 10 and 11, respectively.
2.5 Motivation of Our Discussion in the Book
The soft-matter quasicrystals including their formation mechanism are very inter-
esting. However, we could not study the mechanism.
Soft-matter quasicrystals present some applications and potential applications;
this suggests the study on their structures and properties. The structures and
properties are very complex, and we aim to discuss only in macroscopic dynamics
concerning the matter distribution, deformation and motion of the material, or say
on their hydrodynamics. Due to a lack of experimental data, the discussion is only
limited in computation with the assistant of mathematical physics and computa-
tional physics. A few of preliminary results may help reader to understand some
macroscopic behaviour of soft-matter quasicrystals. Although we limit the macro-
scope of the discussion and do not concern their formation mechanism, which is
connected to mesoscope still, for example, the equation of state used in the study is
a mesoscope result. Of course, we do not further touch the mesocropic regime.
References
1. X. Zeng, G. Ungar, Y. Liu, V. Percec, A.E. Dulcey, J.K. Hobbs, Supramolecular dendritic
liquid quasicrystals. Nature 428, 157–159 (2004)
2. K. Takano, A mesoscopic Archimedian tiling having a complexity in polymeric stars.
J. Polym. Sci. Pol. Phys. 43, 2427–2432 (2005)
3. K. Hayashida, T. Dotera, A. Takano, Y. Matsushita, Polymeric quasicrystal: mesoscopic
quasicrystalline tiling in ABC starpolymmers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 195502 (2007)
4. V.D. Talapin, E.V. Shevechenko, M.I. Bodnarchuk, X.C. Ye, J. Chen, C.B. Murray,
Quasicrystalline order in self-assembled binary nanoparticle superlattices. Nature 461, 964–
967 (2009)
5. S. Fischer, A. Exner, K. Zielske, J. Perlich, S. Deloudi, W. Steuer, P. Linder, S. Foestor,
Colloidal quasicrystals with 12-fold and 18-fold diffraction symmetry. Proc Nat. Acad. Sci.
108, 1810–1814 (2011)
6. K. Yue, M.J. Huang, R. Marson, J.L. He, J.H. Huang, Z. Zhou, C. Liu, X.S. Yan, K. Wu,
J. Wang, Z.H. Guo, H. Liu, W. Zhang, P.H. Ni, C. Wesdemiotis, W.-B. Zhang, S.C. Glotzer,
S.Z.D. Cheng, Geometry induced sequence of nanoscale Frank-Kasper and quasicrystal
mesophases in giant surfactants. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 113(50), 1392–1400 (2016)
7. R. Lifshitz, H. Diamant, Soft quasicrystals—why are they stable? Phil. Mag. 87(18), 3021–
3030 (2007)
8. K. Barkan, H. Diamant, R. Lifshitz, Stability of quasicrystals composed of soft isotropic
particles. Phys. Rev. B 83, 172201 (2011)
9. T.Y. Fan, J.J. Sun, Four phonon model for studying thermodynamics of soft-matter
quasicrystals. Phil. Mag. Lett. 94(2), 112–117 (2014)
10. T.Y. Fan, Equation system of generalized hydrodynamics of soft-matter quasicrystals. Appl.
Math. Mech. 37(4), 331–347 (2016) (in Chinese)
11. H. Cheng, T.Y. Fan, H. Wei, Characters of deformation and motion of possible soft-matter
quasicrystals with 5- and 10-fold symmetry. Appl. Phys. A. (2017) (submitted)
12. H. Cheng, T.Y. Fan, H. Wei, Solutions of hydrodynamics of quasicrystals with 5- and 10-fold
symmetry. Appl. Math. Mech. 37(10), 1393–1404 (2016)
13. P.D. de Gennes, Soft matter. Mod. Phys. Rev. 64, 544–548 (1992); Angew. Chem. 31, 842–
845 (1992)
14. T.A. Witten, P.A. Pincus, Structured Fluids: Polymers, Colloids, Surfactants (Oxford
15. M. Kleman, Soft Matter Physics: An Introduction (Springer, Berlin, 2003)
16. M. Motiv, Sensitive Matter: Foams, Gels, Liquid Crystals and Other Materials (Harvard
17. N.J. Israelachvili, Intermolecular and Surface Forces (Academic Press, New York, 2010)
18. T.Y. Fan, Generalized hydrodynamics of soft-matter second two-dimensional quasicrystals.
Appl. Math. Mech. 38(2), 189–199 (2017) (in Chinese)
19. C.Z. Hu, D.H. Ding, W.G. Yang, R.H. Wang, Possible two-dimensional quasicrystals
structures with six-dimensional embedding space. Phys. Rev. B 49(14), 9423–9427 (1994)
20. Z.Y. Tang, T.Y. Fan, Point groups and group representation theory of second kind of
two-dimensional quasicrystals, Sci. China G (2017) (submitted)
Chapter 3
Review in Brief on Elasticity
and Hydrodynamics of Solid Quasicrystals
The elasticity and hydrodynamics of solid quasicrystals are two of basis of

dynamics of soft-matter quasicrystals, a review in brief of the topics given in this
chapter; it may be beneficial for understanding dynamics of soft-matter
quasicrystals.
3.1 Physical Basis of Elasticity of Quasicrystals, Phonons

and Phasons
Immediately after the discovery of quasicrystals, Bak [1] published the principle of
elasticity in which he used some important results in condensed matter physics; the
core is the Landau theory on symmetry-breaking and elementary excitation of
condensed matter. Bak [1, 2] pointed out too; ideally, one would like to explain the
structure from first-principles calculations taking into account the actual electronic
properties of constituent atoms. Such a calculation is hardly possible to date. So he
suggested that the Landau’s phenomenological theory [3] on structural transition
can be used, i.e. the condensed phase is described by a symmetry-breaking order
parameter which transforms as an irreducible representation of the symmetry group
of a liquid with full translational and rotational symmetry. According to the Landau
theory, the order parameter of quasicrystals is the wave vector of expansion of
density wave in reciprocal lattice. For the density of the ordered, low-temperature
d-dimensional quasicrystal can be expressed as a Fourier series by extended for-
mula defined by Anderson [4] (the expansion exists due to the periodicity in lattice
or reciprocal lattice of higher dimensional space):
X X
qðrÞ ¼ qG expfiG rg ¼ jqG j expfiUG þ iG rg; ð3:1:1Þ
G2LR G2LR
14 3 Review in Brief on Elasticity and Hydrodynamics …
where G is a reciprocal vector, and LR is the reciprocal lattice (the concepts on the
reciprocal vector and reciprocal lattice, referring to Chap. 1 of Ref [27]), and qG is a
complex number
qG ¼ jqG jeiUG ; ð3:1:2Þ
with an amplitude jqG j and phase angle UG , due to qðrÞ being real, jqG j ¼ jqG j
and UG ¼ UG .
P There exists a set of N base vectors, {Gn }, so that each G 2 LR can be written as
mn Gn for integers mn . Furthermore N ¼ kd, where k is the number of the
mutually incommensurate vectors in the d-dimensional quasicrystal. In general,
k ¼ 2. A convenient parametrization of the phase angle is given by
Un ¼ Gkn u þ G?
n w ð3:1:3Þ
in which u can be understood similar to the phonon like that in conventional

crystals, while w can be understood by the phason degrees of freedom in qua-
sicrystals, which describe the local rearrangement of unit-cell description based on
the Penrose tiling. Both are functions of the position vector in the physical space
only, where Gkn is the reciprocal vector in the physical space Ek3 just mentioned and
G? 3
n is the conjugate vector in the perpendicular space E? . People can realize that
the above-mentioned Bak’s hypothesis is a natural development of Anderson’s
theory [4].
Almost at the same time, Levine et al. [5], Lubensky et al. [6, 7], Lubensky [8],
Kalugin et al. [9], Torian and Mermin [10], Jaric [11], Duneau and Katz [12],
Socolar et al. [13], Gahler and Phyner [14] carried out the study on elasticity of
quasicrystals. Though the researchers studied the elasticity from different descrip-
tions, e.g. the unit-cell description based on the Penrose tiling is adopted too, the
density wave description based on the Laudau phenomenological theory on sym-
metry breaking of condensed matter has played the central role and been widely
acknowledged. This means there are two elementary excitations of low-energy,
phonon u and phason w for quasicrystals, in which vector u is in the parallel space
Ek3 and vector w is in the perpendicular space E? 3
, respectively, so that total dis-
placement field for quasicrystals is
¼ uk u? ¼ u w;
u
where represents the direct sum.

According to the argument of Bak et al.,
u ¼ uðrk Þ; w ¼ wðrk Þ;
3.1 Physical Basis of Elasticity of Quasicrystals, Phonons and Phasons 15
i.e. u and w depend upon special radius vector rk in parallel space Ek3 only. For
simplicity, the superscript of rk is removed in the presentation in Sects. 3.2–3.8.
Even if introducing u and w by such a way the concept of phason is hard to be
accepted by some readers.
Solid quasicrystal has become a type of functional and structural materials,
having potential engineering applications. As a material, quasicrystal is deformed
under applied forces, thermal loads and certain internal effects. The deformation of
crystals has been well known. Questions arise as to what the characteristics in the
deformation process of the quasicrystals are. How to describe mathematically the
behaviour of the quasicrystal deformation and motion? To answer these questions,
it is necessary to consider the physical background of elasticity of quasicrystals.
The study in this regard was conducted soon after discovery of the new solid phase.
Because quasicrystals observed in binary and ternary alloys belong to a new
structure of solid, theoretical physicists have proposed various descriptions of their
elasticity. The majority agrees that the Landau density wave theory (refer to [1–25])
is the physical basis of elasticity of quasicrystals. Essentially, the description
suggested that there are two displacement fields u and w in a quasicrystal: the
former is similar to that in crystals, named the phonon field according to the
physical terminology, and its macro-mechanical behaviour is discussed in many
books; the latter is new displacement field named phason field. The total dis-
placement field in a quasicrystal is expressed by
¼ uk u? ¼ u w;
u ð3:1:4Þ
where represents the direct sum. According to the explanation of physicists, u is

in the physical space, or the parallel space Ek3 ; w is in the complement space, or
3
perpendicular space E? , which is an internal space.
Furthermore, the two displacement vectors are dependent only upon the coor-
dinate vector rk in physical space, i.e.
u ¼ uðrk Þ; w ¼ wðrk Þ: ð3:1:5Þ
For simplicity, the superscript of rk will be removed hereafter. From the angle of
mathematical theory of elasticity of quasicrystals and its technological applications,
formulas (3.1.4) and (3.1.5) are enough for understanding the following contents
within Chaps. 7–11 of the book.
With basic formulas (3.1.4) and (3.1.5) and some fundamental conservation laws
well known in physics, the macroscopic basis of the continuous medium model of
elasticity of solid quasicrystals can be set up, and in some extent, the discussion is
an extension to that in elasticity of crystals.
3.2 Deformation Tensors
In theory of crystal elasticity one introduced that the deformation of phonon field
lies in the relative displacement (i.e. the rigid translation and rotation do not result
in deformation), which can be expressed by
du ¼ u0 u:
If we set up an orthogonal coordinate system (x1 ; x2 ; x3 ) or (x; y; z), then we have

u ¼ ðux ; uy ; uz Þ ¼ ðu1 ; u2 ; u3 Þ and
@ui
dui ¼ dxj ; ð3:2:1Þ
@xj
in which @ui =@xj has the meaning of the gradient of vector u. In some publications
one denotes
2 3
@ux @ux @ux
@x @y @z
@ui 6 @u @uy @uy 7
ru ¼ ¼ 6 y 7 ð3:2:2Þ
@xj 4 @x @y @z 5
@uz @uy @uy
@x @y @z
and
2 3
2 @ux @ux @ux 3 @ux 1 @ux
þ
@uy 1 @ux
þ @uz
@x @y @x @z @x
@x @y @z 6 2 2
7
6 @uy 7 6 1 @u 7
6 @uy @uy 7¼6 @uy @uy @uy @uz 7
5 6 2 @y þ þ
x 1
4 @x @y @z @x @y 2 @z @y 7
@uz @uz @uz
4 5
@uz @uy
@x @y @z
1 @ux
2 @z þ @x
1
2 @z þ @u
@y
z @uz
@z
2 3
@uy @uz
0 12 @x @u
@y
x
12 @x @u
@z
x
6 7
6 1 @u @uy
@uy 7
6
þ 6 2 @y @x
x
0 2 @y @z 7
1 @uz
7
4 5
@uz 1 @uy @uz
12 @u
@z
x
@x 2 @z @y 0

1 @ui @uj 1 @uj @ui
¼ þ ¼ eij þ xij
2 @xj @xi 2 @xi @xj

1 @ui @uj
eij ¼ þ ð3:2:3Þ
2 @xj @xi

1 @ui @uj
xij ¼ : ð3:2:4Þ
2 @xj @xi
3.2 Deformation Tensors 17
This means the gradient of phonon vector u can be decomposed into two parts eij
and xij , in which eij has a contribution to deformation energy, and xij represents a
kind of rigid rotations. We consider only eij , which is phonon deformation tensor,
called strain tensor, and a symmetric tensor: eij ¼ eji .
Similarly, for phason field we have
@wi
dwi ¼ dxj ð3:2:5Þ
@xj
and
2 @wx @wx @wx 3
@x @y @z
@wi 6 @wy @wy @wy 7
rw ¼ ¼ 4 @x @y @z 5; ð3:2:6Þ
@xj @wz @wz @wz
@x @y @z
though it can be decomposed into symmetric and asymmetric parts, but all com-
ponents @w
@xj contribute to the deformation of quasicrystals, the phason deformation
i
tensor, or phason strain tensor, is defined by
@wi
wij ¼ ; ð3:2:7Þ
@xj
which describes the local rearrangement of atoms in a cell, is asymmetric tensor

wij 6¼ wji .
The difference between eij and wij given by (3.2.3) and (3.2.7) is originated from
physical properties of phonon modes and phason modes. This can also be explained
by group theory, i.e. they follow different irreducible representations for some
symmetry transformations for most quasicrystal systems, except the
three-dimensional cubic quasicrystal system; the detail about this is omitted here.
For the three-dimensional cubic quasicrystals, the phason modes exhibit the
same behaviour like that of phonon modes, which will be particularly discussed in
Chap. 9 of the book given by Fan [27].
3.3 Stress Tensors and Equations of Motion
The gradient of displacement field w figures out the local rearrangement of atoms in
a cell in quasicrystals. It needs external forces to drive the atoms through barriers
when they make the local rearrangement in a cell, such that, there is an another kind
of body forces and tractions apart from the conventional body forces f and tractions
T for deformed quasicrystals, which are named the generalized body forces (den-
sity) g and generalized tractions (the generalized area forces density) h.
At first, we consider the static case.

Denoting the stress tensor corresponding to eij by rij , called the phonon stress
tensor, and that too wij by Hij , the phason stress tensor, we have the following
equilibrium equations:
@rij
)
@xj þ fi ¼ 0
@Hij ðx; y; zÞ 2 X; ð3:3:1Þ
@xj þ gi ¼ 0
based on the momentum conservation law.

From the angular momentum conservation law to the phonon field
Z Z Z
d
rk qudX
_ ¼ rk fdX þ rk TdC; ð3:3:2Þ
dt
X X X
and by using the Gauss theorem, it follows that
rij ¼ rji : ð3:3:3Þ
This indicates that the phonon stress tensor is symmetric.

Since rk and wðg; hÞ transform under different representations of the point
groups, more precisely, the former transforms like a vector, but latter does not; the
product representations rk w, rk g and rk h do not contain any vector rep-
resentations. This implies that for the phason field there is no equation analogous to
(3.3.2), from which it follows that, generally,
Hij 6¼ Hji : ð3:3:4Þ
The result holds for all quasicrystal systems except the case for three-dimensional
cubic quasicrystals.
In dynamic case, the deformation process is quite complicated and there are
different arguments. Levine et al. [5] claimed that phonon modes and phason modes
are different based on their role in six-dimensional hydrodynamics; phonons are
wave propagations while phasons are diffusive with very large diffusive time.
Physically, the phason modes represent a relative motion of the constituent density
waves. Dolinsek et al. [22, 23] further developed the point of view of Lubensky
et al. and argued the atom flip or atom-hopping concept for the phason dynamics.
But according to Bak [1, 2], the phason describes particular structural disorders or
structure fluctuations in quasicrystals, and it can be formulated based on a
six-dimensional space description. Since there are six continuous symmetries, there
exist six hydrodynamic vibration modes. In the following, we give a brief intro-
duction on elastodynamics based on the Bak’s argument as well as argument of
Lubensky et al.
3.3 Stress Tensors and Equations of Motion 19
Ding et al. [26] derived that

@rij
)
þ fi ¼ q @@tu2i
2
@xj
@Hij ðx; y; zÞ 2 X; t [ 0; ð3:3:5Þ
þ gi ¼ q @@tw2 i
2
@xj
based on the momentum conservation law. We believe that the derivation is carried
out by the Bak’s argument, in which q is the mass density of quasicrystals.
According to the argument of Lubensky et al., people cannot obtain (3.3.5);
instead
@rij
)
þ fi ¼ q @@tu2i
2
@xj
@Hij ðx; y; zÞ 2 X; t [ 0; ð3:3:6Þ
@xj þ gi ¼ j @w
@t
i
in which j ¼ 1=Cw , and Cw is the kinetic coefficient of phason field. The equations
are given by Fan et al. [30], and Rochal and Lorman [32], which are identical to
those given by Lubensky et al. [6] for linear case and omitting fluid velocity field.
Lubensky et al. gave their hydrodynamics formulation based on Landau
symmetry-breaking principle, so (3.3.6) may be seen as elasto-/hydrodynamic
equation of quasicrystals. In particular, the second equation of (3.3.6) presents the
dissipation feature of motion of phason degrees in dynamic process, and it is
irreversible thermodynamically.
3.4 Free Energy Density and Elastic Constants
Consider the free energy density or the strain energy density of a quasicrystal
Fðeij ; wij Þ whose general expression is difficult to obtain. We take a Taylor
expansion in the neighbourhood of eij ¼ 0 and wij ¼ 0, and remain up to the
second-order term, then

1 @2F 1 @2F
Fðeij ; wij Þ ¼ eij ekl þ eij wkl
2 @eij @ekl 0 2 @eij @wkl 0
2
1 @ F 1 @2F
þ wij wkl þ wij ekl
2 @wij @wkl 0 2 @wij @ekl 0 ð3:4:1Þ
1 1 1 1
¼ Cijkl eij ekl þ Rijkl eij wkl þ Kijkl wij wkl þ R0ijkl wij ekl
2 2 2 2
¼ Fu þ Fw þ Fuw ;
where Fu , Fw and Fuw denote the parts contributed by phonon, phason and phonon–
phason coupling respectively and

@2F
Cijkl ¼ ð3:4:2Þ
@eij @ekl 0
is the phonon elastic constant tensor, discussed in Chap. 2 already, and
Cijkl ¼ Cklij ¼ Cjikl ¼ Cijlk : ð3:4:3Þ
The tensor can be expressed by a symmetric matrix
½C 99 :
In (3.4.1) another elastic constant tensor

@2F
Kijkl ¼ ; ð3:4:4Þ
@wij @wkl 0
in which, the suffixes j; l belong to space Ek3 , and i; k to space E?

3
, and
Kijkl ¼ Kklij : ð3:4:5Þ
All components of Kijkl can also be expressed by symmetric matrix
½K 99 :
In addition,

@2F
Rijkl ¼ ð3:4:6Þ
@eij @wkl 0

@2F
R0ijkl ¼ ð3:4:7Þ
@wij @ekl 0
are the elastic constants of phonon–phason coupling, to be noted that, the suffixes
i; j; l belong to space Ek3 and k belongs to space E?
3
, and
Rijkl ¼ Rjikl ; R0ijkl ¼ Rklij ; R0klij ¼ Rijkl ð3:4:8Þ
but
3.4 Free Energy Density and Elastic Constants 21
Rijkl 6¼ Rklij ; R0ijkl 6¼ R0klij ; ð3:4:9Þ
all components of which can be expressed in symmetric matrixes
½R99 ; ½R0 99
and
½RT ¼ ½R0 ; ð3:4:10Þ
where T denotes the transpose operator. The composition of four matrixes

½C; ½K ; ½R and ½R0 forms a matrix with 18 18

½C ½R ½C ½R
½C; K; R ¼ ¼ : ð3:4:11Þ
½R0 ½K ½RT ½K
If the strain tensor is expressed by a row vector with 18 elements, i.e.

e11 ; e22 ; e33 ; e23 ; e31 ; e12 ; e32 ; e13 ; e21 ;
eij ; wij ¼ ; ð3:4:12Þ
w11 ; w22 ; w33 ; w23 ; w31 ; w12 ; w32 ; w13 ; w21
the transpose of which denotes the array vector, then the free energy density (or
strain energy density) may be expressed by

1 ½C ½ R T
F¼ eij ; wij eij ; wij ; ð3:4:13Þ
2 ½RT ½K
which is identical to that given by (3.4.1).
3.5 Generalized Hooke’s Law
For application of theory of elasticity of quasicrystals to any science or engineering

problem, one must determine the displacement field and stress field, this requires
that we need to set up relationship between strains and stresses, and the relations are
called the generalized Hooke’s law of quasicrystalline material. From the free
energy density (3.4.1) or (3.4.13), we have
@F
rij ¼ ¼ Cijkl ekl þ Rijkl wkl
@eij
ð3:5:1Þ
@F
Hij ¼ ¼ Kijkl wkl þ Rklij ekl
@wij
or in the form of matrixes

rij ½C ½ R eij
¼ ; ð3:5:2Þ
Hij ½RT ½K wij
where

rij T
¼ rij ; Hij
Hij
ð3:5:3Þ
eij T
¼ eij ; wij :
wij
3.6 Boundary Conditions and Initial Conditions
The above general formulas give a description of the basic law of elasticity of
quasicrystals and provide a key to solve those problems in application for academic
research and engineering practice, the formulas hold in any interior of the body, i.e.
ðx; y; zÞ 2 X where ðx; y; zÞ denote the coordinates of any point of the interior, and
X the body. The formulas are concluded as some partial differential equations, and
to solve them, it is necessary to know the situation of the field variables at the
boundary S of X, and without appropriate information at the boundary, the solution
has no any physical meaning. According to practical case the boundary S consists of
two parts St and Su , i.e. S ¼ St þ Su , at St the tractions are given and at Su the
displacements are prescribed. For the former case

rij nj ¼ Ti
ðx; y; zÞ 2 St ; ð3:6:1Þ
Hij nj ¼ hi
where nj represents the unit outward normal vector at any point at S, Ti and hi , the
traction and generalized traction vectors, which are given functions at the boundary.
Formula (3.6.1) is called the stress boundary conditions. And for the latter case

ui ¼ ui
ðx; y; zÞ 2 Su ; ð3:6:2Þ
wi ¼ wi
where ui and w i are known functions at the boundary. Formula (3.6.2) is named the
displacement boundary conditions.
If S ¼ St (i.e. Su ¼ 0) the problem for solving (3.2.3), (3.2.7), (3.3.1) and (3.5.1)
under boundary conditions (3.6.1) is called stress boundary value problem. While
S ¼ Su (i.e. St ¼ 0), the problem for solving (3.2.3), (3.2.7), (3.3.1) and (3.5.1)
under boundary conditions (3.6.2) is called displacement boundary value problem.
3.6 Boundary Conditions and Initial Conditions 23
If S ¼ Su þ St and both St 6¼ 0; Su 6¼ 0, the problem for solving (3.2.3), (3.2.7),

(3.3.1) and (3.5.1) under boundary conditions (3.6.1) and (3.6.2) is called mixed
boundary value problem.
For dynamic problem, if taking wave equations (3.3.5) together with (3.2.3),
(3.2.7) and (3.5.1), besides boundary conditions (3.6.1) and (3.6.2) we must give
relevant initial value conditions, i.e.

ui ðx; y; z; 0Þ ¼ ui0 ðx; y; zÞ; u_ i ðx; y; z; 0Þ ¼ u_ i0 ðx; y; zÞ

ðx; y; zÞ 2 X; ð3:6:3Þ
wi ðx; y; z; 0Þ ¼ wi0 ðx; y; zÞ; w_ i ðx; y; z; 0Þ ¼ w_ i0 ðx; y; zÞ
in which ui0 ðx; y; z; 0Þ, u_ i0 ðx; y; z; 0Þ, wi0 ðx; y; z; 0Þ and w_ i0 ðx; y; z; 0Þ are known
functions and u_ i ¼ @u @t and w
i
_ i ¼ @w
@t . In this case the problem is called
i
initial-boundary value problem.

But if taking wave equations coupling diffusion equations (3.3.6) together with
(3.2.3) and (3.5.1), then the initial value conditions will be

ui ðx; y; z; 0Þ ¼ ui0 ðx; y; zÞ; u_ i ðx; y; z; 0Þ ¼ u_ i0 ðx; y; zÞ

ðx; y; zÞ 2 X: ð3:6:4Þ
wi ðx; y; z; 0Þ ¼ wi0 ðx; y; zÞ
This is also called initial-boundary value problem, but different from the previous
one.
3.7 Solutions of Elasticity
Based on the formulation given above systematical solutions of elasticity for dif-
ferent systems of solid quasicrystals are obtained; among them there are much
analytic exact solutions, and those results are significant, refer to Fan [27].
3.8 Generalized Hydrodynamics of Solid Quasicrystals
Generalized hydrodynamics is one of important branches on the study of solid

quasicrystals, refer to Lubensky et al. [28]. Though the discussion on phonon–
phason dynamics, suggested by Rochal and Lorman [29] and Fan et al. [30], is
concerned somewhat with generalized hydrodynamics, the description there is too
simple and too simplified; some nature of hydrodynamics of quasicrystals have not
been touched. We here intend to give a detailed introduction on hydrodynamics of
solid quasicrystals of Lubensky et al. The theory is concerned with many aspects of
physics and mathematics, which are listed in Chap. 5 of this book.
Before discovery of quasicrystals hydrodynamics of solid (crystals) has been
developed, see e.g. the work of Martin et al. [31], Fleming and Cohen [29], which is
related to the viscosity of solid. Considering the viscosity, the numbers of field
variables and field equations are enlarged. The nature is connected to symmetry
breaking. At first we introduce some basic concepts of viscosity of solid, which are
beneficial to understand hydrodynamics of quasicrystals.
3.8.1 Viscosity of Solid
The elasticity of discussed in Sects. 3.1–3.6 is reversible, and viscosity is one of

irreversible deformations. The irreversibility of viscosity lies in existence of dis-
sipation. To study viscosity of solid one can take a method
to that in fluid
similar
dynamics. Introducing velocity of mass point V ¼ Vx ; Vy ; Vz and tensor of
deformation velocity

_nij ¼ 1 @Vi þ @Vj ; ð3:8:1Þ
2 @xj @xi
the viscosity stress tensor is defined by

r0ij ¼ 2gL _nij 1 n_ kk dij þ g n_ kk dij ; ð3:8:2Þ
T
3
where it is considered only the isotropic viscosity, and denote gL the longitudinal
viscosity constant, and gT the transverse one. Equation (3.8.2) is the constitutive
law of viscosity of isotropic solid.
The general constitutive law of viscosity of solid is
r0ij ¼ gijkl n_ kl ; ð3:8:3Þ
in which gijkl represents viscosity coefficient tensor of anisotropic viscosity of solid.

A description of viscosity of solid can also be done by introducing a dissipation
function R such as
1
R ¼ gijkl n_ ij n_ kl ; ð3:8:4Þ
2
so that we have
@R
r0ij ¼ ; ð3:8:5Þ
@ n_ ij
which is similar to the strain energy in elasticity form. For the icosahedral qua-
sicrystals, the viscosity coefficients can be expressed as
3.8 Generalized Hydrodynamics of Solid Quasicrystals 25

2
gijkl ¼ fdij dkl þ g dik djl þ dil djk dij dkl : ð3:8:6Þ
3
For simplicity,
in this book we consider only the simplest case, i.e.
0 _ 1 _
rij ¼ 2g nij 3 nkk dij , only one viscosity constant g is used, for solid as well as
fluid. The details refer to [8].
3.8.2 Generalized Hydrodynamics of Solid Quasicrystals
Considering both elasticity and viscosity of solid quasicrystals leads to a gener-

alized hydrodynamics that is developed by Lubensky et al. [28], they derived the
governing equations of the hydrodynamics by using Poisson bracket method. Here
there are four systems of equations: mass conservation equation, momentum con-
servation equations, and equations of motion of phonons and phasons due to
symmetry breaking if the energy conservation equation does not considered. The
mass conservation equation is
@qðr; tÞ
¼ ri ðrÞðqVi Þ; ð3:8:7Þ
@t
and the momentum conservation law is
@gi ðr; tÞ
¼ rk ðrÞðVk gi Þ þ rj ðrÞ gijkl rk ðrÞgl
@t
dH dH ð3:8:8Þ
dij ri ðrÞuj qri ðrÞ ;
duj dq
gj ¼ qVj :
At meantime one has equations of motion of phonons due to symmetry breaking
@ui ðr; tÞ dH
¼ Vj rj ðrÞui Cu þ Vi ð3:8:9Þ
@t dui ðr; tÞ
and phason dissipation equations
@wi ðr; tÞ dH
¼ Vj rj ðrÞwi Cw ; ð3:8:10Þ
@t dwi ðr; tÞ
in which the Hamiltonian H is defined by

8 2
< R g2
H¼ 2q þ 1 dq
2 A q0 þ B q r u d d r þ Fu þ Fw þ Fuw ;
dq
ð3:8:11Þ
0
:
g ¼ qV
where the integral in (3.8.10) describes the contributions of momentum and vari-
ation of mass density, the last three terms of (3.8.11) denote the contributions of
phonon, phason and phonon–phason coupling, and A; B are new constants of
materials describing effect due to variation of mass density, respectively; the
superscript of volume element of integral represents dimension. Equations (3.8.7)–
(3.8.10) are the equations of motion of hydrodynamics for solid quasicrystals; the
field variables include mass density q, velocity Vi (or momentum qVi ), phonon
displacement ui and phason displacement wi . In order to write the Hamiltonian H
(3.8.11), one must give constitutive law of quasicrystals, in which the elastic
constitutive equations are discussed in detail in the first 16 chapters of second
edition of Fan’s book [27].
Above listed equations are derived by Lubensky et al. in 1985, but there was no
detail of derivation which is supplemented in Chap. 5.
3.9 Solution of Generalized Hydrodynamics of Solid

Quasicrystals
After linearization in Sects. 3.1–3.6 (3.8.1)–(3.8.4) were solved in Fourier trans-

form domain, but there were no solutions in time–spatial domain so far. Cheng et al.
[30] gave the solution in detail, in which Figs. 3.1 and 3.2 show a part of results of
their computation as follows.
Fig. 3.1 Variation of mass

density of the computational
point A1 (or A2) of specimen
versus time
3.10 Conclusion and Discussion 27
Fig. 3.2 Viscosity normal

stress at the computational
versus time
3.10 Conclusion and Discussion
This chapter gives an introduction on elasticity and hydrodynamics of solid qua-

sicrystals. The elasticity of quasicrystals is familiar by many workers in the field,
and the hydrodynamics was carried out starting from the work of Lubensky et al.,
which might be a development of one of crystals given by Martin et al. [31] and
Fleming and Cohen [32]. There are few of numerical results of the hydrodynamics,
and Cheng et al. [34] gave a part of the results, which may show some difficulties of
the study, which suggests a further work.
References
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Mn-Al alloys. Phys. Rev. Lett. 54(8), 1517–1519 (1985)
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Phys. Rev. B 32(9), 5764–5772 (1985)
3. L.D. Landau, E.M. Lifshitz, Theoretical Physics V: Statistical Physics, Part 1, 3rd edn.
(Pregamen Press, New York, 1980)
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Benjamin-Cummings, 1984)
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Introduction to Quasicrystals, ed. by M.V. Jaric (Academic Press, Boston, 1988), pp. 199–289
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12. M. Duneau, A. Katz, Quasiperiodic patterns. Phys. Rev. Lett. 54(25), 2688–2691 (1985)
13. J.E.S. Socolar, T.C. Lubensky, P.J. Steinhardt, Phonons, phasons, and dislocations in
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14. F. Gahler, J. Rhyner, Equivalence of the generalised grid and projection methods for the
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18. G. Coddens, W. Sturer, Time-of-flight neutron-scattering study of phason hopping in
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References 29
32. P.D. Fleming, C. Cohen, Hydrodynamics of solids. Phys. Rev. B 13(2), 500–516 (1976)
33. H. Cheng, T.Y. Fan, H. Wei, Characters of deformation and motion of soft-matter
quasicrystals. Appl. Phys. A (2017, in reviewing)
34. H. Cheng, T.Y. Fan, H. Wei, Solutions for hydrodynamics of 5- and 10-fold symmetry
quasicrystals. Appl. Math. Mech. 37(10), 1393–1404 (2016)
Chapter 4
Equation of State of Some Structured
Fluids
Equation of state, i.e. the equation connecting pressure and mass density limited
here, is very important for fluid dynamics. It is well known that the importance of the
equation is not only for the motion of conventional fluid but also for other sub-
stantive systems, refer to Chaikin and Lubensky [1]. Even if in the case of general
theory of relativity, e.g. Landau and Lifshitz [2], they pointed out, we must, how-
ever, make it clear that, the Einstein gravitational field equations have not completely
determined the distribution and motion of the matter, one must still add to them the
equation of state of the matter, i.e. an equation relating the pressure and mass
density. For the purpose to completely determine the distribution and motion of the
matter, the equation of state must be given along with the gravitational field equa-
tions. To the essence, solving the equation of state, one must analyze from micro-
scopy of fluids. Qian [3] had made some effort to study equation of state of liquids
from statistical physics and quantum mechanics, and obtained some results. So far
the study on equation of state is often to take method based on phenomenological
model and the results are of approximation, even if it is coarse approximation.
We discuss here only on a special problem concerning the soft-matter qua-
sicrystals rather than the general topics on equation of state. There is longstanding
puzzle in the hydrodynamics of soft matter concerning the question of equation of
state. This chapter focuses only on some very special cases of equation of state for a
class of soft matter which must be introduced; otherwise the succeeded discussion
could not be proceeded. In addition, we only list some results and do not touch the
in-depth theory.
4.1 Overview on Equation of State in Some Fluids
There are some successful examples of thermodynamics study in complex fluids,

one among them is the superfluid liquid 4 He, whose equation of state—the relation
between pressure and mass density is expressed by a very simple form [4]
32 4 Equation of State of Some Structured Fluids
p ¼ f ðqÞ ¼ aq2 þ bq3 þ cq4 ; ð4:1:1Þ
where a; b and c are constants, measured by experiment. This was an experimental

result, and simulation and experiment are in exact agreement to each other [5, 6].
Though the discussion is for the dense system and case of extreme low temperature,
the experience, especially the concept on fluid phonon developed by the Landau
school [7], is significant for other complex liquids. The form of the equation can be
referred for studying other complex liquids including soft matter, one needs to
determine the constants for individual complex liquids by experiments or/and
numerical simulation. If one obtains the results on a; b and c for soft matter, then
(4.1.1) can be used as equation of state for the matter, at present there were no the
results, (4.1.1) is unable to directly use the analysis in this chapter yet.
In the studies on thermodynamics of liquid crystals, e.g. [8, 9] etc., a normalized
equation of state for columnar liquid crystals in the one-dimensional case is given
by Wensink [8]
kB T q
p ¼ f ðqÞ ¼ 3 ; ð4:1:2Þ
L 1q
where L the thickness of hard disks. The result is very simple. One can find that the
discussion here belongs to a special structure of liquid crystals (it requires that
q\1, in dimensionless unit, i.e. q\q0 in dimensional unit), and the result is hardly
used in general cases of soft matter in computation.
In explosion physics [10] there is an equation of state
n
q c2 q
p ¼ f ðqÞ ¼ 0 0 1 ð4:1:3Þ
n q0
in macroscope, the authors suggested it can also be used for some solutions, in
which parameters n and c0 are empirical, whose determination is difficult, so the
application to soft matter.
In the case of general theory of relativity, as pointed out by Landau and Lifshitz
[2], apart from the equations of gravitational field, corresponding equation of state
is necessary, especially to the relativistic hydrodynamics, the equation of state
p ¼ pðq0 ; eÞ presents its importance, if there is no the equation, the set of the
evolution equations is not closed, in which q0 denotes the rest mass density (in
sense of relativity), e the specific internal energy. Alcubierre [11] suggested
p ¼ Kqc0 ð4:1:4Þ
K c1
e¼ q ð4:1:5Þ
c1 0
4.1 Overview on Equation of State in Some Fluids 33
Here K is a constant, q0 the rest mass density (in sense of relativity), and
cp
c¼ ð4:1:6Þ
cv
in which cp the specific heat of the matter at constant pressure, cv the specific heat
of the matter at constant volume, respectively. It is evident, in form, (4.1.4) is
similar to that in gas dynamics of conventional fluids.
Readers interested in the contents, can refer to the monograph, we here do not
discuss any more.
4.2 Possible Equations of State
The difficulties listed above suggest that we take other way for the probe. Some
lessons on thermodynamics of crystals are also beneficial. The Debye theory [12,
13] for crystals was well known. In addition, drawn from the Landau school [4] to
study Bose liquid,a fluid phonon concept is developed. By learning the Debye
[12, 13] theories, Fan and Fan [14] suggested an equation of state for soft-matter
quasicrystals based on the four phonon model [15], the form of the equation is
simple but the coefficients are complex which concern some macro- and
micro-structure constants. For this reason further discussion is omitted.
There is need to discuss (4.1.2) again which can be modified for purpose in
application, by an approximate treatment and dimensional analysis; from (4.1.2) we
can obtain
kB T 2
p ¼ f ðqÞ ¼ 3 q0 q þ q0 q2 þ q3 ð4:2:1Þ
l q0
3 3
which is similar to (4.1.1) in form, and l ¼ ð78Þ nm is the best for the numerical
computation, refer to the discussion in Chaps. 6–11 of this book.
4.3 Applications to Hydrodynamics of Soft-Matter

Quasicrystals
The soft-matter quasicrystals belong to a complex liquid, the matter distribution,

deformation and motion should be described through corresponding hydrody-
namics [16]. If there is no equation of state, then the equation system of the
hydrodynamics is not closed, i.e. the number of the field equations are less than that
of the field variables, the problem has no meaning physically, and cannot be solved
mathematically. We use the equation of state (4.2.1), the problem is consistent
physically and mathematically, the computation is successful [17–19], and fruitful
34 4 Equation of State of Some Structured Fluids
results on matter distribution, deformation and motion of soft-matter quasicrystals

are obtained, shows the equation of state is useful and effective, and promotes the
development of dynamics of soft-matter quasicrystals.
References
1. J. Chaikin, T.C. Lubensky, Principles of Condensed Matter Physics (Oxford University Press,
New York, 1995)
2. L.D. Landau, E.M. Lifshitz, Classical Theory of Field (Phys-Math Press, Moscow, 1962). (in
Russian)
3. X.S. Qian, in Physical Mechanics, 1st edn. (Science Press, Beijing, 1962); 2nd edn. (Shanghai
Jiaotong University Press, Shanghai, 2011). (in Chinese).
4. L.D. Landau, Theory of superfluidity of He II. J. Phys. 5, 71–90 (1941)
5. L. Pitaevskii, S. Stringari, Bose-Einstein Condensation (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 2003)
6. F. Dalfovo, A. Lastri, L. Pricaupenko,S. Stringari, J. Treiner, in Phys. Rev. B 52, 1193–1200
(1995)
7. E.M. Lifshitz, L.P. Pitaevskii, Statistical Physics, Part 2 (Butterworth-Heinemann Press,
Oxford, 1980)
8. H.H. Wensink, Equation of state of a dense columnar liquid crystal. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93,
157801 (2004)
9. W.S. Xu, Y.W. Li, Z.Y. Sun, L.J. An, in Hard ellipses: Equation of state, structure and
self-diffusion. arXiv.org.Cond-mat.arXiv.1212.6497
10. L.P. Orlenko (ed.), Explosion Physics, 3rd edn. (Fizmatlit, Moscow, 2011). (Chinese
translation by C.W. Sun, Science Press, Beijing, 2011)
11. M. Alcubierre, Introduction to 3 + 1 Numerical Relativity (Oxford University Press, New
York, 2008)
12. P. Debye, Die Eigentuemlichkeit der spezifischen Waermen bei tiefen Temperaturen. Arch de
Genéve 33(4), 256–258 (1912)
13. A. Sommerfeld, in Vorlesungen ueber theoretische Physik, Vol II, Mechanik der deformier-
baren Medien, Verlag Harri-Deutsch, Thun.Frankfort/M (1992)
14. L. Fan, T.Y. Fan, in Equation of State of Structured Liquid, First Annual Symposium on
Frontiers of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing, China, 12 Dec 2015
15. T.Y. Fan, J.J. Sun, Four phonon model for studying thermodynamics of soft-matter
quasicrystals. Phil. Mag. Lett. 94(2), 112–117 (2014)
16. T.Y. Fan, in Equation system of generalized hydrodynamics of soft-matter quasicrystals.
Appl. Math. Mech. 37(4), 331–347 (2016). (in Chinese); T.Y. Fan, in Generalized
hydrodynamics of second kind two-dimensional quasicrystals in soft matter. Appl. Math.
Mech. 38(2), 189–199 (2017). (in Chinese)
17. H. Cheng, T.Y. Fan, H. Wei, in Characters of deformation and motion of possible soft-matter
quasicrystals with 5- and 10-fold symmetries, Appl. Phys. A (2017, in reviewing)
18. F. Wang, H.H. Hu, T.Y. Fan, H. Cheng, in Hydrodynamic analysis of soft-matter octagonal
quasicrystals. Appl. Math. Mech. (2017). (accepted)
19. H. Cheng, T.Y. Fan, in Flow of soft-matter quasicrystals past a circular cylinder. Unpublished
work
Chapter 5
Poisson Brackets and Derivation
of Equations of Motion of Soft-Matter
Quasicrystals
The previous chapters provided knowledge for us to understanding soft-matter

quasicrystals, an understanding quantitatively is needed to set up the equations of
motion of the matter.
In the derivation of equations of motion of soft-matter quasicrystals given in
Sects. 5.5 and 5.6 we will use Poisson bracket method, some related knowledge
will be introduced in Sects. 5.1–5.4 in brief.
5.1 Brown Motion and Langevin Equation
Einstein [1] studied the motion of Brown particles in 1905, the displacement of a
particle satisfies the following equation
d2 x dx
m þa ¼ f ð5:1:1Þ
dt2 dt
in which the first term denotes inertia force, the second one is resistance force, and
the right-hand side term represents stochastic force, respectively. This equation is
named Langevin equation.
Einstein solved the equation, the correctness of whose result was proved by
experimental result of Perrin [2].
5.2 Extended Version of Langevin Equation
In (5.1.1), put ddxt ¼ V, then we have
36 5 Poisson Brackets and Derivation of Equations of Motion of Soft-Matter Quasicrystals
dV a 1
¼ Vþ f ð5:2:1Þ
dt m m
which can be extended as
@Wðr; tÞ
¼ CWðr; tÞ þ Fs ð5:2:2Þ
@t
where Wðr; tÞ is a mechanics quantity, C represents a resistant force,Fs a stochastic

force. The equation describes a stochastic process.
5.3 Multivariable Langevin Equation, Coarse Graining
Ginzburg and Landau extended (5.2.1) to the multivariable case
@Wa ðr; tÞ dH
¼ Cab þ ðFs Þa ð5:3:1Þ
@t dWb ðr; tÞ
where the summation convention is used, i.e. the repetition of suffix means to take
summation, and H ¼ H½Wðr; tÞ denotes a energy functional, which can also be
named Hamiltonian, dWdH
b ðr;tÞ
represents a variation of H ¼ H½Wðr; tÞ to Wb ðr; tÞ, Cab
the elements of resistant matrix (or dissipation kinetic coefficient matrix), the
meanings of definitions of other quantities are the same as before. Equation (5.3.1)
is a Langevin equation with multivariable, which can also be extended in more wide
sense. If the macroscopic quantity Wa ðr; tÞ may be seen as thermodynamic average
of microscopic quantity Wla ðr; fqa g; fpa gÞ, i.e.

