‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
  JW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
،E،،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٨٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٨

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KOverhead Projector .١
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K .٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬١ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W

 W‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬،
–‫א‬،saturated‫א‬‫ א‬K
 Ethane CH3-CH3alkanes‫א‬
، J ‫א‬،unsaturated‫ א‬K
W
،EC=CF–‫א‬‫א‬،alkenes‫ א‬ J١
،EC C F–‫א‬‫א‬alkynes‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
، ‫א‬Aromatic Hydrocarbons‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
 KC10H8‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WAlkanes‫א‬٢ J٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
nCnH2n+2W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬EnFEKKKKKKK،٤{٣{٢{١=nF

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬، ‫א‬،‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬١ J٢ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E-aneF‫א‬‫א‬ 
E-aneF‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 E١ J٢F،

 ‫א‬E١ J٢F

n  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

1 methane   CH4 
2 ethane   CH3CH3  
3 propane   CH3CH2CH3 
4 butane    CH3CH2CH2CH3
5 pentane   CH3(CH2)3CH3
6 hexane   CH3(CH2)4CH3
7 heptane   CH3(CH2)5CH3
8 octane   CH3(CH2)6CH3 
9 nonane   CH3(CH2)7CH3
10 decane   CH3(CH2)8CH3 
 
CH2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،Methylene‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Butane C4H10W‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

CH3 CH CH3
 CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
 n-Butane   CH3
 Isobutane J

 Pentane C5H12 W‫א‬‫א‬

 
  CH 3
CH3 CH CH2 CH3 CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 3 CH 3 C CH 3
 
CH3   CH 3
  
  J
 –  – Neopentane
Isopentane N-pentane
 WAlkyl Group ER-F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ER-F‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬،methylCH3-‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 2-2F‫א‬KEthylECH3CH2-F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬١٠ J٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 Methyl  CH3 J  MethaneCH4
 Ethyl  CH3CH2- Ethane CH3CH3
Propane
N-Propyl  CH3CH2CH2-
CH3CH2CH3
 
Isopropyl   CH3-CH-CH3  CH3CH2CH2CH3
n-Butyl  CH3CH2CH2CH2-
sec- Butyl  CH3CHCH2CH3  n-Butane 

CH3
 Isobutyl _
  CH 3 CH CH 2
  CH3
 
     CH3 CH CH3
     
Tert-butyl CH3  Isobutane
  CH3 C  
  CH3
 
WCycloalkanes ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
CH 2

 CH 2 CH 2
   Cyclopropane
 
 
   
CH2 CH2

  CH2 CH2
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

   
 Cyclobutane
 
   
  CH2
CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2
   
 Cyclopentane
 
 
CH2CH3
  
 Ethylcyclobutane
 WIUPAC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  IUPAC W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.

W‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E JF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ane‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬yl
 
1 2 3 4 5 6
CH 3 CH 2 CHCH 2 CH 2 CH 3

  CH 2 CH 3
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  3-Ethylhexane
E‫א‬‫א‬
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬penta ،tetra،tri،di‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKK،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
CH3
CH3 CH CH2 C CH
5 4 3 3 2 1
  CH3 CH3
 
2-2-4-Trimethylpentane
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
CH2CH3
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH CH C CH2 CH3
_
  CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH2CH3
 
  3,3-Diethyl-4-methyl-5-n-propyloctane
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CH 3 CH 2 CH CH 2 CH CH 2 CH 3
  CH 3 CH 2CH 3
 
3-Ethyl-5-Methylheptane
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  
،EaneF‫א‬EylF‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
CH3 CH3
1' 2' _
3 CH CH CH3
CH3 CH2 CH CH CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
1 2 4 5 6 7 8
CH2 CH2CH3
  CH3
 
 3-Ethyl-4(1',2',Dimethylpropyl) nonane
 
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E‫א‬

F: Fluoro NO2W Nitro

 ClW Chloro NH2W Amino

BrW Bromo CNW Cyano

 IW Iodo    

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

W
Br
5 4 2 1
CH3CHCHCH 2CH3
3
CH3 Cl
 3-Bromo-2-chloro-4-methylpentane
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬neo-‫א‬iso-
‫א‬‫א‬tridisec-tert-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٢
‫א‬،nonpolar‫א‬ 
C5‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C4C1،‫א‬‫א‬
١٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،C17
‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 Wcombustion ‫א‬‫א‬ -١
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 (g) + 2H2O + ‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬

