You are on page 1of 25

s aslaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.

O saasla
aad ad a aad ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P
w
ww w www w www w ww w w wwww

i .O . rgrg
O myF – i1. .O . O grg
rcapup cyfpd; igd; .O . rgK
O rgfj;jd;ik i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d ad saasa l
d adsaasa l ghlk;:1.capup d a
d
asa
sacyfk; l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa Gj;jfww aa
P.P
.tpdh-tpilfs; aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w w w ww
w wwww
ww I.xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf; ww fs;:- ww ww ww
1. gpd;tUtdtw; W s; itu]; f isg; gw; w pa rupahd $w; W vJ?
m)tsu; ri . O
pij. rgrg
O i . O . rsgrdg M)epiykhWk;i.O
O . rgLrz;
O g zpfshFk;
i . O . rgrg
O
a a i khw; w j; i jf; nfhz; a L s;
i a xl;
i a i
d a saaslalmy;
,)DNA
d yJ RNAit anfhz; d adsaasLlas;lasd a
<)nehjpfs;
d d
la
saaslafhzg; gLfpd;wd.ada d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Patpil: ,) DNA my;w .JP.P a a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w wyw RNAit nfhz;Ls;s wdww
w w ww
w wwww
ww 2. fpuhk; Neu; ghf;Bw w upaq;fisg; gw;wpa jtwhd w w $w;iwf; fz;lwpf. w w ww
m)nlf;fhapf; rgrgmkpyk; fhzg;gLtjpy; rigrgy M)nry;Rtupy;.O mjpfsT
rgrg ngg;bNlh fpisf;rg frhd;
g cs;sJ.
,)nry; l aRia. O
i
tu; . O XuLf; f hy; MdJ. l a ia. O
i . O <)ypg; N a
ghghyprhf;
l ia i . O f iul; fs; nfhz; ll a i .
nry;
a O
i . O
R tu;
a s
tpil:a asalm) nlf;fhapf; mkpyk; a sa
l
asafhzg; g Ltjpy; i y a saasal a saasal a saasla
d d
a aMu; d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.3.P
w f;fpghf;Bupak; vJ? w w .P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www m)mrl;Nlhghf;w w
lu;ww M)vu;tpdPah w w Nghdpkh
ww,)bupg; w
wwwjNdh ghf;Bupak; www
<)nkj; w
tpil: <)nkj;
4. ePyg;glRk; i . O . rgrjgNdh ghf;
O
ghrpfNshL
Bupak;
njhlu; Gila i .O . O grg $w;W vJ? .OO
rrupahd i . rgrg i .O . rgrg
O
a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
dm)efu;
ad
l
saasatjw;fhd cWg;Gfs; d ad
asaiy
sa,y; l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa aM)nry;Rtupy; nry;Y.P a a fhzg;gLfpwJ .P.P
.P
Nyh]; aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w www w
ww ,)clyj;ijr; wrw; wwp kpA+rpNy[; fhzg;gw Ltjpy;
w iy ww ww
<)/GNshupbad; jurk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
tpil: m)iryk;i .O . rgrg Nky;Gwj;jpYk; i/GNshak;
O .O . rgrg fPo;Gwj;jpYk; i,Uf;
O .O . rgrFgk;
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
5. rupahfg;
d ad
l
saasa nghUe;jpa ,iziaf; d ad
l
saasa fz;lwpf. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa am)Mf;BNdhikrPl;fs;.P.-P a jhkjpj;
a j ntg;GNeha;.P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w M)ikf; N fhgpsh]; w whw– foiyj; jhil Neha;
w
k w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
,)ghf;Bupaq;fs; - Edpf;foiy Neha;
<)G+Q;irfs; i . O . rgr-gre;jdf; $u;Edp Neha;
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
a Bupaq;fs; - Edpf; a i a i a i
d d saaslal,)ghf;
tpil:
a d adsaaslafla oiy Neha;
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
Pa L, %d;W, Ie;w
.P.II.,uz; a
.Pa ngz; tpdhf;fs;w:-ww
J.Pkjpg; a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww 6. N`hkpNahkpu];ww w wWwk; n`l;bNuhkpu];wiyf;
kw; w n fd; f is NtWgLj; w
J ww
w
f. wwww
ww w w w ww
N`hkpNahkpu]; iyf;nfd;fs; n`l;bNuhkpu]; iyf;nfd;fs;
ghrp nry; i . O . rgs;rg iyf;nfd;fs; i.O.O
f
O rgrtiuaWf;
g fg;gl;l ghrp i . O . rgrgWk; G+Q;ir
kw;
O i . O . rgrg
O
clyj; l a a i
asal jpy; rPuhf gutp fhzg; l a a i
asaglLk;. mLf;Ffs; fhzg; l a l
asagLk; a i l
asala a i asla
d ad sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
a ankdpuhtpd;
.P.7.P rpwg;G gz; .P.Pa ad ahit?
Gfs; a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www (i),it njhy;wY wl;wfU xU nry; capupfs; ww.w www www
(ii),jd; nry;RtH kpANfhngg;ilLfshy; MdJ.
.O O grg
rjw; O
.nfhz;rgrglit.
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
(iii),it
l a ia i . rhh;G Cl;lKiwf; l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i .
d a(iv),it
d
l
saasa ,lg;ngaHr;rp dmilAk; ad
l
saasa jpwd; cilait. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.fP aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w (v)vLj;Jf;fhl;Lw wMu;
:- w w ;fpghf;Bupah. wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww 8. gapu; Row;rp kw;wWwk; fyg;Gg; gapu; Kiwfspy; ww cotu;fs; ny$k; wtif w jhtuq;fisg; gapupLtJ ww Vd;?
ny$k; tif
i . O . rgrgjhtuq;fs; kz;zpy;
O i . O . rgrg u[id epiyepWj;i.JO.fpd;
iel;
O rgrgwd. vdNt cotu;if
O . Os;rgrgapu;
. O g Row;rp
laala i i i i
9.ad
Kiwapy;
a
Ik;
d sanasgUk; g
ny$k;
pupT tifg;
tif
g d
hl; a
b saaslaatpthjp.
jhtuq;
id
d
fla is gapupLfpd;
mjd;
w du;
d
epiw a
d
. aslaaWlak; Fiwfisg; gw;awspaasFwpg;
sakw; d d
laala
G vOjTk; . d adsaasla
.P.Pa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w www w w ww
w w ww
w
ww gz; G fs; ww nkhdpuh GNuhl; ww
b ]; lh G+Q; i rfs; ww gpshz; N l ww
mdpNkypah
1.nry;ypd; njhy;Yl;fU nka;Al;fU nka;Al;fU nka;Al;fU nka;Al;fU
jd;ik i . O . rgrg capupfs;
O i . O . rgrg
capupfs;
O capupfs;i.O . rgrcapupfs;
O g
i . O . rgrg
capupfs;
O
a i a i a i a i
d d saaslala
2.cly;
a xU nry;
d adsaaslalaxU nry; xU
d a
d
aslala,
sanry; jpR (m)cWg;Gafs;
d d saaslalajpR, cWg;Gfs; dadsaasla
a
.P.Pa mikg;G a
.P.Pa a a nry;
.P.Pgy nfhz;l.it a
P.Pa nfhz;lit aa
.P.P
www w ww w w w w
ww cz;L w
wLw w www w
ww 3.nry; Rtu; ww cz;L cz;L/ww ww
cz; ,y;iy ww
,y;i y
i . O . rgrg jw;rhu;G
O i . O . rrghu;
O r gG rhu;G+l;llaia.O . rgrjw;
O g rhu;G Cl;l
i .O . rgGr+l;gl Kiw
O
4.czTl; l
asala a i l l a a i
jw;
asal Cl;l Kiw Kiw asal i l
asala a i
rhu;
asla
d a s
Kiw
a
d ngau;rr; p Cl; l d a
Kiwsa d a sa Kiw d a sa d a s a
.P.Pa a5.,lg; .P.P
cilait/
a ad cilait/ .P.P adwit
amw; mw;wit a ad
.P.P cilait a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www milAk; jpwd;www mw;wit mw;wit www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d ad
C.KISHORE
l
saasa KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., d ad
l
saasaM.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc d(YOGA)., a
d
l
saasa B.A (HINDI)., PGdASST ad saasIN l
a BOTANY,
d adsaasla
aa
.P.GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL,
P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P aa
.P aa
P.P
.Page
w ww
w w wTHATTAPPARAI,
w w wwww
GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. w ww
w CELL : 9894807882. ww ww 1
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aa l al a i aal a l a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s aslaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a aa d a
d a aa d a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w ww w w ww w w www w
Ik;ngUk;gpupT
i . O . rgrgtifg;ghl;bd; epiwfs;
O i . O. Orgr: g i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d
(i),it
a
d saasa l nry; y ikg; G kw;
d
W
a
d
k;
saasa l
clyikg; G Mfpatw;
d a
d
w pd;
saasa l
mbg; g ilapy; mike;
d a
d
j l
tifg;
saasa ghL MFk;.