Wa ðr; tÞ ¼ Wla ðr; fqa g; fpa gÞ ð5:3:2Þ
in which pa ; qa the canonic momentum and canonic coordinate, and the micro-
quantities obey the microscopic Liouville equation
@Wla l l
¼ H ; Wa ; ð5:3:3Þ
@t

where H l ; Wla represents classical Poisson bracket which will be introduced in
detail in the following, H l ðfqa g; fpa gÞ denotes the Hamiltonian of the microsys-
tem. Equation (5.3.2) represents a coarse graining treatment. This means the dis-
cussion here is macroscopic.
5.3 Multivariable Langevin Equation, Coarse Graining 37
Equation (5.3.1) implies that

Z Z
@Wa ðr; tÞ 0
dH d 0 d Wb ðr 0 Þ; Wa ðrÞ
þ Wb ðr Þ; Wa ðrÞ d r dd r 0
@t dWb ðr 0 ; tÞ dWb ðr 0 ; tÞ
dH
¼ Cab þ ðFs Þa ;
dWb ðr; tÞ
ð5:3:4Þ

where Wb ðr 0 Þ; Wa ðrÞ is the Poisson bracket. This is a generalized Langevin
equation.
Some detailed discussion on generalized Langevin equation and its applications
can be found in monograph [3, 4].
5.4 Poisson Bracket Method in Condensed Matter Physics
In the following chapters, the equations of motion of soft-matter quasicrystals are

derived by Poisson bracket method individually; we first introduce the method and
give an outline of the derivation in common.
Due to symmetry breaking, the derivation of some equations of motion of
hydrodynamics of some substantive systems cannot be obtained directly by con-
ventional conservations laws. The Poisson brackets in condensed matter physics
become a useful method for the derivation, which simplifies the calculation. The
method is originated from the Landau and his school in former Soviet Union and
Russia, refer to [5–10]. The physicists Martin et al. [11], Fleming and Cohen [12] in
US developed the method to hydrodynamics of crystals and liquid crystals, but their
derivations were still lengthy. Lubensky et al. [13] further developed the approach
in deriving the hydrodynamic equations of solid quasicrystals, and made it arrive in
systematization.
Poisson brackets come from the classical analytic mechanics, i.e. for two
mechanical quantities f ; g there is the following relation:
X @f @g @f @g
ff ; gg ¼ ð5:4:1Þ
i
@qi @pi @pi @qi
which is the Poisson bracket, where pi ; qi denote the canonic momentum and
canonic coordinate.
According to the terminology of physics, (5.4.1) is named classical Poisson
bracket hereafter.
Relative to the classical Poisson bracket (5.4.1), there is a quantum Poisson
bracket, which is related to the commutator in quantum mechanics
h i
b B
A; bB
b ¼A bB
bAb ð5:4:2Þ
b B
in which A; b represents coordinate operator xa , B
b represent two operators, e.g. A b
the momentum operator pb , then

xa ; pb ¼ ihdab ; xa ; xb ¼ 0; pa ; pb ¼ 0; ð5:4:3Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
where i ¼ 1; h ¼ h=2p; h the Planck constant, dab unit tensor. Equation (5.4.3)
is named quantum Poisson bracket. In the quantum mechanics, mechanical quan-
tities represent operators. Equation (5.4.3) holds for any operators, in general.
There is inherent connection between the quantum Poisson bracket and classical
Poisson bracket, i.e.,
h i
i AbB
bB
bAb
lim ¼ fA; Bg ð5:4:4Þ
h!0 h
This is well-known result in the quantum mechanics.

Landau [6] introduced the limit passing over (5.4.4) from quantum Poisson
bracket to the classical Poisson bracket in deriving the hydrodynamic equations of
superfluid. He takes the expansions of mass density and momentum such as
X
^ðrÞ ¼
q ma dðra rÞ ð5:4:5Þ
a
X
^gk ðrÞ ¼ ^pak dðra rÞ ð5:4:6Þ
a
whose quantum Poisson brackets are
½q^ðr1 Þ; q^ðr2 Þ ¼ 0;
½^pk ðr1 Þ; q^ðr2 Þ ¼ ihq ^ðr1 Þrk ðr1 Þdðr1 r2 Þ ð5:4:7Þ
½^pk ðr1 Þ; ^pl ðr2 Þ ¼ ihð^pl ðr1 Þrk ðr1 Þ ^pk ðr2 Þrl ðr2 ÞÞdðr1 r2 Þ
where rk ðr1 Þ represents derivative carrying out on coordinate r1 , and rl ðr2 Þ on

coordinate r2 .
By using the limit passing over (5.4.4) from the quantum Poisson to the classical
Poisson bracket, from (5.4.7) one can obtain the corresponding classical Poisson
brackets
fpk ðr1 Þ; qðr2 Þg ¼ qðr1 Þrk ðr1 Þdðr1 r2 Þ

ð5:4:8Þ
fpk ðr1 Þ; pl ðr2 Þg ¼ ðpl ðr1 Þrk ðr1 Þ pk ðr2 Þrl ðr2 ÞÞdðr1 r2 Þ
5.5 Application to Quasicrystals 39
5.5 Application to Quasicrystals
Lubensky et al. [13] extended the discussion to solid quasicrystals. In Chap. 3, we

introduced that apart from phonon elementary excitation, there is another excitation
—phason excitation. Phason concept was originated from aperiodic crystals [13,
14]. The aperiodic crystals include incommensurate crystals and quasicrystals, we
here consider only quasicrystals, in which the phonon-type displacements are
simply called phonon field ui , and phason-type displacements are simply called
phason field wi , respectively.
Similarly expanse the displacement vectors ui and wi
X
uk ðrÞ ¼ uak dðra rÞ ð5:5:1Þ
a
X
wk ðrÞ ¼ wak dðra rÞ ð5:5:2Þ
a
By using the limit passing over (5.4.4) from the quantum Poisson bracket to the
classical Poisson bracket, from (5.5.1) and (5.5.2) one can find whose corre-
sponding classical Poisson brackets as follows:
fuk ðr1 Þ; gl ðr2 Þg ¼ ðdkl þ rl ðr1 Þuk Þdðr1 r2 Þ ð5:5:3Þ
fwk ðr1 Þ; gl ðr2 Þg ¼ ðrl ðr1 Þwk Þdðr1 r2 Þ ð5:5:4Þ
It is evident that (5.5.4) is quite different from (5.5.3), this leads to the dissi-
pation equations of phasons given in the subsequent discussion are quite different
from those of equations of motion of phonons due to symmetry breaking. The
relevant derivations were carried out by Lubensky et al. [13].
5.6 Equations of Motion of Soft-Matter Quasicrystals
In Chap. 3 the equations on elasticity and hydrodynamics of solid quasicrystals

have provided us a basis for equations of motion of soft-matter quasicrystals.
This section we give an outline in deriving the equations of motion of soft-matter
quasicrystals through Poisson brackets, this method presents generality physically.
The details will be given individually in Chaps. 7–11 for different quasicrystal
systems. The application of the Poisson bracket method is combined with gener-
alized Langevin equation which will be introduced as below.
5.6.1 Generalized Langevin Equation
Apart from Poisson brackets, it is needed some other formulas in the derivation of
hydrodynamic equations of quasicrystals, which is related to the Langevin equation
or generalized Langevin equation, refer to Sects. 5.1–5.3 of this chapter.
In the previous Sects. 5.1–5.3 we know Langevin equation
@Wðr; tÞ
¼ CWðr; tÞ þ Fs ð5:6:1Þ
@t
in which Wðr; tÞ is a mechanical quantity, C represents a resistant force, Fs a

stochastic force. We also know the equation with multivariables
@Wa ðr; tÞ dH
¼ Cab þ ðFs Þa ; ð5:6:2Þ
@t dWb ðr; tÞ
where H ¼ H½Wðr; tÞ denotes a energy functional, which can also be named
Hamiltonian, dWdH
b ðr;tÞ
represents a variation of H ¼ H½Wðr; tÞ on Wb ðr; tÞ, Cab the
elements of resistant matrix (or dissipation kinetic coefficient matrix), the meanings
of definitions of other quantities are the same as before.
In d dimensional space, the partial derivative of macroquantity Wa ðr; tÞ on time
@Wa ðr; tÞ
@t
stands for
Z
@Wa ðr; tÞ 0
dH
¼ Wb ðr Þ; Wa ðrÞ dd r 0
@t dWb ðr 0 ; tÞ
Z ð5:6:3Þ
d Wb ðr 0 Þ; Wa ðrÞ dH
þ 0
dd r 0 Cab þ ðFs Þa ;
dWb ðr ; tÞ dWb ðr; tÞ
where dd r 0 ¼ dV represents volume element of the integral. Based on the formulas

(5.4.8), (5.5.3) and (5.5.4), utilized (5.6.3) to derive the hydrodynamic equations of
quasicrystals. This will be given in the next subsection. In the derivation the last
term in (5.6.3) is omitted.
5.6.2 Derivation of Hydrodynamic Equations of Soft-Matter

Quasicrystals
The derivation of equation of mass conservation is the same as that of simple fluid,
so which is omitted.
5.6 Equations of Motion of Soft-Matter Quasicrystals 41
At first we give the derivation on the equations of motion of phonons due to

symmetry breaking.
Put Wa ðr; tÞ ¼ ui ðr; tÞ; Wb ðr 0 ; tÞ ¼ gj ðr 0 ; tÞ in (5.6.3) and omitting the second and
fourth terms in the right-hand side of the equation, then
Z
@ui ðr; tÞ 0
dH dH
¼ ui ðr Þ; gj ðrÞ dd r 0 Cu
@t dgj ðr 0 ; tÞ dui ðr; tÞ
Substituting bracket (5.5.3) into the integral of right-hand side yields

Z
@ui ðr; tÞ gj ðr 0 Þ d 0 dH
¼ dij þ rj ðrÞui dðr r 0 Þ d r þ Cu
@t qðr 0 Þ dui ðr; tÞ
ð5:6:4Þ
dH
¼ Vj rj ðrÞui Cu þ Vi ;
dui ðr; tÞ
where Cu denotes the phonon dissipation kinematic coefficient, and the Hamiltonian
is defined by
Z Z " 2 #
g2 d 1 dq dq
H ¼ H½Wðr; tÞ ¼ d rþ A þB r u dd r þ Fel
2q 2 q0 q0
¼ Hkin þ Hdensity þ Fel
Fel ¼ Fu þ Fw þ Fuw ; g ¼ qV
ð5:6:5Þ
and V represents the fluid velocity field, A; B the constants describe density vari-
ation, the last term of (5.6.5) represents elastic energies, which consists of phonons,
phasons and phonon–phason coupling parts,
Z
1
Fu ¼ Cijkl eij ekl dd r
2
Z
1
Fw ¼ Kijkl wij wkl dd r ð5:6:6Þ
2
Z

Fuw ¼ Rijkl eij wkl þ Rklij wij ekl dd r
respectively, Cijkl the phonon elastic constants, Kijkl phason elastic constants, and
Rijkl ; Rklij the phonon–phason coupling elastic constants, and the strain tensors
eij ; wij are defined by

1 @ui @uj @wi
eij ¼ þ ; wij ¼ ð5:6:7Þ
2 @xj @xi @xj
the associated stress tensors are related through the constitutive law for soft-matter
quasicrystals including 5-, 8-, 10- and 12-fold symmetries (and the 7-, 9-, 14- and
18-fold symmetry quasicrystals are not included which will be discussed in
Chaps. 10 and 11)
9
rij ¼ Cijkl eik þ Rijkl wkl ; >
>
>
Hij ¼ Kijkl wij þ Rklij ekl ; =
pij ¼ pdij þ r0ij ¼ pdij þ gijkl n_ kl ; ; ð5:6:8Þ
>
>
@uj @wi _ @Vj >
;
eij ¼ 12 @u i
@xj þ @xi ; wij ¼ @xj ; n ij ¼ 1 @Vi
2 @xj þ @xi
where gijkl denotes the viscosity coefficient tensor of fluid. Now consider the
derivation of phason dissipation equations.
In (5.6.3) put Wa ðr; tÞ ¼ wi ðr; tÞ; Wb ðr 0 ; tÞ ¼ gj ðr 0 ; tÞ, neglecting the second and
fourth terms in the right-hand side, then substituting the Poisson bracket (5.6.4) into
it leads to
Z
@wi ðr; tÞ dH dH
¼ wi ðr 0 Þ; gj ðrÞ dd r 0 C w
@t dgj ðr 0 ; tÞ dwi ðr; tÞ
then
Z
@wi ðr; tÞ gj ðr 0 Þ d 0 dH
¼ rj ðrÞwi dðr r 0 Þ d r Cw
@t qðr 0 Þ dwi ðr; tÞ
ð5:6:9Þ
dH
¼ Vj rj ðrÞwi Cw
dwi ðr; tÞ
in which Cw denotes the phason dissipation coefficient, and Hamiltonian is defined

by (5.6.5) and (5.6.6).
By comparing (5.6.4) and (5.6.9), it is found that the physical meanings of
phonons and phasons in hydrodynamic sense are quite different. According to the
explanation of Lubensky et al. [13] that the phonon represents wave propagation,
while phason represents diffusion.
Of course the other difference between phonons and phasons is they belong to
the different irreducible representations of point groups, which has been discussed
in Chap. 3.
The momentum conservation equations are
@gi ðr; tÞ dH
¼ rk ðrÞðVk gi Þ þ rj ðrÞ pdij þ gijkl rk ðrÞgl dij ri uj
@t duj ðr; tÞ
dH dH
ri wj qri ðrÞ ; gj ¼ qVj
dwj ðr; tÞ dqðr; tÞ
ð5:6:10Þ
5.6 Equations of Motion of Soft-Matter Quasicrystals 43
recall that gijkl denotes the viscosity coefficient tensor of fluid, and the fluid phonon
stress tensor is
pij ¼ pdij þ r0ij ¼ pdij þ gijkl n_ kl ð5:6:11Þ
with the deformation velocity tensor

_nkl ¼ 1 @Vk þ @Vl ð5:6:12Þ
2 @xl @xk
Equation (5.6.10) can be understood as generalized Navier–Stokes equations.

Equations (5.6.4), (5.6.9), (6.3.10) and mass density conservation equation
@q
þ rk ðqVk Þ ¼ 0 ð5:6:13Þ
@t
are the equations of motion of soft-matter quasicrystals.

The equations of hydrodynamic equations listed above are similar to those were
obtained by Lubensky et al. [13] for solid quasicrystals, and introduced in Chap. 3
in brief. The difference between present results with those in Chap. 3 or given by
[13] lies in appearance of fluid pressure p exception of field variables mass density
q, velocities Vi (or momentums gi ¼ qVi ), phonon displacements ui and phason
displacements wi . Due to this reason, the equation system (5.6.4), (5.6.9), (5.6.10)
and (5.6.13) is not closed, an equation of state must be supplemented, which was
mentioned in Chap. 4.
The publication of the work of Lubensky et al. opens the study of hydrody-
namics of quasicrystals, in addition, there some discussions [14–17] concerning
their work.
The results can be summarized as follows:
@q
þ rk ðqVk Þ ¼ 0 ð5:6:13Þ
@t
@gi ðr;tÞ
¼ rk ðrÞðVk gi Þ þ rj ðrÞ pdij þ gijkl rk ðrÞgl dij ri uj dudH
@t dH j ðr;tÞ
ri wj dwj ðr;tÞ qri ðrÞ dqðr;tÞ

dH
; gj ¼ qVj
ð5:6:10Þ
@ui ðr; tÞ dH
¼ Cu þ Vi ð5:6:4Þ
@t dui ðr; tÞ
@wi ðr; tÞ dH
¼ Cw ð5:6:9Þ
@t dwi ðr; tÞ
which with equation of state
kB T 2
p ¼ f ðqÞ ¼ 3 3 3
q0 q þ q0 q2 þ q3 ð5:6:14Þ
l q0
constitute a closed equation system, then presents consistent physical and mathe-
matical equation system.
The further details on derivations and their simplifications of equations of
motion for individual systems of quasicrystals will be given in Chaps. 7–11, and
refer to [18–20] for the detail. The applications of the results in hydrodynamics of
solid and soft-matter quasicrystals can be seen [21–24], respectively.
5.7 Poisson Brackets Based on Lie Algebra
The derivation in Sect. 5.6 shows the results of Poisson brackets (5.4.8), (5.5.3) and
(5.5.4) are very important. These results can also be obtained and have more
general significance mathematically through the Lie group, relevant introductions
about these are listed below.
Lie groups and point groups used frequently in the book are the same in satis-
fying four axioms of groups, but there are distinctions between them; point groups
belong to discrete groups, while Lie groups belong to continuous groups. In
addition, the momentum operator is the generator of a group of movements, and the
spin operator is the generator of a group of rotation in the spin space. There are
inherent connections between quantum Poisson brackets and Lie groups, so [8]
suggests a concept of “group Poisson brackets”.
Assume g be an element of group G, which is related to m real continuous
parameters ai , i.e.
gðai Þ 2 G; ai 2 R; i ¼ 1; 2; . . .; m ð5:7:1Þ
R represents real space.

Denting notation “”which connects two elements aðai Þ and bðbi Þ, and gives
another element cðci Þ 2 G:
cðci Þ ¼ aðai Þ bðbi Þ; i ¼ 1; 2; . . .; m ð5:7:2Þ
For continuous variational parameters, there is
ci ¼ ui ða1 ; a2 ; . . .; am ; b1 ; b2 ; . . .; bm Þ ð5:7:3Þ
If ui is single-valued analytic function of a1 ; a2 ; . . .; am ; b1 ; b2 ; . . .; bm , then such

continuous group is Lie group. The concept of single-valued analytic function can
be found in any books on function theory.
5.7 Poisson Brackets Based on Lie Algebra 45
One can take a parameter ai and an identical element E (which is an element if

gi 2 G, then Egi ¼ gi ), ai ðEÞ ¼ 0. The infinitesimal generator Li of Lie group can
be expressed by the following partial differential derivative
@að. . .; ai ; . . .Þ
Li ¼ jai ¼0 ð5:7:4Þ
@ai
and group element a can be expressed by the following expansion:
að. . .; ai ; . . .Þ ¼ Eð. . .; 0; . . .Þ þ ai Li þ Oða2i Þ ð5:7:5Þ
The infinitesimal element of Lie group presents important meaning in this kind
of groups. Lie group can be expressed by matrix. Assume matrix DðAÞ is the
expression of group G. The parameter of infinitesimal element AðaÞ is infinitesimal
quantity ai . Matrix DðAÞ can be expanded as following expansion:
X
N
DðAÞ ¼ 1 i aj I j ð5:7:6Þ
j¼1
in addition

@DðAÞ
Ij ¼ i ð5:7:7Þ
@aj aj ¼ 0
N generators Ij are called the generators of expression DðAÞ. Lie algebra can be
constructed through commutators among group generators
½Li ; Lj ¼ Cijk Lk ; i; j; k ¼ 1; 2; . . .; m ð5:7:8Þ
in which Cijk is called structure constant. The asymmetry, linearity and the Lie
Jacobi identity are as follows:
½Li ; Lj ¼ ½Lj ; Li ð5:7:9Þ
½aLi þ bLj ; Lk ¼ a½Li ; Lk þ b½Lj ; Lk ; a; b 2 R ð5:7:10Þ

Li þ ½Lj ; Lk þ Lk ; ½Li ; Lj þ Lj ; ½Lk ; Li ¼ 0 ð5:7:11Þ
The coordinate transformation
xk ! xk þ uk ðrÞ ð5:7:12Þ
in the theory of elasticity is called translational group or movement group, or

infinitesimal movement group. In particular interesting, uk ðrÞ here presents evident
physical meaning, represents displacements or phonons of lattice. Note that, xk here

represents contravariant vector, and xi the covariant one. The close relationship
between relevant physical quantities and group algebra mentioned previously,
because the momentum operator is a generator of movement group, and spin
operator is a generator of spin operator in spin space. There may be creating some
connection between physical field variables a; b; c; . . . and elements of transfor-
mation group A; B; C; . . .
fa; b; c; . . .g ! fA; B; C; . . .g ð5:7:13Þ
An algebra element A can be expressed by the following linear form:

X
A¼ AðgÞg; AðgÞ 2 R ð5:7:14Þ
g2G
and AðgÞ denotes the coefficient of expansion (5.7.14).

Furthermore assume A is able to be transformed according to the version
A ! gAg1 ð5:7:15Þ
in which if g ¼ 1 þ dg, and dg is an infinitesimal transformation, then there is a

linear approximation
A ! A þ dA ð5:7:16Þ
and
dA ¼ ½dg; A ð5:7:17Þ
the infinitesimal transformation dg is of the form

Z
i
dg ¼ ak ðrÞLk ðrÞdd r ð5:7:18Þ
h
in which ak ðrÞ are the local infinitesimal “angular”, Lk ðrÞ the generators of local
transformation group, i ¼ 1; h ¼ h=2p, h the Planck constant.
For the movement group, take ak ðrÞ ¼ uk ðrÞ, and the generator is the momen-
tum, then there is from (5.7.16) and (5.7.18)
Z
i
dAðrÞ ¼ ak ðr 0 Þ Lk ðr 0 Þ; AðrÞ dd r 0 ð5:7:19Þ
h
5.7 Poisson Brackets Based on Lie Algebra 47
This equation shows that dA is the linear functional of “angular”ak ðrÞ of

infinitesimal local transformation, the corresponding variation is
dAðrÞ i
¼ Lk ðr 0 Þ; AðrÞ ð5:7:20Þ
dak ðr 0 Þ h
The limit passing over from quantum mechanics to classical mechanics is
b
dA i h bi dA
¼ b L; A ! ¼ fL; Ag ð5:7:21Þ
da h da
b A
Recall again that L; b represent operators in quantum mechanics, L; A the field
variables in classical mechanics. So that the right-hand side of (6.4.20) may be
written as
da
¼ fl; ag ð5:7:22Þ
da
in which a can represent any field variables a; b; c; . . . of hydrodynamics, l the

generator, Lk ðrÞ corresponding to the group, so that from (5.7.22)
daðrÞ
¼ lk ðr 0 Þ; aðrÞ ð5:7:23Þ
dak ðr 0 Þ
Further more
dlm ðrÞ k 0 m
¼ l ðr Þ; l ðrÞ ; fa; ag ¼ fa; bg ¼ fb; bg ¼ 0 ð5:7:24Þ
dak ðr 0 Þ
At the finite temperature, the Hamiltonian can be expressed by

Z
H¼ eðp; q; sÞdd r
de ¼ V k dpk þ ldq þ Tds
where e denotes the energy density, the others are the same before, p ¼ ðpx ; py ; pz Þ
and q the momentum and mass density, s the entropy, V ¼ ðVx ; Vy ; Vz Þ the velocity,
l the chemical potential, T the absolute temperature, respectively, so
dpk ¼ ul rl pk pk rl ul pk rl ul
dq ¼ ul rl q qrk uk ð5:7:25Þ
ds ¼ ul rl s srk uk
From (5.7.24) and (5.7.25), one obtains
fpk ðr1 Þ; qðr2 Þg ¼ qðr1 Þrk ðr1 Þdðr1 r2 Þ

ð5:7:26Þ
fpk ðr1 Þ; pl ðr2 Þg ¼ ðpl ðr1 Þrk ðr1 Þ pk ðr2 Þrl ðr2 ÞÞdðr1 r2 Þ
This is identical to (5.4.8) given by Poisson bracket method of condensed matter

physics, which is the result of [6].
Applying the above results into quasicrystals, there are
fuk ðr1 Þ; gl ðr2 Þg ¼ ðdkl þ rl ðr1 Þuk Þdðr1 r2 Þ ð5:7:27Þ
fwk ðr1 Þ; gl ðr2 Þg ¼ ðrl ðr1 Þwk Þdðr1 r2 Þ ð5:7:28Þ
These are identical to (5.5.3) and (5.5.4) given by Lubensky et al. [9], they
derived directly using Poisson bracket method.
This description shows the power of Lie group method. Reference [8] shows
further, if introducing the Liouville equation, equations of motion for some com-
plex systems can be obtained, which are identical to those derived Sect. 5.6.
References
1. A. Einstein, Ueber die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Waerme geforderte
Bewegung von in ruhenden Fluessigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen. Ann d Phys 17(4), 549–
560 (1905)
2. Perrin J B, The Atoms, Nabu Press, New York, 2010 (English translation, by Hammick D L)
3. D. Forster, Hydrodynamic Fluctuation, Broken Symmetry and Correlation Functions, vol. 47.
Frontier in Physics, A Lecture Note and Reprint Series (W A Benjamin, Incorporated,
Massachusetts, 1975)
4. J. Chaikin, T.C. Lubensky, Principles of Condensed Matter Physics (Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, 1995)
5. L.D. Landau, M.E. Lifshitz, in Fluid Mechanics, Theory of Elasticity (Pergamon, Oxford,
1998)
6. L.D. Landau, The theory of superfluidity of heilium II, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz, II, 592. J. Phys.
USSR 5, 71–90 (1941)
7. L.D. Landau, E.M. Lifshitz, in Zur Theorie der Dispersion der magnetische Permeabilitaet der
ferromagnetische Koerpern. Physik Zeitschrift fuer Sowjetunion 8(2), 158–164 (1935)
8. I.E. Dzyaloshinskii, G.E. Volovick, Poisson brackets in condensed matter physics. Ann. Phys.
(NY) 125(1), 67–97 (1980)
9. I.E. Dzyaloshinskii, G.E. Volovick, On the concept of local invariance in spin glass theory.
J. de Phys. 39(6), 693–700 (1978)
10. G.E. Volovick, Additional localized degrees of freedom in spin glasses. Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz.
75(7), 1102–1109 (1978)
11. P.C. Martin, O. Paron, P.S. Pershan, Unified hydrodynamic theory for crystals, liquid crystals,
and normal fluids. Phys. Rev. A 6(6), 2401–2420 (1972)
12. P.D. Fleming, C. Cohen, Hydrodynamics of solids. Phys. Rev. B 13(2), 500–516 (1976)
Rev. B 32(11), 7411–7444 (1985)
References 49
14. T.C. Lubensky, Symmetry, elasticity and hydrodynamics of quasiperioic structures, in

Aperiodic Crystals, vol. I, ed. by M.V. Jaric (Academic Press, Boston, 1988), pp. 199–280
15. T.Y. Fan, Poisson bracket method and it applications to quasicrystals, liquid crystals and a
class of soft matter. Acta. Mech. Sin. 45(4), 548–559 (2013). (in Chinese)
16. S.B. Rochal, V.L. Lorman, Minimal model of the phonon-phason dynamics in icosahedral
quasicrystals and its application to the problem of internal friction in the i-AlPdMn alloy.
Phys. Rev. B 66(14), 144204 (2002)
17. G. Coddens, On the problem of the relation between phason elasticity and phason dynamics in
quasicrystals. Eur. Phys. J. B 54(1), 37–65 (2006)
Math. Mech. 37(4), 331–347 (2016). (in Chinese)
19. T.Y. Fan, Generalized hydrodynamics of soft-matter second kind two-dimensional qua-
sicrystals. Appl. Math. Mech. 38(2), 189–199 (2017). (in Chinese)
20. T.Y. Fan, Z.Y. Tang, Three-dimensional hydrodynamics of soft-matter quasicrystals. Appl.
Math. Mech. 38 (2017). (in press, in Chinese)
21. H. Cheng, T.Y. Fan, H. Wei, Solution of hydrodynamics of 5- and 10-fold symmetry
22. H. Cheng, T.Y. Fan, H. Wei, Characters of deformation and motion of possible soft-matter
quasicrystals with 5- and 10-fold symmetries. Appl. Phys. A (2017, in reviewing)
23. Wang F, Hu H Y, Fan T Y and Cheng H, Hydrodynamic analysis of octagonal soft-matter
quasicrystals, Appl Math Mech, 2017, accepted
24. H. Cheng, T.Y. Fan, Flow of soft-matter quasicrystals past a circular cylinder. Unpublished
work
Chapter 6
Oseen Flow and Generalized Oseen Flow
In previous chapters, we introduced some preparing knowledge from background of

physics and mathematics for studying soft-matter quasicrystals. Like general soft
matter, the soft-matter quasicrystals are complex liquids or structured liquids, so
that the knowledge on liquid dynamics is also needed for our purpose. In this
chapter, we provide some basic knowledge about liquid dynamics especially the
Oseen [1, 2] theory in two-dimensional case.
6.1 Navier–Stokes Equations
The liquid dynamics is one of parts of fluid dynamics, whose basic equations are the
Navier–Stokes equations, which are as follows if we consider only on
two-dimensional case
@q
9
@t þ r ðqVÞ ¼ 0 >
>
>
>
@ðqVx Þ @ðVy qVx Þ =
þ @ðV@x
x qVx Þ
þ @y ¼ @p 1 @
@x þ gr ðqVx Þ þ 3 g @x r V
2
@t ð6:1:1Þ
@ðqVy Þ @ðVx qVy Þ @ðVy qVy Þ >
>
@t þ @x þ @y ¼ @p 1 @
@y þ gr ðqVy Þ þ 3 g @y r V >
2
>
;
p ¼ f ðqÞ
@ 2
@2
in which V denotes the velocity field to be determined, and r2 ¼ @x 2 þ @y2 ;
@ @
r¼ i @x þ j @yg the fluid dynamic viscosity, q the mass density, p the pressure,
,
respectively. In (6.1.1), the first equation is mass conservation one, the second and
third equations are momentum conservation ones, the fourth one is equation of
x Þ @ðqVy Þ
state. In the left-hand side of the second and third equations, terms @ðqV
@t ; @t may
@ðV qV Þ @ðV qV Þ @ðV qV Þ
be understood as the local derivatives, while terms @ðV@x
x qVx Þ
; @y
y x
; @x
x y
; @y
y y
are the convective derivatives according to Sommerfeld’s point of view [3].

The equations are the well-known Navier–Stokes equations.
52 6 Oseen Flow and Generalized Oseen Flow
6.2 Stokes Approximation
If the velocities are small, Stokes suggested the terms concerning convective
derivatives in the second and third equations of (6.1.1) can be omitted so there is the
simplified version as below
@q
9
>
>
@ðqVx Þ @p 1 @ =
@t ¼ @x þ gr ðqVx Þ þ 3 g @x r V
2
ð6:2:1Þ
V>
@ðqVy Þ @p 1 @
@t ¼ @y þ gr ðqVy Þ þ 3 g @y r >
2
>
;
p ¼ f ðqÞ
This is the Stokes approximation, and (6.2.1) are called the Stokes equations.
In Chap. 1, it was mentioned that in soft matter, fluid velocities are smaller and
viscosity is greater, belonging to motion of the lower Reynolds number, the Stokes
approximation is useful.
6.3 Stokes Paradox
The three-dimensional Stokes equations are similar to those of (6.2.1) referring to

Sects. 7.7, 8.6 and 9.5, respectively, whose applications to problem of flow past
obstacles in incompressible fluid (i.e. q ¼ const) are very successful. However, the
application of two-dimensional Stokes (6.2.1) to problem of flow past circular
cylinder or other two-dimensional obstacles is failed at all. That is the problems
have no solutions. This is the well-known Stokes paradox.
6.4 Oseen Modification
To overcome the difficulty due to the Stokes paradox, Oseen [1, 2] analysed the
Navier–Stokes equations and found which lead to divergence of solutions at infinity
and suggested to do some modifications to the Stokes equations such as
@q 9
>
>
@ðqVx Þ @ðUy qVx Þ =
@t þ @ðU@x
x qVx Þ
þ @y ¼ @p 1 @
@x þ gr ðqVx Þ þ 3 g @x r V
2
ð6:4:1Þ
@ðqVy Þ @ðUx qVy Þ
þ @x
@ðUy qVy Þ
þ @y ¼ @p 1 @ >
>
@y þ gr ðqVy Þ þ 3 g @y r V >
2
@t ;
p ¼ f ðqÞ
in which Ux and Uy are given values of corresponding velocities in boundary

conditions, this means that in momentum conservation equations, part of velocity
6.4 Oseen Modification 53
components are replaced by known functions, (6.4.1) are called Oseen equations.
According to this modification, people solved successfully the flow past cylinder
and other two-dimensional obstacles. In the next section, we give an example about
the applications.
6.5 Oseen Steady Solution of Flow of Incompressible Fluid

Past Cylinder
In the steady-state and incompressible fluid, the Oseen (6.4.1) are simplified
further as
9
rV¼0 >
=
@ðU V Þ
q @ðU@xx Vx Þ þ q @yy x ¼ @p
@x þ gr 2
ðqV x Þ ð6:5:1Þ
>
q x y þ q y y ¼ @p þ gr2 ðqV Þ ;
@ðU V Þ @ðU V Þ
@x @y @y y
These equations are simplified because Ux and Uy are known functions already.
Suppose a slow flow along direction x with velocity Ux ¼ U1 ¼ const; Uy ¼ 0
shown in Fig. 6.1. In this case the (6.5.1) can be further simplified as
9
rV¼0 =
@Vx @p
qU1 @x ¼ @x þ gr2 ðqVx Þ ð6:5:2Þ
@V ;
qU1 @xy ¼ @p
@y þ gr ðqVy Þ
2
From the second and third equations of (6.5.2), we can yield them into
@ r2 p g 2
U1 rV¼ þ r rV ð6:5:3Þ
@x q q
Combining this equation with the first one of (6.5.2) yields
r2 p ¼ 0 ð6:5:4Þ
This shows pressure is a harmonic function.

Assume that
V ¼ ru þ V2 ; ð6:5:5Þ
where V2 is unknown vector and assume
r2 u ¼ 0; 8u ð6:5:6Þ
Substituting (6.5.5) into the second equation of (6.5.2) leads to

@ @u 1 @p g @ 2
U1 þ V2x ¼ þ r u þ r2 V2x
@x @x q @x q @x
after a simple treatment one finds that

@ @u p @V2x g 2
U1 þ þ U1 ¼ r V2x ð6:5:7Þ
@x @x q @x q
Because of the arbitrary property of function uðx; yÞ, put
@u p
U1 þ ¼0
@x q
i.e.
@u
p ¼ qU1 ð6:5:8Þ
@x
Substituting this formula into (6.5.7) yields that
@V2x g
¼ r2 V2x ð6:5:8aÞ
@x qU1
Similarly the third equation of (6.5.2) is reduced to
@V2y g
¼ r2 V2y ð6:5:8bÞ
@x qU1
In addition, inserting (6.5.5) into the first one of (6.5.2) leads to
r V2 ¼ 0 ð6:5:8cÞ
So that we have
9
r1 V22 ¼ @0 =
r V ¼ 0 ð6:5:9Þ
2k1 2 @x @
2x
;
2k r @x V2y ¼ 0
in which
1 g
ð6:5:10Þ
2k qU1
6.5 Oseen Steady Solution of Flow of Incompressible Fluid Past Cylinder 55
The parameter 2k presents important meaning, because
qU1 a
2 ka ¼ ¼ Re
g
is the well-known Reynolds number, a normalized number, if a represents the

characteristic size of flow field. In the following, the number will be discussed
frequently.
Equations (6.5.9) show that our problem is reduced to determine function V2 .
Introducing function vðx; yÞ such as
1 @v 1 @v
V2x ¼ v þ ; V2y ¼ ð6:5:11Þ
2k @x 2k @y
and let vðx; yÞ satisfy (6.5.9) and obtain

)
@ 1 @
@x V2x 2k @xþ 2k r v¼0
1 2
@ @ ð6:5:12Þ
@y @x 2k r v ¼ 0
1 2
then we assume that

@ 1
r2 v ¼ 0 ð6:5:13Þ
@x 2k
So that there are the solution expressions such as
1 @v @u
Vx ¼ v þ þ
2k @x @x
1 @v @u
Vy ¼ þ ð6:5:14Þ
2k @y @y
@u
p ¼ qU1
@x
in which function u satisfies (6.5.6), and function v satisfies (6.5.13), respectively.

