“It’s time to value P.E.

as a core subject in schools, as it plays a critical role in

teaching students how to achieve optimal health and physical fitness, while
increasing their ability to succeed academically.” – Elissa Bassler
 CHAPTER 1: Nature of Physical Education
And Sports

CHAPTER 1 – PHYSICAL EDUCATION (6 hrs)

Overview of the Lesson

Life is not only an art but it is not only academic or simply a sport. Life is the wholeness
of all the options. It is the core for giving Physical Education great emphasis in all academic
disciplines. Every academic discipline has its own area of concern. Language is concerned on
communication; mathematics is concerned on numbers and so-on. Physical Education
encompasses all these things. A poor physical education could never absorb math, language
and so on. It is always the physical condition of the person that matters.

This module combines the prerequisite courses of Physical Education 2 with descriptive
title Individual and Dual Sport includes these topics: In Chapter I; Introduction of Physical
Education, Meaning, Objectives of P.E, Legal Basis of P.E, Difference of Sport and a Game,
Individual and dual Sport and Badminton.

Individual and Dual Sport is extremely a student centered course. Students are expected
to undergo into all the physical activities designed in this book. They will develop and enhance
all the different aspect of Physical Fitness. At the same time, students are expected to answer
all the written activities provided for at the end of every chapter.

What is Physical Education?

Physical Education existed before it was conceived as a science. It existed as a

purposeful means of existence. During the ancient time, physical activity is a necessity of life.
But not unlike today, physical education is formally taught. Physical Education gives chance to
students to bring out their potential or how to respond from a stimulus in a desirable way.

`Physical Education (PE) is the interdisciplinary study of all areas of Science relating
to the transmission of physical knowledge and skills to an individual or a group, the application
of these skills, and their results.

Physical Education is an important segment of general

education which aims to contribute to the total development of the
larger through participation in selected activities. It provides
opportunities to acquire lifelong skills that are essentials to his
physical, mental, social, and emotional development.
It can also be viewed as a program of activities in a school
curriculum that involves sports, games, dance, gymnastics and
recreational activities. Great emphasis is placed on motor skills,
fitness, health, recreation and safety. It is the vital and integral
part of general education designed to promote the optimum development of the individual
physically, socially, emotionally, and mentally through total body movement in the performance
of properly selected physical activities.

According to Moneghetti, 1993, Physical Education is the process through which

sport, outdoor education, dance, gymnastics, aquatics and games are used by the physical
educators to teach students motor skills and fitness skills as a well as assisting with the school’s
responsibility to develop personal and social skills in students. Physical Education is that phase
of the whole process of education which is concerned with vigorous muscular activities and
related response, and with the modifications of the individual resultant from these responses
(Nixon and Cozens).

Objectives of Physical Education

The primary aims of Physical Education vary historically, based on the needs of the time
and place. Often, many different types of physical education occur simultaneously, some
intentionally and others not. Most modern school systems claim their intent is to equip
students with the knowledge, skills, capacities, and values along with the
enthusiasm to maintain a healthy lifestyle into adulthood. Some schools also require
physical education as a way to promote weight loss in students. Activities included in the
program are designed to promote physical fitness to develop motor skills, to instill
knowledge and understanding of rules, concepts, and strategies, and to teach students to work
as part of a team, or as individuals, in a wide variety of competitive activities.
The following objectives of Physical Education are viewed and stated in terms of their
contribution to the outcomes of education to the outcomes of education and which justify the
existence of physical education in the curriculum.

Physical Development
Physical Development covers the behavior that
promotes healthy lifestyle which includes the regular
exercise, balance diet, avoiding drugs and alcohol.
Physical development means developing a habit of self-
awareness including knowing the symptom of disease,
getting regular medical check-ups and avoiding that pose
harms and danger to oneself. If all these measures are
taken, many years are added to our lives and these
years imply another experience.
 Maintain daily exercises.
 Follow safety measures.
 Practice safe sex.
 Take enough rest.
  Eat only healthy food and manage the intake.