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa (ii),t; t ifg; g hL capupdq;
.P.P aa f spd; ,dg; g upzhk .P.P aa
njhlu; g pid tpsf; F fpwJ. aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w (iii),it czT+l; w w
w
l w Kiwapd; mbg; g ilapy; w ww
w mike; j tifg; g hL w www
MFk; . w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Ik;ngUk;gpupT tifg;ghl;bd; Fiwfs;:
(i)nry;R i . O
tu;. rgrcila
O g kw;Wk; nry;i.RO tu;
. rgrgmw;w capupdq;fs; i.xNu
O O . rgrggpuptpy; tifg;gLj;ji.O
O rl;grLgs;sd.
g;i.gO
a i a i a i a
d d saaslala itu];fs; ,t;dtadifg;
(ii),it
a saaslaglal;by; Nru;f;fg;gltpy; d a
d saiasy.lala
d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
Paiyf;nfd;fspd; nghJ
.P.10. a
.P.Pgz; a Gfis vOJf. .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww w
(i)ghrpfSf;Fk;,wG+Q;irfSf;Fk; ,ilNa w w Vw;gLk; xUq;Fapup mikg; w w G iyf;nfd;fs; vdg;wgLk;. w
(ii),jpy; ghrp rgrg capupfs; G+Q;irfSf; rgrFg Cl;lj;ij mspf;i.fO.pwJ. rgrg G+Q;ir capupfs;i.ghrpfSf; rgrg F
l a
ghJfhg;ia. O
i . Oi g mspf; f pwJ. l a ia. O
i . O l a a i O l a a O
i . O
a sa asal a saasal a sa asal a saasal a saasla
d
a ad (iii)iyf; n fd; f spd; ghypyh d
a ad ,dg; n gUf; f k; Jz; ld
a adhjy; , nrhuP b aq; f s; , Irpbaq;d
a ad f s; %yk; d
a ad
w .P.P
w eilngWfpwJ. w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www w
wwwefuhtpj;Jfs; %yk;w,dg; w
ww ngUf;fk; nra;fpd;wwd. w
ww w
www
(iv)ghrp capupfs;
(v)G+Q;i .Or.O grg
rcapupfs; ghypdg;ngUf; .O frgj;rjgpy; <Lgl;L M];Nfh
O .O O grg clyq;fis cUthf;
rfdp .O rgrFgfpd;wd.
O
l a ia i l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i .
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P a a ********************************* .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww myF – 1. capup ww cyfpd; gd;Kwfj; w jd;ik ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgghlk;
O rg :2.jhtu cyfk; i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
I.xU skjpg;
d a
d a asa l n gz; tpdhf; f s; :
d
-
a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa
1. vg; g pupT jhtuk; xq; f pa aa NfkP
.P.M)gpiuNah/igl;
P l ; l f jhtu re; j aa
jpiaf;
P.P
.,)[pk; nfhz; l J? aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w m)nlupNlh/igl; w
f ww
s;
w f w
s; ww
w N dh]; n gu; k ; f s;w ww<)MQ;
w r pNah]; n gu; k ; f w
s; ww
w
ww tpil: gpiuNah/igl;
ww fs; ww ww ww
2. nlupNlh/igl;
i . O . rgrgfspy; NfkPl;lf jhtu
O i . O . rgre;
O rgjjpiaf; Fwpg;gJ...i.O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a
lala i ala i a i a i
3.ad
m)Kd;
xUa
d saasMQ; c lyk;
r pNah];
M)clyk;
n gu; k ; d
jhtuj;a
d saasjlapd;
,)$k; G
xw; i
<)Ntu;
wkba
j ; j hq;
d a
d
f
saaslala vz;zpf;;if d14adsavdpy;
p
FNuhNkhNrhk;
tpil: m)Kd; c lyk; aslala
mjd; fUT+z; d a
d saasla
.P.PajpRtpy; cs;s FNuhNkhNrhk; .P.Pa a .P.Paa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w vz;zpf;if? w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww m)7 M)14 w w <)28 tpil: ,)42 w
,)42 w w w w w
4. [pk;Ndh];nrgu; grgk ; f spy; fUT+z; jpR cUthtJ...
rgF grg rgrg
m)fUTWjypd; i . O
i . O NghJ M)fUTWjYf; i . O
i . O rg Kd; ,) fUTWjYf; i . O
i . rF
O gpd; <)fU tsUk; i . O
i .
NghJ O
s l a a
asalM)fUTWjYf;F Kd; s asall a a s asall a a s l
asala a s asla
d a
tpil: a
a ad L, %d;W, Ie;J.Pkjpg; d a a
a adngz; tpdhf;fs;:- .P.P d
a ad a a d
a ad a a d
a ada a
w .P.II.,uz;
w P w w .P w w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www 5. xw;iwkba NfkP ww w
l; wcapup tho;f;ifr; Roiy
w
www ,ul;ilkba NfkPlw w
ww tho;f;ifr; RoypypUe;
; capup
w
wwwJ
NtWgLj;Jf. rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w 6. g; n sf; N lh]; b y; w
vd;www
w hy; vd; d ? Xu; vLj; Jwf;w
w
f w
hl; L jUf. w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
(i)iryKk;, GNshaKk; jl;Lfs; Nghd;W khwp khwp mike;jpUf;Fk; ,J g;nsf;Nlh];by; vdg;gLk;.
(ii)vLj;aJi.f; O fO
grgL: iyf;NfhNghbak;.OfpshNtl;
rhl; rgrg lk;.
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
lala i . a i i . a i i . a i i .
7. dgpf;
a
d saNasdhirypf; gw;wp ePtpHdamwptJ
d saaslala ahJ? d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Paigd]; jhtuj;jpy;ww a
.PPalhk; epiy tsu;r;rwpapd;
,uz; a
.PPaNghJ FWfpa nkLy; a
P.upPafjpu;fisf; nfhz;wLw
.y a
.PPa
ww
ww
ww mlu;j;jpahf cUthFk; ww ww . fl;il gpf;Ndhirypf; ww www.vdg;gLk;. ww ww ww
wwww .
8. MQ;rpNah];gngu;k;fSf;Fk;, [pk;Ndh];gngu;k;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa gfhzg;gLk; ,uz;L nghJg; gz;Gfis
vOJf. i . O . r rg
O i . O . r rg
O i . O . r rg
O i .O . rgrg
O
a s
(i)jz;a aslabaly;ai A+];by; fhzg;gaLjy; saaslaa. lai a sa aslaalai a saaslaalai a s aasla
d d
a a(ii)#y; d
a ad fhzg;gLjy;. .P.P d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w fisr; #o;wew .P#Yiw
;Jw .P w w w .P.P
w ww.P.P
w
www www wwww wwww w
www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
C.KISHORE
l
saasa KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., d a
d
l
saasaM.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc d(YOGA)., a
d
l
saasa B.A (HINDI)., PGdASST ad saasIN l
a BOTANY,
d adsaasla
aa
.P.GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL,
P .P.P aa .P.P aa .P aa
.P aa
P.P
.Page
w ww
w w wTHATTAPPARAI,
w w GUDIYATTAM,
w ww
w VELLORE DISTRICT. w www CELL : 9894807882. ww ww 2
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s a slaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s as laalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w www w www w ww ww
9. ghrpfspy; gRq;
i . O . rgrgfzpfj;jpd; tbtk;i.O.jdpj;
O Orgrg Jtk; tha;e;jJ vdf; i . O . rgrfUJfpwhah?