The flow past circular cylinder shown in Fig. 6.1 has the following boundary
conditions in polar coordinate system ðr; hÞ with x ¼ r cos h; y ¼ r sin h
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
r¼ x2 þ y 2 þ z 2 ! 1 :
Vr ¼ U1 cos h; Vh ¼ U1 sin h;
ð6:5:15Þ
r¼a:
Vr ¼ Vh ¼ 0;
Fig. 6.1 Flow past cylinder with radius a
According to (6.5.14), the velocity vector can be expressed by

1
V ¼ vi þ r u þ v ð6:5:16Þ
2k
In the polar coordinate system, we have the velocity components as below
1 @v @u
Vr ¼ v cos h þ þ
2k @r @r ð6:5:17Þ
1 @v 1 @u
Vh ¼ v sin h þ þ ;
2kr @h r @h
where function u satisfies (6.5.6) and function v can be expressed by
v ¼ U1 þ ekx Y ð6:5:18Þ
and Y satisfies the Helmhotz equation

r2 k 2 Y ¼ 0 ð6:5:19Þ
Based on theory of partial differential equations, equation of (6.5.6) has singular

fundamental solution
u ¼ ln r ð6:5:20Þ
The general solution of (6.5.6) can be expressed by
X
1
@n
u¼ An ln r; ð6:5:21Þ
n¼0
@xn
where
@n cos nh
ln r ¼ ð1Þn1 ðn 1Þ! ðn 1Þ
@xn rn
So that
X
1
cos nh
u ¼ A0 ln r þ An ð1Þn1 ðn 1Þ! ð6:5:22Þ
n¼1
rn
Considering the case of function Y connection only with radical variable r then
(6.5.19) is reduced to
1
Y 00 þ Y 0 k2 Y ¼ 0 ð6:5:22Þ
r
which has solution
Y ¼ C1 I0 ðkrÞ þ C2 K0 ðkrÞ;
where I0 ðkrÞ and K0 ðkrÞ are modifying Bessel functions of first and second kind
with zero order, C1 ; C2 are arbitrary constants, respectively. Because I0 ðkrÞ !
1 as r ! 1 we must take C1 0. Similar to (6.5.21), the general solution of
(6.5.18) is
X
1
@n
v ¼ U1 þ ekx Bn K0 ðkrÞ ð6:5:23Þ
n¼0
@xn
here Bn ¼ conts is to be determined. In the following, we take approximate

expression of K0 ðkrÞ such as

1 @ x cos h
K0 ðkrÞ ln c kr ; K0 ðkrÞ 2 ¼ ; ð6:5:24Þ
2 0 @x r r
where
c0 ¼ 1:7811 ¼ ec ; c ¼ 0:5772 ðthe Euler numberÞ ð6:5:25Þ
so other Bn ¼ 0; as n [ 1. In this case

1 1 B1 cos h
v ¼ U1 B0 ln c kr kr cos h ln c kr ð6:5:26Þ
2 0 2 0 r
According to (6.5.17), (6.5.22) and (6.5.26), the velocity field is determined with
some constants

A0 A1 cos h 1 1 1 B1 cos h
Vr ¼ U 1 cos h B 0 þ cos h cos h ln c kr þ
r r2 2 kr 2 0 2kr 2

A1 sin h sin h 1 B1 sin h
Vh ¼ U1 sin h B0 ln c0 kr þ
r2 2 2 2kr 2
ð6:5:27Þ
From the boundary conditions (6.5.14) and solution (6.5.27)

we find at last that
2U1 4g
A0 ¼
¼
k 1 2 ln 12 ka 2c q 1 2 ln 12 ka 2c
4U1
B0 ¼ ð6:5:28Þ
1 2 ln 12 ka 2c
B1 U 1 a2
A1 ¼
2k 1 2 ln 12 ka 2c
At last, we obtain the velocity field around the cylinder given as follows

U1 cos h a2 r
Vr ðr; hÞ ¼ 1 1 þ 2 þ 2 ln
1 2 ln 2 ka 2c r a
ð6:5:29Þ
U1 sin h a2 r
Vh ðr; hÞ ¼ 1 1 2 þ 2 ln
1 2 ln 2 ka 2c r a
The solution holds only in the near field around the cylinder and for the cases
Re\10.
At the area far from the cylinder, there is solution
8 h qffiffiffiffi i
< Vr ðr; hÞ ¼ A0 1 pkekrð1cos hÞ ð1 þ cos hÞ
r
q ffiffiffiffi 2r ð6:5:30Þ
: V ðr; hÞ ¼ A pkekrð1cos hÞ sin h
h 0 2r
in which A0 is defined by (6.5.28).

The above derivation is introduced from [4].
From the above results, we can obtain the stresses, i.e.
0
pij ¼ pdij þ rij
0
in which rij is the viscous stress tensor, according to the generalized Newton’s law

1
rij ¼ 2g n_ ij n_ kk dij ;
0
3

n_ kk ¼ n_ xx þ n_ yy þ n_ zz ¼ n_ rr þ n_ hh þ n_ zz for cylinder coordinate

_nij ¼ 1 @Vi þ @Vj
2 @xj @xi
and concretely

1
prr ¼ p þ rrr ¼ p þ 2g n_ rr n_ kk
0
3

1
phh ¼ p þ rhh ¼ p þ 2g n_ hh n_ kk
0
3
0
_
prh ¼ phr ¼ r ¼ 2gnrh
rh
and
n_ rr ¼ @V
@r ;
r
n_ hh ¼ 1r @hh þ Vrr ;
@V

n_ rh ¼ n_ hr ¼ 12 1r @V
@h þ
r @Vh
@r Vrh
Substituting the previous results, we have
@u cos h
p ¼ qU1 qU1 A0
@x r
0
_ 1_
prr ¼ p þ rrr ¼ p þ 2g nrr nkk
3

cos h @Vr 1 @Vr 1 @Vh Vr
¼ qU1 A0 þ 2g þ þ
r @r 3 @r r @h r

1
phh ¼ p þ rhh ¼ p þ 2g n_ hh n_ kk
0
3

cos h 1 @Vh Vr 1 @Vr 1 @Vh Vr
¼ qU1 A0 þ 2g þ þ þ
r r @h r 3 @r r @h r

1 @Vr @Vh Vh
prh ¼ phr ¼ rrh ¼ rhr ¼ 2gn_ rh ¼ g
0 0
þ
r @h @r r
The Oseen solution offers a complete description on velocity field of flow around
the obstacle and the field far away from the obstacle and successfully overcomes the
difficulty due to the Stokes paradox. In the meantime, the viscous stress field around
the cylinder is also determined. Of course it is only an approximate solution [3], in
particular, the pressure field has not been completely determined due to the limi-
tation of the analytic method. A lack of solution of fluid pressure is a defect of the
Oseen’s theory. Due to this reason, the comparison hereafter to the classical
Oseen’s solution is given only for the velocity field and viscous stress field. The
comparison on complete fluid stress field (the sum of fluid pressure and viscous
stresses) cannot be done, which is a defect in the theory.
6.6 Generalized Oseen Flow of Compressible Viscous

Fluid Past a Circular Cylinder
6.6.1 Introduction
The study of soft matter shows some viscous fluids present compressibility [6–9].
The generalized hydrodynamics of soft matter is developed [6], in which the
equation of state plays a key role. The hydrodynamics of these complex systems
presents some connections with the classical viscous fluid dynamics, at least the
numerical methods need the verification by classical solutions of conventional
fluids, because analytic solutions for the complex systems are not available to date.
For the complex systems, the equation of state is a difficult problem, at present we
take an equation as a probe, the computation shows it is effective. In addition, the
finite difference scheme is also a probe, the mathematical proof on whose stability
criterion is needed for further study.
The section studies only two-dimensional flow. It is mentioned already, in the
case there is the famous Stokes paradox, to overcome the difficulty we use Oseen
model [8]. For the present case, it is a generalized Oseen model, because the
compressibility and equation of state are considered. Under these considerations,
the flow past a circular cylinder is studied and some preliminary solutions are
obtained.
The present work may be beneficial for developing hydrodynamics of soft
matter.
6.6.2 Basic Equations
Consider xy-plane field, we have the generalized Oseen equation system for steady
dynamics
6.6 Generalized Oseen Flow of Compressible … 61
9
r ðqVÞ ¼ 0 >
>
@ðUx qVx Þ @ðUy qVx Þ @dq >
>
@x þ @y ¼ @p 1 @
@x þ gr ðqVx Þ þ 3 g @x r V ðA BÞ q
2 1
@x
=
ð6:6:1Þ
0
@ðUx qVy Þ @ðUy qVy Þ
@x þ @y ¼ @p
@y þ
@
gr2 ðqVy Þ þ 13 g @y r V ðA BÞ q1 @dq
@y >
>
0
> >
p ¼ l3 q3 q0 q þ q0 q þ q
3kB T 2 2 3 ;
0
in which p and V denotes the fluid pressure and velocity fields to be determined, U
@2 @2 @ @
the given velocity field, and r2 ¼ @x 2 þ @y2 ; r ¼ i @x þ j @y, g the fluid dynamic
viscosity, A and B the material constants due to variation of mass density, kB the
Boltzmann constant, T the absolute temperature, q the mass density, q0 the initial
value of mass density, l the characteristic size of liquid structure in mesoscale
consideration, respectively.
6.6.3 Flow Past a Circular Cylinder
Suppose a slow flow along direction x with velocity U1 at infinity shown by

Fig. 6.2, the pressure p1 at infinity is omitted here, and a circular cylinder with
radius a in an infinite flow. We have the boundary conditions in circular cylindrical
coordinate system ðr; h; zÞ
r¼ x2 þ y2 þ z 2 ! 1 :
Vr ¼ U1 cos h; Vh ¼ U1 sin h;
ð6:6:2Þ
r¼a:
Vr ¼ Vh ¼ 0;
for the fluid motion. Due to the infinite length of the cylinder, the motion is
independent from variable z. This is a generalized Stokes flow problem, or gen-
eralized Stokes–Oseen problem, a quasi-steady problem with compressibility.
Fig. 6.2 Flow past a circular cylinder with given velocity U1 at infinity
6.6.4 Quasi-Steady Analysis—Numerical Solution
The above nonlinear boundary value problem cannot obtain any analytic solution to
date. The finite difference method in polar coordinate system is used, see Fig. 6.3 in
which the radical size of finite difference mesh is taken as a=10, and the “com-
putational infinity” at 6a 10a (i.e. the 60 100 times of the mesh size at radical
direction). In the computation the following data
U1 ¼ 0:01 m/s; q0 ¼ 1:5 g/cm3 ; g ¼ 1 Poise; l ¼ 8 nm;

A ¼ 1 GPa; B ¼ 1 GPa; r=a ¼ 1:55; a ¼ 1 cm
are utilized.
Taking different “computational infinity”, the computational results are different.
Naturally, the problem is dependent upon time, which is not strictly steady. So that,
we give the present treatment as a terminology “quasi-steady analysis”. Here, the
following discussion is on the case “computational infinity” at 6a. The computation
is stable, we obtain the angular distribution of pressure shown in Fig. 6.4.
In the classical Oseen solution, the pressure unfortunately did not completely
determined, so we cannot give a comparison between present result to that of the
classical Oseen solution.
In our computation, we found that mass density presents evident variation. If
denote dq ¼ q q0 , then we have

dq
104 ð6:6:3Þ
q
0
Fig. 6.3 Finite difference network in polar coordinate

Fig. 6.4 Angular distribution of pressure at r ¼ 1:55a
This shows the liquid behaves a quite large compressibility. In this case, the
equation of state is necessary.
The angular distribution of radical and circumferential components of velocity
vector and comparison with the classical steady Oseen solution are given in
Figs. 6.5 and 6.6, respectively:
The Figs. 6.7, 6.8 and 6.9 depicted the angular variation of viscous stress
components at r ¼ 1:55a and the comparison with the classical Oseen solution:
Although the compressibility leads to some new features of the present solution,
the angular variation exhibits some characters of corresponding classical Oseen
steady solution of (6.5.29):

U1 cos h a2 r
Vrclassical ¼ 1 1 þ 2 þ 2 ln
1 2 ln 2 ka 2c r a
ð6:6:4Þ
U1 sin h a 2
r
Vhclassical ¼ 1 2 þ 2 ln
1 2 ln 12 ka 2c r a
with
2k ¼ qU1 =g; c ¼ 0:5772 ð6:6:5Þ
So that the classical Oseen solution is significant to the present problem. Of

course, the classical solution is a solution being incompressible, which cannot
describe compressibility.
Fig. 6.5 Angular distribution of velocity of radical direction at r ¼ 1:55a and comparison to the
classical steady Oseen solution
Fig. 6.6 Angular distribution of circumferential velocity at r ¼ 1:55a and comparison to the
classical steady Oseen solution
Fig. 6.7 Angular variation of normal viscous stress component of radical direction at r ¼ 1:55a
and comparison with the classical Oseen solution
Fig. 6.8 Angular variation of normal viscous stress component of tangent direction at r ¼ 1:55a
and comparison with the classical Oseen solution
The above result also proved the validity of equation of state listed in (6.6.1).
Although, there are limitations of the classical Oseen solution, because it is an
analytic solution and presents invaluable meaning for our reference, which provides
a standard example for checking numerical solutions.
Fig. 6.9 Angular variation of shear viscous stress component at r ¼ 1:55a and comparison with
the classical Oseen solution
6.6.5 Conclusion and Discussion
Besides compressible features, the generalized Oseen problem is nonlinear due to

the nonlinearity of equation of state, while the classical Oseen problem is steady,
incompressible and linear. So that the solving present problem is much more dif-
ficult than that for classical Oseen one. At present, the nonlinear partial differential
equations for compressible viscous flow under complex boundary conditions,
analytic solution might not be available.
According to the point of view of Landau [5], the problem of flow past obstacles
is not substantively in steady state, so considering the transient effect is significant,
but there are lack of experimental data and classical analytic solution as basis for
comparison, we report only the quasi-steady dynamic analysis. The transient
problem including wave and wave propagation has been studied, but left for further
analysis. Readers can refer to the discussion in Chaps. 8–10, although there the
samples are others.
A part of the results has been checked by the classical Oseen solution, and it is
verified that the present model and method are correct and effective, which espe-
cially indicates the applicability and efficiency of the equation of state, providing a
key for the application to soft-matter quasicrystals which will be developed in
Chapters 7 and 9, respectively. The results concerning the generalized Oseen
solution are reported by [10].
References 67
References
Hydrodynamik. Ark Math Astronom Fys. 6(29) (2010)
2. C.W. Oseen, Neuere Methoden und Ergibnisse in der Hydrodynamik (Akademische
Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, 1927)
3. A. Sommerfeld, Vorlesungen ueber theoretische Physik, Band II, Mechanik der deformier-
baren Medien, Verlag Harri Deutsch, Thun. Frankfurt/M. (1992)
4. N.A. Sleozkin, in Incompressible Viscous Fluid Dynamics (Gostehizdat Press, Moscow,
1959) (in Russian); N.E. Kochin, I.A. Kibel’i, N.V. Roze, in Theoretical Hydrodynamics
(Government Press of Phys-Math Literature, Moscow, 1953) (in Russian)
5. L.D. Landau, E.M. Lifshitz, Fluid Mechanics (Pergamon, Oxford, 1980)
6. T.Y. Fan, Equation system of generalized dynamics of soft-matter quasicrystals. Appl. Math.
Mech. 37(4), 331–344 (2016). in Chinese
7. T.Y. Fan, Generalized dynamics of second kind of two-dimensional soft-matter quasicrystals.
Appl. Math. Mech. 38(2), 189–199 (2017). in Chinese
8. H. Cheng, T.-Y. Fan, H. Wei, Characters of deformation and motion of soft-matter
quasicrystals of possible 5- and 10-fold symmetry. Appl. Phys. A (2017, in reviewing)
9. F. Wang, H.Y. Hu, T.Y. Fan, H. Cheng, Hydrodynamic solution of octagonal quasicrystals in
soft matter. Appl. Math. Mech. 38 (2017, accepted)
10. H. Cheng, T.-Y. Fan, Z.Y. Tang, Flow of compressible and viscous fluid past a circular
cylinder. Unpublished work
Chapter 7
Dynamics of Soft-Matter Quasicrystals
with 12-Fold Symmetry
The discussion in the first six chapters provides a preparation for the subsequent
study, the aim is to explore the structures and properties of soft-matter quasicrystals.
The quantitative analysis lies in the dynamic equation system of the matter, which has
been summarized by Fan [1–3] through analyzing the discoveries of Zeng et al. [4],
Takano [5], Hayashida et al. [6], Talapin et al. [7], Fischer et al. [8], Cheng et al. [9],
etc. and introduced the fluid phonon concept and equation of state, in addition, the
hydrodynamics of Lubensky et al. [10] on solid quasicrystals is referenced.
The quantitative analysis requires solving initial-boundary value problems of
these equations. This chapter will discuss some solutions of initial-boundary value
problems for plane field of two-dimensional soft-matter quasicrystals with 12-fold
symmetry, which might be the most important ones of soft-matter quasicrystals. In
addition, the three-dimensional equations are presented as well.
7.1 Two-Dimensional Governing Equations of Soft-Matter

Quasicrystals of 12-Fold Symmetry
According to the Landau principle of symmetry breaking and elementary excitation,

the soft-matter quasicrystals comprise elementary excitations—phonons, phasons
and fluid phonon, the corresponding field variables are ui ; wi and Vi , respectively.
The soft-matter quasicrystals observed so far are two-dimensional quasicrystals. For
simplicity, for 12-fold symmetry quasicrystals, we here, first consider only their
plane fields in quasiperiodic symmetry plane, i.e. the xy-plane, if z-axis is 12-fold
symmetry axis, so that there are spatial independent variables x1 ¼ x; x2 ¼ y only in
the field variables and field equations.
Deformation and motion of soft-matter quasicrystals follow the laws of mass and
momentum conservations and rules of symmetry breaking of phonons and phasons,
this suggested a hydrodynamics of soft-matter quasicrystals, which was discussed
in Chap. 5, here we give more detailed discussion
70 7 Dynamics of Soft-Matter Quasicrystals with 12-Fold Symmetry
Comparing the hydrodynamics given in Chap. 5 for soft-matter quasicrystals and

that in Chap. 3 for solid quasicrystals, there are three differences between them [1]
which should be emphasized again:
(1) The solid viscosity constitutive equation in [8] r0ij ¼ gijkl n_ kl ; n_ kl ¼

1 @Vk @Vl
2 @xl þ @xk is replaced by fluid constitutive equation pij ¼ pdij þ r0ij ¼

pdij þ gijkl n_ kl ; n_ kl ¼ 12 @V @Vl
@xl þ @xk ;
k
in which p is the fluid pressure (and this does not mean in solid there is no
pressure), in addition, the constitutive laws for phonons and phasons can draw from
those of solid quasicrystals given in Chaps. 3 and 5
rij ¼ Cijkl eik þ Rijkl wkl

Hij ¼ Kijkl wij þ Rklij ekl
in addition add the fluid constitutive law
pij ¼ pdij þ r0ij ¼ pdij þ gijkl n_ kl
in which

1 @ui @uj @wi _ 1 @Vi @Vj
eij ¼ þ ; wij ¼ ;n ¼ þ
2 @xj @xi @xj ij 2 @xj @xi
where ui denotes phonon displacement vector, rij the phonon stress tensor, eij the
phonon strain tensor; wi the phason displacement vector, Hij the phason stress
tensor, wij the phason strain tensor;Vi the fluid phonon velocity vector, pij the fluid
stress tensor, p the fluid pressure, gijkl the fluid viscosity coefficient tensor, n_ ij the
fluid deformation rate tensor; Cijkl ; Kijkl and Rijkl the phonon, phason and phonon–
phason coupling elastic constant tensors, respectively. In addition, for 12-fold
symmetry quasicrystals Rijkl ¼ 0 (because of decoupling between phonons and
phasons). For simplicity, in the following we discuss only the simplest fluid, i.e.
pij ¼ pdij þ r0ij ¼ pdij þ 2gðn_ ij 13 n_ kk dij Þ þ g0 n_ kk dij ; n_ kk ¼ n_ 11 þ n_ 22 þ n_ 33 ,

n_ ij ¼ 1 @Vi þ j , in which g is so-called the first viscosity coefficient, g0 the
@V
2 @xj @xi
second one, which is omitted because it is too small (the details can be found in
Chap. 5);
7.1 Two-Dimensional Governing Equations … 71
(2) An equation of state p ¼ f ðqÞ is supplemented, and in solid quasicrystals there

is no need of the equation. The equation of state belongs to thermodynamics of
soft matter, so the discussion at present is beyond the scope of pure
hydrodynamics;
(3) Related to the point two, unlike in the solid quasicrystals, the dynamics
equations of soft-matter quasicrystals cannot be linearized, because the equa-
tion of state is nonlinear.
The above listed constitutive equations, for 12-fold symmetry quasicrystals we
have
9
@fdef
rij ¼ ¼ Cijkl ekl >
>
=
@eij
ð7:1:10 Þ
@fdef >
Hij ¼ ¼ Kijkl wkl >
;
@wij
due to decoupling (the phonon–phason coupling elastic tensor vanishes), and the
concrete form of the deformation energy density fdef depends upon the symmetry
groups of the quasicrystals. From data of solid quasicrystals, in two-dimensional
quasicrystals of 12-fold symmetry there are 2 Laue classes, and comprise 7 point
groups (refer to [11]). We here consider point group 12 mm, for which in the
quasiperiodic plane there is the elastic deformation energy density
1 1
fdef ðu; wÞ ¼ fdef ðeij ; wij Þ ¼ Lðr uÞ2 þ Meij eij þ K1 wij wij
2 2
1 2 1 ð7:1:100 Þ
þ K2 w21 þ w12 þ 2w11 w22 þ K3 ðw21 þ w12 Þ2
2
2 2
¼ Fu þ Fw ; ðx ¼ x1 ; y ¼ x2 ; i ¼ 1; 2; j ¼ 1; 2Þ
So that we can obtain the constitutive law based on (7.1.1′) as below

9
rxx ¼ Lðexx þ eyy Þ þ 2Mexx >
>
>
>
ryy ¼ Lðexx þ eyy Þ þ 2Meyy >
>
>
>
rxy ¼ ryx ¼ 2Mexy >
>
>
>
Hxx ¼ K1 wxx þ K2 wyy >
>
>
>
Hyy ¼ K1 wyy þ K2 wxx >
>
=
Hxy ¼ K1 wxy K2 wyx ð7:1:2Þ
Hyx ¼ K1 wyx K2 wxy >
>
>
>
_ 1 _
pxx ¼ p þ rxx ¼ p þ 2gðnxx 3 nkk Þ >
0
>
>
>
pyy ¼ p þ r0yy ¼ p þ 2gðn_ yy 13 n_ kk Þ >
>
>
>
>
>
0 0
pxy ¼ pyx ¼ rxy ¼ ryx ¼ 2gnxy _ >
>
>
>
_nkk ¼ n_ xx þ n_ yy ;
in which there is no the coupling elastic constant. So that the equations of motion of
plane field of soft-matter quasicrystals with 12-fold symmetry is obtained as follows
by omitting the terms of ri uj dH
duj and ri wj dwj (refer to Chap. 5), and the derivation
dH
details are not included:

@q
9
@t þ r ðqVÞ ¼ 0
>
>
>
>
@ðqVx Þ
þ @ðVx qVx Þ
þ
@ðVy qVx Þ
¼ @p
þ 2
ðqV Þ >
>
@t @x @y @x gr x >
>
1 @dq >
>
þ 3 g @x r V þ Mr ux þ ðL þ M BÞ @x r u ðA BÞ q @x >
1 @ 2 @
>
>
0 >
>
@ðqVy Þ
þ
@ðVx qVy Þ
þ
@ðVy qVy Þ
¼ @p
þ gr 2
ðqV Þ >
>
@t @x @y @y y >
>
>
þ 3 g @y r V þ Mr uy þ ðL þ M BÞ @y r u ðA BÞ q @x >
1 @ 2 @ 1 @dq >
=
0
@ux
þ V @ux
þ V @ux
¼ V þ C Mr 2
u þ ðL þ MÞ @
r u ð7:1:3Þ
@t x @x y @y x u
h x @x i >
>
@uy @uy @uy >
>
þ V þ V ¼ V þ C Mr 2
u þ ðL þ MÞ @
r u >
>
i >
@t x @x y @y y u y @y
h >
>
@wx @wx @wx @ @wx @wy >
>
@t þ Vx @x þ Vy @y ¼ Cw K1 r wx þ ðK2 þ K3 Þ @y @y þ @x >
2
h i >>
>
>
@wy
þ
@wy
þ
@wy
¼ C r 2
þ ðK þ Þ @ @wx
þ
@wy >
>
@t Vx @x V y @y w K 1 w y 2 K 3 @x @y @x >
>
>
>
p ¼ f ðqÞ ¼ 3 l3 q3 q0 q þ q0 q þ q
kB T 2 2 3 ;
0
2
@ @
2
@ @
in which r2 ¼ @x 2 þ @y2 , r ¼ i @x þ j @y, V ¼ iVx þ jVy , u ¼ iux þ juy , and L ¼
C12 ; M ¼ ðC11 C12 Þ=2 the phonon elastic constants, K1 ; K2 ; K3 the phason
elastic constants, g the fluid dynamic viscosity, and Cu and Cw the phonon and
phason dissipation coefficients, A and B the material constants due to variation of
mass density, respectively.
Equations (7.1.3) are the final governing equations of two-dimensional
dynamics of soft-matter quasicrystals of 12-fold symmetry with fields variables
ux ; uy ; wx ; wy ; Vx ; Vy ; q and p, the amount of the field variables is 8, and amount of
field equations is 8 too, among them: the first one is the mass conservation equation,
the second one and the third one the momentum conservation equations or gen-
eralized Navier–Stokes equations, the fourth one and the fifth one the equations of
motion of phonons due to the symmetry breaking, the sixth one and the seventh one
the phason dissipation equations, and the eighth one the equation of state,
respectively. The equations are consistent to be mathematical solvability, if there is
lack of the equation of state, the equation system is not closed, and has no meaning
mathematically and physically. This shows the equation of state is necessary.
It is evident that the equation set is nonlinear, and cannot be linearized, in which
there are wave equations as well as diffusion equations. Because of the feature, the
Fourier transform cannot be used, the discussion in the frequency domain after the
Fourier transform is difficult to carry out. Related with this, the spectrum behaviour
of the equations has not been directly discussed here. For the subsequent discus-
sion, the wave speeds of the system are important, which can be approximately
obtained, i.e.
7.1 Two-Dimensional Governing Equations … 73
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sffiffiffiffiffi sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

2A þ L þ 2M B M @p
c1 ¼ ; c2 ¼ c3 ¼ ; c4 ¼ ð7:1:4Þ
q q @q s
they are speeds of phonon longitudinal wave, phonon transverse waves (for the
plane field there is only one transverse wave mode) and fluid phonon (longitudinal)
wave, respectively.
Based on the final governing (7.1.3) we will discuss some solutions of soft-matter
quasicrystals with 12-fold symmetry. Due to the complexity of the equations, solving
the initial-boundary value problems of the equations is very difficult. In the following
we introduce some results, in which most of them are approximate.
7.2 Simplification of Governing Equations
7.2.1 Steady Dynamic Problem of Soft-Matter Quasicrystals

At first consider static case.

In (7.1.3), if term @ð@tÞ ¼ 0, the problem is reduced to steady problem, which is
interesting in some cases, one of examples will be introduced in Sect. 7.3.
Furthermore, we omit the terms of convective derivatives in left-hand side in
(7.1.3), so
9
rV¼0 >
=
@p
@x þ gr 2
ðqVx Þ Vx
Cu ¼ 0 ð7:2:1Þ
>
@p þ gr2 ðqVy Þ y ¼ 0 ;
V
@y Cu
and the equations of phonons are related to fluid velocity field as below
@
)
Vx þ Cu hMr2 ux þ ðL þ MÞ @x r ui ¼ 0
@ ð7:2:2Þ
Vy þ Cu Mr2 uy þ ðL þ MÞ @y ru ¼0
but the equations of phasons are independent from fluid field as well as phonon
field
9
@wy
@
K1 r2 wx þ ðK2 þ K3 Þ @y @wx
@y þ @x ¼ 0=
ð7:2:3Þ
¼ 0;
@ @wx @wy
K1 r2 wy þ ðK2 þ K3 Þ @x @y þ @x
These equations are hydrostatic equations which are also meaningful in some
cases.
If omitting velocity terms in (7.2.2), then which can be reduced to biharmonic

equations
r2 r2 F ¼ 0 ðV ¼ 0Þ ð7:2:20 Þ
in which
@2F @2F @2F

¼ rxx ; 2 ¼ ryy ; ¼ rxy ð7:2:200 Þ
@x 2 @y @x@y
7.2.2 Pure Fluid Dynamics
In the case there are no phonon and phason fields, if we omit the inertia terms and
introduce the flow function Uðx; yÞ
@U @U
Vx ¼ ; Vy ¼ ð7:2:4Þ
@x @y
then (7.1.3) is reduced to
r2 r2 U ¼ 0 ð7:2:5Þ
We have solution
Z
U ¼ Re z/1 ðzÞ þ w1 ðzÞdz ð7:2:6Þ
where Re denotes the real part of complex function, /1 ðzÞ and w1 ðzÞ are two
analytic functions of z ¼ x þ iy.
Although pure fluid is not soft matter, the solutions of pure fluid dynamics can
be referenced by dynamics of soft matter. Here (7.2.5) is similar to that of (7.2.2′),
but some solutions of (7.2.5) are meaningless, which can lead to so-called Stokes
paradox, and this lesson is beneficial in studying soft-matter quasicrystals, which
will be discussed further in the subsequent sections of this chapter.
7.3 Dislocation and Solution
It is well known that dislocation problem is one of important problems for

soft-matter quasicrystals as well as solid ones.
7.3 Dislocation and Solution 75
As zero-order approximation, in (7.2.2) the fluid velocity field is omitted, i.e.

which become (7.2.2′), the corresponding dislocation can be easily solved, then we
obtain the dislocation solution [11] under the dislocation conditions
R k R k
C dux ¼ b1 ; C duy ¼ b2
9
k
>
b1 y L þ M xy >
>
ux ¼ arc tan þ >
>
2p x L þ 2M r 2 >
>
>
>
2 >
LþM y >
k
b2 M r >
>
þ ln þ >
>
2p L þ 2M r0 L þ 2M r 2 > >
=
k
ð7:3:1Þ
b M r LþM x > 2
uy ¼ 1 ln þ >
2p L þ 2M r0 L þ 2M r 2 > >
>
>
>
k >
>
b2 y L þ M xy >
>
þ arc tan >
>
2p x L þ 2M r 2 >
>
>
>
;
uz ¼ 0
k k
in which L ¼ C12 ; M ¼ ðC11 C12 Þ=2 are the phonon elastic constants, b1 ; b2 . the
phonon Burgers vector components.
The dislocation solution for phason field can be found by solving (7.2.3) which
can also be reduced to biharmonic equation
r2 r2 G ¼ 0 ð7:3:2Þ
to solve [11], if
@2G @2G @2G

wx ¼ ðK2 þ K3 Þ ; wy ¼ K1 2 ðK1 þ K2 þ K3 Þ 2 ð7:3:20 Þ
@x@y @x @y
R R
Under dislocation conditions C dwx ¼ b? ?
1 ; C dwy ¼ b2 one can obtain the
dislocation solution of phason field
9
b? y ðK1 þ K2 ÞðK2 þ K3 Þ xy >
wx ¼ 1
arctan >
>
2p x 2K1 ðK1 þ K2 þ K3 Þ r 2 >
>
>
>
2 >
?
b2 K2 ðK1 þ K2 þ K3 Þ K1 K3 r ðK1 þ K2 ÞðK2 þ K3 Þ y > >
>
þ ln þ >
4p K1 ðK1 þ K2 þ K3 Þ r0 K1 ðK1 þ K2 þ K3 Þ r 2 =

b? K2 ðK1 þ K2 þ K3 Þ K1 K3 r ðK1 þ K2 ÞðK2 þ K3 Þ x2 >
>
wy ¼ 1
ln >
>
K1 ðK1 þ K2 þ K3 Þ K1 ðK1 þ K2 þ K3 Þ r 2 >
>
4p r0 >
>
?
>
>
b2 y ðK1 þ K2 ÞðK2 þ K3 Þ xy >
>
þ arctan þ ;
2p x 2K1 ðK1 þ K2 þ K3 Þ r 2
ð7:3:3Þ
where K1 ; K2 ; K3 are the phason elastic constants, b? ?

1 ; b2 the phason Burgers vector
components, r0 the dislocation core size. The detail can be referred to Fan [11].
It is evident that the phonon and phason fields are decoupled to each other, and
comparatively simpler than those of 5-,8- 10-, 7-, 9-, 14- and 18-fold symmetry
quasicrystals which will be discussed in Chaps. 8–11, respectively.
For soft-matter quasicrystals, due to existence of fluid phonon, the fluid effect to
the dislocations should be considered. The above solutions are only elastic solu-
tions, or say they are only zero-order approximate solutions. By considering the
fluid effect, the strict analytic solution of dislocation in quasicrystals of soft matter
is not available at present even if in the near future. We paid for some efforts to
construct an approximate solution, but the results are not so satisfactory. The dis-
cussion can be referred to Sect. 8.4.
7.4 Generalized Oseen Approximation Under Condition

of Lower Reynolds Number
The motion of soft matter is with feature of small Reynolds number as mentioned in
Chap. 1, because the fluid velocity is small, and viscosity is great, so that
qUa
Re ¼ ¼ 0:00011 ð7:4:1Þ
g
where q the mass density, g the viscosity, U the characteristic velocity, a the
characteristic size in the fluid field, in which the first two parameters represent the
internal factors of the matter, and the second ones describe external characters.
According to Stokes hypothesis the equations of motion can be simplified. In the
classical fluid dynamics, the Stokes approximate equations are successful in
three-dimensional case, but failed in two-dimensional case, in which there is
famous Stokes paradox for flow past obstacles, this shows the validity of the Stokes
approximation is effective only under certain conditions. Oseen [12, 13] analyzed
the Stokes paradox, the reason of the problem lies in the Stokes approximate
equations do not hold at the infinity in two-dimensional case. He modified the
Navier–Stokes equations, the modified version are named Oseen equations. This
was discussed in Chap. 6 already. According to the Oseen modification, (7.3.1) are
changed as below
7.4 Generalized Oseen Approximation Under Condition … 77
9
@q >
>
@ðqVx Þ @ðUx qVx Þ @ðUy qVx Þ @p >
>
þ þ ¼ þ gr 2
ðqV Þ >
>
@t @x @y @x x >
>
1 @
þ 3 g @x r V þ Mr ux þ ðL þ M BÞ @x r u
2 @ >
>
>
>
@dq >
>
ðA BÞ q1 @x >
>
>
>
>
0
þ @x þ @y ¼ @y þ gr ðqVy Þ þ 3 g @y r V >
@ðqVy Þ @ðUx qVy Þ @ðUy qVy Þ @p 1 @
2
>
>
@t >
>
þ Mr2 uy þ ðL þ M BÞ @y @
ru >
>
=
1 @dq ð7:4:2Þ
ðA BÞ q @y
@ux @ux @ux
0 2 @
> >
>
þ þ ¼ þ C þ ðL þ r >
i >
U U V Mr u MÞ u
@t x @x y @y x u
h x @x >
>
@uy @uy @uy @ >
>
þ U þ U ¼ V þ C Mr 2
u þ ðL þ MÞ r u >
>
@t
i >
x @x y @y y u y @y
h >
>
@wx
þ @wx
þ @wx
¼ C r 2
þ ðK þ Þ @ @wx
þ
@w >
>
>
y
U U K w K
i >
@t x @x y @y w 1 x 2 3 @y @y @x
h >
>
@wy @wy @wy @ @w @w >
>
@t þ Ux @x þ Uy @y ¼ Cw K1 r wy þ ðK2 þ K3 Þ @x @y þ @x >
2 x y
>
>
>
>
p ¼ f ðqÞ ¼ 3 l3 q3 q20 q þ q0 q2 þ q3
kB T ;
0
We call (7.4.2) as generalized Oseen equations of soft-matter quasicrystals of

12-fold symmetry, in which Ux ; Uy represent known velocities (given in boundary
conditions), and the others are defined as previous.
7.5 Steady Dynamic Equations Under Oseen Modification

in Polar Coordinate System
In the next section we will discuss a flow of soft-matter quasicrystals past a circular
cylinder, in which the polar coordinate system will be used. We here list the version
of generalized Oseen equations in polar coordinate system. In the polar coordinate
system ðr; hÞ, there are the phonon strain components err ; ehh ; erh ¼ ehr with the
phonon stress components rrr ; rhh ; rrh ¼ rhr following the generalized Hooke’s
law of phonons
9
@ur 1 @uh ur 1 1 @ur @uh uh >
err ¼ ; ehh ¼ þ ; erh ¼ ehr ¼ þ >
>
@r r @r r 2 r @h @r r =
ð7:5:1Þ
rrr ¼ ðL þ 2M Þerr þ Lehh ; rhh ¼ ðL þ 2M Þehh >
>
>
;
þ Lerr ; rrh ¼ rhr ¼ 2Merh
and the fluid phonon deformation velocity components n_ rr ; n_ hh ; n_ rh ¼ n_ hr and the

fluid stress components prr ; prh ; prh ¼ phr including fluid pressure p following the
generalized Newton’s law
9
_nrr ¼ @Vr ; n_ hh ¼ 1 @Vh þ Vr ; n_ rh ¼ n_ hr ¼ 1 1 @Vr þ @Vh Vh >
>
>
@r r @r r 2 r @h @r r >>
>
>
>
0 0 0
prr ¼ p þ rrr ; phh ¼ p þ rhh ; prh ¼ phr ¼ rrh ¼ rhr 0 >
=
2 _ ð7:5:2Þ
r0rr ¼ 2gn_ rr þ gn ; r0 ¼ 2gn_ hh >
>
>
>
3 kk hh >
>
>
>
2 >
þ gn_ kk ; r0rh ¼ r0hr ¼ 2gn_ rh ; n_ kk ¼ n_ rr þ n_ hh ;
3
and the phason strain components wrr ; whh ; wrh ; whr and the phason stress compo-
nents Hrr ; Hhh ; Hrh ; Hhr obeying the generalized Hooke’s law of phasons and the
phason strain components and the generalized Hooke’s law of phasons
9
@wr 1 @wh wr 1 @wr @wh wh >
wrr ¼ ; whh ¼ þ ; wrh ¼ ; whr ¼ >>
@r r @r r r @h @r r >
>
=
Hrr ¼ K1 wrr þ K2 whh ; Hhh ¼ K1 whh ð7:5:3Þ
>
>
þ K2 wrr ; Hrh ¼ ðK1 þ K2 þ K3 Þwrh þ K3 whr >
>
>
;
Hhr ¼ ðK1 þ K2 þ K3 Þwhr þ K3 wrh
So that we have the governing equations

9
r ðqVÞ ¼ 0 >
>
>
>
@ðUr qVr Þ @ðUh qVh Þ @p 1 @ >
>
þ ¼ þ gr2 ðqVr Þ þ g r V >
>
@r @r 3 @r >
>
r@h >
>
@ >
>
þ Mr ur þ ðL þ M BÞ r u
2 >
>
>
>
@r >
>
>
>
1 @dq >
>
ðA BÞ >
>
q0 @r >
>
>
>
@ðUr qVh Þ @ðUh qVh Þ @p 1 @ >
>
þ ¼ þ gr2 ðqVh Þ þ g rV >
>
>
>
r@h r@h r@h 3 r@h >
>
>
>
@ >
>
þ Mr uh þ ðL þ M BÞ
2
ru >
>
r@h >
>
>
>
1 @dq >
>
ðA BÞ >
>
q0 r@h >
>
>
>
=
@ur @uh @
Ur þ Uh ¼ Vx þ Cu Mr2 ur þ ðL þ MÞ r u
>
ð7:5:4Þ
@r r@h @r >
>
>
>
@uh @uh @ >
>
Ur þ Uh ¼ Vy þ Cu Mr2 uh þ ðL þ MÞ ru >
>
@r r@h r@h >
>
2 >
>
>
>
@wr @wh @ @ 1 @2 >
Ur þ Uh ¼ Cw K1 þ 2 þ ðK1 þ K2 þ K3 Þ wr >
>
>
>
@r r@h @r 2 r@r r r2 @h 2
>
>
>
>
@ 2
@ >
>
þ K2 þ K1 2 >
>
r @h
wh >
>
r@r@h >
>
2 >
>
@wh @wh @ 2
@ @ @ 1 >
>
Ur þ Uh ¼ Cw K1 2 þ K2 þ þ 2 2 2 wr > >
>
@r r@h @r r@r@h r@r r @h r >
>
2 >
>
@ @ @ @ >
>
þ K1 þ3 2 þ K2 2 þ 4K3 2 >
>
wh >
>
r 2 @h 2 r @h r @h r @h >
>
>
>
3kB T 2 >
>
p ¼ 3 3 q0 q þ q0 q þ q 2 3 >
;
l q0
7.5 Steady Dynamic Equations Under Oseen Modification … 79
@ 2
@ @2 @ @
in which r2 ¼ @r 2 þ r@r þr2 @h2
, r ¼ ir @r þ ih r@h, V ¼ ir Vr þ ih Vh ,
@ @ah
u ¼ ir ur þ ih uh , r a ¼ r@r ðrar Þ þ r@h.
7.6 Flow Past a Circular Cylinder
This section reports the formulation and results on flow of soft-matter quasicrystals
with 12-fold symmetry past a circular cylinder, here only consider the steady
motion of low Reynolds number of structured viscous liquid with compressibility,
the equation system of the generalized dynamics of soft-matter quasicrystals is
given by (7.5.4), in which the elementary excitations—phonons, phasons and fluid
phonon and their interaction play a central role. In the analysis the equation of state
is a key. The computation verifies the equations and the formulation and reveals
some significant behaviour of the flow.
7.6.1 Two-Dimensional Flow Past Obstacle, Stokes Paradox
This section discusses an application of the mathematical theory of dynamics of

soft-matter quasicrystals for solving flow past a cylinder. In the classical fluid
dynamics, Stokes solved the problem but it was not successful, this is the famous
Stokes paradox. To overcome the difficulty due to the paradox, then Oseen mod-
ified the Navier–Stokes equations and further solved successfully the problem. For
soft-matter quasicrystals, the Oseen flow is more complex, we can do only by
numerical method, but the approximate analytic solution, i.e. the classical Oseen
solution, and the generalized Oseen solution in numerical version offered in Chap. 6
for conventional liquid are still significant to the present discussion.
7.6.2 Statement on the Problem
A mathematical model of dynamics of soft-matter quasicrystals is suggested, this

provides a basis for solving initial-boundary value problems of dynamics of the matter
in time-spatial domain. In general the solution can be done only by numerical methods
due to the complexity of the problems. There are a few of cases that approximate
analytic solutions are available. Although the approximation of those solutions, it
presents some meanings for understanding motion of soft-matter quasicrystals. We
here discuss a flow past a cylinder in medium of soft-matter quasicrystals with 12-fold
symmetry. It is well known that quasicrystals with 12-fold symmetry are frequently
observed in various soft matter including liquid crystals, colloids, polymers, sur-
factants and others [4–9], so they are the most important class of soft-matter qua-
sicrystals. The approximate analytic solution and numerical solutions of dynamics of
soft-matter quasicrystals show the correctness and efficiency of equation system of

dynamics of soft-matter quasicrystals suggested by the author, which may help one
develop theory and application of soft-matter quasicrystals.
7.6.3 A Flow Past a Cylinder
In this section an application of the mathematical model of dynamics of soft-matter

quasicrystals is used for solving flow past a cylinder.
Suppose a slow flow along direction x with velocity U1 shown by Fig. 7.1
The pressure p1 at infinity is omitted here, and a circular cylinder with radius a
in an infinite soft-matter quasicrystal. We have the boundary conditions in circular
cylindrical coordinate system ðr; h; zÞ
r¼ x2 þ y2 þ z2 ! 1:
Vr ¼ U1 cos h; Vh ¼ U1 sin h; rrr ¼ rhh ¼ 0; Hrr ¼ Hhh ¼ 0;
ð7:6:1Þ
r ¼ a:
Vr ¼ Vh ¼ 0; rrr ¼ rrh ¼ 0; Hrr ¼ Hrh ¼ 0
7.6.4 Quasi-Steady Analysis—Numerical Solution by Finite