Social Development
Participation in Physical Education activities provides
opportunities for the acquisition and practice of desirable
social traits necessary for adjustment to happy living and
to the social life in general. Some worthwhile traits are:
 Friendliness
 Cooperation
 Respect for the rights of others
 Good sportsmanship
 Good leadership and followership
 Honesty in group competition

Emotional Development
The informal nature of physical education offers opportunities
for the development of expression and emotional traits
needed for emotional mastery like:
 Self Confidence
 Self-Control
 Courage
 Determination
 Personal Discipline

Mental Development
 Through participation in Physical Education activities the individual develops his mental
capacities as he learns the mechanical principles of underlying movement,
as the learner acquires knowledge and understanding of rules
and strategies of games and sports as well as dance
instructions, as he discovers ways of improving his
gymnastics and dance, and the ability to analyze and give
judgements.
 Take much time reading
 Encourage yourself to learn more languages
 Appreciate art
 Talk to people who are critical to your achievements or work (if any).
Spiritual Development

This anchored on something beyond what human senses can perceive. This
books on physical dimension of man, yet it recognizes the development obtained
from the spiritual source. This is about exploring what one believes which really
gives him a sense of meaning. The road to spiritual development covers
contemplation, prayer and other forms of practices that support
man’s relation to God. Each religion has its own system of prayer.
Compassion, love and forgiveness and self-control help you enjoy
spiritual development. Only a person who observes
spiritual development can change to some meaning and
purpose of life.

 Spend an hour alone in prayer

 Examine your spiritual side
 See if your values guide your decisions and actions

Historical Foundation of Physical Education and Sports

THE OLYMPIC GAMES

776 B.C.

What do the Olympic Rings signify?

According to most accounts, the rings were adopted by Baron
Pierre de Coubertin (Founder of the Modern Olympic Movement)
in 1913 after he saw a similar design on an artifact from ancient
Greece.
The Five Rings represent the five major regions of the world: Africa, the
Americas, Asia, Europe, and Oceania. Every national flag in the world
includes at least one of the five colors, which are (from left to right) blue,
yellow, black, green and red. It is important to emphasize that Pierre
de Coubertin never said nor write that the colors of the rings were
linked with the different continents. The Olympic Flag made its
debut at the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp, Belgium. At the end of each Olympic Games, the
mayor of that host-city presents the flag to the mayor of the next host-city. It then rests at the
town hall of the next host-city for your years until the Opening Ceremony of their Olympic
Games.

The original Olympic Games (Olympiakoi Agones)

began in 776 BC in Olympia, Greece, and were celebrated until
393 A.D. In 1896, the ancient Olympic Games were revived at the initiative of a French
nobleman, Pierre Frédy, Baron de Coubertin, thus beginning the era of the Modern Olympic
Games. The official Olympic Motto is “Citius, Altius, Fortius”, is a Latin phrase meaning
“Faster, Higher, Stronger”. Coubertin’s ideals are probably best illustrated by the Olumpic Creed:

“The most important thing in the Olympic Games

is not to win but to take part, just as the most
important thing in life is not the triumph
but the struggle. The essential thing is not
to have conquered but to have fought well.”

The Olympic Flames is lit in Olympia and brought to the host city by
runners carrying the torch in relay. There it plays an important role in the
opening ceremonies. Though the torch fire has been around since 1928, the
relay was introduced in 1936. The Olympic flame is one of the important
symbols of the Olympic Games. It symbolizes the fire Prometheus stole
from the ancient Greek God Zeus. In ancient Greece, the organizers of
the early Olympic Games kept a flame burning throughout the course
of the games.
 The Olympic Mascot, an animal or human figure representing the cultural heritage of
the host country, was introduce in 1968. It has been played an important part of the games
since 1980 with the debut of misha, a Russian bear. French &
English are the two official languages of the Olympic Games.
The Games were held every four years, and the
period between two
celebrations became known as
an “Oympiad”. The greeks used
Olympiads as one of their
methods to count years. The
most famous Olympic athlete
live in these times: The Sixth
century BC wrestler Milo of
Croton is the only athlete in
history to win a victory in six
Olympics. Only young men
could participate in Olympics.
Competitors were usually naked,
not only as the weather was appropriate but also as the festival was meant to
be, in part, a celebration of the achievements of the human body. Upon
winning the games, the victor would have not only the prestige of being in first place but would
also be presented with a crown of Olive leaves. The olive branch is a sign of hope and
peace.

In 1850, an “Olympian” sports festival was begun at Much Wenlock in Shropshire,

England, which also continues to this day as the Wenlock Olympian Society Annual Games. The
interest of reviving the Olympics as an international ever grow when the ruins of ancient
Olympia were uncovered by the German archaeologists in the middle nineteenth century. At the
same time, Pierre de Coubertin was searching for a reason for the French defeat in the
Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871). He though the reason was that the French had not received
proper physical education, and sought to improve this. Coubertin also sought a way to bring
nations closer together, to have the youth of the world compete in sports, rather than fight in
war. In 1890 he attended a festival of the Wenlock Olympian Society, and decided that the
recovery of the Olympic Games would achieve both of his goals. It was on 1896 that Olympics
were decided the first modern Olympic Games would take place in Athens.

