story of Cricket

The game of cricket has a known history spanning from the 16th century to the
present day, with international matches played since 1844, although the official
history of international Test cricket began in 1877. During this time, the game
developed from its origins in England into a game which is now played
professionally in most of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Origin
No one knows when or where cricket began but there is a body of evidence,
much of it circumstantial, that strongly suggests the game was devised
during Saxon or Norman times by children living in the Weald, an area of dense
woodlands and clearings in south-east England that lies across Kent and
Sussex. In medieval times, the Weald was populated by small farming and metal-
working communities. It is generally believed that cricket survived as a children's
game for many centuries before it was increasingly taken up by adults around the
beginning of the 17th century.
It is quite likely that cricket was devised by children and survived for many
generations as essentially a children’s game. Adult participation is unknown
before the early 17th century. Possibly cricket was derived from bowls, assuming
bowls is the older sport, by the intervention of a batsman trying to stop the ball
from reaching its target by hitting it away. Playing on sheep-grazed land or in
clearings, the original implements may have been a matted lump of sheep’s wool
(or even a stone or a small lump of wood) as the ball; a stick or a crook or
another farm tool as the bat; and a stool or a tree stump or a gate (e.g., a wicket
gate) as the wicket.

Derivation of the name of "cricket"

A number of words are thought to be possible sources for the term "cricket". In
the earliest known reference to the sport in 1598 (see below), it is called creckett.

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The name may have been derived from the Middle Dutch krick(-e), meaning a
stick; or the Old English cricc or cryce meaning a crutch or staff. Another possible
source is the Middle Dutch word krickstoel, meaning a long low stool used for
kneeling in church and which resembled the long low wicket with
two stumps used in early cricket.
According to Heiner Gillmeister, a European language expert of Bonn University,
"cricket" derives from the Middle Dutch met de (krik ket)sen (i.e., "with the stick
chase"), which also suggests a Dutch connection in the game's origin. It is more
likely that the terminology of cricket was based on words in use in south east
England at the time and, given trade connections with the County of Flanders,
especially in the 15th century when it belonged to the Duchy of Burgundy, many
Middle Dutch words found their way into southern English dialects.

First definite reference

Despite many prior suggested references, the first definite reference to the game
is found in a 1598 court case concerning dispute over a school's ownership of a
plot of land. A 59-year old coroner, John Derrick, testified that he and his school
friends had played creckett on the site fifty years earlier. The school was
the Royal Grammar School, Guildford, and Mr Derrick's account proves beyond
reasonable doubt that the game was being played in Surrey c.1550.
The first reference to it being played as an adult sport was in 1611, when two
men in Sussex were prosecuted for playing cricket on Sunday instead of going to
church. In the same year, a dictionary defines cricket as a boys' game and this
suggests that adult participation was a recent development.

The Commonwealth
After the Civil War ended in 1648, the new Puritan government clamped down on
"unlawful assemblies", in particular the more raucous sports such as football.
Their laws also demanded a stricter observance of the Sabbath than there had
been previously. As the Sabbath was the only free time available to the lower

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classes, cricket's popularity may have waned during the Commonwealth. Having
said that, it did flourish in public fee-paying schools such as Winchester and St
Paul's, There is no actual evidence that Oliver Cromwell's regime banned cricket
specifically and there are references to it during the interregnum that suggest it
was acceptable to the authorities providing it did not cause any "breach of the
Sabbath". It is believed that the nobility in general adopted cricket at this time
through involvement in village games.

press coverage
With freedom of the press having been granted in 1696, cricket for the first time
could be reported in the newspapers. But it was a long time before the
newspaper industry adapted sufficiently to provide frequent, let alone
comprehensive, coverage of the game. During the first half of the 18th century,
press reports tended to focus on the betting rather than on the play.

20th-century cricket
When the Imperial Cricket Conference (as it was originally called) was founded in
1909, only England, Australia and South Africa were members. India, West
Indies and New Zealand became Test nations before the Second World War
and Pakistan soon afterwards. The international game grew with several "affiliate
nations" getting involved and, in the closing years of the 20th century, three of
those became Test nations also: Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe and Bangladesh.