O g cdJ tpilia
i .O . rgrg
O
epahag; l a ga i
Lj; J f. l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
(i)fpshkpNlhNkhdh]; - d
fpz;a
d
asa
saz l
tbtk; d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w (ii)Nfuh – tl; L w ww
tbtk;
w w ww
w w w ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
(iii)A+Nyhj;upf;]; - fr;ir tbtk;
(iv)ClNfhzpak;
i . O . rgrg - tiyg;gpd;dy;
O i . O . rgrg
O
tbtk; i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a a i a i a i a i
d d saasi
(v)];
a
lalgNuhifuh – RUs; d a
d saaslala
tbtk; d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa,t;thW ghrpfspy;ww a
P.Pafzpfk; ntt;NtWwtbtj;
.gRq; a
.P.Pa jpy; fhzg;gLtjhy; a
Pa jdpj;Jtk; ww
.P.mit a
.P.Pa
wwww w w w w w w w ww ww
ww tha;e;jjhff; fUjg; w w gLfpwJ. w w w w w w
10. gpiuNah/igl;Lfspd; fUTWjYf;F ePu; mtrpak; vd;w fUj;ij Vw;fpwhah? cdJ tpilia
epahag;i.gO Lj;
. rgrJgf.
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i asa l a l a i l a a i
l wpd; tho;f;if Row;
as, amtw; l a a
asarlpapy; i asla
d a s
gpiuNah/igl;
a Lfs; epytho; d a sa jhtuq; fshf ,Ug;g d a s
pDk;a d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad firapioiaf; nfhz; .P.P aladMz; NfkPl;Lfs; Mu; .P.Pa
f;f d
apNfhzpaj; ij mila aePaud; mtrpakhfpwJ. .P.P
.P.P a ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www vdNt gpiuNah/igl; www Lfs; jhtug; ngUk; wwgwpuptpd; ePu; epy tho;twdww vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wwd. ww
**************************
.O rgrg
O O
.2. rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
saasal a lia i . myF saasa l –
a lia i . jhtug; Gwmikg; saasal alia i .g pay; kw; W k; saasal alia i .
saasla
aad a
d d a
d
a a %Ltpijj;jhtuq; d a
d
a afspd; tifg;ghL aad a
d aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w ghlk; : w w
3.clyg;
ww G w mikg; g pay;
www w ww ww
I.xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:-
1. Ntu;fs;i.vd; O . rggrit
O g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
dm)fP
a
d saaosa l
;Nehf;fpait, vjpu; dGtp a
d saasehl; l
a lKilait, Neu;axsp
d d
l
saasa ehl;lKilait dadsaasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa aM)fPo;Nehf;fpait, Neu; .P.P aa Gtp ehl;lKilait, a a xsp ehl;lKilait
.P.vjpu;
P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w w ww wwww
ww ,)Nky; Nehf;fw w Neu; Gtp ehl;lKilait,
pait, ww vjpu; xsp ehl;lw w
Kilait ww
<)Nky; Nehf; rgfrgpait, vjpu; Gtp ehl; lrKilait,
grg Neu; xsp ehl; rgrlgKilait rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
tpil: la
saaslamlu;
M)fP o ; N ehf; f pait,
saw;asWlas;las, Fwpg;gpl;l tbtkw;
Neu; Gtp ehl; l Kilait,
saaslwalaNtu;fshFk;. dadsaaslala
vjpu; xsp ehl; l Kilait
saasla
a
2. d a
d
,it j ; j pahd, a
rijg; d a
dg a d a
d a a d a
d
ww.P.Pam)Kbr;R Ntu;fs; w .P.Pa F Ntu;fs; ,)kzptbt
w
M)fpoq; ww.P.Pa Ntu;fs; <)njhFg;w Gw.P.Pafs;
Ntu; ww.P.Pa
ww
ww w w w w w w w w w w ww
tpil: M)fpoq;FwNtu;fs; w w w
3. vjpu; Gtp ehl;
i . O . rgrglKila Ntu;fSf;i.FO.O
O grg Jf;fhl;L
rvLj; i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal
m)INghkpah,a a i lhypah M)m]; asal l a
g a i
huf]; , &nay; y h l
asal
,)itb]; a a i , Nghu;
L yfh l
asal a a i asla
d a
d sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a a<)mtprpdpah,
.P.4.P iuNrh/Nghuh
.P .Pa ad tpil: <)mtprpdpah, .P.Pa adiuNrh/Nghuh a ad
P.P
.,jw; a ad
P.P
.MFk;
w w w Fu; F kh mkhlh w w
Fu; F wkh nlhk]; b fh m]; wg w w
huf]; kuhz; l h mfpait w w w F vLj; J f; f hl; L w w
fs; w
www w w
m)fpoq;F Ntu;; wM)tisa Ntu; ,)kzptbt
www Ntu;; <)Kbr;R Ntu;w; ww tpil: <)Kbr;R Ntu;; w
w w
5. gpiuNah/gpy;
i .O . rgrygk; lah];Nfhupah i.- O.,jw;
O rgrgF vLj;Jf;fhl;L i.O.O
O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d
m),iy
a
d saasa l nkhl; L , Edp nkhl;
d a
d
L
saasa l M),iy nkhl; L
d
,
a
d
jz;
saasa Ll nkhl; L
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a,)jz;L nkhl;L, Edp.P.P a a L
nkhl; <)jz;L nkhl; .P.PaLa, ,iy nkhl;L aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w tpil: M),iy w wwL, jz;L nkhl;L ww
w
nkhl; ww w w ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
6. fPo;fz;ltw;wpy; rupahd $w;W vJ?
m)igrk;.Orl;
i . rgi
O rgltk; jhtuj;jpy; rpw; i .O wO
.
grg
rpiyfs; gw;Wf;fk;gpahf
i .O . rgrg sd.
khwpAs;
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa
M)mlyhd; l ~ pah jhtuj; j
d
py;
a
d saasa
Edp l nkhl; L Kl; f shf
d a
d saasa
khwpAs;l s J.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa ,)neg; g e; j ]; jhtuj; j
.Pj.Paa
py; eL euk; G %bahf aa
khwpAs;
P.k;P
.f s J. aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w <)]; i kyhf; ] ; w ww
jhtuj;
w py; kQ; r up mr; R gw;
w wf;w
W
w g pahf khwpAs; s J.
w w ww wwww
ww w
tpil: m)igrk; wrl;iltk; jhtuj;jpy; rpw;wwpiyfs; gw;Wf;fk;gpahfwkhwpAs;sd.
w w ww
7. jtwhd ,iziaj;
i . O . rgrg
O
Nju;e;njL
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslalaNlupah- –,iy
m)rh[pl;
,)ngNfhdpah
n`l;bNuh/gpy;
d a
d
nkhirf;
saaslalayp M)yhg; yhg; - s
<)mykhz; d l a
dh
aslarlpw;awpiy mq;iff;$al;bsaa
Kr;
a - %tpiy mikT d d slala
iy
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Patpil: <)mykhz;lwh w .P a a a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w w - .P %tpiy mikT ww ww w w ww wwww
ww w w
II.,uz;L, %d;W, Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:-
w w w w w w
8. gf;f Ntu;O
. frs;
OgrgVd; mfj;Njhd;wpfshf . O rgrtsu;
O g fpd;wd? . O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
l a ia i .
asazl py; cs;s mjpfg;gabahd l a ia i .
asal cg;G jd;ikahy;asaePasuhdJ l a ia i . l a ia i . asla
(i)kz;
a sa sa al mjpf mlu;tpid a sa al W mjpfkhd
asngw; a s a
d
a adrt;T+L guty; mOj; d
ajj;ajdpidf; nfhz;bUf;.FP.k;P d
a. ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www (ii)J}a eP u pd; rt;wwwwT +L guty; mOj; j j; i w
www
j(G+[; [ pak; ) tpl kz; z py; w
www
cs; s cg; G eP u pd; rt; T www
+L wguty;
mOj;jk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;. vdNt jhtuq;fshy; ,j;jifa ePupid vspjpy; cwpQ;r Kbahky;
thbtpLfpd;
i .O . rgrgwd.