Difference Method
Due to the complexity of (7.5.4) and boundary conditions (7.6.1), any analytic
solution is not available at present. We have to use numerical methods to solve the
boundary value problem, and the finite difference method in polar coordinate
system is used, whose grid is shown in Fig. 7.2. Due to the numerical method one
can take finite “computational infinity” only, and different “computational infinity”
will lead to different computational results, this indicates the problem is time
Fig. 7.1 Flow of soft-matter quasicrystal past cylinder with radius a

7.6 Flow Past a Circular Cylinder 81
Fig. 7.2 Finite difference grid in polar coordinate system
dependent indeed. The present treatment is a quasi-steady solution. In the following

we take the “computational infinity” at r1 ¼ 6a.
At first we checked the computer program of the numerical method of ours by
comparison with the generalized Oseen problem solved in [14] see also in Chap. 6
of this book, as the checking being satisfactory we just continue the computation,
and the results and analysis are given by Cheng and Fan [15], and listed in the
following subsections.
7.6.5 Numerical Results and Analysis
In the numerical analysis, the following material constants
U1 ¼ 0:01 m=s, q0 ¼ 1:5 g=cm3 , g ¼ 1 Poise, l ¼ 8 nm, r=a ¼ 1:55, a ¼ 1 cm,

kB ¼ 1:38 1023 J=K, T ¼ 293 K, L ¼ 10 MPa, M ¼ 4 MPa, K1 ¼ 0:5 L,
K2 ¼ 0:1 L, K3 ¼ 0:05 L, Cu ¼ 4:8 1017 m3 s=kg, Cw ¼ 4:8 1019 m3 s=kg,
A 0:2 MPa, B 0:2 MPa and the phonon–phason coupling constant R ¼ 0 are
used, and the computation is stable.
A part of numerical results obtained are listed in the following through a series
of illustrations. We find that among influence factors to the computational results
the Reynolds number Re ¼ qUg1 a is most important.
dq
The relative variation of the mass density q0 is obtained, where dq ¼ q q0 .
The computation result is

dq
104 ð7:6:2Þ
q
0
which is quite large than that of solid quasicrystals, refer to Chap. 3, and it is
confirmed that the compressibility of soft-matter quasicrystals should be considered.
The angular distribution of fluid viscous stresses and comparison with the
generalized Oseen solution of conventional liquid given by Cheng et al. [14] are
illustrated by Figs. 7.3, 7.4 and 7.5, respectively.
Although there are some differences of the magnitudes of the results between
soft-matter quasicrystals and conventional liquid, the structure of solutions are
similar, which is maintained from the classical Oseen solution, refer to [16, 17], this
feature will be mentioned in the subsequent discussion.
The angular distribution of phonon stresses are shown in Figs. 7.6, 7.7 and 7.8,
these results belong to soft-matter quasicrystals only, the conventional liquids do
not contain this kind of elementary excitation, so there are no the phonon elastic
stress field.
The influence of Reynolds number to the distributions of fluid velocity fields, fluid
viscous stress field and phonon stress field are drawn by Figs. 7.9, 7.10 and 7.11.
The phonon stresses are also determined, among them the radical normal
component is shown in Fig. 7.12. However, in the classical and generalized Oseen
solutions, if there is any result of phonon field, relevant comparison could not be
done.
Due to the limitation of space, we cannot include more illustrations. The results
show the transient effect is evident in the flow past obstacle, so that the steady
analysis undertaken in classical fluid dynamics in the earlier work present their
limitation, the transient analysis is necessary. The results also show the differences
of solutions between conventional liquids and soft-matter quasicrystals are quite
Fig. 7.3 Angular distribution of radical normal stress at r ¼ 1:55a due to fluid viscosity and
comparison to that of solution of conventional liquid given by Cheng et al. [14]
Fig. 7.4 Angular distribution of circumferential normal stress at r ¼ 1:55a due to fluid viscosity
and comparison to that of solution of conventional liquid given by Cheng et al. [14]
Fig. 7.5 Angular distribution of shear stress at r ¼ 1:55a due to fluid viscosity and comparison to
that of solution of conventional liquid given by [14]
large, because they belong to two different kinds of materials, this explores the
importance of degrees of freedom of phonons and phasons in quasicrystals,
although the results of phasons cannot be included here (their values are too small)
Fig. 7.6 Angular distribution of radical normal stress of phonon at r ¼ 1:55a
Fig. 7.7 Angular distribution of circumferential normal stress of phonon at r ¼ 1:55a
in the pictures due to the decoupling between phonons and phasons in the 12-fold
symmetry quasicrystals. Contrast to 12-fold symmetry quasicrystals, the 5-, 10- and
8-fold symmetry quasicrystals (although they are not observed in soft matter yet,
Fig. 7.8 Angular distribution of shear stress of phonon at r ¼ 1:55a
Fig. 7.9 Angular distribution of radical velocity at r ¼ 3:55a under different Reynolds number
and comparison with the classical Oseen solution [17] [also refer to (7.6.3)]
which may be found in the near future) due to the coupling between phonons and
phasons, the solution of phasons is strongly exhibited.
Another evident feature is the Reynolds number play an important role.
Fig. 7.10 Angular distribution of circumferential velocity at r ¼ 3:55a under different Reynolds
number and comparison with the classical Oseen solution [17] [also refer to (7.6.3)]
Fig. 7.11 Angular distribution of radical component of normal viscous stress of fluid phonon
r ¼ 3:55a under different Reynolds number and comparison with the classical Oseen solution [16,
17] [also refer to (7.6.3)]
The equation of state is important too, if there is no the equation then the basic
equation set is not closed, there are no any solutions at all. The including of the
equation of state is the key.
Fig. 7.12 Angular distribution of radical normal stress of phonon at r ¼ 3:55a under different
Reynolds number
The viscous fluid stress components are small, but total values of the normal
stresses are quite considerable by taking into account of the fluid pressure. So that,
for the soft-matter quasicrystals, fluid phonon and its effects are very important.
This is the most evident distinction of soft-matter quasicrystals with the solid ones.
From the analysis of the solution structure we find that the structure of classical
Oseen solution, the detailed derivation refer to Chap. 6 which are introduced from
Russian [16, 17]

U1 cos h a2 r
Vrclassical ¼ 1 1 þ 2 þ 2 ln
1 2 ln 2 ka 2c r a
2
ð7:6:3Þ
U1 sin h a r
Vhclassical ¼ 1 2 þ 2 ln
1 2 ln 12 ka 2c r a
with
2k ¼ qU1 =g; c ¼ 0:5772 ð7:6:4Þ
is meaningful, although the classical Oseen solution discussed only a motion of steady
state and incompressible simple liquid, belong to the linear regime but it is analytic
solution, presents very important reference significance. Our solution is numerical
solution for such a complex system described by (7.5.4), which are structured liquid
with degrees of freedom of phonons, phanons and compressible fluid, presents highly
nonlinearity, our solution has been checked by the generalized Oseen solution given in
Sect. 6.6, and which has been verified by the classical Oseen solution, these checking
and verification can help us to reveal the validity of the suggested basic equations of
[1, 2] in some extent. It is well known, for classical viscous fluid dynamics of
two-dimension the classical Oseen solution is a precious solution.
In addition to the numerical solution, effort for constructing approximate analytic
solution has been done as well. After lengthy and complicated calculations, an
approximate solution for phonon stress field was obtained but exact to an under-
mined constant factor of demsionless, whose numerical results are in agreement
qualitatively with those of Figs. 6.6.6–6.6.8. Meantime, a nonzero approximate
solution for phason field was also obtained, which is unable by the numerical
approach, but a part of constants of integration in the solution was not determined.
This practice shows that the constructing approximate analytic solutionis available
in some extent even if it is very difficult.
7.7 Three-Dimensional Equations of Generalized

Dynamics of Soft-Matter Quasicrystals with 12-Fold
Symmetry
In the discussion of Sects. 7.1–7.6 is only concerned with the planar field, we did
not concern the three-dimensional problem of the dynamics, whose version is listed
in this section.
At first we list the three-dimensional constitutive laws on phonons, phasons and
fluid phonon, respectively, as follows [3]
9
rxx ¼ C11 exx þ C12 eyy þ C13 ezz >
>
>
ryy ¼ C12 exx þ C11 eyy þ C13 ezz >
>
>
>
rzz ¼ C13 exx þ C13 eyy þ C33 ezz >
>
>
>
ryz ¼ rzy ¼ 2C44 eyz >
>
>
>
rzx ¼ rxz ¼ 2C44 ezx >
>
>
>
rxy ¼ ryx ¼ 2C66 exy >
>
>
>
Hxx ¼ K1 wxx þ K2 wyy >
>
>
>
Hyy ¼ K2 wxx þ K1 wyy >
>
>
>
Hyz ¼ K4 wyz >
>
>
=
Hxy ¼ ðK1 þ K2 þ K3 Þwxy þ K3 wyx
ð7:7:1Þ
Hxz ¼ K4 wxz >
>
>
Hyx ¼ K3 wxy þ ðK1 þ K2 þ K3 Þwyx >
>
>
>
>
pxx ¼ p þ 2gn_ xx 23 gn_ kk >
>
>
>
>
pyy ¼ p þ 2gn_ yy 23 gn_ kk >
>
>
_ 2 _ >
>
pzz ¼ p þ 2gnzz 3 gnkk >
>
>
>
pyz ¼ 2gn_ yz >
>
>
>
pzx ¼ 2gnzx _ >
>
>
>
_ >
>
pxy ¼ 2gnxy >
>
;
n_ kk ¼ n_ xx þ n_ yy þ n_ zz
7.7 Three-Dimensional Equations of Generalized Dynamics … 89
then the equations of dynamics of soft-matter quasicrystals of 12-fold symmetry are

as following
9
@q >
þ r ðqVÞ ¼ 0 > >
>
@t >
>
>
>
@ðqVx Þ @ðVx qVx Þ @ðVy qVx Þ @ðVz qVx Þ @p 1 @ >
>
þ þ þ ¼ þ gr ðqVx Þ þ g r V >
2
>
>
@t @x @y @z @x 3 @x >
>
>
>
@ 2
@ 2
@ uy
2
@ uz >
2
>
>
þ C66 2 þ C44 2 ux þ ðC12 þ C66 Þ þ ðC13 þ C44 C11 Þ >
@y @z @x@y @x@z > >
>
>
>
@ 1 @dq > >
>
þ ðC11 BÞ r u ðA BÞ >
>
@x q0 @x > >
>
>
>
@ðqVy Þ @ðVx qVy Þ @ðVy qVy Þ @ðVz qVy Þ @p 1 @ >
>
þ þ þ ¼ þ gr2 ðqVy Þ þ g r V > >
>
@t @x @y @z @y 3 @y >
>
>
>
@ ux
2
@ 2
@ 2
@ 2
@ uz >
2 >
>
>
þ ðC12 þ C66 Þ þ C66 2 þ C11 2 þ C44 2 uy þ ðC13 þ C44 Þ >
>
@x@y @x @y @z @y@z > >
>
@ 1 @dq > >
>
>
þ ðC11 BÞ r u ðA BÞ >
@y q0 @y > >
>
>
>
>
@ðqVz Þ @ðVx qVz Þ @ðVy qVz Þ @ðVz qVz Þ @p 1 @ >
þ þ þ ¼ þ gr ðqVz Þ þ g r V >
2 >
>
>
@t @x @y @z @z 3 @z >
> >
>
@ 2
@ 2
@ 2 >
>
þ C44 2 þ C44 2 þ ðC33 C13 C44 Þ 2 uz > >
>
@x @y @z >
>
>
>
@ 1 @dq > >
>
þ ðC13 þ C44 BÞ r u ðA BÞ >
>
@z q0 @z > >
>
>
>
@ux @ux @ux @ux =
þ Vx þ Vy þ Vz ¼ Vx ð7:7:2Þ
@t @x @y @z
>>
>
@2 @2 @2 @ 2 uy @ 2 uz > >
>
þ Cu C11 2 þ C66 2 þ C44 2 ux þ ðC11 C66 Þ þ ðC13 þ C44 Þ >
@x @y @z @x@y @x@z > >
>
>
>
>
@uy @uy @uy @uy >
þ Vx þ Vy þ Vz ¼ Vy > >
>
>
@t @x @y @z >
>
>
>
@ 2 ux @2 @2 @2 @ 2 uz > >
>
þ Cu ðC11 C66 Þ þ C66 2 þ C11 2 þ C44 2 uy þ ðC13 þ C44 Þ >
@x@y @x @y @z @y@z > >
>
>
>
>
@uz @uz @uz @uz >
þ Vx þ Vy þ Vz ¼ Vz > >
>
>
@t @x @y @z >
>
2 >
>
@ ux @ 2 uy @2 @2 @2 >
>
þ Cu ðC13 þ C44 Þ þ þ C44 2 þ C44 2 þ C33 2 uz > >
>
@x@z @y@z @x @y @z >
>
>
>
@wx @wx @wx @wx @ 2 >
>
w >
¼ Cw K1 r1 wx þ ðK2 þ K3 Þ 2 >
x
þ Vx þ Vy þ Vz 2
>
@t @x @y @z @y > >
>
>>
@ wx
2
@ wy >
2 >
>
þ K4 2 þ 2K3 >
>
@z @x@y > >
>
>
>
@wy @wy @wy @wy @ 2 wx @ 2 wx >>
>
þ Vx þ Vy Vz ¼ Cw ðK2 þ K3 Þ þ K3 >
>
@t @x @y @z @x@y @y@z > >
>>
>
>
@ 2
w y @ 2
w y >
>
þ K1 r21 wy þ ðK2 þ K3 Þ 2 þ ðK1 þ K2 þ K3 Þ >
@x @x@z > >
>
>
kB T 2 >
3 >
>
p ¼ f ðqÞ ¼ 3 3 3 q0 q þ q0 q þ q > 2 >
;
l q0
2
@ 2
@ 2
@ 2
@ 2
@ @ @ @
in which r2 ¼ @x 2 þ @y2 þ @z2 ; r1 ¼ @x2 þ @y2 ;
2
r ¼ i @x þ j @y þ k @z ,V ¼
iVx þ jVy þ kVz , u ¼ iux þ juy þ kuz and C11 ; C12 ; C13 ; C33 ; C44 ; C66 ¼
ðC11 C12 Þ=2 the phonon elastic constants, K1 ; K2 ; K3 ; K4 the phason elastic
constants, g the fluid dynamic viscosity, and Cu and Cw the phonon and phason
dissipation coefficients, A and B the material constants due to variation of mass
density, respectively.
Equations (7.7.2) are the final governing equations of dynamics of soft-matter
quasicrystals of 12-fold symmetry in three-dimensional case with fields variables
ux ; uy ; uz ; wx ; wy ; Vx ; Vy ; Vz ; q and p, the amount of the field variables is 10, and
amount of field equations is 10 too, among them: the first one is the mass con-
servation equation, the second–the fourth ones the momentum conservation equa-
tions or the generalized Navier–Stokes equations, the fifth–seventh ones the
equations of motion of phonons due to the symmetry breaking, the eighth and ninth
ones the phason dissipation equations, and the tenth one the equation of state,
These equations reveal the nature of wave propagation of fields u and v with
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
phonon wave speeds c1 ¼ 2A þ Cq 11 B; c2 ¼ c3 ¼ C112q C12
and fluid phonon
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
@p
wave speed c4 ¼ @q and the nature of the diffusion of field w with major
s
diffusive coefficient D1 ¼ Cw K1 and other less important diffusive coefficients
D2 ¼ Cw K2 , etc. from the view point of hydrodynamics.
The detail of derivation was given by Fan, Tang [3]. Tang et al. [18] further
derived the version of the equations in spherical coordinate system and gave a
solution on flow of the structured liquid past a sphere by using Mathematica and
finite difference method, whose detail is quite lengthy and not discussed here.
7.8 Possible Crack Problem and Analysis
Soft matter presents character of softness, which has been pointed out since Chap. 1,
and it is not easily broken. Even if this, in soft matter there are various defects, and
failure phenomenon still appear. One of reasons of failure of soft matter is connected
to crack formation and crack propagation. The failure and its mechanism are studied,
e.g. in liquid crystals [19–21], soap foams [22], thin films [23, 24], even if in painting
technology [25]. Failure and cracking may happen in soft-matter quasicrystals as
well.
Different from solid, during the failure and cracking process of soft matter, the
fluid effect, apart from other factors, must be considered. This means the impor-
tance of interaction between fluid phonon and phonons. The effect of phasons is not
7.8 Possible Crack Problem and Analysis 91
Fig. 7.13 A penetrated crack
unknown for the problem. Of course the experience of studying failure and cracking
process of solid is beneficial for the present discussion.
Brostow et al. [19] suggested the modelling on crack formation and propagation
for soft matter first. The conventional model for two-dimensional crack is shown in
Fig. 7.13.
The initial and boundary value conditions for the specimen are:
t ¼ 0 : Vx ¼ Vy ¼ 0; ux ¼ uy ¼ 0; wx ¼ wy ¼ 0; p ¼ p0 ; ð7:8:1Þ
y ¼ H; j xj\L: Vx ¼ Vy ¼ 0; ryy ¼ r0 f ðtÞ; ryx ¼ 0; Hyy ¼ Hyx ¼ 0; p ¼ p0 ;

x ¼ L; j yj\H: Vx ¼ Vy ¼ 0; rxx ¼ rxy ¼ 0; Hxx ¼ Hxy ¼ 0; p ¼ p0 ;
y ¼ 0; j xj\a: Vx ¼ Vy ¼ 0; ryy ¼ ryx ¼ 0; Hyy ¼ Hyx ¼ 0; p ¼ p0
ð7:8:2Þ
Under the initial and boundary conditions through solving (7.1.3) by finite
difference method as has been done in [26], with the scheme of grid shown by
Fig. 7.14 we determine the phonon stress filed rij and fluid phonon stress field pij
around crack tip, in which the stresses present singularity
1
rij ; pij ; r!0 ð7:8:3Þ
r 1=2
According to the conventional definition in fracture theory one can obtain the
so-called stress intensity factors of elastic stress and fluid stress, respectively
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
K r ¼ lim 2pðx aÞryy ðx; 0; tÞ; K p ¼ lim 2pðx aÞpyy ðx; 0; tÞ ð7:8:4Þ
x!a x!a
The total stress intensity factor is

Fig. 7.14 Scheme of grid
K total ¼ K r þ K p ð7:8:5Þ
According to our computation,
K p \0
So that
K total \K r
If the Griffith fracture criterion to the soft-matter quasicrystals is adopted then
K total ¼ Kc ð7:8:6Þ
where Kc is so-called fracture toughness, a material constant must be measured by

experiments.
The above outline on possible crack problem in soft-matter quasicrystals
explores the different effects between phonon and fluid phonon stresses during the
cracking process: the phonon stress causes opening of the crack, and that of fluid
phonon leads to crack closing. We can conclude that the cracking process is
depended upon the competition between phonon stresses and fluid stresses. The
effect of the fluid prevents the crack propagation, and strengthens the safety of
material and structure. This explains the higher safety of soft matter than that of the
solid from point of view of Griffith theory.
For three-dimensional crack shown in Fig. 7.15, which can be analyzed by
solving (7.7.2) under appropriate initial and boundary conditions.
Because there is lack of the experimental data and the model is coarse, the
analysis detail is not provided here.
7.9 Conclusion and Discussion 93
Fig. 7.15 An elliptic disc-shaped crack
This chapter discussed the two-dimensional dynamics of soft-matter quasicrystals

of 12-fold symmetry, the generalized hydrodynamics of complex system is a basis
of the study. The basic (7.1.3) are verified by the applications through the dislo-
cation solution and solution of flow past obstacle.
The present work is a heritage and development of hydrodynamics of solid
quasicrystals of Lubensky et al. [10] which was created by using the Poisson
bracket method, referenced from which Fan [1] derived the equation system of
soft-matter quasicrystals, in which the key lies in that supplementation of the
equation of state, which originated from Wensink [27]. The computation shows the
equation system of soft-matter quasicrystals suggested in [1] is valid, solvable and
effective.
The solution of dislocation is approximate.
In two-dimensional case, to overcome the Stokes paradox, taking the generalized
Oseen modification, shown by (7.4.1), is necessary, and the computational results
are satisfactory exhibited fully in the previous sections, in which fruitful illustra-
tions are displayed. Due to lack of experimental data, the numerical solutions are
verified through the classical Oseen and generalized Oseen solutions, this is
meaningful, because the classical Oseen solution is a very significant work of
traditional fluid dynamics.
For three-dimensional problems, the Oseen modification is not necessary, so that
the equations are taken the version of (7.7.2). A flow of the matter past a sphere is
carried out but the results have not been reported.
Possible crack problem in soft-matter quasicrystals is very simply introduced.
Very more recently [28] reports an opinion that the simulation found the phason
degrees of freedom of dodecagonal quasicrystals in smectic B does not exist from
the molecular dynamic modelling in their work. This might be a very interesting
problem for soft-matter quasicrystals.
References

Math. Mech. 37(4), 331–347 (2016)
2. T.Y. Fan, Generalized hydrodynamics of second two-dimensional soft-matter quasicrystals.
Appl. Math. Mech. 38(2), 189–199 (2017)
3. T.Y. Fan, and Z.Y. Tang, Three-dimensional hydrodynamics of soft-matter quasicrystals.
Appl. Math. Mech. 38 (2017) (to be published)
4. X. Zeng, G. Ungar, Y. Liu, V. Percec, A.E. DUlcey, J.K. Hobbs, Supermolecular dentritic
liquid quasicrystals. Nature 428, 157–160 (2004)
5. K. Takano, A mesoscopic Archimedian tiling having a complexity in polymeric stars.
J. Polym. Sci. Pol. Phys. 43, 2427–2432 (2005)
6. K. Hayashida, T. Dotera, A. Takano, Y. Matsushita, Polymeric quasicrystal: Mesoscopic
quasicrystalline tiling in ABC star polymers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 195502 (2007)
7. V.D. Talapin, E.V. Shevechenko, M.I. Bodnarchuk, X.C. Ye, J. Chen, C.B. Murray,
Quasicrystalline order in self-assembled binary nanoparticle superlattices. Nature 461, 964–
967 (2009)
Colloidal quasicrystals with 12-fold and 18-fold symmetry. Proc. Nat. Ac. Sci. 108, 1810–
1814 (2011)
9. K. Yue, M.J. Huang, R. Marson, J.L. He, J.H. Huang, Z. Zhou, C. Liu, X.S. Yan, K. Wu,
J. Wang, Z.H. Guo, H. Liu, W. Zhang, P.H. Ni, C. Wesdemiotis, W.-B. Zhang, W.B. Sharon,
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Rev. B 32(11), 7444–7452 (1985)
Press, Beijing/Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1st edition, 2010; 2nd edition, 2016) (in which
the more detailed discussion on symmetry groups of quasicrystals, refer to C.Z. Hu, R.H.
Wang, D.H. Ding, Symmetry groups, physical constant tensors, elasticity and dislocations.
Rep. Prog. Phys. 63(1), 1–39 (2000); the dislocation solution of phason field was obtained
firstly by D.H. Ding, refer to S.H. Yang, D.H. Ding, Foundation of Theory of Crystal
Dislocations, vol 2 (Science Press, Beijing, 1998), [in Chinese])
Hydrodynamik. Ark. Math. Astronom. Fys. 6(29), 1910
13. C.W. Oseen, Neuere Methoden und Ergibnisse in der Hydrodynamik (Akademische
Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, 1927)
14. H. Cheng, T.Y. Fan, Z.Y. Tang, Flow of compressible viscous fluid past a circular cylinder.
Unpublished work
15. H. Cheng, T.Y. Fan, Flow of soft-matter quasicrystals with 12-fold symmetry past a circular
cylinder. Unpublished work
16. N.A. Sleozkin, Incompressible Viscous Fluid Dynamics (Gostehizdat Press, Moscow, 1959).
(in Russian)
17. N.E. Kochin, I.A. Kibel’i, N.V. Roze, Theoretical Hydrodynamics (Government Press of
Phys-Math Literature, Moscow, 1953). (in Russian)
18. Z.Y. Tang, T.Y. Fan, H. Cheng, Flow of 12-fold symmetry quasicrystals of soft matter past a
sphere (2017) (unpublished work)
19. W. Brostow, A.M. Cunha, J. Quintanila, R. Simoes, Crack formation and propagation of
polymer-liquid crystals. Macromol. Theory Simul. 11(4), 308–312 (2002)
20. T.Y. Fan, A model of crack in smectic A liquid crystals. Phil. Mag. Lett. 92(2), 153–158
(2012)
21. T.Y. Fan, Z.Y. Tang, A model of crack based on dislocations in smectic A liquid crystals.
Chin. Phys. B 20(10), 106103 (2014)
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22. S. Bohn, L. Pauchard, Y. Couder, Hierarchical crack pattern as formed by successive domain
divisions. I. Temporal and geometrical hierarchy. Phys. Rev. E 71, 046214 (2005)
23. M.S. Tirumkudulu, Cracking in drying latex films. Langmuir 21, 4938–4948 (2005)
24. H.N. Yow, M. Goikoetra, L. Goehring, A.F. Routh, Effect of film thickness and particle size
on cracking stresses in drying latex films. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 352, 542–548 (2010)
25. H.M. van der Kooij, J. Sprakel, Watching paint dry; more exciting than it seems. Soft Matter
11, 6353–6359 (2015)
26. H. Cheng, T.Y. Fan, H.Y. Hu, Z.F. Sun, Is the crack opened or closed of soft-matter
quasicrystals with 5- and 10-fold symmetry? Theo. Appl. Fract. Mech. (2017) (in reviewing)
27. H.H. Wensink, Equation of state of a dense columnar liquid crystal. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93,
157801 (2004)
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8869–8876 (2016)
Chapter 8
Dynamics of Possible Five and Tenfold
Symmetrical Soft-Matter Quasicrystals
8.1 Statement on Possible Soft-Matter Quasicrystals

of Five and Tenfold Symmetries
In Chap. 7 we discussed the dynamics of soft-matter quasicrystals with 12-fold

symmetry observed in liquid crystals, polymers, colloids and surfactants. There are
some other quasicrystals, e.g. the five and tenfold symmetry quasicrystals may be
observed in the near future, whose symmetry are similar to that of the 12-fold
symmetry quasicrystals, they belong to the first kind of two-dimensional qua-
sicrystals too, even if these two soft-matter quasicrystals have not been observed so
far. This chapter discusses the possible soft-matter quasicrystals with five and
tenfold symmetries. These two possible soft-matter quasicrystal systems exhibit
some natures, for example, for which there are strong coupling between phonons
and phasons is very interesting. Apart from this, in the previous chapter, the
dynamic analysis has not been sufficiently developed yet. So that, important role of
the equation of state has not fully been explored. In this chapter in the transient
dynamic analysis for some samples of five and tenfold symmetry quasicrystals will
be studied in detail, which further shows the important role of the equation of state.
8.2 Two-Dimensional Basic Equations of Soft-Matter

Quasicrystals of Point Groups 5; 5 and 10; 10
The most evident difference of five and tenfold symmetrical quasicrystals with those
of 12- and 18-fold symmetrical quasicrystals of soft matter is the strong coupling
between phonons and phasons, i.e. in the constitutive law
98 8 Dynamics of Possible Five and Tenfold Symmetrical …
9
rij ¼ Cijkl ekl þ Rijkl wkl >
>
>
Hij ¼ Kijkl wkl þ Rklij ekl >
>
>
>
eij ¼ 12 @ui
þ
@uj
; wij ¼ @w i =
@xj @xi @xj
ð8:2:1Þ
>
pij ¼ pdij þ 2g n_ ij 13 n_ kk dij >>
>
>
>
_nij ¼ 1 @Vi þ @Vj >
;
2 @xj @xi
the phonon–phason coupling constants
Rijkl 6¼ 0 ð8:2:2Þ
In addition the generalized Newton’s law for the fluid field

_ 1_
pij ¼ pdij þ 2g nij nkk dij ; _nij ¼ 1 @Vi þ @Vj
3 2 @xj @xi
is important for the study of course.

The important meaning of soft-matter quasicrystals and the generalized hydro-
dynamics have been analysed systematically in [1–3].
A difficulty in the hydrodynamics due to lack of equation of state p ¼ f ðqÞ or
q ¼ gðpÞ is also overcome by Fan [1–3]. This progress promotes the development
of the hydrodynamics of soft-matter quasicrystals.
The concrete form of constitutive law depends upon the symmetry groups of
quasicrystals. We can draw the data on point groups and relevant elastic constitutive
laws for phonons and phasons from theory of solid quasicrystals [4], for example
the phonon and phason constitutive laws for point groups 5; 5 and 10; 10 present
the following form if in xy-plane and z-axis being the five or tenfold symmetry axis
9
rxx ¼ Lexx þ eyy þ 2Mexx þ R1 wxx þ wyy þ R2 wxy wyx >
>
ryy ¼ L exx þ eyy þ 2Meyy R1 wxx þ wyy >
>
R2 wxy wyx > >
>
rxy ¼ ryx ¼ 2Mexy þ R1 wyx wxy þ R2 wxx þ wyy >
=
Hxx ¼ K1 wxx þ K2 wyy þ R1 exx eyy þ 2R2 exy ð8:2:20 Þ
>
>
Hyy ¼ K1 wyy þ K2 wxx þ R1 exx eyy þ 2R2 exy >
>
>
>
Hxy ¼ K1 wxy K2 wyx 2R1 exy þ R2 exx eyy >
>
;
Hyx ¼ K1 wyx K2 wxy þ 2R1 exy R2 exx eyy
in addition
9
pxx ¼ p þ 2g n_ xx 13 n_ kk >
>
>
>
>
=
pyy ¼ p þ 2g n_ yy 3 n_ kk
1
ð8:2:200 Þ
>
>
pxy ¼ pyx ¼ 2gn_ xy >
>
>
;
_nkk ¼ n_ xx þ n_ yy
8.2 Two-Dimensional Basic Equations of Soft-Matter Quasicrystals … 99
then the final governing equations in xy-plane are derived as follows (The sys-
tematic derivation details are given by Fan [1])
9
@q >
þ r ðqVÞ ¼ 0 >
>
@t >
>
>
>
@ðqVx Þ @ðVx qVx Þ @ðVy qVx Þ @p 1 @ >
>
þ þ ¼ þ gr2 ðVx Þ þ g r ðVÞ >
>
@t @x @y @x 3 @x >
>
>
>
>
>
@ >
>
þ Mr2 ux þ ðL þ M BÞ r u >
>
@x >
>
2 2 >
>
@ wx @ 2 wy @ 2 wx @ wy @ 2 wx @ 2 wy >
>
þ R1 þ2 R2 2 >
>
@x2 @x@y @y2 @x2 @x@y @y2 >
>
>
>
>
>
1 @dq >
>
ðA BÞ >
>
q0 @x >
>
>
>
@ðqVy Þ @ðVx qVy Þ @ðVy qVy Þ @p 1 @ >
>
þ þ ¼ þ gr2 ðVy Þ þ g r ðVÞ >
>
@t @x @y @y 3 @y >
>
>
>
@ >
>
>
>
þ Mr2 uy þ ðL þ M BÞ r u >
>
@y >
>
2 2 >
>
@ wy @ 2 wx @ 2 wy @ wx @ 2 wy @ 2 wx >
>
þ R1 þ þ >
>
2 R 2 2 >
>
@x2 @x@y @y2 @x2 @x@y @y2 >
>
>
>
1 @dq >
>
ðA BÞ >
>
q0 @y >
>
=
@ux @ux @ux @
þ Vx þ Vy ¼ Vx þ Cu Mr2 ux þ ðL þ MÞ r u >
>
@t @x @y @x >
>
2 2 >
>
>
>
@ wx @ 2 wy @wx @ wy @ 2 wx @ 2 wy >
>
þ R1 þ 2 R 2 >
>
@x2 @x@y @y2
2
@x2 @x@y @y2 >
>
>
>
@uy @uy @uy @ >
>
þ Vx þ Vy ¼ Vy þ Cu Mr2 uy þ ðL þ MÞ r u >
>
>
>
@t @x @y @y >
>
2 2 >
>
@ wy @ 2 wx @ 2 wy @ wx @ 2 wy @ 2 wx >
>
þ R1 þ þ >
>
2 R 2 2 >
>
@x2 @x@y @y2 @x2 @x@y @y2 >
>
>
>
@wx @wx @wx
>
>
þ Vx þ Vy ¼ Cw K1 r2 wx >
>
@t @x @y >
>
2 2 >
>
>
>
@ ux @ 2 uy @ 2 ux @ uy @ 2 ux @ 2 uy >
>
þ R1 2 þ R2 þ2 >
>
@x2 @x@y @y2 @x2 @x@y @y2 >
>
>
>
@wy @wy @wy
>
>
>
>
þ Vx þ Vy ¼ Cw K1 r2 wy >
>
@t @x @y >
>
2 2 >
>
@ uy @ 2 ux @ 2 uy @ ux @ 2 uy @ 2 ux >
>
þ R1 þ2 R2 2 >
>
@x2 @x@y @y2 @x2 @x@y @y2 >
>
>
>
>
>
kB T q q2 q3 >
>
p¼3 3 þ þ >
;
l q0 q20 q30
ð8:2:3Þ
in which the z-axis is five or tenfold symmetry axis, ux ; uy ; wx ; wy ; Vx ; Vy the phonon

displacement, phason displacement, fluid velocity components and
@2 @2 @ @
r2 ¼ @x 2 þ @y2 ; r ¼ i @x þ j @y, V ¼ iVx þ jVy , u ¼ iux þ juy , respectively.
Among set of (8.2.3), the first equation represents mass conservation law, the
second and third ones the momentum conservation law or the generalized Navier–
Stokes equations, the fourth to seventh ones describe symmetry breaking due to
phonons and phasons, and Cu and Cw represent phonon and phason dissipation
coefficients, respectively. Considering a series of equation of state, we present the
most likely form. The eighth among (8.2.3) is the equation of state, in which
l represents a characteristic size of soft matter, according to [5] l = 1–100 nm, we
take l = 7–8 nm for the numerical computation and arrive in successful results, and
kB the Boltzmann constant, T the absolute temperature, respectively.
8.3 Dislocations and Solutions
For this kind of soft-matter quasicrystals, like other kinds of the crystalline or
quasicrystalline matter, dislocation is one of basic problems. Due to the coupling
between phonons and phasons the five and tenfold symmetry quasicrystals are more
complex than those of 12-fold ones in fact. At first we consider the
zero-approximate solution, i.e. study static case and omitting the effect of fluid, then
(8.2.3) are reduced to
2
@ @ wx @ 2 wy @ 2 wx
Mr ux þ ðL þ M Þ r u þ R1
2
þ2
@x @x2 @x@y @y2
2
@ wy @ wx @ wy
2 2
R2 2 ¼0
@x2 @x@y @y2
2
@ @ wy @ 2 wx @ 2 wy
Mr uy þ ðL þ M Þ r u þ R1
2
2
@y @x2 @x@y @y2
2
@ wx @ wy @ wx
2 2
þ R2 þ2 ¼0
@x 2 @x@y @y2
2 2
@ ux @ 2 uy @ 2 ux @ uy @ 2 ux @ 2 uy
K1 r wx þ R1
2
2 þ R2 þ2 ¼0
@x2 @x@y @y2 @x2 @x@y @y2
2 2
@ uy @ 2 u x @ 2 uy @ ux @ 2 uy @ 2 ux
K1 r2 wy þ R1 þ 2 R2 2 ¼0
@x2 @x@y @y2 @x2 @x@y @y2
ð8:3:1Þ
8.3 Dislocations and Solutions 101
and further are simplified by introducing displacement potential Fðx; yÞ [6]
r2 r2 r2 r2 F ¼ 0 ð8:3:2Þ
which is more complex than those of equations of 12-fold symmetry quasicrystals

those discussed in Chap. 7.
Solving (8.3.2) under the dislocation conditions
Z Z Z Z
k k
dux ¼ b1 ; duy ¼ b2 ; dwx ¼ b?
1; dwy ¼ b?
2 ð8:3:3Þ
C C C C
and other relevant boundary conditions and through some complicated and lengthy
analysis one obtained the solution of dislocation by Ding et al. [7], Li and Fan [6],
Li et al. [8]:
k y c c xy
b1 1 2
ux ¼ arctan þ
2p x c1 r2
?

c1 b1 R1 xy c1 c2 2xy3 R2 y2 c1 c2 y2 ðx2 y2 Þ
þ þ þ
pc0 e1 R r 2 c1 r4 R r2 c1 r4
ð8:3:4aÞ
k
b1 r c1 c2 r y2
uy ¼ ln þ ln þ 2
2p a c1 a r
?
2
c 1 b1 R1 y c1 c2 y2 ð x2 y2 Þ R2 xy c1 c2 2xy3
þ þ þ
pc0 e1 R r2 c1 r4 R r2 c1 r4
ð8:3:4bÞ
k 3 2 2
c 0 b1 R1 2x y R2 y ð3x þ y2 Þ
wx ¼ þ
2pc1 R r4 R r4
" #
b? y R21 R22 xyð3x2 y2 Þð3y2 x2 Þ 2R1 R2 y2 ð3x2 y2 Þ
2
þ 1
arctan þ þ
2p x e1 R2 3r 6 e1 R2 3r 6
ð8:3:4cÞ
k 2 2 3
c0 b1 R1 y ð3x þ y2 Þ R2 2x y
wy ¼ þ
2pc1 R r4 R r4
" 2 #
b? r R21 R22 y2 ð3x2 y2 Þ 2R1 R2 xyð3x2 y2 Þð3y2 x2 Þ
þ 1
e2 ln þ
2pe1 a R2 3r 6 e1 R2 3r6
ð8:3:4dÞ
in which

2c1 c2 c1 c2 c01 c02
e1 ¼ ; e2 ¼ þ
c0 k0 c0 k0 c1 c2
c01 ¼ ðL þ 2M ÞK2 R2 ; c02 ¼ MK2 R2
c0 ¼ ðL þ 2M ÞR; c1 ¼ ðL þ 2M ÞK1 R2 ; c2 ¼ MK1 R2
k0 ¼ RðK1 K2 Þ; R2 ¼ R21 þ R22
the phonon and phason solutions are coupled to each other, more complicated than
those for 12- fold symmetry quasicrystals listed in Chap. 7.
8.4 Probe on Modification of Dislocation Solution

by Considering Fluid Effect
The solutions listed in Sects. 7.3 and 8.3 respectively discussed the phonon and
phason fields induced by the dislocations, in Sect. 8.3 the interaction between
phonons and phasons was also explored. However, the effect of fluid phonon has
not been described yet. In this section, a probe to explore the effect is suggested.
To study the fluid effect, one must consider the complete governing equations
after Oseen’s modification at least for the case of steady state and for low Reynolds
number
8.4 Probe on Modification of Dislocation Solution by Considering Fluid Effect 103
9
r ðqVÞ ¼ 0 >
>
>
>
@ðUx qVx Þ @ðUy qVx Þ @p 1 @ >
>
þ ¼ þ gr2 ðVx Þ þ g r ðVÞ >
>
>
>
@x @y @x 3 @x >
>
>
>
@ >
>
þ Mr2 ux þ ðL þ M BÞ r u >
>
@x >
>
2 2 >
>
@ wx @ 2 wy @ 2 wx @ wy @ 2 wx @ 2 wy >
>
þ R1 þ2 R2 2 >
>
>
>
@x2 @x@y @y2 @x2 @x@y @y2 >
>
>
>
1 @dq >
>
ðA BÞ >
>
q0 @x >
>
>
>
@ðUx qVy Þ @ðUy qVy Þ @p 1 @ >
>
þ ¼ þ gr2 ðVy Þ þ g r ðVÞ >
>
@x @y @y 3 @y >
>
>
>
>
>
@ >
>
þ Mr uy þ ðL þ M BÞ r u
2 >
>
@y >
>
2 2 >
>
>
>
@ wy @ 2 wx @ 2 wy @ wx @ 2 wy @ 2 wx >
>
þ R1 2 þ R þ 2 >
>
@x2 @x@y @y2
2
@x2 @x@y @y2 >
>
>
>
1 @dq >
>
ðA BÞ >
>
>
>
q0 @y >
=

@ux @ux @ ð8:4:1Þ
Ux þ Uy ¼ Vx þ Cu Mr2 ux þ ðL þ MÞ r u >
>
@x @y @x >
>
2 2 >
>
@ wx @ wy @wx
2
@ wy @ wx @ 2 wy
2 >
>
þ R1 þ >
>
2 R 2 2 >
>
@x2 @x@y @y2 @x2 @x@y @y2 >
>
>
>
@uy @uy @ >
>
þ Uy ¼ Vy þ Cu Mr2 uy þ ðL þ MÞ r u >
>
Ux
@x @y @y >
>
>
>
2 2 >
>
@ wy @ wx @ wy
2 2
@ wx @ wy @ 2 wx
2 >
>
þ R1 2 þ R þ 2 >
>
@x2 @x@y @y2
2
@x2 @x@y @y2 >
>
>
>
@wx @wx
>
>
þ Uy ¼ Cw K1 r2 wx >
>
Ux
@x @y >
>
>
>
2 2 >
>
@ ux @ 2 uy @ 2 u x @ uy @ 2 ux @ 2 uy >
>
þ R1 2 þ R þ 2 >
>
@x2 @x@y @y2
2
@x2 @x@y @y2 >
>
>
>
@wy @wy
>
>
þ Uy ¼ C w K 1 r2 w y >
>
Ux
@x @y >
>
>
>
2 2 >
>
@ uy @ ux @ uy
2 2
@ ux @ 2 uy @ 2 ux >
>
þ R1 þ 2 R 2 >
>
@x2 @x@y @y2
2
@x2 @x@y @y2 >
>
>
>
>
>
kB T q q2 q3 >
>
p¼3 3 þ 2þ 3 >
;
l q0 q0 q0
in which Ux and Uy are known quantities in fluid field even if there is no external
velocity field. According to Witten [9] the flow is existed always in soft matter. We
can call Ux or/and Uy intra-velocities.
For a dislocation in the matter there are following boundary conditions

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 9
x2 þ y2 ! 1 : rij ¼ Hij ¼ pij ¼ 0; >
=
r ¼ r0 : Vr ¼ Vh ¼ 0: rrr ¼ rrh ¼ 0; Hrr ¼ Hrh ¼ 0; ð8:4:2Þ
R k R k R R >
dux ¼ b1 ; duy ¼ b2 ; dwx ¼ b? ?
1 ; dwy ¼ b2 ;
C C C C
where r0 denotes radius of the dislocation core.