Test cricket remained the sport's highest level of standard throughout the 20th
century but it had its problems, notably in the infamous "Bodyline Series" of
1932–33 when Douglas Jardine's England used so-called "leg theory" to try and
neutralise the run-scoring brilliance of Australia's Don Bradman.

Suspension of South Africa (1970–91)

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The greatest crisis to hit international cricket was brought about by apartheid, the
South African policy of racial segregation. The situation began to crystallise after
1961 when South Africa left the Commonwealth of Nations and so, under the
rules of the day, its cricket board had to leave the International Cricket
Conference (ICC). Cricket's opposition to apartheid intensified in 1968 with the
cancellation of England's tour to South Africa by the South African authorities,
due to the inclusion of "coloured" cricketer Basil D'Oliveira in the England team.
In 1970, the ICC members voted to suspend South Africa indefinitely from
international cricket competition. Ironically, the South African team at that time
was probably the strongest in the world.
Starved of top-level competition for its best players, the South African Cricket
Board began funding so-called "rebel tours", offering large sums of money for
international players to form teams and tour South Africa. The ICC's response
was to blacklist any rebel players who agreed to tour South Africa, banning them
from officially sanctioned international cricket. As players were poorly
remunerated during the 1970s, several accepted the offer to tour South Africa,
particularly players getting towards the end of their careers for whom a
blacklisting would have little effect.
The rebel tours continued into the 1980s but then progress was made in South
African politics and it became clear that apartheid was ending. South Africa, now
a "Rainbow Nation" under Nelson Mandela, was welcomed back into
international sport in 1991.

World Series Cricket

The money problems of top cricketers were also the root cause of another
cricketing crisis that arose in 1977 when the Australian media magnate Kerry
Packer fell out with the Australian Cricket Board over TV rights. Taking
advantage of the low remuneration paid to players, Packer retaliated by signing
several of the best players in the world to a privately run cricket league outside
the structure of international cricket. World Series Cricket hired some of the
banned South African players and allowed them to show off their skills in an

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international arena against other world-class players. The schism lasted only until
1979 and the "rebel" players were allowed back into established international
cricket, though many found that their national teams had moved on without them.
Long-term results of World Series Cricket have included the introduction of
significantly higher player salaries and innovations such as coloured kit and night
games.

Limited-overs cricket
In the 1960s, English county teams began playing a version of cricket with
games of only one innings each and a maximum number of overs per innings.
Starting in 1963 as a knockout competition only, limited overs grew in popularity
and in 1969 a national league was created which consequently caused a
reduction in the number of matches in the County Championship.
Although many "traditional" cricket fans objected to the shorter form of the game,
limited overs cricket did have the advantage of delivering a result to spectators
within a single day; it did improve cricket's appeal to younger or busier people;
and it did prove commercially successful.
The first limited overs international match took place at Melbourne Cricket
Ground in 1971 as a time-filler after a Test match had been abandoned because
of heavy rain on the opening days. It was tried simply as an experiment and to
give the players some exercise, but turned out to be immensely popular. Limited
overs internationals (LOIs or ODIs, after One-day Internationals) have since
grown to become a massively popular form of the game, especially for busy
people who want to be able to see a whole match. The International Cricket
Council reacted to this development by organising the first Cricket World Cup in
England in 1975, with all the Test playing nations taking part.
Increasing use of technology
Limited overs cricket increased television ratings for cricket coverage. Innovative
techniques that were originally introduced for coverage of LOI matches was soon
adopted for Test coverage. The innovations included presentation of in-depth
statistics and graphical analysis, placing miniature cameras in the stumps,

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multiple usage of cameras to provide shots from several locations around the
ground, high speed photography and computer graphics technology enabling
television viewers to study the course of a delivery and help them understand an
umpire's decision.
In 1992, the use of a third umpire to adjudicate runout appeals with television
replays was introduced in the Test series between South Africa and India. The
third umpire's duties have subsequently expanded to include decisions on other
aspects of play such as stumpings, catches and boundaries. As yet, the third
umpire is not called upon to adjudicate lbw appeals, although there is a virtual
reality tracking technology (i.e., Hawk-Eye) that is approaching perfection in
predicting the course of a delivery.