International Olympic Committee (IOC) was

established, with the Greek Demetrius Vikelas as its first
President. In June 23, 1894 is the second Olympic Games
took place in Paris, France. Paris was also the first Olympic Games
where women were allowed to compete.
 LEGAL BASIS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Article 1. of the International Charter of Physical Education and Sports, UNESCO, Paris, 1978
and Recommendation 1, Interdisciplinary Regional Meeting of Experts on Physical Education,
UNESCO, Brisbane Australia, 1982. States that:

“The practice of Physical Education and Sports is a fundamental right for all..”
“And this right should not be treated as different in principle from the right to adequate
food, shelter, and medical medical care.”

Article XIV, section 19, 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines-

(1) “The state shall promote Physical Education and encourage sports programs, league
competitions, and amateur sports including training for international competition to
foster self-discipline, teamwork, and excellence for the development of a healthy and
alert citizenry.”
(2) “All educational institutions shall undertake regular sports activities throughout the
country in cooperation with athletic clubs and other sectors.”

What is Sport?
SPORT
According to Peter Mcintosh- Sports is an activity that may contain one or more elements of
play and game but more specially, has the components of competition, physical prowess, skill
and superiority. Sport is about a range of specific activities which involves competition and
requires physical conditioning and skills. A good way to define it would be to say, "It is a
structured physical activity, usually competitive, that requires complex skills and a high level of
individual commitment and motivation.Match it is defined as the schedule or plan of the sport
activities/matches which will be played against of team on a specific date or time.
According to Johann Huizinga that play is activity that is free, stands outside ordinary life, it
is serious, regulated by rules that evolve during the process of the activity, and results in no
material to be gain. So play is actually free, imaginative and it has regulations to follow.
There are 4 categories of play:
1. Alea- this is games of luck
2. Mimicry- it is pretense or the action or art of imitating someone or something, typically
in order to entertain or ridicule
3. Vertigo- whirling and turning activities.
4. Agon - a struggle or contest, dramatic conflict between the chief characters

People often take game and sport as to be the same one. However, game and sport are
entirely different. A game involves more than one person and a sport pertains to only an
individual’s skills and performance.
A physical activity, Sport is carried out under an agreed set of rules. Sport is related to
recreational purposes, either for self-enjoyment or competition or for both. A game is also for
recreational activities and it involves one or more players. Played on the basis of a set of rules,
a game is defined as a goal that the players try to
achieve. As like sport, game is played for enjoyment.
Sport is an activity or activities where the material
capabilities of the sportsperson are looked upon. In a
sport, it is the sportsperson or the individual who
determines the outcome. Well, an individual’s talent
does not determine a game. It is the entire performance of the players that determines the
winner in a game. An individual’s skills or performance, though has much significance, does not
count much in a game; it is only the coordination and team spirit that leads the game.
A person participating in a sport is called as athlete or sport is called as athlete or a
sports person. A person who participates in a game is known as player. When a game relies on
strategy, sport is based on individual performances and luck.
In a sport, the athlete can take independent decisions, but a player cannot take such
independent decisions in a game. A decision is taken at a game collectively among two or more
players. Another difference between them is that game is the former based on physical energy
and the latter is based on mental strength. Sport is played with a view of competition in mind
while game is played with a friendly attitude. (www.differencebetween.net)

Individual Sport
- an individual sport where you play as one team and it refers to a sports in which
participants complete as an individual or duo.

Objectives of Individual/ Dual Sport

 Demonstrate competency in motor skills and movement patterns needed to successfully
participate in a selected individual sports.
 Use movement and concept, principles, strategies, and tactics as they apply to the
learning and performance activity.
 Participate regularly in physical activities.
 Achieve and maintain a health enhancing level of physical
fitness.
 Exhibit responsible personal and social behavior that
respects self and others in physical activity setting.
 Value physical activity for health, enjoyment, challenge,
self-expression and social interaction.
 Demonstrate competency in motor skills and movement
patterns needed to successfully participate in a selected
dual sports.
 Use movement and concept, principles, strategies, and tactics as they apply to the
learning and performance activity.