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
C.KISHORE
l
saasa KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., d a
d
l
saasaM.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc d(YOGA)., a
d
l
saasa B.A (HINDI)., PGdASST a
d saasIN l
a BOTANY,
d adsaasla
aa
.P.GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL,
P .P.P aa .P.Paa .P aa
.P aa
P.P
.Page
w ww
w w wTHATTAPPARAI,
w w w ww
GUDIYATTAM,
w VELLORE DISTRICT. w w ww CELL : 9894807882. ww ww 3
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l a l a i aa l a l a i aa l al a i aa l al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w www w www w www w wwww
O
ia.tw;.Orgrg i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
9. fPo;faz; l al i wpd; xw;Wik Ntw; W
l aikfis
a i vOJf. l a a i l a a i
d a
d sasa l
m)mtprpdpah, l; uhgh d a
d
M)Mykuk;
l
saasa , ,ytk; gQ;R dkuk; a
d
l
saasa,)fjpu; Nfhy; tbt d a
d
asa
sNtu;
a ,
l
gk; g u tbt Ntu;d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w wwww
ww t.vz; wwmtprpdpah ww l;uhgh ww ww
1. ,it kuq;fs; ,it njhw;Wj; jhtuq;fs;
2. ,iti . O . rgrJg;
O rg G epyj;jhtuq;fs; i . O . rgrg ,it ,ilepiyj;i.O.jhtuq;
O rgrg fs;
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
ala Rthr Ntu;fs;asfhzg; a i
aslalagLk; ,jpy; xspr;aNsaru;asfla;i a i
laf Ntu;fs; fhzg;gsLk; a
aslala i
3. asaasl,jpy; a a a a saasla
a d d a d d a d d a d d a d d
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww t.vz; wwwMykuk;
w wwww ,ytk; gQ;Rwkuk; w
w w wwww
1. ,jpy; gf;ff; fpisfspy; ,jpy; Ntu;fs; mfykhd gyif Nghd;W
,Ue;
i . O .JrgrNtu;
O g fs; Njhd;Wk; .O.O
i rgrg Njhd;Wk; i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
2. asas,jpy;l a
al a i J}z; Ntu;fs; afhzg; l a a i
asal gLk; ,jpy; gyif l a a i
al fs; fhzg;gLk; asaasal
asNtu; l a a i asla
d a d sa d a sa d d a sa
.P.Pa ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www t.vz; ww tbt Ntu;
fjpu;wNfhy; www gk;gu tbt w ww
Ntu; www
1. ,jd; eLg;gFjp gUj;J ,jd; Nky; gFjp gUj;J fhzg;gLk;
fhzg;
i .O . rggrLk;
O g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
2. asas,jd;
d d a a l ,U KidfSk;
d a
d saasa l ,jd; fPo;gFjp
d a
d
l
saasathy; Nghd;W $w;idkahf a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a $w;ikahf fhzg; .P.P agaLk; fhzg;.P gLk;aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w 3. v.fh: Ks; sw wfw
w
q; p w wwgP.lP;&l;
w
v.fh: w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
10. Ntu; VWnfhbfs; rgrg vt;thW jz;Li.O.VWnfhbfspypUe; rgrg J NtWgLfpd; rgrg wd. rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a a i O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O
t.vz;
d a
d saasa l Ntu; VWnfhbfs;
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saasaL VWnfhbfs; dadsaasa
jz; l
d a
d saasla
a a ,jpy; fZ gFjpapy;
.P.1.P .P.P a a ,Ue;J ,jpy;.Pjz; a aL gFjpNa Mjhuj;i a agw;wp
.Pjg; .P.Paa
w ww
w Njhd; W k; w
Ntw;www
w pl Ntu; f s; w www.Pd
w
VWfpd; w ww
w
.P wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Mjhuj;ijg; gw;wp VWfpd;wd
2. v.fh:. O O grg wpiy nfhb
rntw; . O rgrg v.fh: fha;ts;spf;i.O
O nfhbrgrg
O . O rgrg
O
a i i . a i i . a i . a i i .
11.da saasglaw;law (m) xUghj fpisj;
tuk;
d d a
d
a
saaslajliyAk; , tuk;Gila d a
d sa(m) a ghj fpisj;jiyAk;
aslalgyg;
d a
d saaslalaxg;gpLf. d a
d saasla
a
Pa
.P.t.vz; a
.P.Pa jy; (m) a
.P.Ptuk; a a
.Pa
.P(m) a
.P.Pa
wwww tuk;w www
gw;w wfpisj;
w w ww
w G ila fpisj; wjw
wy;w wwww
ww xUghj fpisjy;
w w gyg;ghj fpisjy;
w w ww
1. ,jd;
i . O . rgEdp
O rg nkhl;lhdJ njhlu; i . O . reg;J
O rg ,jd; Edp nkhl;i.O lhdJ
. rgrg Fwpg;gpl;l
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a
tsu;a i e ; J nfhz; N l ,Uf; l
asal
F ak;a i tsu; r ; r pf; F l
asal
gpwFa a i epd; W tpLfpwJ l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad
2. v.fh: ghypahy; j
.P.Ppaha ad v.fh:
.P.P a ad
irf]; a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www 12. Xu; eL euk;gikTf; www Fk;, gy eL euk;gikTf; www Fk; ,ilNaAs;s wNtWghl; ww il $Wf. www
t.vz;
i .O . rgrXu;
O g eL euk;gikT .O.O
i rgrg gy eL euk;
i .O . rgrgikT
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
1.
d a
d
,jpy;
l
saasfhzg;
a xU
g Lk;
ika euk;
d a
d
G kl;
saasa lL k; ,jpy; gy
d
ika
a
d saasa leuk; G fs; fhzg; g
d
Lk;
a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.2.P .P.P aa .Pmq;
.P aa aa
.Piy
.P .P.Paa
w ww
w ,it rpwFww ww
tbt ,it
w ww
w f tbt tiyg;gwpd; wd
w w w ww
w
ww tiyg;gpd;wd wiy wVw;
wgLj;Jfpd;wd ww ww
Vw;gLj; rgJ rgfpd; wd rgrg rgrg rgrg
3. l i
v.fh:
a a. O
i . O kh ,iy l a ia.Oi . O v.fh: gg;ghsp ,iy l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
*************************** w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
rgrg myF – 2. rgrgjhtug; Gwmikg; g pay;
rgrg kw; W k; rgrg
a i . O
i . O %Ltpijj;a i . O
i . O j htuq; f spd; a i . O
i . O
tifg; g hL a i . O
i . O
d a
d saaslala d a
d slala :4.,dg;ngUf;dfadsaGwmikg;
saaghlk; aslala
g pay; d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww I.xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf; ww ww fs;:- ww ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
1. ntf;]py;yup ,joikT ,e;jf; FLk;gj;jpd; gz;ghFk;
m)/NgNg]p
i . O . rgrM)M];
O g lN ; u]p ,)nrhyhNdrp
i . O . rgrg
O <)gpuh]pNfrp OO
i . . rgrg m)/NgNg]p i.O.O
tpil: rgrg
2. ,dze; l a a i
asalj #yf ,iyfs; anfhz; l a a i
asal l #yftl;lk; ,t;at ahWl a a i
al miof;fg;gLk;. asaasal l a a i asla
d a
d sa d sa d sa s d d a s a
.P.Pa am),izahr; #yf ,iy P.P
.#yfk; a ad#yfk; .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
w w w M)gy #yf ,iyw w w w w w w w w w w w
www ,),ize;j #yf www,iy #yfk; www www www
<)Nkw;$wpargvJTk; ,y;iy tpil: rg ,),ize;j #yf ,iyrgr#yfk; rgrg
l a ia.Oi . Org l a ia.Oi . Org l a ia.Oi . Og l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d
C.KISHORE
l
saasa KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., d a
d
l
saasaM.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc d(YOGA)., a
d
l
saasa B.A (HINDI)., PGdASST a
d saasIN l
a BOTANY,
d adsaasla
aa
.P.GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL,
P .P.P aa .P.P aa .P aa
.P aa
P.P
.Page
w ww
w w wTHATTAPPARAI,
w w w ww
GUDIYATTAM,
w VELLORE DISTRICT. w ww
w CELL : 9894807882. ww ww 4
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal al a i aa l al a i aal a la i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s aslaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s a slaalia. i.O saasla
aad ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w www w www w www w www w

ia.O .Orgrg i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg


O i .O . rgrg
O
3. jpus;afla dp i,jpypUe; J cUthfpwJ l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
m)gy
d
l
sasa,izahr; #yf d,iy a
d
l
saasa#yfg;ig M) gy d a
d sa
,ize;
l
asa j #yf ,iy a#yfg;
d d saasa igl
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a,)gy #yf ,iy #yfg; .P.Pa a ig <)KO kQ;rup.P.P aa .P.Pa#yf
a ,iy #yfg;i.gP.P aa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww tpil: m)gy ,izahr;
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww 4. xU kQ;rupapy;wkyu; w fs; gf;fthl;by; mb wwKjy; Edp Nehf;fpa tupirapy; ww mike;jpUe;jhy; w,w,sk;
nkhl;Lfs; rgrg rgrg Fk; rngrrUfg;
g rgrFg
m)mz; l aiia. O
i . O
kapypUf; F k; M)Nra; l a ia.iO
i . O
kapypUf; ,),ilr;
l a ia. O
i . O g l; bUf; F k; l a ia. O
i .