21st-century cricket
Cricket remains a major world sport in terms of participants, spectators and
media interest.
The ICC has expanded its development program with the goal of producing more
national teams capable of competing at Test level. Development efforts are
focused on African and Asian nations; and on the United States. In 2004, the ICC
Intercontinental Cup brought first-class cricket to 12 nations, mostly for the first
time.
In June 2001, the ICC introduced a "Test Championship Table" and, in October
2002, a "One-day International Championship Table". Australia has consistently
topped both these tables in the 2000s.
Cricket's newest innovation is Twenty20, essentially an evening entertainment. It
has so far enjoyed enormous popularity and has attracted large attendances at
matches as well as good TV audience ratings. The inaugural ICC Twenty20
World Cup tournament was held in 2007 with a follow-up event in 2009. The
formation of Twenty20 leagues in India – the unofficial Indian Cricket League,
which started in 2007, and the official Indian Premier League, starting in 2008 –
raised much speculation in the cricketing press about their effect on the future of
cricket.

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 FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
The six fundamental rights recognised by the constitution are:
1. The right to equality
2. The right to freedom
3. The right to freedom from exploitation
4. The right to freedom of religion
5. Cultural and educational rights
6. The right to constitutional remedies

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1) Right to equality
Right to equality is an important right provided for in Articles 14, 15, 16, 17 and
18 of the constitution. It is the principal foundation of all other rights and liberties,
and guarantees the following:
Equality before law: Article 14 of the constitution guarantees that all citizens shall
be equally protected by the laws of the country. It means that the State cannot
discriminate against a citizen on the basis of caste, creed, colour, sex, religion or
place of birth.
Social equality and equal access to public areas: Article 15 of the constitution
states that no person shall be discriminated on the basis of caste, colour,
language etc. Every person shall have equal access to public places like public
parks, museums, wells, bathing ghats and temples etc. However, the State may
make any special provision for women and children. Special provisions may be
made for the advancements of any socially or educationally backward class
or scheduled castes or scheduled tribes.
Equality in matters of public employment: Article 16 of the constitution lays down
that the State cannot discriminate against anyone in the matters of employment.
All citizens can apply for government jobs. There are some exceptions. The
Parliament may enact a law stating that certain jobs can only be filled by
applicants who are domiciled in the area. This may be meant for posts that
require knowledge of the locality and language of the area. The State may also
reserve posts for members of backward classes, scheduled castes or scheduled
tribes which are not adequately represented in the services under the State to
bring up the weaker sections of the society. Also, there a law may be passed
which requires that the holder of an office of any religious institution shall also be
a person professing that particular religion. According to the Citizenship
(Amendment) Bill, 2003, this right shall not be conferred to Overseas citizens of
India.
Abolition of untouchability: Article 17 of the constitution abolishes the practice
of untouchability. Practice of untouchability is an offense and anyone doing so is

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punishable by law. The Untouchability Offences Act of 1955 (renamed
to Protection of Civil Rights Act in 1976) provided penalties for preventing a
person from entering a place of worship or from taking water from a tank or well.
Abolition of Titles: Article 18 of the constitution prohibits the State from conferring
any titles. Citizens of India cannot accept titles from a foreign State. The British
government had created an aristocratic class known as Rai Bahadurs and Khan
Bahadurs in India — these titles were also abolished.
However, Military and academic distinctions can be conferred on the citizens of
India. The awards of Bharat Ratna and Padma Vibhushan cannot be used by the
recipient as a title and do not, accordingly, come within the constitutional
prohibition". The Supreme Court, on 15 December 1995, upheld the validity of
such awards.