  (g)
 WHalogenation‫א‬ -٢
 ‫א‬Br2‫א‬Cl2‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،

 WE١F
Br

+ Br2 + HBr

  Bromocyclopentane
 

 WE٢F
H
hν
H C H + Cl 2 H3C _ Cl + HCl
H Chloromethane

hν  
CH3 Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 + HCl
 Dicarbomethane
 
hν
hv
CH 2Cl2 + Cl2 CHCl 3 + HCl
 Chloroform

hν

- ١٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

hv
C H Cl 3 + Cl2 C C 14 + HCl
Carbontetrachloride'

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W

 K‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

H 2 /Pt ,Pd ‫ أو‬Ni _ _ _

C C C C
‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬
H H

  Alkene Alkane
 
H2 , Pt
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH = CH 2 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2
‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬

1- Hexene n- Hexane

 W K
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KGrignard reagents‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫اﻳ ﺜﺮ ﺟ ﺎف‬
R-X + Mg RMgX

 Alkyl halide Alkyl magnesium halide 

- ٢٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
R-MgX + H 2O RH + Mg(OH)X
  Alkane
RMgX+CH 3OH RH + Mg(OCH 3)X
  Alkane
Br Mg Br
‫اﻳ ﺜﺮ ﺟ ﺎف‬
CH3CH2CHCH 3+Mg CH3CH2CHCH 3

Mg(OH)Br + CH 3CH2CH2CH3 H2O

 

 W K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
2R - X + 2 Na R - R + 2 NaX
  Alkane

 2 CH 3 CH2 Cl + 2 Na CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬Lithium dialkyl copper ( R2CuLi)
 
(CH 3 CH2)2 CuLi + CH 3 CH2 CH2 Br

  CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 + CH3 CH2 Cu + LiBr

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 CH3 CH2 Cl + Li CH3 CH2 Li

 

 2 CH 3 CH2 Li + Cul (CH 3 CH2)2 CuLi + Lil

 W‫א‬٤ J٢ J٢
K ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬٪٨٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KRefining‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 Walkenes‫א‬٣ J٢
،EC=CF–‫א‬‫א‬ 
،CnH2n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،olefins
 KC2H4‫א‬‫א‬CnH2n-2‫א‬
 
H 120 H
C = C
 H H
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٢٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬١ J٣ J٢

W‫א‬‫ א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬–ylenealkane‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬–ane
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬E1-3-2F

Alkene‫א‬  Alkane‫א‬

 Ethylene CH 2=CH 2 Ethane CH3CH3

 
 Propylene CH3-CH =CH2
   Propane CH 3CH 2CH 3
Butylene CH 3CH 2CH=CH 2  

 2-Butylene CH 3CH=CHCH 3  
 
n-Butane CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 3
Isobutylene CH3 CH = CH2 Isobutane CH3 CH CH3

  CH3  CH3
– CH2=CH2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W( Vinyl group )‫א‬CH=CH2
 
CH2 = CH CH 2 = CH CH2 = CH

Cl Br
 Vinyl Chloride  Vinyl bromide 
Vinyl Cyclohexane
 
 W( allyl group)‫א‬CH3CH=CH2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

CH2CH = CH2
Cl
  Allyl Choride

WIUPAC‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FIUPAC‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E٣
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬–ane‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
Kene
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
5 4 3 2 1
CH3CH-CH = CH-CH3

CH3
 4- Methyl - 2- Pentene
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    CH3CH2CH = CH2
CH2 = CH2 CH 3 -CH = CH 2   1-Butene
 
  Ethene   Propene
   

- ٢٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

CH2-CH = CH2

Cl
 2-Ethyl-1-Butene   3-Chloro -l- Propene
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
6
3
5 1 4 2
4 2
3 5 1
6
Cyclohexene 3-Methylcyclohexene
 (1-Cyclohexene‫)وﻟﻴﺲ‬ (6-Methylcyclohexene ‫)وﻟﻴﺲ‬

–ene‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKtetra،tri ،di ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
4 3 2
5
5
CH2 = CH-CH 2-C-CH 2CH3 1 4
1 CH 2
2 3
  2-Ethyl,1,4-Pentadiene  1,3-Cyclopentadiene
 
 
2 4 6
1 3 5 7
  1,3,6-Heptatriene 
 
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬E2-butane 1-butene‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W2-butene
   