<)vq;O kpUf;Fk;
d a s
tpil:
d a as l
am)mz;ikapypUf;Fak;sasa
d d
a l
d a
d saas a l
d a
d saa s a l
d a
d saasla
a
.P.5.Pacz;ikf;fdp vd;gwJw a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww m)kyupd; #yfg;w w ig kl;LNk fdpahf cUthtJ w w w w w w
M)kyupd; #yfg;ig kw;Wk; Gy;yptl;lk; fdpahf cUthtJ
,)kyupd; i . O . rgrg ig, Gy;yptl;lk;i.O
O
#yfg; .
kw; rg
O g
Wrk; G+j;jsk; fdpahf i . O . rgrg
O
cUthtJ i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asal midj;J tl;lq;afsSk; l a a i
asal fdpahf cUthtJ l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asla
d ads
<)kyupd;
a d a d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa atpil: m)kyupd; #yfg; .P.Paiagd kl;LNk fdpahf .cUthtJ a ad
P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www II.,uz;L, %d;w Ww, w
Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf; wwfw s;:- www www
6. G+tbr;nrjpYila, rgrg G+f;fhk;Gr;nrjpyw;rw gr,gMurkr;rPu; cila,.OKOikahd rgrg ,Ughy; kyu;r,g g
i . O
i . O i . O
i . O i i . O ia.Oij.O r
Ie;jaq;la flakyu;, ,ize;j Gy;y l a
ptl; a lk;, ,ize;j my;yptl; l alak;, ,izahj Ie;J a a
kfue; j;jhs;fs;,
d ad
my;
a
saysptl;lj;Jld; ,ize; d a
dj
a a l
saskfue;jj;jhs;fs;, Nky; d a
dk
a a l
sal;slr; #yfg;igAld; d,ize; a
d
l
sas j ,uz;L #yf dadsaasla
a l
.P.Paa P.Paa
.kyupd; .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w ,iyfis nfhz; w ww
l
w kyu; #j;jpuj;w jw w w
pid vOJf. w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
osa
7.adfPa
d ;fasz;
l
altw;wpw;F fiyr;nrhw;
d a
d
l
saasfas; jUf. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pam)xU tskw;w kfue; aj;jahs;
.Pj.P .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww tpil: kyl;L wwkfue;jj;jhs; my;yJ w w ngUf;fj; jd;ikaw;w
,dg; w wkfue;jj;jhs; ww
M)kfue;jj;jghs; xU fl;lhf ,ize;g j kfue;jj;jhs; tpil: xj; j cWg; g pizT
,)my;a yip.O . r rgfsld; ,ize;jpUj;
O
,jo; i . O jO
. ry;rg tpil: my;yp ixl; . O . rgait
O
b rg i . O . rgrg
O
i
lalaLKiwapd; tiffis a i a i a i
8. d#y;
ad saasxl; d a
d saaslalavLj;Jf;fhl;Lld;dtpsf; a
d saaslaFlaf. d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa1.mr;R #y; xl;LKiw: a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww ww
wika
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww #yfg;igapd; ww mr;rpy; #y;fs; w w
xl;
b fhzg; g Lk; v.fh: w
jf;wf hsp, vYkpr; i r w w
2.tpspk;G #y;xl;L Kiw:
#yfg; . O
i O grg tpspk;G gFjpapy;.OO
rgapd; rgrgfs; xl;b fhzg;gLk;
#y; . O O grg mtiu
rv.fh: . O rgrg
O
l a ia i .
asal #y; xl;LKiw asaasal l a ia i . l
asal a ia i . l
asal a ia i . asla
d a s
3.Rtu;
a d d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad#yfg;igapd; RtH.P.P a ad
gFjpapy; #y;fs; xl;b.Pfhzg; a ad gLk; v.fh: fLF .P.P
.P a ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www 4.mb #y; xl;wLw w
Kiw: www www www
#yfg;igapd; mbg;Gwj;jpy;; #y;fs; xl;b fhzg;gLk; v.fh: #hpafhe;jp
5.jLg;G.r;O
i RO
. rgrg#y; xl;LKiw: i.O.O
tH rgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d ad sgy
a
l
asamiwfisf; nfhz;alsaas#yfg;
d d
l
a igapy; #y;fs;asxl;
d d a
l
asba fhzg;gLk; v.fh: aepk;
d d saa/sa l
igah
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d ad saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww ww ww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i asall a a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a s a d a sa d a s a
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d ad
C.KISHORE
l
saasa KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., d a
d
l
saasaM.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc d(YOGA)., ad
l
saasa B.A (HINDI)., PGdASST ad saasIN l
a BOTANY,
d adsaasla
aa
.P.GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL,
P .P.Paa .P.Paa .P aa
.P aa
P.P
.Page
w ww
w w wTHATTAPPARAI,
w w w ww
GUDIYATTAM,
w VELLORE DISTRICT. w ww
w CELL : 9894807882. ww ww 5
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a aad ad a aad ad a aad ad a aad a
d
ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P
w
ww w ww w w www w www w ww w w
9. $l;Lf;fdpia
i . O . rgrgjpus;fdpapypUe;J i.NtWgLj;
O O . Orgrg Jf. i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
t.vz;
d a
d saasa l $l;Lf;fdp
d adsaasa l
d ad
l
saasa jpus;fdp d ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a xU kQ;rupAk; .mjd;
.P.1.P aa aa a aJ aa
w ww
w Nru; e ; J w
cUthFk; wwwP.P fdpmr;Rk; gy .P
w ww,izahr;
w
Njhd;
.P
W k; rpW
#yfq;fspy; .P
fdpfspd; w ww,Ue;
w
njhFg;
.P
G w www .P.P
ww ww ww ww ww
$l;Lf;fdp vdg;gLk;. jpus;fdp vdg;gLk;.
2. v.fh: . O O grg gok;.
rgyhg; . O rgrg v.fh: rPjhg;gok;.i.O.O
O rgrg . O rgrg
O
a i i . a i i . a i a i i .
10.da
d saaslajlavLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld;
jFe; d ad
lala fdpapd; tiffis
saasrijf; d ad
la
saaslatptup. d ad saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa(i)xU kyupd; xUww a
.P.Pa igapy; ,Ue;J cUthFk;
#yfg; a
.P.Pa fdp rijf;fdpww a
P.PagLk;.
.vdg; a
.P.Pa
wwww w w w ww
w w w w www
ww (ii),jd; fdpj;Nw w jhy; rijg;gw;Wld; fhzg; ww gLk; w w w w
(iii)fdpj;Nrjhy; grg ntspj;Njhy;, eLj; Nrjhy;
grg , cl;Njhy; vd NtWgl; rgrgL fhzg;gLk;. i.O.O rgrg
,it
l a ia . Oi . O fP o ; f z; l Ie; J tifg;
l a ia. O
i
g . O
Lk; l a ia. Oi . O l a a i
a sa asaulp (rijf;fdp):
1.ngu; a saasal a saasal a saasal a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w w.P.P (i),it ,uz;w L wmy;
w.P.PyJ gy #yf ,iyfs; w w.P.P ,ize;J cUthFk; w w.P.P
fdpahFk; w w.P.P
w
www wwwJ gFjpfSk; cz;z www w w
www wwww
(ii),jd; midj; f;$bait
(iii)v.fh: rg jf;gfhsp rgrg rgrg rgrg
a
&lag;
Oi.OrXl;Lr; rijf;fdp):
ia.(cs; l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.O i . O l a ia.Oi . O
d
2.l;a
a
d s(i),it
a s l
d ad
l
saasa nfhz;l Nkw;kdl;adlsaas#yfg; a l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa xw; i w #yf aa
.P.fy;
P ,iyia P.P aa
.fhzg; i gapy; ,Ue; aa
.P.P J cUthFk; fdpahFk; aa
.P.P
w ww
w (ii),jd; cl; Nw www
jhy; Nghd; W fbdkhf w ww
w g Lk; w ww
w w www
ww ww ww ww ww
(iii)v.fh: khq;fha;
3.ngg;Nigh .O O grg
r(ntspXl; Lr; rijf;fdp): .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
l a a i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i .