2) Right to freedom
The Constitution of India contains the right to freedom, given in articles 19, 20, 21
and 22, with the view of guaranteeing individual rights that were considered vital
by the framers of the constitution. The right to freedom in Article 19 guarantees
the following six freedoms:
Freedom of speech and expression, which enable an individual to participate in
public activities. The phrase, "freedom of press" has not been used in Article 19,
but freedom of expression includes freedom of press. Reasonable restrictions
can be imposed in the interest of public order, security of State, decency or
morality.
Freedom to assemble peacefully without arms, on which the State can impose
reasonable restrictions in the interest of public order and the sovereignty and
integrity of India.
Freedom to form associations or unions on which the State can impose
reasonable restrictions on this freedom in the interest of public order, morality
and the sovereignty and integrity of India.
Freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India though reasonable
restrictions can be imposed on this right in the interest of the general public, for

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example, restrictions may be imposed on movement and travelling, so as to
control epidemics.
Freedom to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India which is also
subject to reasonable restrictions by the State in the interest of the general public
or for the protection of the scheduled tribes because certain safeguards as are
envisaged here seem to be justified to protect indigenous and tribal peoples from
exploitation and coercion. Article 370restricts citizens from other Indian states
and Kashmiri women who marry men from other states from purchasing land
or property in Jammu & Kashmir.
Freedom to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or
business on which the State may impose reasonable restrictions in the interest of
the general public. Thus, there is no right to carry on a business which is
dangerous or immoral. Also, professional or technical qualifications may be
prescribed for practicing any profession or carrying on any trade.
The constitution also guarantees the right to life and personal liberty, which in
turn cites specific provisions in which these rights are applied and enforced:
Protection with respect to conviction for offences is guaranteed in the right to life
and personal liberty. According to Article 20, no one can be awarded punishment
which is more than what the law of the land prescribes at that time. This legal
axiom is based on the principle that no criminal law can be made retrospective,
that is, for an act to become an offence, the essential condition is that it should
have been an offence legally at the time of committing it. Moreover, no person
accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
"Compulsion" in this article refers to what in law is called "Duress" (injury, beating
or unlawful imprisonment to make a person do something that he does not want
to do). This article is known as a safeguard against self incrimination. The other
principle enshrined in this article is known as the principle of double jeopardy,
that is, no person can be convicted twice for the same offence, which has been
derived from Anglo Saxon law. This principle was first established in the Magna
Carta.

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 Protection of life and personal liberty is also stated under right to life and
personal liberty. Article 21 declares that no citizen can be denied his life and
liberty except by law. This means that a person's life and personal liberty can
only be disputed if that person has committed a crime. However, the right to
life does not include the right to die, and hence,suicide or an attempt thereof, is
an offence. (Attempted suicide being interpreted as a crime has seen many
debates. The Supreme Court of India gave a landmark ruling in 1994. The court
repealed section 309 of the Indian penal code, under which people attempting
suicide could face prosecution and prison terms of up to one year. In 1996
however another Supreme Court ruling nullified the earlier one.) "Personal
liberty" includes all the freedoms which are not included in Article 19 (that is, the
six freedoms). The right to travel abroad is also covered under "personal liberty"
in Article 21.
In 2002, through the 86th Amendment Act, Article 21(A) was incorporated. It
made the right to primary education part of the right to freedom, stating that the
State would provide free and compulsory education to children from six to
fourteen years of age Six years after an amendment was made in the Indian
Constitution, the union cabinet cleared the Right to Education Bill in 2008. It is
now soon to be tabled in Parliament for approval before it makes a fundamental
right of every child to get free and compulsory education.
Rights of a person arrested under ordinary circumstances is laid down in the right
to life and personal liberty. No one can be arrested without being told the
grounds for his arrest. If arrested, the person has the right to defend himself by
a lawyer of his choice. Also an arrested citizen has to be brought before the
nearest magistrate within 24 hours. The rights of a person arrested under
ordinary circumstances are not available to an enemy alien. They are also not
available to persons detained under the Preventive Detention Act. Under
preventive detention, the government can imprison a person for a maximum of
three months. It means that if the government feels that a person being at liberty
can be a threat to the law and order or to the unity and integrity of the nation, it