The work in solving (8.4.1) under boundary conditions (8.4.2) is very hard. We
paid many efforts for constructing solution but there is no satisfactory result, strict
analytic solution is not available so far. The difficulty comes from complexity of
both the equations and boundary conditions. So that, the fluid effect to dislocation
has not been explored analytically yet.
8.5 Transient Dynamic Analysis
8.5.1 Specimen and Initial-Boundary Conditions
The (8.2.3) are a basis for hydrodynamics of plane field of soft-matter quasicrystals
with 5- and 10-fold symmetries. If we want to obtain further information on
deformation and motion of the material, it must solve the equations under appro-
priate initial and boundary conditions. For this purpose, a specimen made by the
matter should be optioned which subjected to some initial and boundary conditions.
Here the specimen is shown by Fig. 8.1, refer to Cheng et al. [10], the corre-
sponding initial and boundary conditions as follows:
t ¼ 0 : Vx ¼ Vy ¼ 0; ux ¼ uy ¼ 0; wx ¼ wy ¼ 0; p = p0 ; ð8:5:1Þ
y ¼ H; j xj\W : Vx ¼ Vy ¼ 0; ryy ¼ r0 f ðtÞ; ryx ¼ 0; Hyy ¼ Hyx ¼ 0; p ¼ p0 ;

x ¼ W; j yj\H : Vx ¼ Vy ¼ 0; rxx ¼ rxy ¼ 0; Hxx ¼ Hxy ¼ 0; p ¼ p0 :
ð8:5:2Þ
In the present computation we take 2H = 0.01 m, 2W = 0.01 m,

r0 ¼ 0:01 MPa, q0 ¼ 1:5 103 kg/m3, g ¼ 0:1 Pa s, L = 10 MPa, M = 4 Mpa,
K1 = 0.5 L, K2 = −0.1 L, R = R1 = 0.04 M, R2 = 0, Cu ¼ 4:8 1017 m3 s/kg,
Cw ¼ 4:8 1019 m3 s/kg, A 0:2 MPa, B 0:2 MPa, in which part of these
material constants is introduced from Chap. 1 of this book, others are drawn from
[4, 11, 12].
The initial-boundary value problem of (8.5.1), (8.5.2) of nonlinear partial dif-
ferential (8.2.3) is consistent mathematically, but the existence and uniqueness of
solution have not been proved yet due to the complexity of the problem. We can
8.5 Transient Dynamic Analysis 105
solve it by numerical method and the stability and correctness of solution can be
verified by the numerical results only.
8.5.2 Numerical Analysis and Results
We here take finite difference method to solve the problem, and a part of numerical
results is given through the following illustrations:
As pointed out at the beginning of the chapter the proof of existence and
uniqueness of the solution of initial-boundary value problem (8.5.1), (8.5.2) of
(8.2.2) cannot be given at present, the numerical solution presents highly stability,
this shows that the correctness of the equations and the formulation of corre-
sponding initial-boundary value problem in one direction at least. The correctness
of the solution can also be checked by some verification physically. For example,
from the Figs. 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9 and 8.10, the wave emanated from
the upper or lower surface propagates to point A1 (10−4 m, 10−4 m) (or A2 10−4 m,
−10−4 m) experiences t0 ¼ 4:07 105 s which can be called response time of the
matter at the location to the dynamic loading. The wave propagating distance is
H0 ¼ H 104 ¼ 0:0049 m, thus the speed of the wave is
c ¼ t0 ¼ 4:07105 ¼ 120:39 m/s. Also we can see that,the density of soft-matter
H0 0:0049
quasicrystals decrease to qmin ¼ 1498 kg/m3, the speed of elastic longitudinal wave
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
c1max ¼ A þ L þ q
2M2B
¼ 109:6176 m/s, which is very close to c, and error is
min
ðc c1max Þ=c ¼ 6 103 , this indicates theoretical prediction is quite exact.

Before the wave arriving at the point, i.e. as t\t0 the all field variables are equal to
zero or their initial values (for displacements, velocities, stresses, mass density and
fluid pressure). The responses of the field variables appear only as t [ t0 . This is
Fig. 8.1 Specimen of

soft-matter quasicrystals of
five or tenfold symmetries
under dynamic loading
Fig. 8.2 Displacement uy of

phonon field at the point A1 of
specimen versus time
Fig. 8.3 Displacement wy of

phason field at the point A1 of
simple fact implies a “response law”, and shows the importance of phonon (elas-
ticity) for the soft matter.
We have the longitudinal wave speed c1 ¼ A þ L þq2M2B ¼ 109:5445 m/s, two
qffiffiffi
transverse speeds c2 ¼ c3 ¼ Mq ¼ 51:6398 m/s and the fluid longitudinal wave
qffiffiffiffi
@p
peed ðc4 Þ0 ¼ @q ¼ 11:6232 m/s. Comparing the results, it is obvious that c1
q¼q0
plays the dominated role although soft matter is an intermediate phase between
solid and liquid, this also shows the importance of phonons.
Fig. 8.4 Vy of fluid velocity

field at the point A1 of
Fig. 8.5 Normal stress of

phonon field at the point A1
(or A2) of specimen versus
time
Phonon displacement uy shown by Fig. 8.2 is much orders of magnitude greater

than phason displacement wy depicted in Fig. 8.3, the results can be compared to
those in the phonon-phason dynamics of solid quasicrystals, refer to Chap. 10 of
Ref [4], in which the values of phonon displacements is in order of magnitude of
10-4 m, those of phason ones in 10-13 m. The differences between phonon and
phason fields are quite large, this is similar to those in soft-matter quaricrystals. The
fluid velocity drawn by Fig. 8.4 is arrived in considerable value induced by the
loading although there is no action of any external applied flow field, this explores
soft-matter behaviour of the material indeed.
The phonon stress ryy given by Fig. 8.5 is greater two order of magnitude than
those of phason stress Hyy illustrated by Fig. 8.6, and close in order of magnitude to

phason field at the point A1
time

fluid field at the point A1 (or
A2) of specimen versus time
fluid stress pyy shown by Fig. 8.7. The existence and considerable magnitude of
fluid stresses indicate the importance of the fluid phonon. However, the computa-
tional result depends upon the equation of state in one direction, and the equation of
state that we used should be verified by experiments further. Without experimental
verification we could not confirm the exactness of the equation up to now.
In hydrodynamics of solid quasicrystals, the situation is quite different, because
there are solid viscous stresses rather than fluid stresses, and the solid viscous
stresses are very small according to our computation discussed in Chap. 3. At mean
Fig. 8.8 a Mass density at

the point A1 (or A2) of
b Relative variation values of
mass density at the point A1
time

3
q0 10
time, dq for soft-matter quasicrystals is quite large, where dq ¼ q q0 ,
and the value for solid quasicrystals is very small based on our computation, which
were also discussed in Chap. 3.
Because the specimen is with finite size, the effect of the boundaries is evident.
The wave shapes of solutions of phonon field and fluid phonon field describe the
boundary effects, these also depicted the effect of interaction between phonons and
fluid phonon. Although the phasons represent diffusion rather than wave propa-
gation, the strong coupling effect between phonons and phasons leads to the con-
figuration of numerical solutions of phason field do not exhibit the shapes of pure
diffusive solution that in classical diffusion equation in mathematical physics.
Fig. 8.9 Fluid pressure at the

versus time
Fig. 8.10 Velocity of fluid

acoustic wave at the point A1
time
8.6 Three-Dimensional Equations of Point Group 10 mm

Soft-Matter Quasicrystals
The presentation offered in the previous sections shows the interest of the fivefold
and tenfold symmetrical soft-matter quasicrystals, especially as there are strong
coupling effects between the phonons and phasons. But the discussion is limited in
the two-dimensional case of the quasiperiodicity, i.e. in the xy-plane. We now
8.6 Three-Dimensional Equations of Point Group 10 mm Soft-Matter Quasicrystals 111
consider the three-dimensional dynamics of point group 10 mm quasicrystals in

soft matter. At first, we list their constitutive law [4, 13] as follows
9
rxx ¼ C11 exx þ C12 eyy þ C13 ezz þ R wxx þ wyy > >
>>
>
ryy ¼ C12 exx þ C11 eyy þ C13 ezz R wxx þ wyy > >
>
>
>
>
rzz ¼ C13 exx þ C13 eyy þ C33 ezz >
>
>
>
>
>
ryz ¼ rzy ¼ 2C44 eyz > >
>
>
>
>
rzx ¼ rxz ¼ 2C44 ezx > >
>
>
>>
rxy ¼ ryx ¼ 2C66 e xy R wxy wyx > >
>
>
>
> >
>
>
Hxx ¼ K1 wxx þ K2 wyy þ R exx eyy > >
>
>
>
>>
>
Hyy ¼ K2 wxx þ K1 wyy þ R exx eyy > >
>
>
>
>
Hyz ¼ K4 wyz > >
>
>
>
>
Hxy ¼ K1 wxy K2 wyx > >
=
Hxz ¼ K4 wxz >
>
>
> ð8:6:1Þ
Hyx ¼ K2 wxy þ K1 wyx þ 2Re xy > >
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
pxx ¼ p þ 2gnxx gnkk >
_ 2 _ >
>
3 >
>
>
>
>
>
2 >
pyy ¼ p þ 2gnyy gnkk >
_ _ >
>
3 >
>
>
>
2 >
>
pzz ¼ p þ 2gn_ zz gn_ kk > >
>
>
3 >
>
>
>
pyz ¼ 2gn_ yz > >
>
>
>
>
>
pzx ¼ 2gn_ zx > >
>
>
>
>
>
pxy ¼ 2gnxy >
_ >
>
>
>
>
_nkk ¼ n_ xx þ n_ yy þ n_ zz ;
So that we obtain the three-dimensional governing equations of 10 mm sym-

metry quasicrystals in soft matter
ð8:6:2Þ
8.6 Three-Dimensional Equations of Point Group 10 mm Soft-Matter Quasicrystals 113
2
@ 2
@ 2
@ 2 2
@ @ @ @ @
in which r2 ¼ @x 2 þ @y2 þ @z2 ; r1 ¼ @x2 þ @y2 ; r ¼ i @x þ j @y þ k @z,V ¼ iVx þ
2
jVy þ kVz , u ¼ iux þ juy þ kuz and C11 ; C12 ; C13 ; C33 ; C44 ; C66 ¼ ðC11 C12 Þ=2
the phonon elastic constants, K1 ; K2 ; K3 ; K4 the phason elastic constants, R the
phonon–phason coupling constant, g the fluid dynamic viscosity, and Cu and Cw the
phonon and phason dissipation coefficients, A and B the material constants due to
variation of mass density, respectively.
The (8.6.2) are the final governing equations of dynamics of soft-matter qua-
sicrystals of 10-fold symmetry in three-dimensional case with fields variables
servation equation, the second to fourth ones are the momentum conservation
equations or generalized Navier–Stokes equations, the fifth to seventh ones are the
equations of motion of phonons due to the symmetry breaking, the eighth and ninth
ones are the phason dissipation equations, and the tenth one is the equation of state,
These equations reveal the nature of wave propagation of fields u and V with
and fluid phonon
ffi
@p
s
D2 ¼ Cw K2 , etc. from the view point of hydrodynamics.
A complete equation set of hydrodynamics of two-dimensional field of possible

soft-matter pentagonal and decagonal quasicrystals is derived, in which the new
equation of state is included. The complete equation set of hydrodynamics is a basis
of analysis of dynamics.
The computation is stable and shows the solvability of the equations, and the
well-conditionality of the proposed initial-boundary value problem of the equations.
All field variables through the specimen are determined numerically, including the
important hydrodynamic variables: fluid pressure p and mass density q, etc.
This specimen is quite simple and can be easily tested experimentally.
It is evident that, present study is a heritage and development of hydrodynamics
for solid quasicrystals, for which Fan [1] gave a detailed description. In our work
we pay attention to collaboration among hydrodynamics, thermodynamics, math-
ematical physics and computational physics, which helps us to determine observ-
able physical quantities quantitatively, such as displacements, velocities and
stresses in time-spatial domain. The new equation for set of motion including new
equation of state and developed method appear to be very important for soft-matter
quasicrystals. Of course the experimental verification of the equation of state is one
of the attempt by us. At last the three-dimensional hydrodynamics of point group
10 mm soft-matter quasicrystals is also discussed.
References
1. T.Y. Fan, Equation system of generalized hydrodynamics of soft-matter qusicrystals. Appl.

Math. Mech. 37(4), 331–347 (2016). in Chinese
2. T.Y. Fan, Generalized hydrodynamics generalized of second kind of two-dimensional
soft-matter quasicrystals. Appl. Math. Mech. 38(2), 189–199 (2017). in Chinese
3. T.Y. Fan, Z.Y. Tang Three-dimensional hydrodynamics of soft-matter quasicrystals. Appl.
Math. Mech. 38, (2017) (in Chinese)
4. T.Y. Fan, Mathematical Theory of Elasticity of Quasicrystals and Its Applications. Science
Press, Beijing/Springer, Heidelberg. 2010, 1st edn. 2016, 2nd edn
5. T. Dotera, Quasicrystals in soft matter. Isr. J. Chem. 51(11–12), 1197–1205 (2011)
6. X.F. Li, T.Y. Fan, New method for solving plane elasticity of planar quasicrystals and
solution. Chin. Phys. Lett. 15(4), 278–280 (1998)
7. D.H. Ding, R.H. Wang, W.G. Yang, C.Z. Hu, General expressions for the elastic
displacement fields induced by dislocation in quasicrystals. J. Phys. Conden. Matter 7(28),
5423–5436 (1995)
8. X.F. Li, X.Y. Duan, T.Y. Fan, Y.F. Sun, Elastic field for a straight dislocation in a decagonal
quasicrystal. J. Phys. Conden. Matter 11(3), 703–711 (1999)
9. T.A. Witten, Insight from soft condensed matter. Rev Mod Phys 71, 367–373 (1999)
10. H. Cheng, T.Y. Fan, H. Wei (2016) Characters of deformation and motion of soft-matter
quasicrystals with 5-and 10-fold symmetries. Appl. Phys. A (2017) (in reviewing)
11. J.M. Keith, J.A. King, I. Miskioglu, S.C. Roache, Tensile modulus modeling of carbon-filled
liquid crystal polymer composites. Polym. Compos. 30(8), 1166–1174 (2009)
12. P.G. de Gennes, J. Prost, The Physics of Liquid Crystals, 2nd edn. (Clarendon, Oxford, 1993)
13. C.Z. Hu, R.H. Wang, D.H. Ding, Symmetry groups, physical property tensors, elasticity and
dislocations in quasicrystals. Rep. Prog. Phys. 63(1), 1–39 (2000)
Chapter 9
Dynamics of Possible Soft-Matter
Quasicrystals of Eightfold Symmetry
Apart from the observed 12- and 18-fold symmetrical soft-matter quasicrystals, and
possible 5- and 10-fold symmetrical soft-matter quasicrystals to be discovered, the
eightfold symmetrical soft-matter quasicrystals might also be observed in the near
future. In addition, 7-, 9- and 14-fold symmetrical soft-matter quasicrystals belong
to may be discovered quasicrystal kinds. From the symmetry angle, the eightfold
symmetrical quasicrystals belong to the similar kinds of 5-, 10- and 12-fold sym-
metry ones, and 7-, 9- and 14-fold symmetrical quasicrystals belong to similar kinds
of 18-fold symmetrical ones. The study of eightfold symmetry quasicrystals in soft
matter is significant as that in solid. Especially between the phonons and phasons
there is strong coupling effects, it is more interesting in the study of their
mechanical and physical properties and mathematical solutions which are exhibited
in the study of solid quasicrystals with eightfold symmetry. Though solid qua-
sicrystals with 7-, 9-,14- and 18-fold symmetries have not been observed so far, the
discussion on these kinds of quasiperiodic structures and possible mechanical and
physical properties are significant.
9.1 Basic Equations of Possible Soft-Matter Eightfold

Symmetrical Quasicrystals
The concrete constitutive laws for phonons and phasons can be obtained only for
corresponding symmetry groups of quasicrystals. We can draw the data from solid
quasicrystals, for example, for point group 8 mm quasicrystals. If we consider the
plane field in the xy-plane, and z-axis to be eightfold symmetry axis, we have the
following elastic constitutive law [1]
116 9 Dynamics of Possible Soft-Matter Quasicrystals of Eightfold …
9
rxx ¼ Lðexx þ eyy Þ þ 2Mexx þ Rðwxx þ wyy Þ >
>
ryy ¼ Lðexx þ eyy Þ þ 2Meyy Rðwxx þ wyy Þ >
>
>
>
>
>
rxy ¼ ryx ¼ 2Mexy þ Rðwyx wxy Þ =
Hxx ¼ K1 wxx þ K2 wyy þ Rðexx eyy Þ ð9:1:10 Þ
>
>
Hyy ¼ K1 wyy þ K2 wxx þ Rðexx eyy Þ >
>
>
Hxy ¼ ðK1 þ K2 þ K3 Þwxy þ K3 wyx 2Rexy > >
>
;
Hyx ¼ ðK1 þ K2 þ K3 Þwyx þ K3 wxy þ 2Rexy
in addition the fluid constitutive law is given by

9
pxx ¼ p þ r0xx ¼ p þ 2gðn_ xx 13 n_ kk Þ >
>
>
pyy ¼ p þ r0yy ¼ p þ 2gðn_ yy 13 n_ kk Þ =
ð9:1:100 Þ
pxy ¼ pyx ¼ r0xy ¼ r0yx ¼ 2gn_ xy > >
>
With the constitutive law (9.1.1′, 9.1.1″), there is the final governing equation
system of the generalized hydrodynamics for the soft-matter quasicrystals, after
certain derivations following the Poisson bracket method of condensed matter
physics introduced in Chap. 5:
@q
9
þ r ðqVÞ ¼ 0 >
>
@t >
>
@ðqVx Þ @ðVx qVx Þ @ðVy qVx Þ
þ @x þ @y ¼ @p þ gr2 ðqVx Þ þ 13 g @x@
r V þ Mr2 ux >
>
@t @x 2 >
>
>
>
þ ðL þ M BÞ @x@ @2w
r u þ R @@xw2x þ 2 @x@yy @@yw2x ðA BÞ q1 @dq
2
>
>
@x >
>
0
>
>
@ðqVy Þ
þ
@ðVx qVy Þ
@ðVy qVy Þ
þ ¼ @p @
þ gr2 ðqVy Þ þ 13 g @y r V þ Mr2 uy >
>
@t @x @y @y 2 >
>
>
>
þ ðL þ M BÞ @y@ @ w
r u þ R @x2y 2 @@x@y
2
wx @ w
@y2y ðA BÞ q1 @dq
2
>
>
0 @y >
>
>
>
@ux
þ V @ux
þ V @ux
¼ V þ C Mr 2
u þ ðL þ MÞ @
r u >
=
@t x @x y @y x
2 u x
i@x
@2 w
þ R @@xw2x þ 2 @x@yy @w
@y2
x
>
>
>
>
@uy @u
þ Vx @xy
@u
þ Vy @yy @
¼ Vy þ Cu ½Mr uy þ ðL þ MÞ @y
2
r
u >
>
@t 2 i >
>
>
>
@ wy @ 2 wx @ wy
2
þ R1 @x2 2 @x@y @y2 >
>
>
>
h i >
>
>
þ Vy @y ¼ Cw K1 r wx þ ðK2 þ K3 Þ @y2 þ R @x2 2 @x@y @y2 >
@wx @ uy
2
þ Vx @w @wx @ wx @ ux @ ux
2 2 2
x 2
>
>
@t @x
h i >
>
>
þ Vy @y ¼ Cw K1 r1 wy þ ðK2 þ K3 Þ @x2 þ R @x2 þ 2 @x@y @y2 >
@wy @wy @wy @ 2
@ 2
@ ux @ 2
>
w u 2 u
@t þ Vx @x
2 y y y
>
>
>
>
p ¼ f ðqÞ ¼ 3 3 3 q q þ q q þ q
kB T 2 2 3 ;
l q0 0 0
ð9:1:2Þ
But the equation of state in (9.1.2) does not belong to the results of derivation by
using the Poisson brackets, which belongs to the result of thermodynamics.
9.2 Dislocation in Quasicrystals with Eightfold Symmetry 117
9.2 Dislocation in Quasicrystals with Eightfold Symmetry
9.2.1 Elastic Static Solution
If the fluid effect is neglected, then the final governing equation of elasticity of
two-dimensional quasicrystals with eightfold symmetry can be expressed [2] as
ðr2 r2 r2 r2 4er2 r2 K2 K2 þ 4eK2 K2 K2 K2 ÞF ¼ 0; ð9:2:1Þ
where
@ 2
@2 @2 @2
)
r2 ¼ @x2 þ @y2 ; K2 ¼ @x 2 @y2
R2 ðL þ MÞðK2 þ K3 Þ ð9:2:2Þ
e¼ ½MðK1 þ K2 þ K3 ÞR2 ½ðL þ 2MÞK1 R2
in which Fðx; yÞ is a displacement function (see [2] for detail). Equation (9.2.1) is
more complicated than those of (7.2.2, 7.2.3 and 8.3.2), so the solution of which is
also more complex than those discussed in the previous chapters. Due to the lim-
itation of space, we cannot include the whole procedure of the solution, only list
relevant results.
jj jj
Considering dislocation problem b1 b? ðb1 , 0, b?
1 , 0, 0), we try to determine
the displacement field under action of the boundary conditions if we solve a
semi-plane (y [ 0; or y\0Þ problem
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 9
rij ðx; yÞ ! 0; Hij ðx; yÞ ! 0 x2 þ y2 ! 1 > >
=
ryy ðx; 0Þ ¼ 0; Hyy ðx; 0Þ ¼ 0 ð9:2:3Þ
R k R >
>
dux ¼ b1 ; dwx ¼ b? 1 ;
C C
By performing Fourier transform to (9.2.1), it can be reduced to

" 4 2 2 2 4 #
d2 d d ^¼0
n2 4e n 2
þ 4e þn 2
F ð9:2:4Þ
dy2 dy2 dy2
The Eigen roots of (9.2.4) depend on the value of parameter e, Zhou [3] gave a
detailed discussion for the solutions corresponding to case (1): 0\e\1, and case
(2): e\0, but calculation is tremendously complex and lengthy which cannot be
included here. For case (1), the solution is
(
2 2
k
1 b1 k þ k22 y k2 k þ k22 y k2
ux ðx; yÞ ¼ arctan 1 þ þ arctan 1
2p 2 k1 x k1 k1 x k1
" #)
2k3 xy 2k1 xy
þ ðF3 C þ F4 DÞ arctan arctan
x2 ðk23 þ k24 Þy2 x2 ðk21 þ k22 Þy2
" #
1 x2 þ 2k2 xy þ ðk21 þ k22 Þy2 x2 þ 2k4 xy þ ðk23 þ k24 Þy2
þ F5 ln þ F6 ln
4p x2 2k2 xy þ ðk21 þ k22 Þy2 x2 2k4 xy þ ðk23 þ k24 Þy2
( " #
1 2k1 k2 y2 k2
uy ¼ H1 arctan 2 arctan
2p x2 þ ðk21 k22 Þy2 k1
)
2k3 k4 y2 k4
þ H2 ½arctan 2 arctan
x2 þ ðk23 k24 Þy2 k3
( " # " #)
1 x4 þ 2ðk21 k22 Þx2 y2 x4 þ 2ðk23 k24 Þx2 y2
þ H3 ln 1 þ þ H4 ln 1 þ
4p ðk21 þ k22 Þ2 y4 ðk23 þ k24 Þ2 y4

2 2
1 b? k þ k22 y k2 k þ k22 y k2
wx ðx; yÞ ¼ 1
arctan 1 þ þ arctan 1
2p 2 k1 x k1 k1 x k1
" #)
2k3 xy 2k1 xy
þ ðG3 C þ G4 DÞ arctan arctan
x2 ðk23 þ k24 Þy2 x2 ðk21 þ k22 Þy2
" #
1 x2 þ 2k2 xy þ ðk21 þ k22 Þy2 x2 þ 2k4 xy þ ðk23 þ k24 Þy2
þ G5 ln þ G6 ln
4p x2 2k2 xy þ ðk21 þ k22 Þy2 x2 2k4 xy þ ðk23 þ k24 Þy2
( " #
1 2k1 k2 y2 k2
wy ¼ I1 arctan 2 arctan
2p x2 þ ðk21 k22 Þy2 k1
" #)
2k3 k4 y2 k4
þ I2 arctan 2 arctan
x2 þ ðk23 k24 Þy2 k3
( " # " #)
1 x4 þ 2ðk21 k22 Þx2 y2 x4 þ 2ðk23 k24 Þx2 y2
þ I3 ln 1 þ þ I4 ln 1 þ
4p ðk21 þ k22 Þ2 y4 ðk23 þ k24 Þ2 y4
ð9:2:5Þ
in which F1 ; . . .; F6 ; G1 ; . . .; G6 ; H1 ; . . .; H4 and I1 ; . . .; I4 are some functions of

k1 ; k2 ; k3 and k4 which are constants constituted from the original material con-
stants M; L; K 1 ; K2 ; K3 and R, the expressions are very complicated and lengthy, we
have to omit them. The solution can also be found in [1, 3].
By using the similar procedure, the solution for the case (2) can also be obtained.
But the solving procedure is very tedious due to the complexity of the final gov-
erning equation (9.2.1). We omit them for simplicity.
9.2 Dislocation in Quasicrystals with Eightfold Symmetry 119
9.2.2 Modification Considering Fluid Effect
The pure elastic solution of dislocation in eightfold symmetry quasicrystals for soft
matter is only a zero-order approximation of realistic solution, and the strict analytic
solution by considering effects of both elasticity and fluid cannot be obtained at
present. We can learn the description in Sect. 8.4, and the modification of fluid
effect for eightfold symmetry quasicrystals will be more hard to obtain than that for
12-, 5- and 10-fold symmetry ones, so we do not discuss it any more here.
9.3 Transient Dynamics Analysis
9.3.1 Specimen
Equations (9.1.2) are nonlinear dynamic equations, the transient problems descri-
bed by the equations can be solved in numerical method only which is performed in
this section. Wang et al. [4] take the finite difference method and obtained the
detailed solution on the transient dynamics of specimen shown in Fig. 9.1, the
configuration of which is similar to that of given by Fig. 8.5.1. The corresponding
initial and boundary conditions are described by (9.3.1) and (9.3.2):
t ¼ 0; ux ¼ uy ¼ 0; wx ¼ wy ¼ 0; Vx ¼ Vy ¼ 0; p ¼ f ðq0 Þ: ð9:3:1Þ

y ¼ H; j xj\W; Vx ¼ Vy ¼ 0; ryy ¼ r0 f ðtÞ; ryx ¼ 0; Hyy ¼ Hyx ¼ 0; p ¼ p0 ;
x ¼ W; j yj\H; Vx ¼ Vy ¼ 0; rxx ¼ rxy ¼ 0; Hxx ¼ Hxy ¼ 0; p ¼ p0 :
ð9:3:2Þ
which are also similar to those of (8.5.1 and 8.5.2). The aim of the computation here
lies in verifying (9.1.2) first. Although similar verification in Sect. 8.5 was con-
ducted, the present checking is necessary and significant. In the computation, the
following data is utilized
2H ¼ 0:01 m, 2W ¼ 0:01 m; r0 ¼ 0:01 MPa;

q0 ¼ 1:5 10 kg/m ;
3 3
g ¼ 0:1 Pa s; L ¼ 10 MPa; M ¼ 4 MPa; K1 ¼ 0:5 L;
17
K2 ¼ 0:1 L; K3 ¼ 0:05 L; R ¼ 0:04 M; Cu ¼ 4:8 10 3
m s/kg;
19
Cw ¼ 4:8 10 3
m s/kg:
Fig. 9.1 Specimen under

impact tension and computed
points
9.3.2 Computational Results
The computational results show the correctness of (9.1.2) and the formulation of the
initial and boundary conditions, the variations of field variables versus time and
space given in [4] are listed as follows.
9.3.3 Analysis of Results
To avoid repetition with those that have been done in Sect. 8.5, more computing
points are collocated in the specimen to describe variation of solution versus space,
and omit the results on displacements and velocities, and emphasize to explore the
time-space variation of stresses of phonons, phasons and fluid phonon.
It is well known that the phonon represents wave propagation, while phason
represents diffusion for solid quasicrystals as well as for soft-matter quasicrystals.
In soft-matter quasicrystals, there is another elementary excitation—fluid phonon,
which represents fluid acoustic wave propagation. The wave propagation dominates
the physical process in the studied specimen, while the phonon and phason fields
are coupled to each other.
9.3 Transient Dynamics Analysis 121
The specimen shown in Fig. 9.1 is subjected to a dynamic loading at the upper
and lower surfaces, the action of the external field is equivalent to waves emanated
from the upper and lower surfaces. Before the wave arriving at the plane located of
computing point A1 (or A2 ), there is no any response of any field variables at the
location, this is the simplest and most important fact physically, or “response law”
as pointed out in Sect. 8.5, all of our computational results prove repeatedly this
point as those as in Sect. 8.5. For example, from Fig. 9.2a, a wave emanated from
the upper or lower surface propagates to point A1 ð104 m; 104 mÞ (or
A2 ð104 m; 104 mÞ) experiences time t0 ¼ 4:07 105 s. Its propagating dis-
tance is H0 ¼ H 104 ¼ 0:0049 m, thus the speed of the wave is c ¼ Ht00 ¼
0:0049
4:07105
¼ 120:39 m/s and t0 may be understood as the response time of the matter
at the computational point to the dynamic loading. Also we can see that,the density
of soft-matter quasicrystals in Fig. 9.7a decreases to qmin ¼ 1498 kg/m3 , the speed
of the elastic longitudinal wave is c1max ¼ A þ L þ q
2M2B
¼ 109:6176 m/s, which is
min
very close to measured wave speed c in fact, the error is only 0.006. In addition, the
qffiffiffi
speed of two elastic transverse waves is c2 ¼ c3 ¼ Mq ¼ 51:6398 m/s, and the
qffiffiffiffi
@p
speed of fluid acoustic longitudinal wave is ðc4 Þ0 ¼ @q ¼ 11:6232 m/s
q¼q0
(shown in Fig. 9.5). Comparing the above results, it is obvious that c1 plays the
dominated role although soft matter is an intermediate phase between solid and
liquid, which has four kinds of waves. It is evident that for different computational
points along the perpendicular direction, their response times are different to each
other. The above results examine the correctness of governing equations, initial and
boundary value conditions, numerical method and computer program from most
fundamental physical fact, which is similar to that described in Sect. 8.5. This
shows that the validity of the theory is proved repeatedly.
Further more, in every figures (Figs. 9.2, 9.3, 9.4 and 9.5) the results depict the
dynamic responses of matter at different points to the loading, which are explored
by their wave shapes, the differences of the wave shapes reflect the boundary effect,
i.e. the effect of interaction between waves and boundaries of the specimen, and
reflect the effect of the interactions among phonon longitudinal, transverse and fluid
phonon waves too. These effects of interactions affected each other.
As we pointed out again and again, the phason field is diffusive rather than wave
propagation, the results of phason stress Hyy exhibit the behaviour of dissipation,
and the shape of the figures is evidently different from those of solutions of phonon
and fluid phonon fields. However, the curves are not completely similar to that of
the fundamental solution of the classical pure diffusion equation due to the strong
coupling between phonons and phasons.
At earlier period due to lack of equation of state, we have to compute by using
q ¼ const, in that case the computational results on fluid pressure field and mass
density cannot be exactly determined (these results are not included in the text), the
present work improved the situation, the field variables p and q can be exactly
Fig. 9.2 Normal stress of phonon field versus time: a at the point A1 (or A2 ) of specimen; b at the
point A3 (or A4 ) 2 mm from A1 (or A2 ) towards right in the horizontal direction; c at the point A5
(or A6 ) 4 mm from A1 (or A2 ) towards right in the horizontal direction; d at the point A8 (or A9 )
2 mm from A1 (or A7 ) up in the perpendicular direction; e at the point A10 (or A11 ) 4 mm from A1
(or A7 ) up in the perpendicular direction
determined, this shows that the equation of state suggested in [5] is most important
for the dynamics. However, the equation of state should be verified further by
experiments.
Fig. 9.3 Normal stress of fluid field versus time a at the point A1 (or A2 ) of specimen; b at the
(or A6 ) 4 mm from A1 (or A2 ) towards right in the horizontal direction; d at the point A8 (or A9 )
The computation is stable and it shows the solvability of the equations, and the
well-conditionality of the formulation on the initial boundary value problem of the
equations. All field variables through the specimen are determined numerically,
including the important hydrodynamic variables: fluid pressure p in Fig. 9.6, and
mass density q in Fig. 9.7a, etc., and improves the computational results of our
Fig. 9.4 Normal stress of phason field versus time a at the point A1 (or A2 ) of specimen; b at the
(or A6 ) 4 mm from A1 (or A2 ) towards right in the horizontal direction d at the point A8 (or A9 )
earlier work, especially those related with fluid field. However the computational
results of mass density, fluid pressure, and fluid stresses depend upon the equation
of state in one direction, and the equation of state that we used should be verified by
experiments further. Due to lack of experimental verification, we could not confirm
the exactness of the equation of state up to now.
Fig. 9.5 Velocity of fluid acoustic wave at the point A1 (or A2 ) of specimen versus time
Fig. 9.6 Fluid pressure at the point A1 (or A2 ) of specimen versus time
Fig. 9.7 a Mass density at the point A1 (or A2 ) of specimen versus time. b Relative variation of
mass density of the computational point A1 (or A2 ) of specimen versus time
Figure 9.7b shows that the time variation of dq=q0 is in order of magnitude 103
and 10 orders of magnitude higher than that of solid quasicrystals [6]. These
computational results indicate that the hydrodynamics of soft-matter quasicrystals is
quite different from that of solid quasicrystals, on the latter readers can refer to an
introduction in brief in Chap. 3 of this book.
9.3.4 Some Discussions
A complete solution of equation set of hydrodynamics of possible soft-matter

octagonal quasicrystals is constructed through finite difference method. The spec-
imen is quite simple and can be easily tested experimentally. The computation is
systematic covering over all hydrodynamic field variables, and the results verify the
theory suggested by Fan [5], and show the correctness of the formulation given in
Sect. 9.2, the numerical procedure is very stable, presents highly precise, in par-
ticular, the results reveal the gigantic differences in the physical behaviour between
soft-matter and solid quasicrystals, the compressibility of soft-matter
quasicrystals
pij
is greater 10 times than that of solid quasicrystals, and ratio r of fluid stress over
10
ij
0
r
phonon stress of the soft-matter quasicrystals is greater 1015 times than ratio rij of
ij
solid viscosity stress over phonon stress of solid quasicrystals, etc., these great
quantitative differences characterize qualitative differences of the dynamic nature
between soft-matter and solid quasicrystals as well.
9.4 Flow Past a Circular Cylinder
Similar to Sect. 7.6, Wang et al. [7] carried out a numerical analysis to flow of
eightfold symmetry quasicrystals of soft matter past a cylinder or a plate. The
configuration of example for past cylinder is the same as that shown in Fig. 7.1, and
the boundary and the initial conditions are the same as given by (7.6.1 and 7.6.2),
respectively. After Oseen’s modification to (9.1.2) and taking a form of the equa-
tions in polar coordinate system, we solve the initial-boundary value problem by
finite difference method similar to that displayed in Sect. 7.6, some numerical
results are obtained, in which we here illustrate only the phason stresses shown in
Figs. 9.8, 9.9, 9.10, and 9.11, and the material constants adopted in the calculation
are the same given by Sect. 9.2 and data of geometry and external flow field are the
same as given in Sect. 7.6.
The solution of phason field in Sect. 7.6 was unfortunately not obtained due to
decoupling between phasons and phonons for 12-fold symmetry quasicrystals. Due
to the coupling between phasons and phonons in eightfold symmetry quasicrystals,
the present results depicted by Figs. 9.8, 9.9, 9.10 and 9.11 are particular inter-
esting, which show the response of phason field to the external flow field. The
response can be explored lies in the coupling between phasons and phonons for
eightfold symmetry quasicrystals.
Fig. 9.8 Angular distribution of radical normal stress of phason filed at r ¼ 1:55a
Fig. 9.9 Angular distribution of circumferential normal stress of phason filed at r ¼ 1:55a
The other results of [7], e.g. on phonon and fluid phonon fields are similar to
those given in Sect. 7.6, so that we do not include them here.
Of course, the in-depth analysis on the effects of the interactions among phasons,
phonons, and fluid phonon is needed to carry out further.
Fig. 9.10 Angular distribution of shear stress Hrh of phason filed at r ¼ 1:55a
Fig. 9.11 Angular distribution of shear stress Hhr of phason filed at r ¼ 1:55a
9.5 Three-Dimensional-Matter Quasicrystals

with Eightfold Symmetry of Point Group 8 mm
The description offered in the previous sections shows the interest of the eightfold
symmetrical soft-matter quasicrystals, especially as there are strong coupling effects
between the phonons and phasons. But the discussion is limited in the plane of
quasiperiodicity, i.e. the xy-plane. We now consider the three-dimensional
dynamics, z-axis is eightfold symmetry axis. Next, for the possibility of
soft-matter octagonal quasicrystals in soft matter, there is the final governing
equation system of the generalized dynamics, after some derivations by similar
steps to the previous sections, but we must list the constitutive law [1, 8] first:
9
rxx ¼ C11 exx þ C12 eyy þ C13 ezz þ R wxx þ wyy >
>>
>
ryy ¼ C12 exx þ C11 eyy þ C13 ezz R wxx þ wyy > >
>
>
>
rzz ¼ C13 exx þ C13 eyy þ C33 ezz > >
>
>
>
ryz ¼ rzy ¼ 2C44 eyz > >
>
>
>
>
rzx ¼ rxz ¼ 2C44 ezx > >
>
>
>
rxy ¼ ryx ¼ 2C66 e xy Rwxy þ Rwyx > >
>
> >
>
>
Hxx ¼ K1 wxx þ K2 wyy þ R exx eyy > >
>
>
> >
>
>
Hyy ¼ K2 wxx þ K1 wyy þ R exx eyy > >
>
>
>
>
Hyz ¼ K4 wyz > >
>
>
>
Hxy ¼ ðK1 þ K2 þ K3 Þwxy þ K2 wyz 2Re xy > >
=
ð9:5:1Þ
Hxz ¼ K4 wxz > >
>
>
Hyx ¼ K3 wxy þ ðK1 þ K2 þ K3 Þwyx þ 2Re xy > >
>
>
>
>
>
2 >
pxx ¼ p þ 2gn_ xx gn_ kk > >
>
>
3 >
>
>
>
_ 2 _ >
pyy ¼ p þ 2gnyy gnkk > >
>
3 >
>
>
>
2 >
pzz ¼ p þ 2gnzz gnkk >
_ _ >
>
3 >
>
>
>
pyz ¼ 2gnyz >
_ >
>
>
>
_ >
pzx ¼ 2gnzx > >
>
>
>
pxy ¼ 2gnxy >
_ >
>
>
>
>
n_ kk ¼ n_ xx þ n_ yy þ n_ zz ;
With these basic relations, the governing equations of three-dimensional

hydrodynamics of soft-matter quasicrystals with eightfold symmetry is as follows
9.5 Three-Dimensional-Matter Quasicrystals … 131
@q
9
þ r ðqVÞ ¼ 0
@t >
>
>
>
@ðqVx Þ
þ @ðV@x
x qVx Þ @ðVy qVx Þ
þ @y þ @ðV@z
z qVx Þ
¼ @p 1 @ >
@x þ gr ðqVx Þ þ 3 g @x r V >
2
@t >
>
@2 u >
>
@ uz >
2
@2 @2
þ C66 @y 2 þ C44 @z2 ux
þ ðC12 þ C66 Þ @x@yy þ ðC13 þ C44 C11 Þ @x@z >
>
>
>
@ @ @ @wx @wy 1 @dq >
>
þ ðC11 BÞ @x r u þ R @x r1 w R @y @y @x ðA BÞ q @x
>
>
0 >
>
@ðqVy Þ @ðVx qVy Þ @ðVy qVy Þ
@ðVz qVy Þ >
>
þ þ þ @z ¼ @p 1 @
@y þ grðqVy Þ þ 3 g @y r V
2 >
>
@t @x @y >
>
@ ux
2
@ @ @ @ 2 uz >
>
>
2 2 2
þ ðC12 þ C66 Þ @x@y þ C66 @x 2 þ C11 @y2 þ C44 @z2 uy þ ðC13 þ C44 Þ @y@z >
>
>
@wy >
>
þ ðC11 BÞ @y @
r u R @x @ @wx @ 1 @dq >
@y @x R @y r1 w ðA BÞ q0 @y >
>
>
>
@ðqVz Þ @ðVx qVz Þ @ðVy qVz Þ >
>
@t þ @x þ þ @ðV@z z qVz Þ
¼ @p@z þ gr ðqVz Þ þ
2 1 @
3 g @z r V >
>
@y >
>
@2 @2
þ C44 @x2 þ C44 @y2 þ ðC33 C13 C44 Þ @z2 uz @2 >
>
>
>
>
>
þ ðC13 þ C44 BÞ @z @
r u ðA BÞ q1 @dq >
>
h 0 @z >
>
>
>
@ux
þ @ux
þ @ux
þ @ux
¼ þ C @2
þ @2
þ @2 >
>
@t Vx @x V y @y V z @z Vx u C 11 @x C 66 C 44 ux >
=
i @y @z
2 2 2