a asa
s(ii),it
a
l %d;W #yf ,iyia a
l
saasa nfhz;l fPok ; l;alsa#yfg; l
asa igapy; ,Ue;J acUthFk; saasa l fdpahFk; asaasla
d d
a a (ii),jpy; rijg;gw;.WP.ld; d d
a a $ba eLj;Njhy; fhzg; d d
a agLk; aad d adad
w w.P.P w w P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww (iii)v.fh: nts; ww wswup wwww wwww ww ww
4.n`];ngupbak; (vYkpr;ir tiff;fdp):
. O O grg j gy #yf ,iyfisAk;
r,ize; . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrkgl;lr;
O
(i),it a i i .
lala igapy; ,Ue;J scUthFk; a
aslalai i . , gy #yf a i i .
miwfisAk; nfhz; la i Nky;
i .
d a
d saas#yfg; d ad a fdpahFk;. da dsaaslala d ad saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa (ii),jd; fdpAiwapy; a
.P.Pavz;nza; Rug;gpfs; .P a
.Pa gLk;
fhzg; a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w www w ww
w w ww
w w www
ww (iii)v.fh: vYkpr; w w ir ww w w w w
5.Nghk; (ngha; rgrg f ; f dp): rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i .
f Oi
dp. O ,ize; j gy #yf a i . O
i . O
,iyfis nfhz; l fPaoi .
; O
ki .
l; O
l #yfg; i gapy; ,Ue;a i . O
i . O
a s
(i),f;
a
lal a
asfdpahFk; a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a saasal cUthFk; asaasla
l a J
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad adad
w .wP.P (ii),jpy; G+j; j sk;w .wP. P
#yfg; i gAld; ,ize; wJ.wP.fhzg;
P g Lk; . vdNt w
,it.wP.P ngha; f ; f dp vdg; g w
Lk; ..wP.P
ww
ww wgw ww wwww wwww ww ww
(iii)v.fh: Mg; ps;, Ngupf;fha;.
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
**************************************
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l myF d ad
l
saasa– 2. jhtug; Gwmikg; d ad
l
saasa gpay; kw;Wdk;adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Pa a %Ltpijj;jhtuq; .P.P a afspd; tifg;ghL aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w w www
ww ww :5.tifg;ghl;bay;wkw;
ghlk; w Wk; FOkg;gupzhk wwtifg;ghl;bay; ww
I.xU kjpg;nO
i . gz;. rgrgtpdhf;fs;:-
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i a a i
1. Kjd;
d a
d
,t;satashWi
a lk tiff;
mwpag; g
f hl;
LfpwJ.
L fhzg;
d ad
g
saasa l
lhj NghJ mryw; w
d ad
njhFg;
saasa l g ypUe; J ngwg; g
d
l;
ad
l l
saasa ngau;r;nrhy; dadsaasla
khjpupl
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.P aa aa
P.P
.tpil: aa
.P.P
w ww
w m) N`hNyhilg;ww wM)
w epNahilg; ,) INrhilg; w ww
w <) ghuhilg; ww ww M) epNahilg;ww ww
ww 2. kuG top tifg; ww ghL vjidg; gpujpgypg;w w kpfTk; tpUk;gj;jf;wfwtifg;ghlhf cs;sJ.ww
gjhy;
m) xg;gPl;Lrgcs; rg y sikg;gpay; M) rcw; grggj;jp nra;ag;gl;l .G+f; rfgrspd;
g vz;zpf;if .O.O rgrg
,) xg;laglia Pl.O i
;L . Onry; pay; a i
<). O
i . O
gupzhk cwTKiw a i Oi . O tpil: <) gupzhk i i
lala cwTKiw
a
a
3. dgy;saNastWa tifg;gl;l jhtuasNehnajpu; aaslala g;G kz;lyj;ja s
pd;a
lala
asxw; W ikfs; kw; W k; a
Ntw; saaW
s ikfs; mlq;fpa da saasla
a d a d d a d d a d d a d
ww .P.Patifg;ghL ww .P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww .P.Pa
ww
ww m) Ntjpa tifg; w w
wghL w w w w
M) %yf;w$W tifg;ghl;L mikg;w w w w
G Kiw w ww w
,) CePu;rhu;gtifg;ghL <) g vz;zpay; tifg;ghL g tpil: ,) CePu;rhu;g tifg;ghL
4. gpd;tUk; i . O ve;
. r jrgj; jhtuj;jpd; Ntu;i.O
O Kz;
. r rLgfspy; iel;u[idi.O
O r rg
O
epiyepWj;
. Jk; ,io Ez; i .O Z. O rg fs;
r apu;
as l al
ad? a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
dcs;
a sa s d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
.P.Pa am)d FNuhl;lNyupah [d; .P.P d
arapah M) irf]; nutY}l; .P.P a ad lh a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www ,) irru; mupl;w bw w
dk; www
<) NfrpAtiudh <Frpb/Nghypah www tpil: ,) irru; mupl; www bdk;
5. ,U gf;fr;rkr;rPu; nfhz;l kyu;fs;
m) rPNuh/gp[pah
i .O . rgrg M) njtp~pahi.O.O
O grglhl;Luh <) nrhyhdk;
r,) i .O . rgrg tpil: m) rPNuh/gp[pah
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
C.KISHORE
l
saasa KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., d ad
l
saasaM.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc d(YOGA)., ad
l
saasa B.A (HINDI)., PGdASST ad saasIN l
a BOTANY,
d adsaasla
aa
.P.GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL,
P .P.Paa .P.P aa .P aa
.P aa
P.P
.Page
w ww
w w wwTHATTAPPARAI,
w w ww
GUDIYATTAM,
w VELLORE DISTRICT. w ww
w CELL : 9894807882. ww ww 6
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal al a i aa l al a i aal a la i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s aslaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad ad a aad a
d a aad ad
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w www w ww w w www w ww w w
II.,uz;L, %d;
i .O . rgWrg, Ie;J kjpg;ngz; itpdhf;
O .O . Orgrgfs;:- i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
6.ad a
d
capupag;
l
saasa gy;tifikiag; d a
d sa asa
ghJfhg;
l
g jpy; Njrpag; d adsafashf;
G+q;
l
a fspd; gq;fpid tptup.
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Pa(i) jhtutpay; Muha; aa
.rP.r; P .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w pfSf;F gad;gLfpd; w w
wwdw w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
(ii) jhtuq;fspd; cs;sikg;gpay;, fUtpay;, nry;ypay; gw;wp mwpa Njrpa G+q;fhf;fs; cjTfpd;wd
(iii) mupjhd i . O . rgkw;
O rg Wk; mopaf;$ba i.epiyapy; O . rgrg cs;s jhtuq;if.O
O is. rgrgghJfhf;f cjTfpd;
O i . Ow.O rgrg
d
a i
aslala rpw;wpdq;fisg; gw; a i
la Njrpa G+q;fhf;sfas; a a i a i
(iv)
d a
d sajhtu d a
d sawasp lamwpa d ad a slalcjTfpd; wd d a
d saaslala d adsaasla
a a capupay; gy;tifikia
.P.P(v) a
.P.Pa gw;wp mwpa cjTfpd; a
.P.Pa wd. a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww ww ww ww ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
7. ,UtpijapiyfisAk; rgrg , Nfhg;ig tbtg; rgrg G+j;jsj;ijAk; infhz; rgrgl jhtuq;fis vt;i.tO.hW rgrg
tifg; l a
g ia.