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can detain or arrest that person to prevent him from doing this possible harm.
After three months such a case is brought before an advisory board for review.
The constitution also imposes restrictions on these rights. The government
restricts these freedoms in the interest of the independence, sovereignty and
integrity of India. In the interest of morality and public order, the government can
also impose restrictions. However, the right to life and personal liberty cannot be
suspended. The six freedoms are also automatically suspended or have
restrictions imposed on them during a state of emergency.
3) Right against exploitation
The right against exploitation, given in Articles 23 and 24, provides for two
provisions, namely the abolition of trafficking in human beings and Begar(forced
labor), and abolition of employment of children below the age of 14 years in
dangerous jobs like factories and mines. Child labour is considered a gross
violation of the spirit and provisions of the constitution. Begar, practised in the
past by landlords, has been declared a crime and is punishable by law.
Trafficking in humans for the purpose of slave trade or prostitution is also
prohibited by law. An exception is made in employment without payment for
compulsory services for public purposes. Compulsory military conscription is
covered by this provision.
4) Right to freedom of religion
Right to freedom of religion, covered in Articles 25, 26, 27 and 28,
provides religious freedom to all citizens of India. The objective of this right is to
sustain the principle of secularism in India. According to the Constitution, all
religions are equal before the State and no religion shall be given preference
over the other. Citizens are free to preach, practice and propagate any religion of
their choice.

Religious communities can set up charitable institutions of their own. However,

activities in such institutions which are not religious are performed according to
the laws laid down by the government. Establishing a charitable institution can
also be restricted in the interest of public order, morality and health. No person

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shall be compelled to pay taxes for the promotion of a particular religion. A State
run institution cannot impart education that is pro-religion.  Also, nothing in this
article shall affect the operation of any existing law or prevent the State from
making any further law regulating or restricting any economic, financial, political
or other secular activity which may be associated with religious practice, or
providing for social welfare and reform.
5) Cultural and educational rights
As India is a country of many languages, religions, and cultures, the Constitution
provides special measures, in Articles 29 and 30, to protect the rights of the
minorities. Any community which has a language and a script of its own has the
right to conserve and develop it. No citizen can be discriminated against for
admission in State or State aided institutions.
All minorities, religious or linguistic, can set up their own educational institutions
to preserve and develop their own culture. In granting aid to institutions, the State
cannot discriminate against any institution on the basis of the fact that it is
administered by a minority institution. But the right to administer does not mean
that the State can not interfere in case of maladministration. In a precedent-
setting judgment in 1980, the Supreme Court held that the State can certainly
take regulatory measures to promote the efficiency and excellence of educational
standards. It can also issue guidelines for ensuring the security of the services of
the teachers or other employees of the institution. In another landmark
judgement delivered on 31 October 2002, the Supreme Court ruled that in case
of aided minority institutions offering professional courses, admission could only
be through a common entrance test conducted by State or a university. Even an
unaided minority institution ought not to ignore the merit of the students for
admission.

6) Right to constitutional remedies

Right to constitutional remedies empowers the citizens to move a court of law in
case of any denial of the fundamental rights. For instance, in case of
imprisonment, the citizen can ask the court to see if it is according to the

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provisions of the law of the country. If the court finds that it is not, the person will
have to be freed. This procedure of asking the courts to preserve or safeguard
the citizens' fundamental rights can be done in various ways. The courts can
issue various kinds of writs. These writs are habea scorpus,  mandamus,
prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari. When a national or state emergency is
declared, this right is suspended by the central government.

Man-made disasters
Man-made disasters are disasters resulting from man-made hazards (threats
having an element of human intent, negligence, or error; or involving a failure of a
man-made system), as opposed to natural disasters resulting from natural
hazards. Man-made hazards or disasters are sometimes referred to
as anthropogenic.

Crime
Crime is the breach of rules or laws for which some governing authority (via
mechanisms such as legal systems) can ultimately prescribe a conviction.

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Individual human societies may each define crime and crimes differently. While
every crime violates the law, not every violation of the law counts as a crime; for
example: breaches of contract and of other private lawmay rank as "offenses" or
as "infractions". Modern societies generally regard crimes as offenses against
the public or the state, distinguished from torts (offenses against private parties
that can give rise to a civil cause of action).
In context, not all crimes provide man-made hazards.

Arson
Arson is the criminal intent of setting a fire with intent to cause damage. The
definition of arson was originally limited to setting fire tobuildings, but was later
expanded to include other objects, such as bridges, vehicles, and private
property. Arson is the greatest cause of fires in data repositories. Sometimes,
human-induced fires can be accidental: failing machinery such as a kitchen stove
is a major cause of accidental fires.