@ 2 uy @ 2 uz @ @ @w @w
þ ðC12 þ C66 Þ @x@y þ ðC13 þ C44 Þ @x@z þ R @x r1 w R @y @y @x
x y
>
h >
>
@uy @uy @uy @uy @ 2 ux >
>
þ V þ V þ V ¼ V þ C ðC þ C Þ >
>
@t x @x

y @y z @z y u

12
i
66 @x@y
>
>
>
>
@ 2
@
þ C66 @x2 þ C11 @y2 þ C44 @z2 uy
2
@ 2
>
>
>
>
>
>
@ 2 uz @ @wx
þ ðC13 þ C44 Þ @y@z R @x @y @x R @y r1 w
@w y @ >
>
h 2 >
>
>
>
@uz
þ @uz
þ @uz
þ @uz
¼ þ C ðC þ Þ @ ux
þ
@ uy
2
>
>
@t V x @x V y @y V z @z V z u 13 C 44 @x@z @y@z >
>
i >
>
@ 2
@ 2
@ 2 >
>
þ C44 @x2 þ C44 @y2 þ C33 @z2 uz >
>
h >
>
@wx @wx @wx @wx @ wx @ wx >
>
>
2 2
@t þ Vx @x þ Vy @y þ Vz @z ¼ Cw K1 r1 wx þ ðK2 þ K3 Þ @y2 þ K4 @z2

2
>
>
i >
>
@ @ @ @ @ux @uy @ @ux @uy >
>
þ K2 @y @x þ @z wy þ R @x @x @y R @y @y þ @x >
>
h >
>
@wy @wy @wy @wy @ wx @ wx >
>
>
2 2
@t þ V x @x þ V y @y V z @z ¼ C w ðK 2 þ K 3 Þ @x@y þ K 3 @y@z þ K 1 r 2
1 w y >
>
i >
>
@ 2 wy @ 2 wy @u @u >
þ ðK2 þ K3 Þ @x2 þ ðK1 þ K2 þ K3 Þ @x@z þ R @x @y þ @x þ R @y @x @y > @ @ux y @ @ux y
>
>
>
>
p ¼ f ðqÞ ¼ 3 l3 q3 ðq0 q þ q0 q þ q Þ
kB T 2 2 3 ;
0
ð9:5:2Þ
@ 2
@2 @2 @ 2
@2 @ @ @
in which r2 ¼ @x 2 þ @y2 þ @z2 ; r21 ¼ @x 2 þ @y2 ; r ¼ i @x þ j @y þ k @z ; r1 ¼
@ @
i @x þ j @y , V ¼ iVx þ jVy þ kVz , u ¼ iux þ juy þ kuz , w ¼ iwx þ jwy and C11 ; C12 ;
C13 ; C33 ; C44 ; C66 ¼ ðC11 C12 Þ=2 the phonon elastic constants, K1 ; K2 ; K3 ; K4 the
phason elastic constants, R the phonon–phason coupling constant, g the fluid
dynamic viscosity and Cu and Cw the phonon and phason dissipation coefficients,
A and B the material constants due to variation of mass density, respectively.
Equations (9.5.2) are the final governing equations of dynamics of soft-matter
quasicrystals of eightfold symmetry in three-dimensional case with fields variables

servation equation, the second–fourth ones the momentum conservation equations
or the generalized Navier–Stokes equations, the fifth–seventh ones the equations of
motion of phonons due to the symmetry breaking, the eighth and nineth ones the
phason dissipation equations and the tenth one the equation of state, respectively.
The equations are consistent to be mathematical solvability, if there is lack of the
equation of state, the equation system is not closed, and has no meaning mathe-
matically and physically. This shows that the equation of state is necessary.
These equations reveal the nature of wave propagation of fields u and V with
and fluid phonon
ffi
@p
s
D2 ¼ Cw K2 , etc., from the view point of hydrodynamics.
In addition to dislocation solution listed in Sect. 9.2 and solution of transient

dynamics due to impact stress displayed in Sect. 9.3, other solutions such as that on
flow past obstacle like that given in Sect. 7.6 are also obtained. Wang et al. [7]
discussed a flow of soft-matter quasicrystals of eightfold symmetry past a plate or
past a circular cylinder, in the case, (9.1.2) should be modified by considering the
Oseen modification, similar to (7.4.1), and the results are interesting, in particular,
the phason stresses are shown by Figs. 9.8, 9.9, 9.10 and 9.11, because there is
strong coupling between phasons and phonons here, which reveal the evident
distinction with those given in Sect. 7.6.
At last the three-dimensional hydrodynamics of point group 8 mm soft-matter
quasicrystals is also discussed, the solution of three-dimensional dynamics is car-
ried out, the results will be reported later.
References
1. T.Y. Fan, Mathematical Theory of Elasticity of Quasicrystals and Its Applications, 1st edn,
2010, 2nd edn, 2016 (Beijing, Science Press/Heidelberg, Springer)
2. X.F. Li, T.Y. Fan, New method for solving plane elasticity of planar quasicrystals and solution.
Chin. Phys. Lett. 15(4), 278–280 (1998)
3. W.M. Zhou, Dislocation, crack and contact problems in two- and three-dimensional
quasicrystals, Dissertation (in Chinese), Beijing Institute of Technology, 2000; W.M. Zhou,
T.Y. Fan, Plane elasticity of octagonal quasicrystals and solutions, Chin. Phys 10(8), 743–747
(2000)
References 133
4. F. Wang, H.Y. Hu, T.Y. Fan, H. Cheng, Hydrodynamic analysis of soft-matter octagonal
quasicrystals. Appl. Math. Mech., to be published, 2017
5. T.Y. Fan, Equation system of generalized hydrodynamics of soft-matter quasicrystals. Appl
Math Meh 37(4), 331–347 (2016). in Chinese
6. H. Cheng, T.Y. Fan, H. Wei, Solutions for hydrodynamics of 5- and 10-fold symmetry
quasicrystals. Appl Math Mech 37(10), 1393–1404 (2016)
7. F. Wang, T.Y. Fan, H. Cheng, Flow of soft-matter quasicrystals of 8-fold symmetry past a
circular cylinder or a plate, 2017, to be submitted
8. T.Y. Fan, Z.Y. Tang, Three-dimensional hydrodynamics of soft-matter quasicrystals. Appl.
Math. Mech. 38 (2017) (in Chinese)
Chapter 10
Dynamics of Soft-Matter Quasicrystals
The discovery of 18-fold symmetry quasicrystals in colloids by Fischer et al. [1]

presents fundamental importance, the meaning of the event does not lie only on a
discovery of a new quasicrystal, but also on a new kind of the structure of
two-dimensional quasicrystals. This new kind structure of quasicrystals of two
dimension is quite different from that of two-dimensional observed in solid pen-
tagonal, decagonal, octagonal and dodecagonal quasicrystals and in soft-matter
dodecagonal quasicrystals. The significance of the discovery is not only in materials
science but also in symmetry theory and algebra (group theory).
10.1 Six-Dimensional Embedded Space
For the studied two-dimensional quasiperiodic structures in solid are pentagonal,

octagonal, decagonal and dodecagonal quasicrystals, and dodecagonal quasicrystals
in soft matter present following common features:
1. One needs a set of four rationally independent reciprocal basis vectors to index
the diffraction pattern with integers;
2. The basis vectors can be considered to be a projection from a four-dimensional
embedding space (V) to two-dimensional physical space (VE);
3. The space V is the direct sum of VE and VI, where VI is the orthogonal com-
plementary space;
4. Four hydrodynamic degrees of freedom in phases can be parametrized by
two-dimensional vector field. One of them is the phonon field (denoted by u),
and the other is the phason field (denoted by w).
One will naturally ask which can be expected to be observed? From the study of
the symmetry operations for quasiperiodic structures by Janssen [2], it follows that
all two-dimensional quasicrystal structures with four-dimensional embedding space
have already been discovered. The noncrystallographic orientational symmetries in
such materials are only decagonal (or pentagonal), octagonal and dodecagonal. As
pointed out in Chap. 2, these quasicrystals can be classified as the first kind of
two-dimensional quasicrystals. The next two-dimensional quasicrystal structures (if
they exist) may have a six-dimensional embedding space. The symmetries should
be 7-, 9-, 14- and 18-fold, which can be classified as the second kind of
two-dimensional quasicrystals.
Unlike in the discussion in solid quasicrystals and soft-matter quasicrystals with
12-fold symmetry, this symmetric structure has been known in solid quasicrystals.
The second kind of two-dimensional quasicrystals including the 18-fold symmetry
quasicrystals is a new topic just pointed out above, their structure is not similar to
those of 5-, 8-, 10- and 12-fold symmetrical quasicrystals, Hu et al. [3] predicted the
existence of 7-, 14-, 9- and 18-fold symmetric quasicrystals from the angle of
symmetry theory. They suggested,one needs to put forward a six-dimensional
embedding space, which consists of parallel space Ek2 and two perpendicular spaces
2 2
E?1 and E?2 , i.e.
E6 ¼ Ek2 E?1
2
E?2
2
ð10:1:1Þ
2
We call E?1 as the first perpendicular space, E?2
2
the second one. Based on the
concept, the Landau–Anderson expansion may be extended as
X X
qðrÞ ¼ qG expfiG rg ¼ jqG j expfiUG þ iG rg ð10:1:2Þ
G2LR G2LR
with the extended phase angular
Un ¼ Gkn u þ G?1 ?2
n v þ Gn w ð10:1:3Þ
in which Gkn represents reciprocal lattice vector in parallel space Ek2 , and G?1
n and
G?2
n the reciprocal lattice vectors in the first and second perpendicular spaces E?1
2
and E?2 , u the phonon displacement field in parallel space, and v and w the first and
2
second phason displacement fields in the two perpendicular spaces, respectively.
10.2 Elasticity of Possible Solid Quasicrystals

The quasicrystals of 18-fold symmetry in colloids observed in 2011 [1] for the first
time have been discussed in Chap. 2. The diffraction pattern of the matter was
shown in Fig. 2.2, which is the only one experimental result. Hu et al. [3] predicted
the existence of 18-fold symmetry structure. They gave a point group 18 mm to
describe the possible solid quasicrystals, but the observed quasicrystals are in soft
10.2 Elasticity of Possible Solid Quasicrystals with 18-Fold Symmetry 137
matter rather than in solid up to now. Although the result is different from their
prediction which is still meaningful.
The soft-matter quasicrystals of 18-fold symmetry are two-dimensional qua-
sicrystals. If we assume the z-direction is the direction of 18-fold rotation axis, the
displacements are u ¼ ðux ; uy Þ, v ¼ ðvx ; vy Þ, w ¼ ðwx ; wy Þ, which are
two-dimensional displacement fields. The corresponding strain fields are

1 @ui @uj @vi @wi
eij ¼ þ ; vij ¼ ; wij ¼ ð10:2:1Þ
2 @xj @xi @xj @xj
and the corresponding generalized Hooke’s law is

9
rij ¼ @f@edefij ¼ Cijkl ekl þ rijkl vkl þ Rijkl wkl >
>
=
sij ¼ @f@vdefij ¼ Tijkl vkl þ rklij ekl þ Gijkl wkl ð10:2:2Þ
>
>
Hij ¼ @fdef ¼ Kijkl wkl þ Rklij ekl þ Gklij vkl ;
@wij
in which fdef ¼ fdef ðu; v; wÞ denotes the elastic deformation energy density (or strain
energy density) of the system, which will be given by (10.3.11), the meanings of rij
and Cijkl are as those defined in previous chapters, rijkl the phonon-first phason
coupling (i.e. the u v coupling) elastic constants, Rijkl the phonon-second phason
coupling (i.e. the u w coupling) elastic constants, sij the stress tensor associated
with phason strain tensor vij , Tijkl the phason elastic constants corresponding to
sij vij , the meanings of Hij and Kijkl are the same discussed beforehand, corre-
sponding to field w, but it is second phason field now, and Gijkl the elastic constants
of coupling (i.e. the v w coupling) between first-second phason fields.
According to group representation theory, the independent nonzero elastic
constants of phonons have only two, L and M,i.e.
Cijkl ¼ Ldij dkl þ Mðdik djl þ dil djk Þ ði; j; k; l ¼ 1; 2Þ

ð10:2:3Þ
L ¼ C12 ; M ¼ ðC11 C12 Þ=2 ¼ C66
This is identical to those in plane field of solid quasicrystals of 5-, 8-, 10- and
12-fold symmetries, it is shown in Table 10.1, where x ¼ x1 ; y ¼ x2 .
The phonons are decoupled with the first phasons, so that
rijkl ¼ 0 ði; j; k; l ¼ 1; 2Þ ð10:2:4Þ
The phonons are decoupled with the second phasons too, and
Rijkl ¼ 0 ði; j; k; l ¼ 1; 2Þ ð10:2:5Þ

Table 10.1 Phonon elastic 11 22 12 21

constants of 18-fold
symmetry quasicrystals 11 C11 C12 0 0
22 C12 C11 0 0
12 0 0 C66 C66
21 0 0 C66 C66
In addition, there are elastic constants of second phasons Tijkl
Tijkl ¼ T1 dik djl þ T2 ðdij dkl dil djk Þ ði; j; k; l ¼ 1; 2Þ

T1111 ¼ T2222 ¼ T2121 ¼ T1 ð10:2:6Þ
T1122 ¼ T2211 ¼ T2112 ¼ T1221 ¼ T2
which are given by Table 10.2.

The coupling elastic constants between first and second phasons
Gijkl ¼ Gðdi1 di2 Þðdij dkl dik djl þ dil djk Þði; j; k; l ¼ 1; 2Þ ð10:2:7Þ
These are listed in Table 10.3.
10.3 Dynamics of Quasicrystals of 18-Fold Symmetry

with Point Group 18 mm
In the dynamics of quasicrystals with 18-fold symmetry apart from elastic dis-
placement fields u ¼ ðux ; uy Þ, v ¼ ðvx ; vy Þ, w ¼ ðwx ; wy Þ, there are fluid velocity
field V ¼ ðVx ; Vy Þ and mass density q, and fluid pressure p, where q and p are as
independent field variables. The elastic constitutive law has been listed by (10.2.2),
and the fluid constitutive law is
where

1 @Vi @Vj
n_ ij ¼ þ ð10:3:2Þ
2 @xj @xi
Table 10.2 Elastic constants 11 22 12 21

of second phasons
11 T1 T2 0 0
22 T2 T1 0 0
12 0 0 T1 −T2
21 0 0 −T2 T1
10.3 Dynamics of Quasicrystals of 18-Fold Symmetry with Point Group 18 mm 139
Table 10.3 The coupling vij =wij 11 22 12 21

elastic constants between first
and second phasons 11 G G 0 0
22 −G −G 0 0
12 0 0 −G G
21 0 0 −G G
represents the fluid deformation rate tensor.

The hydrodynamics equations are: the mass conservation equation
@qðr; tÞ
¼ ri ðrÞðqVi Þ ð10:3:3Þ
@t
the momentum conservation equations
@gi ðr; tÞ
¼ rk ðrÞðVk gi Þ þ rj ðrÞ pdij þ gijkl rk ðrÞgl
@t
dH dH dH
dij ri ðrÞuj þ r i vj þ ri ðrÞwj ð10:3:4Þ
duj dvj ðr; tÞ dwj
dH
qri ðrÞ ; gj ¼ qVj
dq
the equations of motion of phonons due to the symmetry breaking
@ui ðr; tÞ dH
¼ Vj rj ðrÞui þ Cu þ Vi ð10:3:5Þ
@t dui ðr; tÞ
the first phason dissipation equations
@vi ðr; tÞ dH
¼ Vj rj ðrÞvi þ Cv ð10:3:6Þ
@t dvi ðr; tÞ
the second phason dissipation equations
@wi ðr; tÞ dH
¼ Vj rj ðrÞwi þ Cw ð10:3:7Þ
@t dwi ðr; tÞ
and the equation of state

kB T 2
p¼3 3
q0 q þ q 0 q2
þ q 3
; ð10:3:8Þ
l3 q0
where H denotes the Hamiltonian

Z
g2 d
H ¼ H½Wðr; tÞ ¼ d r þ Fel ; Fel ¼ Fu þ Fv þ Fw
2q ð10:3:9Þ
þ Fuv þ Fuw þ Fvw ; g ¼ qV
in which the last six terms in right-hand side of (10.3.9) represent free energies of
phonons, first phasons and second phasons, phonon–phason couplings, first-second
phason coupling, respectively:
Z
1
Fu ¼ Cijkl eij ekl d d r
2
Z
1
Fv ¼ Tijkl vij vkl d d r
2
Z
1
Fw ¼ Kijkl wij wkl d d r
2
Z ð10:3:10Þ

Fuv ¼ rijkl eij vkl þ rklij vij ekl d d r
Z

Fuw ¼ Rijkl eij wkl þ Rklij wij ekl d d r
Z

Fvw ¼ Gijkl vij wkl þ Gklij wij vkl d d r
for the present case, then Fu ; Fw ; Fuw in Chap. 5 are replaced by

Fu ; Fv ; Fw ; Fuv ; Fuw ; Fvw , respectively.
The deformation energy density for defining constitutive equation in (10.2.2) is
given for the following
fdef ðu; v; wÞ ¼ fdef ðeij ; vij ; wij Þ

1 h i
¼ Lðr uÞ2 þ Meij eij þ T1 ðv11 þ v22 Þ2 þ ðv21 v12 Þ2
2 h i h i
þ T2 ðv11 v22 Þ2 þ ðv21 þ v12 Þ2 þ K1 ðw11 þ w22 Þ2 þ ðw21 w12 Þ2
h i
þ T2 ðw11 w22 Þ2 þ ðw21 þ w12 Þ2
þ G½ðv11 v22 Þðw11 w22 Þ þ ðv21 þ v12 Þðw21 þ w12 Þ
¼ Fu þ Fv þ Fw þ Fvw ; ðx ¼ x1 ; y ¼ x2 ; i ¼ 1; 2; j ¼ 1; 2Þ
ð10:3:11Þ
10.3 Dynamics of Quasicrystals of 18-Fold Symmetry with Point Group 18 mm 141
then the elastic constitutive equations so the whole constitutive equations are
determined at last [4]
9
rxx ¼ ðL þ 2M Þexx þ Leyy >
>
>
>
ryy ¼ Lexx þ ðL þ 2M Þeyy >
>
>
>
rxy ¼ ryx ¼2Mexy >
>
>
sxx ¼ T1 vxx þ T2 vyy þ Gwxx wyy > >
>
>
syy ¼ T2 vxx þ T1 vyy þ G wxx wyy > >
>
>
>
sxy ¼ T1 vxy T2 vyx G w yx þ wxy >
>
>
syx ¼ T2 vxy þ T1 vyx þ G wyx þ wxy > >
>
=
Hxx ¼ K1 wxx þ K2 wyy þ G vxx þ vyy ð10:3:12Þ
Hyy ¼ K2 wxx þ K1 wyy G vxx þ vyy > >
>
Hxy ¼ K1 wxy K2 wyx G vxy þ vyx > >
>
>
>
Hyx ¼ K1 wyx K2 wxy þ G vxy vyx > >
>
>
>
pxx ¼ p þ 2gðn_ xx 3 n_ kk Þ
1 >
>
>
_ 1 _ >
>
pyy ¼ p þ 2gðnyy 3 nkk Þ >
>
>
>
pxy ¼ pyx ¼ 2gnxy _ >
>
>
>
The equations of motion including the equation of state can also been obtained
@q
9
>
>
@ðqVx Þ @ðVy qVx Þ >
>
@t þ @ðV@x
x qVx Þ
þ @y ¼ @p @x þ gr 2
ðqV x Þ þ Mr 2
u x þ ðL þ M BÞ @
@x r u >
>
>
>
ðA BÞ q @x 1 @dq >
>
>
>
@ðqVy Þ @ðVx qVy Þ @ðVy qVy Þ
0
>
>
þ þ ¼ @p
þ gr 2
ðqV Þ þ Mr 2
u þ ðL þ M BÞ @
r u >
>
@t @x @y @y y y @y >
>
1 @dq >
>
ðA BÞ q @y >
>
0 >
>
@ux
þ @ux
þ @ux
¼ þ C 2
þ ðL þ @
r >
>
@t V x @x V y @y Vx u
h
Mr u x MÞ @x u
i >
=
@uy @uy @uy @
þ V þ V ¼ V þ C Mr 2
u þ ðL þ MÞ r u
@t x @x y @y y
h
u y
2 @y i >
>
@vx @vx @vx @ wx @ 2 wx @ 2 wy >
>
þ V þ V ¼ C T r 2
v þ G 2G >
>
@t x @x y @y v
h
1 x @x 2 @y 2
@x@y
i >
>
>
>
@vy @vy @vy @ @ >
2 2
@ wx
2 w w
@t þ Vx @x þ Vy @y ¼ Cv T1 r vy þ 2G @x@y þ G @x2 @y2 >
2 y y
h 2 i >
>
>
>
@wx
þ @wx
þ @wx
¼ C r 2
þ @ vx
@ 2 vx
þ
@ vy
2
>
>
@t V x @x V y @y w K 1 w x G @x2 @y2 2G @x@y >
>
h i >
>
@wy @wy @wy @ vx
2 @ vy
2
@ vy
2
>
>
@t þ V x @x þ V y @y ¼ C w K 1 r 2
w y 2G @x@y þ G @x @y >
>
>
2 2
>
;
p ¼ f ðqÞ ¼ 3 kB T
l3 q30
q qþq q þq
2
0 0
2 3
ð10:3:13Þ
@ @
in which r ¼ i @x þ j @y , V ¼ iVx þ jVy , u ¼ iux þ juy , and L ¼ C12 ; M ¼ ðC11
C12 Þ=2 the phonon elastic constants, and T1 ; K1 the first and second phason elastic
constants, G the coupling elastic constant between the first and second phasons, g
the fluid dynamic viscosity (for simplicity only the scalar quantity form of gijkl is
considered here), and Cu , Cv and Cw the phonon, first and second phason dissi-
pation coefficients, A and B the material constants due to variation of mass density,
respectively.
The phonon fields of displacement, stress and strain and elastic constants are
defined by Sect. 10.2. The first and second phason fields and their stresses and
strains are also defined by that section, the elastic constants refer to Tables 10.1,
10.2 and 10.3, respectively.
Equations (10.3.13), there are 10 equations with 10 field variables, i.e.
ux ; uy ; vx ; vy ; wx ; wx ; Vx ; Vy ; q and p, the amount of field variables is 10, and amount
of field equations is 10 too, among them: (10.3.13a) is the mass conservation
equation, (10.3.13b) and (10.3.13c) are the momentum conservation equations or
the generalized Navier–Stokes equations, (10.3.13d) and (10.3.13e) are the equa-
tions of motion of phonons due to symmetry breaking, (10.3.13f) and (10.3.13g) are
the first phason dissipation equations, (10.3.13h) and (10.3.13i) are the second
phason dissipation equations, and (10.3.13j) is the equation of state. The equations
are consistent to be solved mathematically if the initial and boundary conditions are
well conditional. The equation of state has been discussed in Chap. 4, we here take
one among them, i.e. [4]
kB T 2
p ¼ f ðqÞ ¼ 3 3 3
q0 q þ q0 q2 þ q3
l q0
which presents certain precise verified by computational practice.
10.4 The Steady Dynamic and Static Case of First

and Second Phason Fields
The hydrodynamics describing by (10.3.13) can also be reduced to steady hydro-

dynamics for the phason fields

2
@vx @vx @ wx @ 2 wx @ 2 wy
Vx þ Vy ¼ Cv T1 r vx þ G
2
2G
@x @y @x2 @y2 @x@y

@vy @vy @ wx
2
@ wy @ wy
2 2
Vx þ Vy ¼ Cv T1 r vy þ 2G
2
þG
@x @y @x@y @x2 @y2

2 ð10:4:1Þ
@wx @wx @ vx @ vx 2
@ 2 vy
Vx þ Vy ¼ Cw K1 r wx þ G
2
2 þ 2G
@x @y @x2 @y @x@y

2
@wy @wy @ 2
v x @ v y @ 2
vy
Vx þ Vy ¼ Cw K1 r wy 2G
2
þG 2
@x @y @x@y @x2 @y
10.4 The Steady Dynamic and Static Case of First … 143
and hydrostatic case, respectively, similarly to those discussed in previous section.

In the hydrostatic problem, the first five equations are the same with (10.2.1) and
(10.2.2), and the left ones, i.e. the sixth to ninth ones are reduced to
2
@ wx @ 2 wx @ 2 wy
T1 r v x þ G
2
2G ¼ 0;
@x2 @y2 @x@y

@ 2 w1 @ 2 wy @ 2 wy
T1 r2 vy þ 2G þG ¼ 0;
@x@y @x2 @y2
2 ð10:4:2Þ
@ vx @ 2 vx @ 2 vy
K 1 r2 w x þ G þ 2G ¼ 0;
@x2 @y2 @x@y

@ 2 vx @ 2 vy @ 2 vy
K1 r2 wy 2G þG 2 ¼ 0;
@x@y @x2 @y
These equations are decoupled with both fluid field as well as phonon field. Li
et al. [6] solved them, if we introduce displacement potential functions such as
2
@ F1 @ 2 F1 @ 2 F2
vx ¼ G 2 ð10:4:3Þ
@x2 @y2 @x@y
2
@ F2 @ 2 F2 @ 2 F1
vy ¼ G þ2 ð10:4:4Þ
@x2 @y2 @x@y
2
@ F1 @ 2 F1
wx ¼ T1 þ ð10:4:5Þ
@x2 @y2
2
@ F2 @ 2 F2
wy ¼ T1 þ ð10:4:6Þ
@x2 @y2
or
2
@ F1 @ 2 F1
vx ¼ K1 þ ð10:4:7Þ
@x2 @y2
2
@ F2 @ 2 F2
vy ¼ K1 þ ð10:4:8Þ
@x2 @y2
2
@ F1 @ 2 F1 @ 2 F2
wx ¼ G þ 2 ð10:4:9Þ
@x2 @y2 @x@y
2
@ F1 @ 2 F2 @ 2 F2
wy ¼ G 2 þ ð10:4:10Þ
@x@y @x2 @y2
where Fj ðj ¼ 1; 2Þ satisfy biharmonic equations
r2 r2 F j ¼ 0 ð10:4:11Þ
These biharmonic equations can be solved in terms of complex analysis or

Fourier transforms, which have been frequently discussed in solid quasicrystals [8]
as well as in soft-matter quasicrystals in Chaps. 7–11 and smectic A liquid crystals
in Chap. 12 of this book.
10.5 Dislocations and Solutions
10.5.1 The Zero-Order Approximate Solution

of Dislocations of Soft-Matter Quasicrystals
Similarly to those discussed in previous chapters, we study the static case. In the
case, if omitting the fluid velocities, the phonons are decoupled from fluid phonon
and phasons, we can obtain the zero-order approximate solution of dislocation for
the phonon field, given by (7.2.4).
To derive analytical expressions for the displacement and stress components
induced by a dislocation in a 18-fold symmetric quasicrystal, let us consider a
dislocation with its core at the origin with the Burgers vector
k k
b ¼ b b? ? ? ? ? ?
1 b2 ¼ b1 ; b2 ; b11 ; b12 ; b21 ; b22 , where
Z Z Z
duj ¼ bj ; dvj ¼ b?
1j ; dwj ¼ b?
2j ; ð10:5:1Þ
C C C
in which the integral path should be taken along the Burgers circuit surrounding the
dislocation core in the physical space. It is sufficient to solve the phason fields
induced by the vector component b? ij ði; j ¼ 1; 2Þ, because the phonon fields induced
k
by bj ðj ¼ 1; 2Þ have been evaluated by (7.2.4) which hold for the present qua-
sicrystal system.
Li et al. [6] gave the complex representation of solution (10.4.11), from which
the zero-approximate solution of dislocation for phason field is easily obtained
(refer to [6]), which is a development of work in [7, 8].
To acquire an appropriate solution associated with a dislocation, an admissible
solution has the form [7]
y
Fj ¼ x2 þ y2 arctan ; j ¼ 1; 2 ð10:5:2Þ
x

So that for the Burgers vector components b? ¼ 0; 0; b? ? ? ?
11 ; b12 ; b21 ; b22 Li and
Fan [9] obtained the displacements induced by the dislocation as follows
b? y b? G xy b? G x 2 y 2
vx ðx; yÞ ¼ 11
arctan þ 21 þ 22 ; ð10:5:3Þ
2p x 2p T1 x þ y
2 2 2p T1 2 x2 þ y2
b? y b? G x2 y2 b? G xy
vy ðx; yÞ ¼ 12
arctan 21 þ 22 ; ð10:5:4Þ
2p x 2p T1 2 x2 þ y2 2p T1 x2 þ y2
b? b? b? y
12 G x y
2 2
11 G xy
wx ðx; yÞ ¼ þ 21
arctan ; ð10:5:5Þ
2p K1 x2 þ y2 2p K1 2ðx2 þ y2 Þ 2p x
b? b? b? y
11 G x y
2 2
12 G xy
wy ðx; yÞ ¼ þ þ 22
arctan : ð10:5:6Þ
2p K1 2ðx2 þ y2 Þ 2p K1 x2 þ y2 2p x
In particular, in the above the displacement fields have no logarithmic singu-

larity. From the above equations and using the following constitutive equations

@vx @vy @wx @wy
sxx ¼ T1 þ T2 þG ; ð10:5:7Þ
@x @y @x @y

@vx @vy @wx @wy
syy ¼ T2 þ T1 þG ; ð10:5:8Þ
@x @y @x @y

@vy @vx @wy @wx
sxy ¼ T1 T2 þG þ ; ð10:5:9Þ
@x @y @x @y

@vx @vy @wy @wx
syx ¼ T2 þ T1 þG þ ; ð10:5:10Þ
@y @x @x @y

@wx @wy @vx @vy
Hxx ¼ K1 þ K2 þG þ ; ð10:5:11Þ
@x @y @x @y

@wx @wy @vx @vy
Hyy ¼ K2 þ K1 G þ ; ð10:5:12Þ
@x @y @x @y

@wx @wy @vx @vy
Hxy ¼ K1 K2 þG ; ð10:5:13Þ
@y @x @y @x

@wx @wy @vx @vy
Hyx ¼ K2 þ K1 þG : ð10:5:14Þ
@y @x @y @x
we can obtain the stress field below

b?
11 ðK1 T1 G Þ
2
y b?
12 ðK1 T2 G Þ
2
x
sxx ¼ þ
2pK1 x þy
2 2 2pK1 x þ y2
2
? ? ð10:5:15Þ
b ðT1 T2 ÞG 2
xy b22 ðT1 T2 ÞG xðx2 y2 Þ
21 ;
pT1 ð x2 þ y2 Þ 2 2pT1 ð x2 þ y2 Þ 2
b?
11 ðK1 T2 G Þ
2
y b? ðK1 T1 G2 Þ x
syy ¼ þ 12
2pK1 x þy
2 2 2pK1 x2 þ y2
ð10:5:16Þ
b? ðT1 T2 ÞG yðx2 y2 Þ b? ðT1 T2 ÞG xy2
þ 21 2
22 ;
2pT1 ð x2 þ y2 Þ pT1 ð x2 þ y2 Þ 2
b?
11 ðK1 T1 G Þ
2
x b?
12 ðK1 T2 G Þ
2
y
sxy ¼ þ
2pK1 x2 þ y2 2pK1 x2 þ y2
ð10:5:17Þ
b? ðT1 T2 ÞG xy2 b?
22 ðT1 T2 ÞG yðx y Þ
2 2
21 ;
pT1 ð x2 þ y2 Þ 2 2pT1 ð x2 þ y2 Þ 2
b?
11 ðK1 T2 G Þ
2
x b? ðK1 T1 G2 Þ y
syx ¼ 12
2pK1 x þy
2 2 2pK1 x2 þ y2
ð10:5:18Þ
b? ðT1 T2 ÞG xðx2 y2 Þ b? ðT1 T2 ÞG x2 y
þ 21 2
22 ;
b?
11 ðK1 þ K2 ÞG x2 y b? ðK1 þ K2 ÞG xðx2 y2 Þ
Hxx ¼ 2
þ 12
pK1 ð x2 þ y2 Þ 2pK1 ð x2 þ y2 Þ 2
ð10:5:19Þ
b? ðK1 T1 G2 Þ y b?
22 ðK2 T1 þ G Þ
2
x
21 þ ;
2pT1 x þy
2 2 2pT1 x þ y2
2
b?
11 ðK1 þ K2 ÞG yðx y Þ
2 2
b?
12 ðK1 þ K2 ÞG xy2
Hyy ¼
2pK1 ðx2 þ y2 Þ2 pK1 ð x2 þ y2 Þ 2
ð10:5:20Þ
b?
21 ðK2 T1 þ G Þ
2
y b? ðK1 T1 G2 Þ x
þ 22 ;
2pT1 x þy
2 2 2pT1 x2 þ y2
b?
11 ðK1 þ K2 ÞG xy2 b? ðK1 þ K2 ÞG yðx2 y2 Þ
Hxy ¼ 2
þ 12
pK1 ð x2 þ y2 Þ 2pK1 ð x2 þ y2 Þ 2
ð10:5:21Þ
b? ðK1 T1 G2 Þ x b?
22 ðK2 T1 þ G Þ
2
y
þ 21 þ ;
2pT1 x þy
2 2 2pT1 x þ y2
2
b?
11 ðK1 þ K2 ÞG xðx y Þ
2 2
b?
12 ðK1 þ K2 ÞG x2 y
Hyx ¼
2pK1 ð x2 þ y2 Þ 2 pK1 ðx2 þ y2 Þ2
ð10:5:22Þ
b? ðK2 T1 þ G2 Þ x b? ðK1 T1 G2 Þ y
21 22 :
2pT1 x þy
2 2 2pT1 x2 þ y2
The above results indicate that both the phason stresses also exhibit a r 1
singularity near the dislocation core. Note that some errors appearing in [10] have
been modified. It is readily checked that the equilibrium equations after substitution
of the above phason stresses are identically fulfilled.
Li et al. [6] gave the complex representation of solution (10.4.2), from which the
zero-approximate solution of dislocation for phason field is easily obtained (refer to
[6]), which is a development of work in [7, 8].
For 18-fold symmetry quasicrystals, between phonon and phason fields it is
decoupled to each other (but between first and second phason fields there is cou-
pling to each other), so the dislocation solution is simpler than those of 5-, 10- and
8-fold symmetry quasicrystals which have been discussed in Chaps. 8 and 9,
respectively.
Due to the omitting of the fluid effect, the above-obtained solution is zero-order
approximate solution.
10.5.2 Modification to the Solution (10.5.3)–(10.5.6)

Considering Fluid Effect
For soft-matter quasicrystals, due to existence of fluid phonon, the fluid effect to the
dislocations should be considered. By considering the fluid effect, the strict analytic
solution of dislocation in quasicrystals of soft matter is not available at present even
if in near future. Explanation about this can be referenced Sect. 8.4.
10.6 Discussion on Transient Dynamics Analysis
Similar to those discussed in Sects. 8.5 and 9.3 respectively, Gao et al. [10] anal-
ysed the specimen with the same configuration shown in Fig. 8.1 but made by
18-fold symmetry quasicrystals of soft matter.
The numerical solutions on phonon field and fluid phonon field are similar to
those shown in Sects. 8.5 and 9.3, respectively. Reference [10] paid attention to
study the solutions on first and second phason fields in particular. For this purpose,
the authors of the reference designed two different sets of boundary conditions but
with the same initial conditions such as
Case (1)
t ¼ 0 : Vx ¼ Vy ¼ 0; ux ¼ uy ¼ 0; wx ¼ wy ¼ 0; vx ¼ vy ¼ 0; p ¼ p0 ; ð10:6:1Þ
y ¼ H; j xj\W : Vx ¼ Vy ¼ 0; ryy ¼ r0 f ðtÞ; ryx ¼ 0;

syy ¼ syx ¼ 0; Hyy ¼ Hyx ¼ 0; p ¼ p0 ;
x ¼ W; j yj\H : Vx ¼ Vy ¼ 0; rxx ¼ rxy ¼ 0;
sxx ¼ sxy ¼ 0; Hxx ¼ Hxy ¼ 0; p ¼ p0 :
in which f ðtÞ is the Heaviside function of time;

Case (2)
t ¼ 0 : Vx ¼ Vy ¼ 0; ux ¼ uy ¼ 0; wx ¼ wy ¼ 0; vx ¼ vy ¼ 0; p ¼ p0 ;
y ¼ H; j xj\W : Vx ¼ Vy ¼ 0; ryy ¼ r0 f ðtÞ; ryx ¼ 0;

syy ¼ s0 f ðtÞ; Hyy ¼ H0 f ðtÞ; syx ¼ Hyx ¼ 0; p ¼ p0 ;
ð10:6:2Þ
x ¼ W; j yj\H : Vx ¼ Vy ¼ 0; rxx ¼ rxy ¼ 0;
sxx ¼ sxy ¼ 0; Hxx ¼ Hxy ¼ 0; p ¼ p0 :
in which f ðtÞ is the same function as that in case (1), and H0 ¼ s0 ¼ 102 r0 for
example.
For the case (1), we obtained zero solution of phason fields, i.e. sij ¼Hij ¼ 0, the
reason for this is due to (i) the decoupling between phonons and phasons and (ii) the
zero boundary conditions of phasons.
For the case (2), we obtained nonzero solutions of phason fields, i.e. sij 6¼ Hij 6
¼ 0; however the values of the phason displacements and stresses are very small,
hereby phonons and phasons are still decoupled, but the boundary conditions of
phasons are nonzero.
From the results of Chaps. 8 and 9, we can find that the solutions of phasons are
not equal to zero, though the boundary conditions concerning phason stresses are
zero. At mean time, the values of the phason stresses are quite considerable rather
than very less. The results indicate the coupling between phonons and phasons is
very important and decisive although the boundary conditions influence the
solution.
The other point should be pointed out that the boundary conditions syy ¼
s0 f ðtÞ; Hyy ¼ H0 f ðtÞ in (10.6.2) present only pure theoretical meaning, how do
people realize the loading condition at the realistic boundary? At present the
loading of phason stresses at realistic boundary may not be implemented. Due to
this reason, we do not list the supposed computational results.
10.7 Other Solutions 149
10.7 Other Solutions
Excepted solutions of dislocation and transient dynamics, other solutions are also
carried out, for example, the flow of soft-matter quasicrystals of 18-fold symmetry
past an obstacle can also be done similarly to that given in Sects. 7.6 and 7.9. Due
to the decoupling between phonons and phasons, the results are not exhibited any
new features compared with those given in Chap. 7.
The discussion on 18-fold symmetry quasicrystals of soft matter in this chapter is
only a simplest introduction, the complete description must touch the detailed
symmetry groups and group representation of the structure, which was not given
here, but can be referred to [11].
References