Lj; O
i . O
J tha; ? my; y J nge; l ajia.
k;O
i . O
kw; W k; `P f ; fu; tifg; l a g
a. O
i .
hl; Oi l tptup. l a a i O
a saasal a sa asal a sa asal a saasal a saasla
d d
a a1.,Utpijapiyfis d
a ad l jhtuq;fs; fPo.P d
a aldthW tifg;gLj;jg;.gP.l;P d
aLas;dsJ. d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.nfhz;
w P w w ;f.z;P w w w .P.P
w
w
www w
www wwww w
www wwww

i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrtpijj;
O g jhtuq;fs;
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Pa a tFg;G-I .P.P aa .P.P aGa-II .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w wtFg;
w w w ww
w
tFg;G-III ww
w w
ww ilfhl;byplNd ww w[pk;
w Ndh];ngh;k;Nk ww NkhNdhfhl;bw w
yplNd
(%d;W FLk;gq;fs;) 7 tupir 34 FLk;gq;fs;
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg 1.irf;fNlrp i.O.O
O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l 2.Nfhdp/ngNurp
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa aa aa
w ww
w w ww
w w wwP.;NPlrp
3.eP.l
w w ww
w
.P.P
wwww.P.P
ww ww ww ww ww
Jiz tFg; i . O . rGg-Irg
O i . O . Ogrg tFg;G-II
rJiz i . O . rgrg
O Jiz i . O . rgrgG-III
tFg;
O
a i a i a i a i
d d saaslallahNy
ghypngl;
a d a
d saaslala NfNkhngl;lhNy d adsaaslala d a
d saaslala sikbNa dadsaasla
NkhNdhf;
a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a .P.Pa a a
.P.8Patupirfs; 36 FLk;w gq; as;a
.Pf.P
www w ww w w w w
ww tupir-I ,d;/ngNu ww www w ww w
ww tupir-I wjhykp/GNsNuw ww ww
6 Jiwfs; 34 FLk;gq;fs; 3 Jiwfs; 9 FLk;gq;fs;
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a l a
asatupir-IIi asall a a i l a a i
al bNuhkpNu
asn`l; l
asala a i asla
d a sa b];fp/GNshNu
d a sa tupir-II
d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad 4 Jiwfs; 23.PFLk; .P a adgq;fs; .P3.P ad
aJiwfs; 12 FLk;gq;f.s; P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www www www www www
tupir-III fhyprp/GNshNu tupir-III igfhHngy;Nyl;Nl
5i.O rgrg 27 FLk;gq;fs;i.O.O
Jiwfs;
. O rgrg 4 Jiwfs; i.24 O . O grg gq;fs;
rFLk; i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a2.Nfhg;ig tbtg; G+j;.P j.P a
sj; a ij nfhz;l jhtuq; .Pf.P as;a (fhyprp/GNshNu):- .P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w wwww
ww (i) ,jpy; Nfhg;w iwg tbtg; G+j;jsk; fhzg; wwgLk; ww ww
(ii) ,jpy; Nky; g k l; l, fP o ; kl; l , ,ilkl; g l , #yfj; i j cila kyu;
g f s; tifg; g Lj; j g; g l; L
g s; sJ.
. O r
O r g O r
O r g
. i. gq;fs; fhzg;gLk;lalia. i. O r
O r g . O r
O rg
a saaslaaliai. 5 Jiwfs; kw;W
(iii),jpy;
a sa asaaliaFLk;
k; l27
a sa asa a saaslaaliai. a saasla
d d
a acapupdq;fspd; gupzhk d d
a atuyhw;W Ngioia .vt; aad d d d
a ajpwf;fpd;wd? aad d
ww.P.8.P ww .P.P wwP.PthW kugZ Fwpg;wgw .P
hd;w
w P
f.s; ww.P.P
w
ww w (i) DNA mstpy;wntt;
w w
w NtW jhtuf; FOf;wfwspd; ,dg;gupzhk cwit w w ww cUthf;Ftjpy; %yf; w
ww$Ww
,dg;gupzhk rgrg tifg;ghL cjTfpwJ. rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . Oi . O
(ii) ,J
a saaslala capupdq; f spd; gupzhk
a sa aslala tuyhw; w pd; jfty; f
a
s;
sa aslala
mlq; f pa Gijay; aslala jpwf;fpd;wJ. asaasla
Ngioiaj;
a sa
.P.Padad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.Padad .P.Padad
www w ww w w ww w w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i asall a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
C.KISHORE
l
saasa KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., d a
d
l
saasaM.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc d(YOGA)., ad
l
saasa B.A (HINDI)., PGdASST ad saasIN l
a BOTANY,
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL,
P .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.Paa P.Paa
.Page
w ww
w w wTHATTAPPARAI,
w w GUDIYATTAM,
w ww
w VELLORE DISTRICT. w ww
w CELL : 9894807882. ww ww 7
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aal a l a i aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s aslaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s a slaalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
aa d a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w ww ww wwww www w
9. fpisl;Nlhupah
i . O . rgrg nlu;Nd~pahtpd; i.kyu;
O O . Orgrggz;Gfis tpsf;Fif.O.O rgrgyJ /NgNgrp (gl;li.hzp)
my;
O . rgrgFLk;gj;jpd;
O
i i i i
saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala
nghJg; gz; G fis tptup.
d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d saasla
a aypy;ypNarp FLk;gj; .Pjhtuq;
.P.10.
P aa a a gj; jhtuq;fspypUe;
.P.FLk; .PJa avt;thW NtWgLj;Jtha; a?a
.P.P
w ww
w w ww.P fis nrhyhNdrp
w wwww P
wwww .P w ww
w
ww my;yJ lhl;^w uhw nkl;ly; kw;Wk; my;yw w rPgh jhtuq;fis fiyr;
pak; ww nrhw;fshy; tptup. ww
. O Ogrg
rfs; . O rgrg
O . O rgrgly;
O . O rgpak;
O rg rPgh
t. l a i
gz;
a i .G fpisl; N lhupah
l a ia i . lhl; l ^
a i
uh
a i . nkl; l a i
my; a i .y
vz; d a
d
a
sasa l
a
nlu;Ndd~pah
d
a l
sasa (/NgNgrp) d a
d
asa l
sa(nrhyhNdrp) d a
d
a l
sasa (ypy;ypNarp) d a
d saasla
a
.P.P1.a tsupay;G wgpd; a
.P.PDaq;nfhb a
Pa
.P.rpWnrb a
.P.ParpWnrb a
.P.Pa
wwww w w w wwww wwww w ww
w
ww 2. w
Ntu; w MzpNtu; w w MzpNtu; ww ry;ypNtu; w w
3. jz;g L eype;j jz;L gRikahdJ, jiuf; f P o ; Fkpok;
i . O . r rg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l a a i
asal $l;biy, jdp a,iy,
nkd; i kahdJ
asall a a i l a a i
asaglw;Wilait, asla
d a sa xw; i dwa sa
rpwF d sa d a s
rijg;a d a sa
.P.Pa4.ad ,iy a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.khw;
P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w
mijg; G ilait, w ww w piyaikT, w ww cUz; l ,iy, w w w
www wwwtiygpd;dy; euk;gikT www tiygpd;dy; euk;w ww
gikT ,izg;Nghf;Fweuk; wwgikT
5. kQ;rrguprg ,iyf;Nfhz kQ; rgrrgup ,iyf;Nfhz rirk; grg ];Nfg;gp[pu]; rgrgtif
i . O
i . O i . O
i . O i . O
i . O i . O i . O
6. a aslaala
saGy; a saasla,ala a sy
aaslaala kQ;
a aslaala
r up
sG+tpjo;
a a saasla
aa d d y p tl; l k; / 5 Gy;
aa dyd pfs; 5aad d
Gy; pfs; , aad6d f s; , ,U aad d
ww.P.P G+tpjo; tl;lk; .P.P
wgRikahdJ,
w ww.P.gRikahdJ,
P ww.P.P mLf;fpy; mike;w jwww.P.P
it,
w
ww w w w
ww njhL ,jo; mikTww njhL ,jo; mikT ww wwww ww
njhL ,jo; mikT
i .O . rgrg
O 5 my;ypfs;, tz;
i .O . rgrz
O g j;J 5 my;ypfs;.,O.O
i rgrg
iftprpwp
i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i a a i
d
7. a
d saamy; l
sa yp tl;lk; mike; G+r; r p
d
tbtpy;
a
d saasa l Nghd;
d a
d saasa
w l
kbg; G ilait,
d a
d
my; saayl
sap tl;lk; ,y;iy dadsaasla
l
.P.Paa aa
.P.P j it, a a ,joikT
.P.jpUF
P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w,wq;
w w F jOT ,joikT wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww 6 kfue;j;jhs;fs;
ww
10 kfue;j;jhs;fs; (9)+1 5 kfue;j;jhs;fs;,
i . O . rgrg
O vd ,U fw;i
i . . rgrg
wapy;
O O my;yp xl;b i . O
ait,
. rgrg
O 3+3 vd.O
i ,U
. rgrgmLf;fpy;
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d a slalatl;jlj;k;jhs; mike;
8. sakfue;
d a
d aaslala
jsit, kfue;
d a
d
jsaa lagla <uiw
g;si
d a
d saaslajlait,
mike;
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pajg;ig <uiw
kfue; a
Pa
.P.cilait a
.P.Pakfue;jg;ig <uiw ww a
.PPa
ww
ww
ww
ww ww wcilait
w ww wwww
wwwwww cilait ww ww .