Terrorism
Terrorism is a controversial term with varied definitions. One definition means a
violent action targeting civilians exclusively. Another definition is the use or
threatened use of violence for the purpose of creating fear in order to achieve a
political, religious, or ideological goal. Under the second definition, the targets of
terrorist acts can be anyone, including civilians, government officials, military
personnel, or people serving the interests of governments.
Definitions of terrorism may also vary geographically, for example Australia, in
the Security Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Act 2002, defines terrorism as
"an action to advance a political, religious or ideological cause and with the
intention of coercing the government or intimidating the public", while the United

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States Department of State operationally describes it as "premeditated,
politically-motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by
subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an
audience".

War
War is conflict between relatively large groups of people, which involves physical
force inflicted by the use of weapons. Warfare has destroyed entire cultures,
countries, economies and inflicted great suffering on humanity. Other terms for
war can include armed conflict, hostilities, and police action. Acts of war are
normally excluded from insurance contracts and disaster planning.

Industrial hazards
Industrial disasters occur in a commercial context, such as mining accidents.
They often have an environmental impact. The Bhopal disaster is the world's
worst industrial disaster to date, and the Chernobyl disaster is regarded the worst
nuclear accident in history. Hazards may have longer-term and more dispersed
effects, such as dioxin and DDT poisoning.
Structural collapse
Structural collapses are often caused by engineering failures. Bridge failures may
be caused in several ways, such as under-design (as in the Tay Bridge disaster),
by corrosion attack (such as in the Silver Bridge collapse), or by aerodynamic
flutter of the deck (as in Galloping Gertie, the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge).
Failure of dams was not infrequent during the Victorian era, such as the Dale
Dyke dam failure in Sheffield, England in the 1860s, causing the Great Sheffield
Flood. Other failures include balcony collapses or building collapses such as that
of the World Trade Center.

Power outage
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A power outage is an interruption of normal sources of electrical power. Short-
term power outages (up to a few hours) are common and have minor adverse
effect, since most businesses and health facilities are prepared to deal with them.
Extended power outages, however, can disrupt personal and business activities
as well as medical and rescue services, leading to business losses and medical
emergencies. Extended loss of power can lead to civil disorder, as in the New
York City blackout of 1977. Only very rarely do power outages escalate to
disaster proportions, however, they often accompany other types of disasters,
such as hurricanes and floods, which hampers relief efforts.
Electromagnetic pulses and voltage spikes from whatever cause can also
damage electricity infrastructure and electrical devices.
Recent notable power outages include the 2005 Java–Bali Blackout which
affected 100 million people and the 2009 Brazil and Paraguay blackout which
affected 60 million people.

Fire
Bush fires, forest fires, and mine fires are generally started by lightning, but also
by human negligence or arson. They can burn thousands of square kilometers. If
a fire intensifies enough to produce its own winds and "weather", it will form into
a firestorm. A good example of a mine fire is the one near Centralia,
Pennsylvania. Started in 1962, it ruined the town and continues to burn today.
Some of the biggest city-related fires are The Great Chicago Fire, The Peshtigo
Fire (both of 1871) and the Great Fire of London in 1666.
Casualties resulting from fires, regardless of their source or initial cause, can be
aggravated by inadequate emergency preparedness. Such hazards as a lack of
accessible emergency exits, poorly marked escape routes, or improperly
maintained fire extinguishers or sprinkler systems may result in many more
deaths and injuries than might occur with such protections.

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 CBRNs
CBRN is a catch-all initialism for chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear.
The term is used to describe a non-conventional terror threat that, if used by a
nation, would be considered use of a weapon of mass destruction. This term is
used primarily in the United Kingdom. Planning for the possibility of a CBRN
event may be appropriate for certain high-risk or high-value facilities and
governments. Examples include Saddam Hussein's Halabja poison gas attack,
the Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway and the preceding test runs in
Matsumoto, Japan 100 kilometers outside of Tokyo, and Lord Amherst
giving smallpox laden blankets to Native Americans.

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