Colloidal quasicrystals with 12-fold and 18-fold symmetry. Proc. Nat. Ac. Sci. 108, 1810–
1814 (2011)
2. T. Janssen, The symmetry operations for N-dimensional periodic and quasi-periodic
structures. Zeitschrift fuer Kristallographie. 198(1), 17–32 (1992)
3. C.Z. Hu, D.H. Ding, W.G. Yang, R.H. Wang, Possible two-dimensional quasicystal structure.
Phys. Rev. B 49(14), 9423–9427 (1994)
Math. Mech. 37(4), 331–347 (2016)
5. T.Y. Fan, Generalized hydrodynamics of soft-matter second kind of two-dimensional
6. X.F. Li, L.Y. Xie, T.Y. Fan, Elasticity and dislocations in quasicrystals with 18-fold
symmetry. Phys. Lett. A 377(40), 2810–2814 (2013)
7. X.F. Li, T.Y. Fan, New method for solving plane elasticity of planar quasicrystals and
solution. Chin. Phys. Lett. 15(4), 278–280 (1998)
8. T.-Y. Fan, in Mathematical Theory of Elasticity of Quascrystals and Its Applications (Science
Press, Beijing/Springer, Heidelberg, 1st edn., 2010; 2nd edn., 2016)
9. X.F. Li, T.Y. Fan, Dislocations in the second kind two-dimensional quasicrystals of soft
matter. Phys. B 52, 175–180 (2016)
10. H. Gao, T.-Y. Fan, H. Cheng, in Importance of Coupling Between Phonons and Phasons in
Soft-Matter Quasicrystals (unpublished work)
11. Z.Y. Tang, T.-Y. Fan, in Point groups and group representation theory of second kind of
two-dimensional quasicrystals (Science in China G, 2017, submitted)
Chapter 11
The Possible 7-, 9- and 14-Fold Symmetry
Quasicrystals in Soft Matter
The possible 7-, 9- and 14-fold symmetry quasicrystals are similar to those of
18-fold symmetry, belong to the second kind of two-dimensional quasicrystals, in
which the possible 7- and 14-fold symmetry quasicrystals are more interesting,
because the phonons and second phasons are coupled apart from the coupling
between the first and second phasons. In this chapter some mathematical presen-
tations on the generalized hydrodynamics of the quasicrystals are introduced, which
is suggested by Fan [1, 2]. Due to lack of any experimental data, the solutions are
very limited, which are also discussed.
11.1 The Possible Sevenfold Symmetry Quasicrystals

with Point Group 7m of Soft Matter and the Dynamic
Theory
In Chaps. 2 and 10, we pointed out that the possible 7-, 9- and 14-fold symmetrical
quasicrystals present similar symmetry to 18-fold symmetry quasicrystals, and
different from those of 5-, 8-, 10- and 12-fold symmetry quasicrystals. For this
reason, we must introduce the so-called six-dimensional embedding space that we
have been introduced in Chap. 10 in detail, so the discussion here can be omitted.
According to the hypothesis of the six-dimensional embedding space there is
phonon displacement field u in parallel space, and the first and second phason
displacement fields v and w in the two perpendicular spaces, respectively.
The quasicrystals of sevenfold symmetry have not been observed that far yet, so
there is no diffraction pattern of the matter like that is shown in Fig. 2.2. Hu et al.
[3] predicted the existence of sevenfold symmetry structure. They gave a point
group 7m to describe the possible solid quasicrystals, but the solid quasicrystals
have not been observed too. Although there is a lack of experimental results, the
prediction of Hu et al. is meaningful. Based on the point group 7m we can discuss
the phonon and phason constitutive laws. We should point out that except point
152 11 The Possible 7-, 9- and 14-Fold Symmetry Quasicrystals …
group 7m there might be other point groups of sevenfold symmetry quasicrystals

referred to Chap. 2, but the discussion here is only for point group 7m quasicrystals.
If we assume the z-direction is the direction of sevenfold rotation axis, the
displacements are u ¼ ðux ; uy Þ, v ¼ ðvx ; vy Þ, w ¼ ðwx ; wy Þ, which are
two-dimensional displacement fields. The corresponding strain fields are

1 @ui @uj @vi @wi
eij ¼ þ ; vij ¼ ; wij ¼ :
2 @xj @xi @xj @xj
Based on the group representation theory, there are two couplings: between pho-
nons and second phasons, and first and second phasons. Accordingly the corre-
sponding free energy densities defined by
1
fu ¼ Leii eii þ Meij eij
2
1
fv ¼ T1 vij vij þ T2 ðvxx vyy vxy vxy Þ
2
1 ð11:1:1Þ
fw ¼ K1 wij wij þ K2 ðwxx wyy wxy wxy Þ
2
fuw ¼ R½ðexx eyy Þðwxx þ wyy Þ þ 2exy ðwyx wxy Þ
fvw ¼ G½ðv11 v22 Þðw11 w22 Þ þ ðv21 þ v12 Þðw21 þ w12 Þ
the total deformation energy density
fdef ¼ fu þ fv þ fw þ fuw þ fvw
can be obtained. The generalized Hooke’s law is defined by
@fdef
rij ¼ ¼ Cijkl ekl þ rijkl vkl þ Rijkl wkl
@eij
@fdef
sij ¼ ¼ Tijkl vkl þ rklij ekl þ Gijkl wkl
@vij
@fdef
Hij ¼ ¼ Kijkl wkl þ Rklij ekl þ Gklij vkl :
@wij
In addition we have that the fluid constitutive law is
where

_nij ¼ 1 @Vi þ @Vj
2 @xj @xi
11.1 The Possible Sevenfold Symmetry Quasicrystals with Point … 153
represents the fluid deformation rate tensor. Furthermore, the concrete version of
the constitutive law
9
rxx ¼ ðL þ 2M Þexx þ Leyy þ Rðwxx þ wyy Þ >
>
>
>
ryy ¼ Lexx þ ðL þ 2M Þeyy Rðwxx þ wyy Þ >
>
>
>
rxy ¼ ryx ¼ 2Mexy þ Rðw w Þ >
>
yx xy
>
>
sxx ¼ T1 vxx þ T2 vyy þ G wxx wyy >
>
>
>
syy ¼ T2 vxx þ T1 vyy Gwxx wyy >
>
>
>
sxy ¼ T1 vxy T2 vyx þ G wyx þ wxy >
>
>
>
syx ¼ T2 vxy þ T1 vyx þ G wyx þ wxy >
> >
>
Hxx ¼ K1 wxx þ K2 wyy þ Rðexx eyy Þ þ G vxx vyy =
Hyy ¼ K2 wxx þ K1 wyy þ Rðexx eyyÞ G vxx vyy > ð11:1:3Þ
Hxy ¼ K1 wxy K2 wyx 2Rexy þ G vxy þ vyx >
>
>
>
>
>
Hyx ¼ K1 wyx K2 wxy þ 2Rexy þ G vxy þ vyx >
>
>
>
pxx ¼ p þ 2gðn_ xx 3 n_ kk Þ
1 >
>
>
_ 1 _ >
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
_nkk ¼ n_ xx þ n_ yy >
>
>
>
;
According to a similar derivation in Chap. 10 we can obtain the equation system

of generalized dynamics of possible sevenfold symmetry soft-matter quasicrystals
as below:
9
@q
@t þ r ðqVÞ ¼ 0
>
>
>
>
¼ @x þ gr ðqVx Þ þ Mr ux þ ðL þ M BÞ @x r u >
@ðqVx Þ @ðVy qVx Þ
@t þ @ðV@x
x qVx Þ
þ @y @p 2 2 @ >
>
>
>
>
ðA BÞ q1 @dq >
>
>
0 @x >
@ðqVy Þ @ðVx qVy Þ @ðVy qVy Þ @p @ >
>
þ þ ¼ þ gr 2
ðqV Þ þ Mr 2
u þ ðL þ M BÞ r u >
>
@t @x @y @y y y @y >
>
ðA BÞ q @y 1 @dq >
>
h 2 i >
>
0 >
>
@ux @ux @ux @ @ wx @ 2
w @wx >
>
@t þ Vx @x þ Vy @y ¼ Vx þ Cu Mr ux þ ðL þ MÞ @x r u þ R @x2 þ 2 @x@y @y2
2
=
y
h 2 i
@uy @uy @uy @ @ wy @ wx
2 @ wy
2
@t þ Vx @x þ Vy @y ¼ Vy þ Cu Mr uy þ ðL þ MÞ @y r u þ R @x2 2 @x@y @y2 >

2
>
>
@vx @vx @vx >
>
@t þ Vx @x þ Vy @y ¼ Cv ½T1 r vx þ Gr wx
2 2 >
>
>
>
@vy @vy @vy >
>
þ V þ V ¼ C T r 2
v þ Gr 2
w >
>
@t x @x
h y @y v 1
2 y y
i >
>
@wx @wx @wx @ ux @ 2 uy @ 2 ux >
>
@t þ V x @x þ V y @y ¼ C w K 1 r 2
w x þ R @x2 2 @x@y @y2 þ Gr 2
v x >
>
h 2 i >
>
@wy @wy @wy @ @ ux
2 @ 2 >
>
@t þ Vx @x þ Vy @y ¼ Cw K1 r wy þ R @x2 þ 2 @x@y @y2 þ Gr vy
2 u y u y 2 >
>
>
>
>
;
p ¼ f ðqÞ ¼ 3 3 3 q2 q þ q0 q2 þ q3
kB T
l q0 0
ð11:1:4Þ
@ @ @ @ 2 2
in which V ¼ iVx þ jVy , u ¼ iux þ juy , r ¼ i @x þ j @y , r2 ¼ @x 2 þ @y2 , and
L ¼ C12 ; M ¼ ðC11 C12 Þ=2 are phonon elastic constants, T1 ; K1 the elastic
constants of the first and second phasons, R, G the coupling elastic constants
between the phonons and second phasons and between first and second phasons, g
the fluid viscosity (for simplicity, only the scalar version of gijkl is considered), Cu ,
Cv and Cw the phonon, first phason and second phason dissipation coefficients, A
and B the material constants due to the variation of mass density, respectively.
Equations, (12.1.4) consist of 10 field variables, i.e. phonon field u ¼ ðux ; uy Þ,
first phason field v ¼ ðvx ; vy Þ and second phason field w ¼ ðwx ; wy Þ, fluid velocity
field V ¼ ðVx ; Vy Þ, mass density q and fluid pressure q, respectively. The amount of
the equations is also 10: (11.1.4a) is the mass conservation equation, (11.1.4b) and
(11.1.4c) the momentum conservation equations or the generalized Navier–Stokes
equations, (11.1.4d) and (11.1.4e) the equations of motion of phonons due to
symmetry breaking, (11.1.4f) and (11.1.4g) the first phason dissipation equations,
(11.1.4h) and (11.1.4i) the second phason dissipation equations, and (11.1.4j) the
equation of state, respectively. If there is no the equation of state, the equation
system is not closed; the importance of the equation is evident, which is just found
by [1, 2], and the further verification by experiments must be done.
At the present case, (11.1.4) are consistent mathematically and solvable.
Both coupling between phonons and second phasons and between first and
second phasons, this kind of quasicrystals is the very interesting ones which will be
observed in the near future.
11.2 The Possible Ninefold Symmetrical Quasicrystals

with Point Group 9m of Soft Matter and Their
Dynamics
The quasicrystals of ninefold symmetry have not been observed that far yet, so
there is no a diffraction pattern of the matter like that is shown in Fig. 2.2. Hu et al.
[3] predicted the existence of ninefold symmetry structure in solid. They gave a
point group 9m to describe the possible solid quasicrystals, but the solid qua-
sicrystals have not been observed too. Although there is a lack of experimental
results, the prediction of Hu et al. is meaningful. We should point out that except
point group 9m there might be other point groups of ninefold symmetry qua-
sicrystals please refer to Chap. 2, but the discussion here is only on point group
9m quasicrystals for simplicity.
Based on the point group 9m we can discuss the phonon and phason constitutive
laws.
According to the theory of group representation, the possible ninefold sym-
metrical quasicrystals of soft matter have the similar constitutive equations to those
of 18-fold symmetrical quasicrystals. The concrete results are as follows:
11.2 The Possible Ninefold Symmetrical Quasicrystals with Point … 155
8
> fdef ðu; v; wÞ ¼ fdef ðeij ; vij ; wij Þ ¼ fu þ fv þ fw þ fvw
>
>
> u ¼ 2 Lðr
2
> h uÞ þ Meij eij
1
> f i h i
>
>
< fv ¼ T1 ðvxx þ vyy Þ2 þ ðvyx vxy Þ2 þ T2 ðvxx vyy Þ2 þ ðvyx þ vxy Þ2
h i h i
>
> ¼ ðw þ Þ 2
þ ðw Þ 2
þ ðw Þ 2
þ ðw þ Þ 2
>
> f w K 1 xx wyy yx w xy K2 xx wyy yx wxy
>
>
>
: fvw ¼ G½ðvxx vyy Þðwxx þ wyy Þ þ ðvyx þ vxy Þðwyx wxy Þ
>
ðx ¼ x1 ; y ¼ x2 ; i ¼ 1; 2; j ¼ 1; 2Þ
ð11:2:1Þ
for ninefold symmetry quasicrystals with point group 9m, and substituting the
elastic deformation energy density (11.2.1) into the general relationship
@fdef
rij ¼ ¼ Cijkl ekl þ rijkl vkl þ Rijkl wkl
@eij
@fdef
sij ¼ ¼ Tijkl vkl þ rklij ekl þ Gijkl wkl
@vij
@fdef
Hij ¼ ¼ Kijkl wkl þ Rklij ekl þ Gklij vkl
@wij
one can obtain the elastic constitutive law

9
rxx ¼ ðL þ 2M Þexx þ Leyy >
>
>
ryy ¼ Lexx þ ðL þ 2M Þeyy >
>
>
>
rxy ¼ ryx ¼ 2Mexy >
>>
sxx ¼ T1 vxx þ T2 vyy þ G wxx þ wyy >
>
>
>
syy ¼ T2 vxx þ T1 vyy Gwxx þ wyy >>
=
sxy ¼ T1 vxy T2 vyx þ G wyx wxy ð11:2:2Þ
>
syx ¼ T2 vxy þ T1 vyx þ G wyx wxy >
>
>
>
Hxx ¼ K1 wxx þ K2 wyy þ Gvxx vyy >>
>
>
Hyy ¼ K2 wxx þ K1 wyy þ G vxx vyy >
>
>
>
Hxy ¼ K1 wxy K2 wyx G vxy þ vyx >>
>
;
Hyx ¼ K1 wyx K2 wxy þ G vxy þ vyx
for ninefold symmetry quasicrystals and collaborating the fluid constitutive law

1
pxx ¼ p þ 2g n_ xx n_ kk
3

1
pyy ¼ p þ 2g n_ yy n_ kk : ð11:2:3Þ
3
_
pxy ¼ pyx ¼ 2gnxy
n_ kk ¼ n_ xx þ n_ yy
With these relations and by using (10.3.3)–(10.3.7) we can obtain the equations
of motion and plus the equation of state for ninefold symmetry quasicrystals in soft
matter as follows:
@q
9
>
>
>
BÞ @x r u >
@ðqVx Þ @ðVy qVx Þ
@t þ @ðV@xx qVx Þ
þ @y ¼ @p
@x þ gr ðqVx Þ þ Mr ux þ ðL þ M
2 2 @
>
>
>
>
ðA BÞ q1 @dq >
>
0 @x >
>
@ðqVy Þ @ðVx qVy Þ @ðVy qVy Þ >
>
@t þ @x þ @y ¼ @p
@y þ gr ðqVy Þ þ Mr uy þ ðL þ M
2 2
BÞ @y r u >
@
>
>
>
>
ðA BÞ q1 @dq >
>
0 @y >
>
@ux @ux >
>
þ V þ Vy @u @
@y ¼ Vx þ Cu Mr ux þ ðL þ MÞ @x r u
x 2 >
>
@t x @x
h i =
@uy @uy @uy @
þ Vx þ Vy ¼ Vy þ Cu Mr2 uy þ ðL þ MÞ @y ru
@t @x @y
h 2 i >
>
@vx @vx @vx @ wx @ 2 wx @ 2 wy >
>
@t þ Vx @x þ Vy @y ¼ Cv T1 r vx þ G @x2 @y2 þ 2G @x@y
2 >
>
h 2 i >
>
>
>
@vy
þ V
@vy
þ V
@vy
¼ C T r 2
v þ 2G @ 2 wx
þ G
@ wy

@ 2 wy >
>
@t x @x y @y v
h
1 y @x@y
2 @x 2
@y 2
i >
>
>
>
@wx
þ @wx
þ @wx
¼ C r 2
þ @ vx
@ 2 vx

@ 2 vy >
>
@t V x @x V y @y w K1 w x G @x 2 @y 2 2G @x@y >
>
h 2 i >
>
@wy @wy @wy @ 2 vx @ vy @ 2 vy >
>
@t þ V x @x þ V y @y ¼ C w K1 r 2
w y 2G @x@y þ G @x2 @y2 >
>
>
>
p ¼ f ðqÞ ¼ 3 lk3BqT3 q20 q þ q0 q2 þ q3 ;
0
ð11:2:4Þ
which are similar to those of (10.3.13), in which V ¼ iVx þ jVy , u ¼ iux þ juy ,
@ @ @2 @2
r ¼ i @x þ j @y , r2 ¼ @x 2 þ @y2 , and L ¼ C12 ; M ¼ ðC11 C12 Þ=2 are phonon
elastic constants, T1 ; K1 the elastic constants of the first and second phasons, R ¼
0; G the coupling elastic constant between first and second phasons, g the fluid
viscosity (for simplicity, only the scalar version of gijkl is considered), Cu , Cv and
Cw the phonon, first phason and second phason dissipation coefficients, and A and B
the material constants due to the variation of mass density, respectively.
Equation (12.1.4) consist of 10 field variables, i.e. phonon field u ¼ ðux ; uy Þ, first
phason field v ¼ ðvx ; vy Þ and second phason field w ¼ ðwx ; wy Þ, fluid velocity field
V ¼ ðVx ; Vy Þ, mass density q and fluid pressure p, respectively. The amount of the
equations is also 10: the first one is the mass conservation equation, the second and
third ones the momentum conservation equations, i.e. the generalized Navier–
Stokes equations, the fourth and fifth the equations of motion of phonons due to
symmetry breaking, the sixth and seventh the first phason dissipation equations, the
eighth and ninth ones the second phason dissipation equations, and the tenth the
equation of state, respectively. If there is no equation of state, the equation system is
not closed; the importance of the equation is evident, which is just found by [1], and
the further verification by experiments must be done.
11.3 Dislocation Solutions of the Possible Ninefold Symmetrical Quasicrystals … 157
11.3 Dislocation Solutions of the Possible Ninefold

Symmetrical Quasicrystals of Soft Matter
Here we first consider a special mathematical solution of (11.2.4) in static case, and
discuss dislocation in a ninefold symmetry quasicrystal of soft matter. For a dis-
location in the second kind of two-dimensional
quasicrystals, the Burgers vector
jj jj
can be expressed by b ¼ bjj b? ? ? ? ? ?
1 b2 ¼ b1 ; b2 ; b11 ; b12 ; b21 ; b22 where
Z Z Z
duj ¼ bj ; dvj ¼ b?
1j ; dwj ¼ b?
2j ; j ¼ 1; 2: ð11:3:1Þ
C C C
In the above, the first two components are in the physical space or parallel space,
and the last four components are in the perpendicular space, in which the first and
second phason fields are existed, respectively.
The equation system (11.2.4) offers a basis and possibility to solve various
solutions for the matter distribution, deformation, motion and reconstruction of the
new phase. As a simplified model, we first consider a static dislocation problem, i.e.
the fluid effects can be omitted for the time being. In the case, the above equations
reduce to
@
Mr2 ux þ ðL þ M Þ r u ¼ 0; ð11:3:2Þ
@x
@
Mr2 uy þ ðL þ M Þ r u ¼ 0; ð11:3:3Þ
@y
and
2
@ wx @ 2 wx @ 2 wy
T1 r2 vx þ G þ 2G ¼ 0; ð11:3:4Þ
@x 2 @y 2 @x@y
2
@ 2 wx @ wy @ 2 wy
T1 r2 vy 2G þG ¼ 0; ð11:3:5Þ
@x@y @x2 @y2
2
@ vx @ 2 vx @ 2 vy
K1 r2 wx þ G 2G ¼ 0; ð11:3:6Þ
@x 2 @y 2 @x@y
2
@ 2 vx @ vy @ 2 vy
K1 r2 wy þ 2G þG ¼ 0; ð11:3:7Þ
@x@y @x2 @y2
From the above, for the ninefold symmetry quasicrystals, the displacement fields in
the parallel space and perpendicular space are decoupled. For those in the parallel
space, we can directly write the dislocation solution according to the classical one
(the phonon one, i.e. the solution (7.3.1), which holds for the present case) and so,
in what follows we neglect the part given by (7.3.1) and only solve the phason part.
To obtain the dislocation-induced phason field, we introduce two biharmonic
functions f1 and f2 and choose
2
@ f1 @ 2 f1 @ 2 f2
vx ¼ G 2G ; ð11:3:8Þ
@x2 @y2 @x@y
2
@ 2 f1 @ f2 @ 2 f2
vy ¼ 2G G ; ð11:3:9Þ
@x@y @x2 @y2
wx ¼ T1 r2 f1 ; wy ¼ T1 r2 f2 ; ð11:3:10Þ
where
r2 r2 fj ¼ 0; j ¼ 1; 2: ð11:3:11Þ
It is easily found that the coupled partial differential equations are all automatically
satisfied. Of course, it is mentioned that other general representations are given and
omitted. Based on the above general representation, in order to fulfil the dislocation
circuit condition, omitting concrete detail we readily obtain the dislocation phason
displacement as follows [4]:
b? y b? G xy b? G x 2 y 2
vx ¼ 11
arctan þ 21 2 22 ; ð11:3:12Þ
2p x 2pT1 x þ y 2 2pT1 2ðx2 þ y2 Þ
b? y b? G x 2 y 2 b? G xy
vy ¼ 12
arctan þ 21 þ 22 2 ; ð11:3:13Þ
2p x 2pT1 2ðx þ y Þ 2pT1 x þ y2
2 2
b?
11 G xy b? G x 2 y 2 b? y
wx ¼ þ 12 þ 21 arctan ; ð11:3:14Þ
2pK1 x þ y
2 2 2pK1 2ðx þ y Þ
2 2 2p x
b?
11 G x y
2 2
b? G xy b? y
wy ¼ þ 12 2 þ 22 arctan : ð11:3:15Þ
2pK1 2ðx þ y Þ 2pK1 x þ y
2 2 2 2p x
The above displacement fields have no logarithmic singularity near the dislocation
core. Moreover, using the following constitutive equations

@vx @vy @wx @wy
s11 ¼ T1 þ T2 þG þ ; ð11:3:16Þ
@x @y @x @y

@vx @vy @wx @wy
s22 ¼ T2 þ T1 G þ ; ð11:3:17Þ
@x @y @x @y
11.3 Dislocation Solutions of the Possible Ninefold Symmetrical Quasicrystals … 159

@vy @vx @wy @wx
s12 ¼ T1 T2 þG ; ð11:3:18Þ
@x @y @x @y

@vx @vy @wy @wx
s21 ¼ T2 þ T1 þG ; ð11:3:19Þ
@y @x @x @y

@wx @wy @vx @vy
H11 ¼ K1 þ K2 þG ; ð11:3:20Þ
@x @y @x @y

@wx @wy @vx @vy
H22 ¼ K2 þ K1 þG ; ð11:3:20Þ
@x @y @x @y

@wx @wy @vx @vy
H12 ¼ K1 K2 G þ ; ð11:3:21Þ
@y @x @y @x

@wx @wy @vx @vy
H21 ¼ K2 þ K1 þG þ : ð11:3:22Þ
@y @x @y @x
We get the corresponding stress field as follows:
b?
11 ðK1 T1 þ G Þ
2
y b? ðK1 T2 þ G2 Þ x
s11 ¼ þ 12
2pK1 x þy
2 2 2pK1 x 2 þ y2
ð11:3:23Þ
b? ðT1 þ T2 ÞG x2 y b? ðT1 þ T2 ÞG xðx2 y2 Þ
21 2
þ 22 ;
pT1 ð x2 þ y2 Þ 2pT1 ð x2 þ y2 Þ 2
b?
11 ðK1 T2 þ G Þ
2
y b?
12 ðK1 T1 G Þ
2
x
s22 ¼ þ
ð11:3:24Þ
b? ðT1 þ T2 ÞG yðx2 y2 Þ b? 22 ðT1 þ T2 ÞG xy2
21 ;
2pT1 ð x2 þ y2 Þ 2 pT1 ð x2 þ y2 Þ 2
b?
11 ðK1 T1 G Þ
2
x b? ðK1 T2 þ G2 Þ y
s12 ¼ þ 12
2pK1 x þy
2 2 2pK1 x2 þ y2
ð11:3:25Þ
b? ðT1 þ T2 ÞG xy2 b? ðT1 þ T2 ÞG yðx2 y2 Þ
21 2
þ 22 ;
pT1 ðx þ y Þ
2 2 2pT1 ð x2 þ y2 Þ 2
b?
11 ðK1 T2 þ G Þ
2
x b?
12 ðK1 T1 G Þ
2
y
s21 ¼
ð11:3:26Þ
b? ðT1 þ T2 ÞG xðx2 y2 Þ b? ðT1 þ T2 ÞG x2 y
21 2
22 ;
b?
11 ðK1 K2 ÞG x2 y b?
12 ðK1 K2 ÞG xðx y Þ
2 2
H11 ¼
pK1 ðx2 þ y2 Þ2 2pK1 ð x2 þ y2 Þ 2
ð11:3:27Þ
b? ðK1 T1 G2 Þ y b? ðK2 T1 G2 Þ x
21 þ 22 ;
2pT1 x þy
2 2 2pT1 x2 þ y2
b?
11 ðK1 K2 ÞG yðx y Þ
2 2
b? ðK1 K2 ÞG xy2
H22 ¼ 2
12
2pK1 ð x2 þ y2 Þ pK1 ð x2 þ y2 Þ 2
ð11:3:28Þ
b? ðK2 T1 G2 Þ y b?
22 ðK1 T1 G Þ
2
x
21 þ
2pT1 x þy
2 2 2pT1 x þ y2
2
b?
11 ðK1 K2 ÞG xy2 b?
12 ðK1 K2 ÞG yðx y Þ
2 2
H12 ¼
pK1 ðx2 þ y2 Þ2 2pK1 ð x2 þ y2 Þ 2
ð11:3:29Þ
b? ðK1 T1 G2 Þ x b? ðK2 T1 G2 Þ y
þ 21 þ 22
2pT1 x þy
2 2 2pT1 x2 þ y2
b?
11 ðK1 K2 ÞG xðx y Þ
2 2
b? ðK1 K2 ÞG x2 y
H21 ¼ 2
12
2pK1 r ð x2 þ y2 Þ pK1 ð x2 þ y2 Þ 2
ð11:3:30Þ
b? ðK2 T1 G2 Þ x b?
22 ðK1 T1 G Þ
2
y
21 :
2pT1 x 2 þ y2 2pT1 x2 þ y2
It is easily checked that the above these stress fields obey equilibrium equations.
Figure 11.1 shows the contour lines of the stress distribution induced by a com-
ponent of the Burgers vector.
Fig. 11.1 Contour lines of the stress distribution 2pY106 =b?

11 ; Y: s11 ; s22 ; s12 ; s21 ; H11 ; H22 ; H12 ;
H21 , induced by a component b? 11 of the Burgers vector, where the material properties [5]
K1 = 5 MPa, K2 = −1 MPa, T1 = 4 MPa, T2 = 1 MPa, G = 0.04 MPa
11.4 The Possible 14-Fold Symmetrical Quasicrystals with Point … 161
11.4 The Possible 14-Fold Symmetrical Quasicrystals

with Point Group 14mm of Soft Matter and Their
Dynamics
The quasicrystals of 14-fold symmetry have not been observed that far yet, so there
is no a diffraction pattern of the matter like that is shown in Fig. 2.2. Hu et al. [3]
predicted the existence of 14-fold symmetry structure. They gave a point group
14mm to describe the possible solid quasicrystals, but the solid quasicrystals have
not been observed too. Although there is a lack of experimental results, the pre-
diction of Hu et al. is meaningful. We should point out that apart from point group
14mm there might be other point groups of 14-fold symmetry quasicrystals
according to the group theory, refer to Chap. 2 or [6] but the discussion here is only
for point group 14mm quasicrystals.
Based on the point group 14mm we can discuss the phonon and phason con-
stitutive laws.
According to the theory of group representation, the possible 14-fold symmet-
rical quasicrystals of soft matter have the similar constitutive equations to those of
sevenfold symmetrical quasicrystals, but there are some distinctions, the elastic
deformation energy density is
fdef ðu; v; wÞ ¼ fdef ðeij ; vij ; wij Þ ¼ fu þ fv þ fw þ fuw þ fvw

1
fu ¼ Leii eii þ Meij eij
2
1
fv ¼ T1 vij vij þ T2 ðvxx vyy vxy vxy Þ
2 ð11:4:1Þ
1
fw ¼ K1 wij wij þ K2 ðwxx wyy wxy wxy Þ
2
fuw ¼ R½ðexx eyy Þðwxx þ wyy Þ þ 2exy ðwyx wxy Þ
fvw ¼ G½ðv11 þ v22 Þðw11 w22 Þ þ ðv21 v12 Þðw21 þ w12 Þ;
for 14-fold symmetry quasicrystals, respectively. With the deformation energy

density and the definition of the generalized Hooke’s law the concrete relation
between stresses and strains can be obtained, and add the relations between fluid
stresses and deformation rate components, we have
9
rxx ¼ ðL þ 2M Þexx þ Leyy þ Rðwxx þ wyy Þ >
>
>
>
ryy ¼ Lexx þ ðL þ 2M Þeyy Rðwxx þ wyy Þ >
>
>
>
rxy ¼ ryx ¼ 2Mexy þ Rðw yx w Þ
xy >
>
>
>
sxx ¼ T1 vxx þ T2 vyy þ Gwxx wyy >
>
>
>
syy ¼ T2 vxx þ T1 vyy þ G wxx wyy >
>
>
>
sxy ¼ T1 vxy T2 vyx G w yx þ wxy >
>
>
>
syx ¼ T2 vxy þ T1 vyx þ G wyx þ wxy >
> >
Hxx ¼ K1 wxx þ K2 wyy þ Rðexx eyy Þ þ G vxx þ vyy >
=
Hyy ¼ K2 wxx þ K1 wyy þ Rðexx eyyÞ G vxxþ vyy >: ð11:4:2Þ
Hxy ¼ K1 wxy K2 wyx 2Rexy þ G vyx vxy >
>
>
>
>
>
Hyx ¼ K1 wyx K2 wxy þ 2Rexy þ G vyx vxy >
>
_ 1 _
>
>
pxx ¼ p þ 2gðnxx 3 nkk Þ >
>
>
>
_ 1 _
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
_nkk ¼ n_ xx þ n_ yy >
>
>
;
Completely similar, utilizing the procedure of Sect. 11.1 the equations of motion
14-fold symmetry quasicrystals, in addition the equation of state, we have the final
governing equations as follows:
@q
9
@t þ r ðqVÞ ¼ 0
>
>
>
>
@ðqVx Þ
þ @ðV@x
x qVx Þ @ðVy qVx Þ
þ @y ¼ @p @ >
>
@x þ gr ðqVx Þ þ Mr ux þ ðL þ M BÞ @x r u
2 2
@t >
>
@dq >
>
ðA BÞ q1 @x >
>
>
>
>
0
@ðqVy Þ @ðVx qVy Þ
þ @x
@ðVy qVy Þ
þ @y ¼ @p @ >
>
@y þ gr ðqVy Þ þ Mr uy þ ðL þ M BÞ @y r u
2 2
@t >
>
@dq >
>
ðA BÞ q1 @y >
>
h 2 i >
>
>
0
@ux @ux @ux @ @ wx @ 2 wy @wx >
>
@t þ Vx @x þ Vy @y ¼ Vx þ Cu Mr ux þ ðL þ MÞ @x r u þ R @x2 þ 2 @x@y @y2
2
>
=
h 2 i
@uy
þ Vx
@uy
þ Vy
@uy
¼ Vy þ Cu Mr2 uy þ ðL þ MÞ @y @ @ w
r u þ R @x2y 2 @@x@y
2
wx @2 w
@y2y ;
@t @x @y
h 2 i >
>
>
>
@vx @vx @vx @ wx @ wx
2 @ w
2
>
>
@t þ Vx @x þ Vy @y ¼ Cv T1 r vx þ G @x2 @y2 2G @x@yy
2
h i >
>
>
>
@vy
þ
@vy
þ
@vy
¼ C r 2
þ @ 2 wx
þ
@ wy
2

@ wy
2
>
>
@t V x @x V y @y v T1 v y 2G @x@y G @x @y >
>
>
2 2
h 2 i
@wx @wx @wx @ ux @ 2 uy @ 2 ux @ 2 vx @ 2 vx @ 2 vy > >
>
þ V þ V ¼ C K r 2
w þ R 2 þ G þ 2G @x@y > >
@t x @x y @y w
h
1 x
2 @x2 @x@y @y2
@x2 @y2
i >
>
@wy @wy @wy @ @ ux @ 2
@ vx @ 2
@ 2 >
>
>
u 2 u 2 v v
@t þ V x @x þ V y @y ¼ C w K 1 r 2
w y þ R @x2
y
þ 2 @x@y @y2
y
2G @x@y G @x2
y
@y2
y
>
>
>
>
p ¼ f ðqÞ ¼ 3 3 3 q q þ q q þ q
kB T 2 2 3 ;
l q0 0 0
ð11:4:3Þ
@ @ @ @ 2 2
in which V ¼ iVx þ jVy , u ¼ iux þ juy , r ¼ i @x þ j @y , r2 ¼ @x 2 þ @y2 , and
L ¼ C12 , M ¼ ðC11 C12 Þ=2 are phonon elastic constants, T1 , K1 the elastic
constants of the first and second phasons, R, G the coupling elastic constants
11.4 The Possible 14-Fold Symmetrical Quasicrystals with Point … 163
between the phonons and second phasons and between first and second phasons, g
the fluid viscosity (for simplicity, only the scalar version of gijkl is considered), Cu ,
Cv and Cw the phonon, first phason and second phason dissipation coefficients, and
A and B the material constants due to the variation of mass density, respectively.
Equations (11.4.3) consist of 10 field variables, i.e. phonon field u ¼ ðux ; uy Þ,
first phason field v ¼ ðvx ; vy Þ and second phason field w ¼ ðwx ; wy Þ, fluid velocity
field V ¼ ðVx ; Vy Þ, mass density q and fluid pressure p, respectively. The amount of
the equations is also 10: the first one is the mass conservation equation, the second
and third ones the momentum conservation equations, or named the generalized
Navier–Stokes equations, the fourth and fifth the equations of motion of phonons
due to symmetry breaking, the sixth and seventh the first phason dissipation
equations, the eighth and ninth ones the second phason dissipation equations, and
the tenth the equation of state, respectively. If there is no the equation of state, the
equation system is not closed; the importance of the equation is evident, which is
just found by [1, 2], and the further verification by experiments must be done.
11.5 The Solutions and Possible Solutions of Statics

and Dynamics of 7- and 14-Fold Symmetrical
Quasicrystals of Soft Matter
Equations (11.1.4) and (11.4.3) are more complex than those of (11.2.4) and
(10.3.13), and also more complex than those of (7.1.3), (8.2.4) and (9.1.2); they are
the most complex equations in quasicrystals. The analytic solution of (11.1.4) and
(11.4.3) has not been obtained, but the numerical solutions for transient dynamics
including problems of flow past obstacles [6] can be obtained through the way, for
example, finite difference method, those developed and performed in Chaps. 7, 8
and 9 in detail, and the results are very interesting, because which describe the
strong coupling between the phonons ui and the second phasons wi as well as the
coupling between the first and second phasons apart from interaction among fluid
phonon with phonons and phasons but, the computations are more complicated and
not included here.
This chapter gave a simplest introduction to the quasicrystals with 7-, 9- and
14-fold symmetries in soft matter; the details about the structures have not been
touched, which need deeply to explore their symmetry groups and group repre-
sentation, which can be referred to [7], that requires a quite large volume of space,
and could not include here.
References

Math. Mech. 37(4), 331–347 (2016, in Chinese)
2. T.Y. Fan, Generalized hydrodynamics of the second kind of two-dimensional quasicrystals in
soft matter. Appl. Math. Mech. 38(2), 189–199 (2017, in Chinese)
3. C.Z. Hu, D.H. Ding, W.G. Yang, R.H. Wang, Possible two-dimensional quasicystal structure.
Phys. Rev. B 49(14), 9423–9427 (1994)
4. X.F. Li, T.Y. Fan, Dislocations in the second kind two-dimensional quasicrystals of soft matter.
Phys. B 52, 175–180 (2016)
5. T.Y. Fan, Mathematical Theory and Relevant Topics of Solid and Soft-Matter Quasicrystals
and its Applications (Beijing Institute of Technology Press, Beijing, 2014, in Chinese)
6. F. Wang, T.Y. Fan, H. Cheng, Generalized dynamic analysis of 14-fold symmetry
quasicrystals in softmatter, unpublished work
7. Z.Y. Tang, T.Y. Fan, Point groups and group representation theory of second kind of
two-dimensional quasicrystals. Sci. China G (2017, submitted)
Chapter 12
An Application of Analytic Methods
to Smectic A Liquid Crystals, Dislocation
and Crack
In this book, we emphasize the background of liquid crystals on discussion of

soft-matter quasicrystals, i.e. matrix of soft-matter quasicrystals concerned here is
liquid crystals, or more explicitly speaking, that the soft-matter quasicrystals are the
quasicrystals in liquid crystals. However, it is not directly given a concrete liquid
crystal example in the previous presentation. In the end of the book we give an
example to discuss smectic A liquid crystal and its screw dislocation and crack,
these are interesting topics, although they are not quasicrystal problem. Apart from
this, we hope to explore a longstanding puzzle, which may be a paradox, we try to
solve it, and the solution yields some beneficial results and lessons.
12.1 Basic Equations
The smectic A liquid crystals are very well-known and typical structure in soft
matter and studied a quite long time. The free energy due to deformation is
obtained, i.e. the well-known Landau–Ginzburg–de Gennes free energy [1, 2]
8 2
>
> Fd ¼ F F0 ðTÞ ¼ 12 ðA=q0 Þðq q0 Þ2 þ Cðq q0 Þ @u þ 12 Bq0 @u þ 12 K1 ðr2 uÞ
2
>
< @z @z
2
2
> ¼ 12 q0 B0 @u þ 12 K1 ðr2 uÞ
>
>
@z
: 2 @2 @2
q q0 ¼ q0 m @u m ¼ q0 CA ; B0 ¼ B CA
2
r ¼ @x 2 þ @y2 ; @z ;
ð12:1:1Þ
in which the contribution of kinetic energy is not included, the deformation caused
by bulk deformation with Cauchy energy density or elastic energy
1
fe ¼ Cijkl eij ekl
2
166 12 An Application of Analytic Methods to Smectic A Liquid Crystals …
and one of curvature with Frank energy density
1 1 1
fc ¼ K1 ðdiv nÞ2 þ K2 ðn rot nÞ2 þ K3 ðn rot nÞ2
2 2 2
where n ¼ ðnx ; ny ; nz Þ is the so-called director vector, and for smectic A liquid
crystals
@uz @uz
nx ; ny ; nz 1;
@x @y
and u ¼ ð0; 0; uz Þ, u uz and ux ¼ uy ¼ 0, the displacement normally to layer of the

smectic A liquid crystals, q0 B0 denotes the shear Young’s modulus of bulk defor-
mation and K1 the splay modulus corresponding to deformation due to curvature,
and K2 and K3 corresponding twisting and bending have no contribution, respec-
tively. The mass and momentum conservation equations and equation of motion of
displacement are still valid for the present case, only the phason dissipation equation
is not needed, i.e. we have the governing equations with the simplified version [1]
@q
¼ divðqVi Þ ð12:1:2Þ
@t
@Vi
q ¼ qVk ðrk Vi Þ þ rj rij þ pij ð12:1:3Þ
@t
@ui ðr; tÞ @rij
¼ Vj rj ui Cu þ Vi ð12:1:4Þ
@t @xj
p ¼ f ðqÞ ð12:1:5Þ
and ðrij Þtotal ¼ pij þ rij in which pij the fluid stresses

1 @Vi @Vj
pij ¼ pdij þ r0ij ¼ pdij þ gijkl n_ kl ; n_ ij ¼ þ ð12:1:6Þ
2 @xj @xi
and rij the elastic ones:

8
>
> rxx ¼ ryy ¼ K1 r2 @u
>
>
@z
>
< rzz ¼ q0 B0 @u
@z
rzx ¼ rxz ¼ K1 r2 @u ð12:1:7Þ
>
> @x
>
> r ¼ r ¼ K r 2 @u
>
:
zy yz 1 @y
rxy ¼ ryx ¼ 0
In the equation of displacement, a term connecting thermal conductivity is

omitted.
12.1 Basic Equations 167
The equation set is reduced to by omitting nonlinear terms

@q @V @q
@t ¼ q @z V @z
@p
q @V 0 @2 u
@t ¼ @z þ q0 B @z2 K1 r2 r2 u gr2 V
@u
@t ¼ V þ Cu r r u
2 2
p ¼ f ðqÞ
where V Vz and Vx ¼ Vy ¼ 0. For incompressible, steady state and omitting

nonlinear terms, the above equations are simplified to equations such as
@p @2u
þ q0 B0 2 K1 r2 r2 u gr2 V ¼ 0
@z @z ð12:1:8Þ
V þ Cu r2 r2 u ¼ 0
In the case the field variables are independent of variable z and then omitting the
fluid effect we have
r2 r2 u ¼ 0 ð12:1:9Þ
12.2 The Kleman–Pershan Solution of Screw Dislocation
If there is screw dislocation with the Burgers vector ð0; 0; bÞ, Kléman [3], Pershan
[4] solved it under boundary condition
Z
du ¼ b ð12:2:1Þ
C
and their solution is
bh
u¼ ð12:2:2Þ
2p
This solution of mistake because it leads to that all stress components vanish.
Though certain researchers like Pleiner [5] criticized the de Kleman–Pershan
solution (12.2.2), he still confirmed that solution (12.2.2) holds in the region outside
the dislocation core. Unfortunately the idea has been widely accepted. A further
discussion on the solution is necessary. The above solution is a solution out of the
core of the dislocation. Kralj and Sluckin [6] studied the core structure of a screw
dislocation in smectic A liquid crystals, which are very interesting and provide
important results. The core structure naturally influences the solution out of the
core. But at present our attention is focused only on the solution out of the core
whatever the core structure. If we can correctly explore the solution, this may help
us to reveal the core structure.
12.3 Common Fundamentals of Discussion
On the solution (12.2.2) there have been many discussions from different angles so
far, e.g. the magnetism analogue [2, 4], the differential geometry [7], the dynamics
[8], the structure of dislocation core [9–11], etc. Although these discussions from
different points of view are beneficial, this leads to some difficulties to the readers.
To ensure the discussion to be arrived in exact agreement, following common
fundamentals of is necessary.
According to the physical facts above mentioned, the mathematical formulation
of screw dislocation in smectic A liquid crystals is the boundary value problem of
biharmonic partial differential equation such as
9
r2 r2 u ¼ 0 >
>
ðx2 þ y2 Þ1=2 ! 1 : rij ¼ 0 >
=
rRzz ðx; 0Þ ¼ 0 ð12:3:1Þ
>
>
du ¼ b >
;
C
in which rij denotes the elastic stress tensor, and C denotes a closed contour
enclosing the dislocation core.
If one can solve the boundary value problem, then the solution may be obtained.
12.4 The Simplest and Most Direct Solving Way

and Additional Boundary Condition
To let major readers easily understand the discussion, we suggest taking the sim-
plest, elementary and straightforward solving method to solve the boundary value
problem (12.3.1), and need not to use the magnetism analogue, or Fourier trans-
form, or Green function. Some references that used complicated mathematical
methods made this problem complex. In contrast, we take an alternative way, in
which the analysis is extremely simplified.
Introducing polar coordinate system ðr; hÞ, the biharmonic equation is rewritten
as

@2 1@ 1 @2 @2 1@ 1 @2
þ þ 2 2 þ þ uðr; hÞ ¼ 0 ð12:4:1Þ
@r 2 r @r r @h @r 2 r @r r 2 @h2
12.4 The Simplest and Most Direct Solving Way and Additional Boundary Condition 169
A suitable solution of (12.4.1) through the variable separation method, i.e.

uðr; hÞ ¼ f ðrÞHðhÞ, takes the following form:
b 2
u¼ Dr þ Er2 ln r þ F þ G ln r h þ ðD1 r þ E1 r ln r Þh sin h
2p
þ ðF1 r þ G1 r ln r Þh cos h
where we have neglected the terms which are independent of the solution of the
dislocation. In other words, those terms that only cause an increment in angle when
going circuit around the dislocation core are retained. Making use of the boundary
conditions in (12.3.1), we find that the parts related to D, E and G give rise to an
increment dependent on r when running around the dislocation core. After
removing the terms related to D, E and G, a suitable solution further takes the
following form:
b
u¼ ½F þ ðD1 r þ E1 r ln r Þ sin h þ ðF1 r þ G1 r ln r Þ cos hh ð12:4:2Þ
2p
in which the unknown constants E1 and G1 vanish by considering stress continuity.