H CH3 CH3 CH3

C C C C
H H
CH3 H
  Cis-2-butene 
  trans-2-butene   
 
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
F‫א‬‫א‬،E–cisF‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬Ktrans‫א‬E‫א‬
 K ٠{٩trans-2-butene٣٧،‫א‬،cis-2-butene ،‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬٣ J٣ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،H+،‫א‬ 
KH3PO4‫א‬H2SO4‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
H H H H
+
H ,
H C C H C C + H2O
OH H H H

(‫آﺤﻮل )اﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮل‬ (‫اﻟﻜﻴﻦ )اﺛﻴﻠﻴﻦ‬

 
 
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

H+,
CH2 CH CHCH3 CH3-CH = CHCH3
H OH H 2-Butene

+ + H2O
2-Butanol
CH2 = CHCH2CH3

 1-Butene

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٧
 KKOH‫א‬‫א‬( I , Br, Cl =X ) HX 

KOH / ‫آﺤﻮل‬ + -
CH2 CH2 CH2 = CH2 +K +CI +H2O
H Cl ‫اﺛﻴﻠﻴﻦ‬

  ‫آﻠﻮرو اﻳﺜﺎن‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

KOH / ‫آﺤﻮل‬
CH2 CH CH CH3 CH3 CH = CH CH3 + K+

H Br H
 
  J٢EF J٢
 
 HCH2 = CHCH2CH3+Br-+H2o
 EF  J١
 
 W‫א‬ H2SO4‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K
 
CH2 = CH2 + H2SO4 ‫ﻣﺮآﺰ‬ CH2 CH2

H OSO3H
 ‫آﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت اﻻﻳﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ 
 
 WPolymerization‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬––‫א‬
  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kpolymers‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬Naphtha fraction‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬١٠ J٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،٩٠٠ J٧٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
، ( Cr2O3+Al2O3)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

Cr2O3 +Al2O3
CH3CH2CH3 CH2 = CHCH3
700cْ 
 
 
 W( X = Cl ,Br, I ) HX‫א‬
 

C C + HX C C
H X
  ‫هﺎﻟﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﻴﻞ‬ 
 
CH2=CH2 + HCI CH 3 CH2 CI
  (‫آﻠﻮرو اﻳﺜﺎن )آﻠﻮرﻳﺪ اﺛﻴﻞ‬ 
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬Markovnikov's Rule 
CH2 = CHCH3 + HCl CH2 CH CH3

  H Cl
 
   J٢
 
 WHydration ‫א‬

- ٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬H+‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K
+
H
CH2 = CHCH3 + H2O CH2 CH CH3

  H OH 
 
   J٢

 W‫א‬٤ J٣ J٢
‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 WHydrogenation‫ א‬.١
 K‫א‬CatalystsE‫א‬FPdNi Pt ‫א‬‫א‬
Pt or Ni
CH2 = CH2 + H2 CH3 CH3
  ‫اﺛﻴﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫إﻳﺜﺎن‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WHalogenations‫ א‬.٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 

C C + X2 / CCI4 C C

 (X = CI , Br) X X 

- ٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
CH2 = CH2 + Br2 / CCI4 CH2 CH2

 Br Br 
 
،E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WAlkynes‫א‬٤ J٢
 JF–‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،CnH2n-2‫א‬‫א‬KE JC C
،‫א‬sp‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،C2H2
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٣٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
CaO‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬CaS2‫א‬،

2500 oC
3C + CaO CaC2 + CO

CaC2 + 2H2O C2H2 + Ca(OH)2

 W‫א‬١ J٤ J٢
EIUPAC‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬–ene ‫א‬–yne

HC CH CH3C CH CH3CH2C CH

- ٣١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

Acetylene Methyl acetylene Ethyl acetylene 

Ethyne 1- Butyne 

 Propyne

 WIUPAC‫א‬‫א‬

CH3 CH3
CH3C CCH3
CH3CH CH C C CH2CH CH3
2-Butyne
Cl
3-Chloro-2,7-dimethyl-4-octyne

CH C C CH
1,3-Butadiyne
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬–yne‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 Kalkene‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

HC C CH2 CH CH2

1-Penten-4-yne

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬–yne ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬C17‫א‬C16C4 ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬C4C2
 K

 W‫א‬٣ J٤ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Dehydrohalgenation W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١

 W
 
KOH
CH3CH CH H [ CH3CH = C H]
EtOH
Br Br Br
1,2-Dibromopropane Allylbromide

NaNH2 /
CH3 C C H
Propyne

 W‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- liq NH 3
HC C Na+ + CH3Br HC C CH3 + NaBr