Consequently, solution (12.4.2) at last becomes
b
u¼ ½F þ D1 r sin h þ F1 r cos hh ð12:4:20 Þ
2p
Furthermore, due to condition of dislocation in (12.4.2) one can determine
F¼1 and F1 ¼ 0 ð12:4:3Þ
However, the unknown constant D1 still cannot be determined. To determine the

value of D1 , let us give the stress field. This can be done by substituting (12.4.2)
into (12.1.7), yielding the nonzero components
9
2K1 D1 ðx2 y2 Þ =
rzx ¼ rxz ¼ 2p
b
ðx2 þ y2 Þ2 ð12:4:4Þ
rzy ¼ ryz ¼ 2p
b 4K1 D1 yx ;
ð x2 þ y2 Þ 2
In the book on the mathematical theory of solid quasicrystals, e.g. Fan [12], the
dislocation solutions are developed, in which the problems of crystals are naturally
included (because if the phason field is absent, the elasticity of quasicrystals are
reduced to elasticity of crystals). The theory demonstrated that the higher partial
differential equations describing dislocations need appropriate additional boundary
conditions except the dislocation condition; otherwise the boundary value problem
will not be well-defined. This is valid for boundary value problem (12.3.1) too. It is
sufficient to determine the unknown constants F and D1 with the aid of two conditions
in expressions (12.3.1) except the condition at infinity. Because rzz ðx; 0Þ ¼ 0 is

automatically satisfied, we must now search an additional condition determining the
third constant. We here use the minimization of dislocation energy, i.e.
@U
¼0 ð12:4:5Þ
@D1
where the energy will be given in the following [i.e. (12.6.2)–(12.6.4)] we have
83 pa
D1 ¼ 2
ð12:4:6Þ
ðR0 þ r0 Þ p4ab þ b8pK1 ln Rr00 þ 320 acðR0
p
r0 Þ
in which
b 4 9
a ¼ 2p q0 B0 =
b ¼ 2 þ 32p
2
ð12:4:7Þ
3 ;
c ¼ 75 160p2 þ 256p4
Comparing (12.4.2) and (12.2.2), one can find the solution given by Kléman [3]
and Pershan [4] is only one of terms of the present solution. In other words, the
classical solution is the zero-order approximation of the present solution. In par-
ticular, the classical solution does not induce any stresses, or the dislocation causes
stress-free state, while according to our solution, the stress field exits and exhibits a
square singularity near the dislocation core. This singularity is also different from
the stress field induced by a screw dislocation in conventional crystals. For the
latter, the stress field has a r 1 singularity, rather than r 2 singularity. In addition,
this singularity is also different from the square-root singularity near a crack tip in
conventional solid.
12.5 Mathematical Mistakes of the Classical Solution
In crystal elasticity (or classical elasticity) the screw dislocation problem is for-
mulated by
9
r2 uðcÞ ¼ 0 >
=
ðcÞ
ðx2 þ y2 Þ1=2 ! 1 : rij ¼0 ð12:5:1Þ
R ðcÞ >
du ¼ bðcÞ ;
C
12.5 Mathematical Mistakes of the Classical Solution 171
and the superscript ðcÞ represents field variables and Burgers vector magnitude of
crystal, in which the stresses are
9
rzx ¼ rxz ¼ l @ x =
ðcÞ ðcÞ @ uðcÞ
ðcÞ ðcÞ @ uðcÞ ð12:5:2Þ

rzy ¼ ryz ¼ l @ y ;
where the l the shear modulus of the crystal.

The solution (12.2.2) is only the solution of boundary value problem (12.5.1).
According to the theory of partial differential equations or mathematical theory of
elasticity [13, 14], the solution (12.2.2) of boundary value problem (12.5.1) cannot
be the solution of boundary value problem (12.3.1) at the same time. The problem
cannot be solved by the so-called smallest surface concept, or magnetism analogue
provided (12.1.1) and (12.1.9) [reduced from (12.1.8)] are invalid. We believe that
(12.1.1) and (12.1.9) are valid, and the stress field induced by a single straight screw
dislocation along the z-axis can be determined by solving (12.1.9) subjected to
boundary conditions given in (12.3.1) and (12.4.5) which is an additional boundary
condition. The solution (12.4.2) including (12.4.3) and (12.4.6) is the unique
solution of boundary value problem (12.3.1).
12.6 The Physical Mistakes of the Classical Solution
The solution (12.2.2) leads to some physical mistakes too. This can be viewed in
the following.
(1) It leads to zero stress field. Substituting solution (12.2.2) into (12.1.7) leads to
rij ¼ 0; i; j ¼ 1; 2; 3 ð12:6:1Þ
(2) It leads to wrong energy formulas. The energy induced by the dislocation is one
of important aspects of the problem. On the calculation of energy induced by
the dislocation, there are many contradictions between de Gennes and Prost [2],
Oswald and Pieranski [15], Kleman et al. [7] and Pleiner [8], even if in the
monograph [15] there are logic contradiction itself. This shows the difficulty of
the problem. According to our understanding, the point of view of Kleman et al.
in [7] is correct, though his calculation is not complete, in which there are some
mistakes because he used the wrong solution (12.2.2). Adopting the point of
view of Kleman et al. [7], the energy consists of three parts: (1) arising from
splay, (2) arising from bulk deformation, (3) corresponding to the dislocation
core energy, respectively, i.e.,
8 RR 1
> 2 2
> U1 ¼ 2 K1 ðr uÞ dxdy
>
>
>
> A0

>
> RR @u2 @u2 2
>
> 0
>
< U2 ¼
1
2 q0 B @x þ @y dxdy
A0
RR ð12:6:2Þ
>
> U3 ¼ 12 rzx @u @u
>
> @x þ rzy @y dxdy
>
> X
>
>
>
> RR0 R2p @u
>
: ¼2
1
r rzx @x þ rzy @u @y drdh
r0 0
U ¼ U1 þ U2 þ U3 ð12:6:3Þ
where A0 represents the integration domain—the total xy-plane, and R0 and r0 the
conventional outer and inner radii in calculating dislocation energy. If substituting
solution (12.2.2) into the energy (12.6.2), one can obtain the wrong results only.
According to the Landau–Ginzburg–de Gennes free energy, the first part of
(12.6.2) always vanishes. When substituting solution (12.4.1) including (12.4.2)
and (12.4.5) into the first, second and third parts of (12.6.2), one gets U1 ¼ 0 and

p b 4 1 1 p b 4 32p2 R0
U2 ¼ q0 B0 2 2 þ q0 B0 D21 2 þ ln
8 2p r0 R0 8 2p 3 r0
4

D1 p b 0 5120
2
þ q0 B þ 3D1 75 160p þ 256p
2 4
R0 r02
240 8 2p R0 þ r0
b2 K1 D21 R0
U3 ¼ ln
16p r0
ð12:6:4Þ
The solution (12.2.2) cannot obtain these energy expressions. The solution
(12.2.2) does not hold for smectic A liquid crystals, even if under the condition of
continuum model. The invalidity presents not only in the region inside the core of
dislocation, but also in the region outside the core of dislocation.
12.7 Meaning of the Present Solution
The solution (12.4.1) connecting (12.4.2) and (12.4.5) overcomes the mistakes of
well-known classical solution (12.2.2) mentioned above, and from which we obtain
some meaningful and useful results. For example, we can evaluate the dislocation
core energy of smectic A liquid crystals, and find that the dislocation energy is
correlated to both Young’s modulus and splay modulus. Another finding is that the
stresses obtained from solution (12.4.3) exhibit singularity near the dislocation core
12.7 Meaning of the Present Solution 173
rxz ; ryz r 2 ; r!0 ð12:7:1Þ
This presents a different singularity as that in solid quasicrystals apart from

crystals.
The solution (12.4.1) given by Fan and Li [16] provides a basis for studying
other problems, e.g. crack problem, of smectic A liquid crystals, which will be
introduced in the succeeded section.
12.8 Solution of Plastic Crack
Plasticity and crack problems in soft matter are very interesting topics [17–21].
Especially the crack in soft matter is in plastic state in fact, this is a coupling of
crack-plasticity. So far there is no plasticity theory of soft matter, there is lack of
condition to study plastic crack. The results of dislocation solutions including those
given in previous sections are beneficial to study plastic crack in soft matter.
For simplicity we consider a simple crack model in a soft matter shown (e.g. a
smectic A liquid crystal) by Fig. 12.1 the layers are in the xy-plane, and a crack
dislocation group with length 2l along x-axis subjected to a uniform shear stress
ryz ¼ sð1Þ shown in the figure. Because the deformation is assumed to be inde-
pendent from variable z, the figure depicts any transverse cross-section of the body.
At the crack tip there is a screw dislocation pile-up with length d, whose value is
temporarily unknown and to be determined, in which the single screw dislocation
has Burgers vector b ¼ ð0; 0; bÞ. We call the pile-up as sliding dislocation
group. Within the zone defined by y ¼ 0; l j xj l þ d, a counter direction shear
stress sc is applied, the value of which represents the yield strength of the materials
macroscopically. In other words the dislocation pile-up zone is the plastic zone. The
physical meaning of sc can be referred to the monograph [2] (p. 499).
Fig. 12.1 Plastic crack in a soft matter

The model can be formulated by the following (equivalent) boundary conditions:

8
< ðx2 þ y2 Þ1=2 ! 1 : rij ¼ 0
y ¼ 0; j xj\l : ryz ¼ sð1Þ ð12:8:1Þ
:
y ¼ 0; l\j xj\l þ d : ryz ¼ sð1Þ þ sc
The governing equation for the boundary value problem is (12.1.9). Under
boundary conditions (12.8.1) to solve (12.1.9), but the boundary value problem is
not well-conditional, like that of the problem (12.3.1) because the boundary con-
dition is not sufficient to determine solution of governing equation. If we take the
dislocation solution (12.4.1) [connected with (12.4.2) and (12.4.5)], then the
problem can be partly solved.
By using dislocation group concept the boundary value problem
“(12.1.9) + (12.8.1)” can be transformed to solve the following singular integration
equation
Z
f ðnÞdn sðxÞ
¼ ð12:8:2Þ
nx A
L
for the purpose to determine certain key quantities, in which f ðnÞ is a dislocation
density function unknown, n the dislocation source point coordinate, and x the field
point coordinate on the real axis, L represents interval ððl þ dÞ; l þ dÞ, and sðxÞ
the shear stress distribution at the region y ¼ 0; j xj l þ d, i.e.

sð1Þ ; j xj\l
sðxÞ ¼ ð12:8:3Þ
sð1Þ þ sc ; l\j xj\l þ d
which is given from the physical state of zone, and in (12.8.2) the constant

b
A¼ K1 D1 ð12:8:4Þ
p
and D1 is given by (12.4.5), note that A here is not confused with the same letter in
(12.1.1), but that constant has never been used since then.
In terms of the singular integral equation theory of Muskhelishvili [22] (p. 251),
the integral equation (12.8.2) under condition (12.8.3) has the solution [21]
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Z sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 x þ ðl þ dÞ n ðl þ dÞ dn
f ðxÞ ¼ 2 sðnÞ
p Ax ðl þ dÞ n þ ðL þ dÞ nx
L
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

1 x þ ðl þ dÞ l ð1Þ ð12:8:5Þ
¼ 2 i 2sc arccos s p
p A x ðl þ dÞ lþd
" #
ðl þ dÞ2 lx ðl þ dÞ2 þ lx
sc
þ 2 arccosh arccosh
p A ðl þ dÞðl xÞ ðl þ dÞðl þ xÞ
12.8 Solution of Plastic Crack 175
(the details of the mathematical calculation are quite lengthy and are omitted here),
in which i ¼ 1, and A is defined by (12.8.4). Because the dislocation density
f ðxÞ should be a real function, the factor multiplying the imaginary number i in the
first term of right-hand side of formula (12.8.5) must be zero, this leads to

l
2sc arccos sð1Þ p ¼ 0
lþd
i.e.

ð1Þ
ps
d ¼ l sec 1 ð12:8:6Þ
2sc
This determines the plastic zone size in the matter.

From solution (12.8.5) we evaluate the amount of dislocations NðxÞ such as
Zx
NðxÞ ¼ f ðnÞdn ð12:8:7Þ
0
Substituting (12.8.5) [coupled with (12.8.6)] into (12.8.7) we can get values of
Nðl þ dÞ and NðlÞ, so the amount of dislocation movement is
ð1Þ
2blsc lþd 2sc l ps
d ¼ b½Nðl þ dÞ NðlÞ ¼ 2 ln ¼ ln sec ð12:8:8Þ
p A l pq0 B0 2sc
This is the crack tip opening (tearing) displacement, which is an important

parameter.
We suggest the following rupture criterion
d ¼ dc ð12:8:9Þ
which can be used for determining the thermodynamic stability/instability of the

material, dc is the critical value of the crack tip sliding displacement that can be
measured by experiments, and is a material constant of the liquid crystals.
Equation (12.8.9) describes a critical state of equilibrium of the plastic crack. When
d\dc , the crack does not propagate but when d [ dc , the crack will propagate. By
using this criterion, the limiting value of the applied stress sð1Þ or the limit value of
the crack size l can be determined.
The above treatment is a macro-description (or the continuum model), but a
micro-description (or a micro-mechanism) can be given as follows.
By introducing the de Gennes theory (refer to [2]), the yield stress is
pc20
sc ð12:8:10Þ
a0 kB T lnðv0 =v1 Þ
where
rffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 K1
c0 K1 Ba0 =e; e ; v0 ¼ 1033 s1 cm3 ; v1 ¼ 1 s1 cm3
2 B
ð12:8:11Þ
and a0 represents the thickness of the layer of the smectic, whose value is almost
equivalent to the magnitude of a Burgers vector, kB is the Boltzmann constant, T
the absolute temperature, v0 and v1 the fluctuation frequencies, respectively.
Substituting expression (12.8.10) into (12.8.6) and (12.8.8) respectively, one
reveals the physical sense of the plastic zone size (or dislocation sliding width) and
crack tip sliding displacement (or amount of dislocation movement) in-depth.
Owing to the limitation of space a detailed discussion is not given here.
Crack and plasticity are difficult topics in liquid crystals. One of reasons for this
lies in lack of theory of plasticity; at least, there is an absence of macroscopic plastic
constitutive equation so far. Here we have adopted a phenomenological model to
discuss the problem. In this way we obtain some physical quantities for describing
the coupling between fracture and plasticity. In particular, the solution given in this
study is exactly satisfying the Peach–Koehler force rule. The methodology devel-
oped here is generally effective for other problems in smectics and other classes of
liquid crystals. The work is given by Fan and Tang [21].
This chapter hints us that one of distinctions between liquid crystals and qua-
sicrystals generated from liquid crystals lies in the phason elementary excitation; if
the elementary excitation is absent, then the latter reduces to the former.
In the meantime, this chapter explicitly shows the ill-conditional boundary value
problems two times; this indicates that the well-conditionality of initial-boundary
value problems of governing equations in hydrodynamics of soft matter have not
been proved, i.e. the mathematical solvability of these problems have not been
studied.
References
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2. P.D. de Gennes, J. Prost, The Physics of Liquid Crystals (Clarendon, London, 1993)
3. M. Kléman, Linear theory of dislocations in a smetic A. J. Phys. 35(7–8), 595–600 (1974)
4. P.S. Pershan, Dislocation effects in smectic-A liquid crystals. J. Appl. Phys. 45(4), 1590–1604
(1974)
References 177
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6. S. Kralj, T.J. Sluckin, Landau-de Gennes theory of the core structure of a screw dislocation in
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421–439 (1986)
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Rev. E 48(5), R3244 (1983)
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249–258 (1988)
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Chapter 13
Conclusion Remarks
Although soft-matter quasicrystals are different from the solid ones, they belong in
common to highly ordered phases of condensed matter, the Landau symmetry
breaking principle plays a central role in the study, in other words which is the
paradigm in our discussion. In addition the group theory presents its importance as
well. Connecting with this, some basic concepts, e.g. the first and second kinds of
two-dimensional quasicrystals, fluid phonon etc, are introduced, in which the fluid
phonon also contributed by the Landau school. Due to the appearance of these new
features the hydrodynamics of solid quasicrystals developed by Lubensky et al has
to be modified and extended, thereby an equation of state of some structures of soft
matter is introduced, which is originated from Wensink’s work and but after some
modifications by the author according to our computational practice. The discussion
in this book is preliminary and abrasive, in some extent which belongs to a
mathematical model of generalized dynamics of soft-matter quasicrystals. A few of
results through computation based on the equations of generalized dynamics for
some fundamental specimens (e.g. the tensile specimens) and fundamental flow
modes (e.g. flow past obstacles) are also introduced as that the details are provided
in the text. A part of the results for a flow around a circular cylinder has been
compared indirectly with those of the Oseen solution and the generalized Oseen
solution of normal fluids discussed in Chap. 6, but except rij and Hij, because there
are no the field variables in the pure fluid dynamics of course. The results for impact
tensile specimens were compared indirectly with those of phonon-phason dynamics
and hydrodynamics of solid quasicrystals given in our previous work, but except pij
(or r0ij ) because there is no such an elementary excitation—fluid phonon so the fluid
stress tensor (or fluid viscous stress tensor) for the phonon-phason dynamics and
hydrodynamics of solid quasicrystals.
The results verify the equations and computational formulations in part and
explore the effect of fluid or say the effect of fluid phonon, and the effect of
interaction between fluid phonon with phonons and phasons, which are different
substantively from those in the normal fluids as well as in the solid quasicrystals.
180 13 Conclusion Remarks
Exploring quantitatively these effects so as to well understand the structures and

properties of soft-matter quasicrystals is the main effort of the presentation of the
book. It is note that the computational effort we have so far made has been very
limited, hence the results obtained may be not so typical and representative. In
particular, these results have not been checked with experimental measurements
due to lack such a practice so the data. In addition, the orders of magnitude of
results in different field variables exhibit great differences, responses of the same
soft matter under different external stimulus or fluctuation differ greatly from each
other, although which figure out the behaviour of soft matter themselves, but have
not been analyzed in-depth yet. The more comprehensive and reliable verifications,
in particular by experiments, are required to be further carried out.
As an application of the analytic method developed in this book was given for
some problems of smectic A liquid crystals as well, which might be interesting for
some readers although they do not belong to soft-matter quasicrystals. Nevertheless,
there are some inherent connections between soft-matter quasicrystals and liquid
crystals.
There are inevitably many important and fascinating research topics (e.g. the
symmetry groups, group representation, stability, phase transition of soft-matter
quasicrystals, self-organization, self-assemble phenomena, dissipation structure and
photon band gap in the matter) have not been covered in the text due to the
limitation of the space.
Index
A Coupling elastic constant, 41, 70, 72, 137, 138,

Absolute temperature, 1, 47, 61, 100, 176 139, 141, 154, 156, 162
Acoustic wave, 2, 110, 120, 125 Crack, 90–93, 165, 170, 173, 175, 176
Amorphous solid, 2 Curvature, 2, 166
Analytic solution, 3, 60, 62, 65, 66, 76, 79, 80,
87, 88, 104, 119, 147, 163 D
Anisotropic, 1, 9, 24 Decagonal quasicrystal, 93, 113, 135
Anisotropic liquid, 1 Deformation, 2, 3, 11, 15–18, 24, 33, 69, 71,
77, 104, 137, 140, 152, 155, 157, 161,
B 165, 166, 171, 173
Bending, 166 Deformation rate tensor, 70, 139, 153
Biomacromolecule, 1, 9 Deformation velocity tensor, 43
Block copolymer, 6 Diffusion, 42, 90, 109, 120, 132
Boundary condition, 22, 23, 52, 55, 58, 61, 66, Diffusion coefficient, 42, 90, 113, 132
77, 80, 91, 92, 101, 104, 117, 119, 120, Diffusion equation, 23, 72, 109, 121
142, 147, 148, 167–169, 171, 174 Dislocation, 21, 74–76, 93, 100–104, 117, 119,
Boundary value, 22, 23, 62, 80, 104, 113, 123, 132, 144, 147, 149, 157, 158, 165,
168, 169 167–176
Boundary value problem, 22, 23, 62, 80, 104, Dislocation core, 76, 104, 144, 147, 158,
105, 113, 123, 127, 168, 169, 171, 174 167–172
Broken symmetry, vi Dissipation, 19, 24, 25, 39, 42, 72, 90, 113,
Bulk deformation, 2, 3, 165, 166, 171 121, 132, 139, 142, 163, 166, 180
Dissipation coefficient, 3, 42, 72, 90, 100, 113,
C 131, 142, 154, 156, 163
Cauchy strain, 165 Distribution of matter, 11, 31, 33, 34, 157
Classical elasticity, 170 Dodecagonal quasicrystal, 93, 135
Classical fluid, 3, 76, 79, 82 Dynamic viscosity, 3, 51, 61, 72, 90, 113, 131,
Classical Poisson bracket, 36–39 141
Coarse graining, 36
Colloid, 1, 5, 8, 9, 79, 97, 135, 136 E
Compound, 6, 7 Elasticity, 1–3, 13–16, 21–25, 27, 39, 45, 106,
Complex fluid, 8, 31 117, 119, 136, 170, 171
Complex liquid, vi, 8, 32, 33, 51 Elementary excitation, 9, 13, 14, 39, 69, 79,
Condensed matter, 8, 13, 14, 37, 48, 116, 179 120, 176, 179
Constitutive law, 24, 26, 42, 70, 71, 88, 97, 98, Emulsion, 1, 9
111, 115, 116, 130, 138, 151–155, 161 Energy functional, 36, 40
Continuum medium, 2 Entropy, 1, 47
Contribution of matter, 165
Materials Science 260, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-4950-7
182 Index
Equation of state, 8, 11, 31, 32, 33, 43, 51, 60, I

65, 66, 69, 71, 72, 79, 86, 90, 93, 97, 98, Ideal fluid, 1, 8
100, 108, 113, 114, 116, 121, 122, 124, Ideal solid, 1–3, 8, 9
132, 139, 141, 142, 154, 156, 162, 163, Incommensurate crystal, 39
179 Incommensurate phase, 14
Euler equation, 57 Infinite group, 45
Euler number, 57 Initial-boundary value problem, 23, 69, 79,
Existence of solution, 104, 105 104, 105, 113, 127, 176
Initial value, 23, 65, 105
F Initial value problem
Finite difference, 60, 62, 80, 81, 90, 91, 105, Intermediate phase, 1, 2, 8, 9, 106, 121
119, 127, 163 Irreducible, 13, 42
Finite group, 47, 163 Irreducible representation, 13, 17, 42
First kind of two-dimensional quasicrystals, 9, Isotropic liquid, 1, 2
10, 97, 136
First kind phasons, 10, 137, 139, 140, 142, J
154, 156, 163 Janssen theory, 135
Flow around obstacle, 60
Flow effect, 1 K
Fluctuation, 1, 18, 176, 180 Kinetic viscosity, 3
Fluidity, 1, 2
Fluid phonon, 8, 32, 33, 43, 69, 70, 73, 76, 77, L
79, 86–92, 102, 108, 109, 113, 120, Landau theory, 13
121, 128, 132, 144, 147, 163, 179 Langevin equation, 35–37, 39, 40
Foam, 1, 9 Lattice, 1, 13, 14, 46, 136
Four-dimensional embedding space, 135 Laue class, 10, 71
Four phonon model, 33 Lie algebra, 44, 45, 47
Fracture, 91, 92, 176 Lie group, 44, 45, 48
Frank strain, 166 Limit passing over, 38, 39, 47
Linear expression, 45
G Linear functional, 47
Generalized dynamics, 79, 88, 130, 153, 179 Liouville equation, 36, 48
Generalized Hooke’s law, 21, 77, 78, 137, 152, Liquid, vi, 1, 2, 13, 31, 33, 51, 61, 63, 79, 82,
161 83, 87, 90, 106, 121
Generalized Langevin equation, 37, 39, 40 Liquid crystal, 1–3, 5, 8, 9, 32, 37, 79, 90, 97,
Generalized Newton’s law, 59, 77, 98 144, 165–168, 170, 172, 173, 175, 176
Generator, 44–47 Longitudinal wave speed, 106
Giant surfactant, 5 Long-wave length, 2
Group, 10, 13, 17, 44–47, 71, 98, 115, 135, Low-frequency, 2
149, 152, 163, 173, 174, 179, 180
Group of movement, 44 M
Group representation, 9, 10, 137, 149, 152, Mass conservation law, 100
154, 161, 163, 180 Mass density, 2, 19, 26, 31–33, 38, 43, 47, 51,
61, 62, 72, 76, 81, 90, 105, 109, 113,
H 123–126, 131, 138, 142, 154, 156, 163
Hamiltonian, 25, 26, 36, 40–42, 47, 140 Matrix, 20–22, 36, 40, 45, 165
Hooke’s law, 2, 21, 77, 78, 137, 152, 161 Matrix representation of group
Hydrodynamics, 1–4, 8, 9, 11, 13, 18, 19, Mesh, 62
23–27, 31–33, 37, 39, 43, 44, 47, 60, Mesoscale, 61
69–71, 90, 93, 98, 104, 108, 113, 114, Micro-scale, 2
116, 126, 130, 132, 139, 142, 151, 179 Minimization, 170
Momentum conservation law, 18, 19, 25, 100
Index 183
N Q
Nematic liquid crystals, 2 Quantum Poisson bracket, 37, 38, 44
Nonlinear partial differential equations, 66 Quasicrystal, 1–3, 5, 6, 8–11, 13–15, 17, 18,
Nonsteady state, 62 23, 27, 31, 33, 34, 37, 40, 43, 44, 48, 51,
Normal fluid, 48, 179 69–71, 76, 79, 80, 88, 90, 92, 93, 97, 98,
100, 102, 104, 105, 108, 110, 111, 113,
O 116, 119–121, 126, 127, 130, 132,
Order parameter, 13 136–138, 144, 147, 149, 152, 154, 157,
Orientational symmetry, 135 161, 162, 179, 180
Oseen modification, 52, 76, 77, 93, 132 Quasiparticle, 8
Oseen solution, 60, 62–66, 79, 82, 85–88, 93, Quasiperiodic symmetry, 69
179 Quasisteady state, 61, 62, 66, 80, 81
P R
Paradigm, 179 Representation of group, 13, 144, 147, 149
Paradox, 3, 52, 60, 74, 76, 79, 93, 165 Reynolds number, 3, 9, 52, 55, 76, 79, 81, 82,
Parallel space, 14, 15, 136, 151, 157 85, 86, 102
Penrose tiling, 5, 6, 14 Rotation group, 44, 137, 152
Pentagonal quasicrystals, 1, 2, 6–10, 13, 14, Rotation symmetry, 13
18, 19, 21–24, 25–27, 113, 135
Phason, 3, 9, 10, 13–15, 17, 18–20, 23, 25, 26, S
39, 41, 42, 70–72, 74–76, 78, 79, 81, Second kind of two-dimensional quasicrystals,
83–85, 90, 98, 100, 102, 106, 107, 109, 9, 10, 136, 151
121, 127, 128, 130–132, 137–142, 144, Second kind phasons, 9, 10, 136, 179
147, 148, 152, 154, 156, 158, 163, 166, Self-assembly, 7, 8
176 Self-organization, 1, 180
Phason displacement, 26, 43, 70, 100, 107, Simple fluid, 2, 3, 8, 9, 40
136, 148, 158 Singular integral equation, 174
Phason field, 15, 17, 18, 19, 39, 74–76, 88, Singularity, 91, 145, 147, 158, 170, 172
102, 106, 107, 109, 120, 121, 124, 127, Six-dimensional embedding space, 9, 136, 151
137, 142, 144, 147, 148, 154, 156–158, Small Reynolds number, 3, 9, 76
163, 169 Smectic A liquid crystal, 2, 144, 165–168, 172,
Phason stress, 18, 70, 78, 107, 121, 127, 132, 173
147, 148 Soft condensed matter, 8, 13, 14, 37, 48, 116
Phonon, 3, 8, 9, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 23, 25, 26, Soft matter, 1–9, 11, 13, 32, 34, 39, 40, 42, 51,
32, 39, 41–43, 46, 70–74, 76, 79, 60, 66, 69, 70, 74, 76, 77, 79, 82, 84, 87,
82–84, 86, 90, 92, 98, 100, 102, 106, 88, 90, 91, 97, 98, 100, 104, 105, 110,
107, 109, 113, 120, 128, 131, 136, 138, 113, 115, 120, 121, 126, 127, 130, 131,
142, 144, 147, 148, 152, 154, 156, 158, 132, 137, 144, 147
163 Soft-matter quasicrystal, 1–3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11,
Photon band gap, 7, 180 13, 31, 33, 34, 37, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 51,
Plane field, 60, 69, 72, 73, 104, 137 66, 69, 71, 72, 77, 79, 80, 82, 87, 88, 90,
Plasticity, 173, 176 92, 93, 98, 100, 105, 109, 110, 113, 114,
Point group, 7, 9, 10, 18, 42, 44, 71, 97, 110, 116, 120, 121, 127, 130, 131, 132, 136,
111, 114, 130, 132, 136, 138, 151, 152, 144, 147, 149, 151, 165, 179, 180
154, 155, 161 Softness, 1, 90
Point symmetry, 9, 10, 18, 22, 24, 26, 66, 71, Solvability, 72, 90, 113, 123, 132, 176
90, 92 Solvable, 93, 154, 156, 163
Poisson bracket, 25, 35–37, 38, 40, 44, 48, 93, Spherical building block, v
116 Spherical coordinate system, 90
Poisson ratio, 3 Spin space, 44, 46
Polymer, 1, 5, 6, 9, 79, 97 Splay, 93, 127, 132, 166, 171
Pure fluid dynamics, 74, 179 Stability, 8, 60, 105, 175, 180
Stable state, 6, 62, 81, 113, 123, 127
184 Index
Steady state, 53, 66, 87, 102, 167 V

Stiffness, 1 Viscosity, 3, 24, 27, 42, 51, 52, 61, 70, 72, 76
Stokes paradox, 3, 52, 60, 74, 76, 79, 93 Viscous stress, 8, 9, 60, 63, 65, 66, 82, 108,
Structured fluid, 4, 8, 9, 31 179
Structured liquid, vi, 1, 8, 51, 87, 90
Surfactant, 1, 4, 9, 79, 97 W
Symmetry breaking, 14, 19, 24, 25, 37, 39, 41, Well-conditional, 174
69, 72, 90, 113, 132, 139, 142, 154, 156, Well-conditionality, 113, 123, 176
163, 179 Wave, 2, 13–15, 23, 66, 72, 105, 109, 110, 121
Wave propagation, 18, 42, 66, 90, 109, 113,
T 120, 121, 132
Ten-fold symmetry, 9, 10, 84, 98, 113, 119 Wave speed, 2, 3, 72, 90, 106, 113, 121, 132
Ten-fold symmetry quasicrystal, 9, 76, 97, 151 Wave vector, 2, 13
Tensor, 10, 11, 16–18, 20, 24, 38, 41–43, 70,
137, 139, 168, 179 X
Three-dimensional quasicrystal, 17, 18, 88, X-ray diffraction, 5
110, 130 X-ray diffraction pattern, 5, 135, 151, 154
Traction, 17, 22
Translational symmetry, 13, 45 Y
Twelve-fold symmetry, 2, 9, 10, 69, 71, 72, 73, Yield limit, 41, 53, 54, 165
76, 77, 79, 84, 88–90, 97, 101, 102, 115, Yield stress, 176
127 Young’s modulus, 166, 172
Twisting, 166
Two-dimensional problem, 4 Z
Two-dimensional quasicrystal, 9, 10, 71, 117, Zero solution, 148
135, 136, 137, 151, 157, 179 Zero-order approximate solution, 76, 144, 147
Zero-order approximation, 75, 119, 170
U
Uniqueness of solution, 104

Generalized Dynamics of Soft-Matter Quasicrystals: Tian-You Fan

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Generalized Dynamics of Soft-Matter Quasicrystals: Tian-You Fan

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Springer Series in Materials Science 260

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/856

ISSN 0933-033X ISSN 2196-2812 (electronic)

Jointly published with Beijing Institution of Technology Press, Beijing, China

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017945229

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

As well-known quasicrystals with 12-fold symmetry observed since 2004 in liquid

Beijing, China Tian-You Fan

1 Introduction to Soft Matter in Brief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

4 Equation of State of Some Structured Fluids . . . . . ............. 31

7.4 Generalized Oseen Approximation Under Condition of Lower

9.3 Transient Dynamics Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

12 An Application of Analytic Methods to Smectic A Liquid

g First viscosity coefﬁcient of fluid (0.1Pa s=Poise)

Soft-matter quasicrystals are observed in liquid crystals, colloids, polymers and

2.1 Soft-Matter Quasicrystals with 12- and 18-Fold

Fig. 2.1 Diffraction pattern

Fig. 2.2 Diffraction pattern

building blocks by supramolecules, compounds, block copolymers,

technology, etc. In addition, the self-assembly technique developing in the study is

2.2 Characters of Soft-Matter Quasicrystals

Based on the experimental results the soft-matter quasicrystals are observed in

2.3 Some Concepts Concerning Possible Hydrodynamics

2.4 First and Second Kinds of Two-Dimensional

Up to now, discovered soft-matter quasicrystals, i.e. 12- and 18-fold symmetry

Table 2.2 Point groups of the second kind of two-dimensional quasicrystals

couplings (i.e. the determination of all independent nonzero components of physical

2.5 Motivation of Our Discussion in the Book

The elasticity and hydrodynamics of solid quasicrystals are two of basis of

3.1 Physical Basis of Elasticity of Quasicrystals, Phonons

qG ¼ jqG jeiUG ; ð3:1:2Þ

in which u can be understood similar to the phonon like that in conventional

where represents the direct sum.

where represents the direct sum. According to the explanation of physicists, u is

u ¼ uðrk Þ; w ¼ wðrk Þ: ð3:1:5Þ

3.2 Deformation Tensors

If we set up an orthogonal coordinate system (x1 ; x2 ; x3 ) or (x; y; z), then we have

tensor, or phason strain tensor, is deﬁned by

which describes the local rearrangement of atoms in a cell, is asymmetric tensor

3.3 Stress Tensors and Equations of Motion

At ﬁrst, we consider the static case.

based on the momentum conservation law.

and by using the Gauss theorem, it follows that

rij ¼ rji : ð3:3:3Þ

This indicates that the phonon stress tensor is symmetric.

Hij 6¼ Hji : ð3:3:4Þ

Ding et al. [26] derived that

3.4 Free Energy Density and Elastic Constants

is the phonon elastic constant tensor, discussed in Chap. 2 already, and

Cijkl ¼ Cklij ¼ Cjikl ¼ Cijlk : ð3:4:3Þ

The tensor can be expressed by a symmetric matrix

In (3.4.1) another elastic constant tensor

in which, the sufﬁxes j; l belong to space Ek3 , and i; k to space E?

Kijkl ¼ Kklij : ð3:4:5Þ

All components of Kijkl can also be expressed by symmetric matrix

Rijkl ¼ Rjikl ; R0ijkl ¼ Rklij ; R0klij ¼ Rijkl ð3:4:8Þ

Rijkl 6¼ Rklij ; R0ijkl 6¼ R0klij ; ð3:4:9Þ

all components of which can be expressed in symmetric matrixes

½R99 ; ½R0 99

½RT ¼ ½R0 ; ð3:4:10Þ

where T denotes the transpose operator. The composition of four matrixes

If the strain tensor is expressed by a row vector with 18 elements, i.e.

½R99 ; ½R0 99

½RT ¼ ½R0 ; ð3:4:10Þ