- liq NH3
HC C Na+ + CH3CH2I HC C CH2CH3 + NaI

- liq NH3
CH3 C C Na+ + CH3CH2Br CH3 C C CH2CH3 + NaBr
Sodium propynide

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

CH4 + O2 2HC CH + 2CO + 10H2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  J٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬

CaCO3 CaO + CO2

 Calcium carbonate

2500
CaO + 3C CaC2 + CO
Coke Calcium carbide

25ْC
CaC2 + 2H2O HC CH + Ca(OH)2
Acetylene

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬٥ J٤ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬ .١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

R R
Pd or Ni H2\Ni
R C C R + H2 C=C RCH2CH2R
H H
 
Ni-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Linders catalyst Pd + Pb(OAc)4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B2
 KPd/CaCO3)

 W‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬

Cl Cl Cl

CH3 C C CH3 + Cl2 CH3 C = C CH3 CH3 C C CH3

Cl Cl Cl
1,1,2,2-Tetrachlorobutane

- ٣٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Cl
HCl HCl
CH3 C CH CH3C = CH2 CH3 C CH3
Cl Cl
2,2-Dichloropropane

 W‫א‬ .٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬، mercuric sulfate ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

O
H H
HgSO4
CH CH + H2O C=C CH3 C H
H2SO4
H OH

Enol Acetaldehyde

OH O
HgSO4
CH3 C CH + H2O CH3 C = CH2 CH3 C CH3
H2SO4

 Acetone

- ٣٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬ .٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬

O O
-
1)KMnO4 /OH
- R C C Rَ
2)H2O / OH
O O
-
1)KMnO4 /OH
R C C Rَ R C OH + Rَ C OH
2) 100ْC / H +

1)O3
RCOOH + RَCOOH
2)H2O /Zn Or H2O2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٤ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(PVC)  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KPayragyline‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٣٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 2-5
 
 WIUPAC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 
CH3CHCHCHCH3
-‫ب‬ CH 3 -C(CH 3 ) 2 CH 3  J
  Br Cl CH3
CH3
CH3CH2CH2 C = CH2
 J  J

C2H5
CH3
 J CH C CH  J
CH3
CH3 C = C CH3
 J
CH3 Br
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢
 

2-bromo-2-methyloctane 2 , 3 - d i m e t h y l b u t a n e  J
J
2-chloro-3-methyl-2-pentene  J 1 , 1 - d i m e t h y l c y c l o h e x a n e  J
2 , 2 - D i b r o m o - 3 - h e x y n e  J 2,3Dimethyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene  J

 ‫؟‬‫א‬C6H14‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬–٥

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

CH3CH3 + Cl2 hυ
 J

C H 4 + 2 O 2  J
C H 3 C H 2 C l + N a  J

CH3CH2OH H+,∆
 J

Pt or Ni / H
2 2 CH=CH3CH  J
C C l
4 2 + B r 3 C H = C H C H 3 C H  J
CCl4
+ Cl2  J

KOH NaNH2 /
CH3CH CH CH3  J
EtOH

Br Br
CH3 C C CH3 + 2Cl2  J
Hg SO 4
CH3 C CH H2 O
H2SO4  J

 W،–٦
 
i ) C H 3 C H 3i i ) C H 3 C H 2 C l iii) CH2 = CH2

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٧
3 - B r o m o - 1 - p e n t y n e ,4 - M e t h y l - 2 - h e x e n e

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
+
H 2 , B r 2 / H 2 O , H 2 O / H , H C l

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٢ J٥‫א‬
  W١ 
2,2- Dimethyl Propane -‫ا‬ .١

3-Ethyl-1-Methyl cyclohexane -‫ﺟـ‬ .٢

3-Methyl -1- butyne -‫هـ‬ .٣

 2- Bromo -3-Methyl -2- butene J

 W٢
(‫أ‬
CH3 - CH -CH -CH3

CH3 CH3
(‫د‬
CH 3 C C CH 2CH 3
Cl CH 3
(‫و‬
Br
CH 3 C C CH 2CH 3
Br
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤
  W ٥ 
CH 4 +2O 2 CO2 + 2H2O + ‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬ .١    J 
+
CH 3 CH2 OH
H ,
CH 2 = CH 2 + H2O .٢   J 
CCI4
CH 3 - CH = CH - CH 3 + Br2 CH2CH - CH CH 3
  J 
Br Br .٣
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