Nky; kl;l #w;ig, Nky; kl;l #w;ig, Nky; kl;l #w;ig,
9. #yf . O rgr
tl;
O g
l k; tpspk;G #y; i.xl; O r
Ogr g
LKiw, mr;R #y; i.xl; O r
O grg
LKiw, mr;R #y; . O O grgLKiw,
rxl;
l
asala ia i . l al a i . l a
asal ,iy a i . l a i a i . asla
a sa xU #yf a saasa,iy ,U a#yf sa %d;
a saaW
s al#yf ,iy a sa
d
a10.ad d
a adntbfdp d
a ad d d ntbfdp
a amiw d
a ad
w .P.P
w fdp
w .P.P
,UGw
w ww.P.ntbfdp
P ww.P.P w .P.P
w
w
www 11. w
tpij wwwfUT+z; mw;wJ w
www fUT+z; cilaJwww w fUT+z; cilaJ w
www
12. kyu; KOikahdJ, ,Ughy; KOikahdJ, ,Ughy; KOikahdJ, ,Ughy;
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg,
O kyu;, Ie;lajia .O . rgkyu;
O rg , i .O . rfgrgkyu;,
O
l a a i kyu;, Ie;jlq; a fa i kyu; q; i
f kyu;, la%tq; a i
d adsaasa l ,Ugf; d a
dfsa
l
r;asrkr;
a rPUilaJ Murkr;
d a
d
l
saasraPUilaJ d a
Murkr;
d
l
saasa rPUilaJ d a
d saasla
.P.Pa13.a aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww kyu; tha;gw hLw ww ww ww
14. kyu; i .O rgrg
O
tiuglk;
. i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d adsaaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asal a a i asall a a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad d a ad
a a****************************************
.P.P .P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w ww w ww w w w
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d ad
C.KISHORE
l
saasa KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., d a
d
l
saasaM.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc d(YOGA)., a
d
l
saasa B.A (HINDI)., PGdASST a
d saasIN l
a BOTANY,
dadsaasla
aa
.P.GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL,
P aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P aa
.P aa
P.P
.Page
w ww
w w wTHATTAPPARAI,
w w wwww
GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. wwww CELL : 9894807882. ww ww 8
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
aad ad a aad a d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aa d a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww ww www w ww w w www w

i .O . rgrmyF
O g – 3. nry; i .O . Ogrg
rcapupay; kw;Wk;i.O . rgrg %yf;$Wfs;
capup
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d ad saasa l
d a d
l
saasghlk;
a :6 nry; xU tho;
d a
d saast l
a pay; myF
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;.fP.s;P
.P.I.xU
P aa .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w wwww :- w www w w ww w ww
w
ww 1. iuNghNrhk;fspd; ww,uz;L Jiz myFfSk; ww ve;j madp epiyapy; ww neUf;fkhfj; njhlu;w w
e;J
Nru;e;jpUf;Fk;
m) nkf;i.d O PO
r grg M) fhy;rpak; ,)
rpak; . O rgrg
O
Nrhbak; <) /ngu;u];i.O rgrgtpil: m) nkf;dPri.pak;
O O rgrg
O
a i . a i i . a i . a i .
d d saaslala
2. igNyhn[dpia
a njupe;Jf;asa
d d
aslalas fPo;f;fz;l ve;jasatupirfs;
nfhs;
d d
aslala gad;gLj;jg;a
d d saaslala
gLfpwJ.
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pam) mRNA M) rRNA a
PatRNA <) HnRNA ww
.P.,) a
.P.Patpil: M) rRNA ww a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w w w w w ww
w
ww 3. gy nry;fspd; gzpfs; w w xOq;fhfTk; kw;W w w
wk; ikl;lhl;bf; nry;gFg;wG ,Ue;jhYk; $l ,itfisg; w w
ngw;wpg;gjpy;iy?
m) gpsh]; i . O . rghrgrt;T M) irl;Ni.lh];
O
k O . rgrngfypl;ld;
O ,) ikl; i . O . rNgrlhfhz;
O g bupah <) ifzpfq;
. O . rgrgfs;
O
l a a i
asal<) fzpfq;fs; l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a s
tpil:a
d rt;tpd; mikg;.gPpy;P d a dsa d a sa
d jpy; nfhz;L ypg; d a sa d a sa
a anry;
.P.4.P .a agha;k jpl;L khjpupiaf; .P.P a afUj; ad Gujq;fSk; ypg;
apLfSk;
.P.gP apLad
.P.gP
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www xw;iw mLf;fpypUe; wwwJ kWGwj;jpw;F ,lg;wnwgau; w e;J nry;yf; fPo;f;fwhZk; ww $w;Wfspy; vJ rupahdJ. www
m) ypg;gpLfs; kw;Wk; Gujq;fs; mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; ,lg;ngau;tjpy;iy
M) ypg;gpLfs;
i . O . rgrgkw;Wk; Gujq;fs; mq;
O i . O . rgk;rg,q;Fk; ,lg;ngau;if.O
F
O pd;O
. rwgrdg i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d d a
l
d d
l
asagpLfs; mupjhf mq;aFsak;asa,q;Fk; ,lg;ngau;fpd;awsad.
,) sypg;
a d d
l
asa Gujq;fs; my;y. asaasa
d d
l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a<) Gujq;fs; mq;Fk; .,q; P.PaFak; ,lg;ngau;fpd;wd..Pypg; a agpLfs; my;y.
.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w tpil: ,) ypg; g pLfs;
w wwmupjhf
w mq; F k; ,q; F
w www,lg;
k; n gau; f pd; w d. Gujq;
w w wfws; my; y . w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
5. gl;bay;-I I gl;bay;-II cld; nghUj;jpr; rupahd tpiliaj; Nju;e;njLf;fTk;.
gl;
i .Ob.O rgrg-I
ay; i .O . rgrg gl;bay;-II
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
dm)
ad saaijyf; l
sa fha;Lfs; - da(i)jl; d
l
saasaL tbtg; ig Nghd; d a
d
l
asa if cWg;Gfs; asaasa
wsaNfhy;
d d
l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa aM) fpup];Nl a a(ii)Ruq;fpa mikg;i.gP.P
.P.-P aa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w www nfhz;l DNA w w ww w ww
w
ww ,) rp];lu;Nd ww - (iii)];l;Nuhkhtpd; ww jl;ilahd ig Nghd;wwwrt;T ww
<) FNuhkhl;rb grd;
g - (iv)ikl;Nlhfhz; rgrg bupahtpy; cs;si.O.kbg; rgrgGfs; rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i O a i . O
i . O
saaslala(iv) (ii) (i) dadsaaslala saaslala saaslala
(m) (M) (,) (<)
d
(1)ad (iii) d a
d d a
d d a
d saasla
a
.P.P(2)a (iv) (iii) (i) (ii) a
.P.Pa .P.Paa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww ww ww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
(3) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
(4) (iii) i.(i) O . rgr(iv)
O g (ii) tpil: (3) .(iii)
i O . rgrg(iv) (i) (ii)
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asLa, l %d;W, Ie;J kjpg;ansagz; l a a i
asal tpdhf;fs;:- l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a
II.,uz; sa
d l NtWgLj;Jk; Ez; d d fpapd; Kf;fpaj;.JPtj; d a sa d a sa d a sa
a afl;
.P.6.P .P.PaNazhf; a aidjf; $Wf.
.P .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www (i)Ez;Nzhf;fw ww itf;fg;gl;l nghUis
papy; wwwed;F NtWgLj;jp fhl; ww w
LfpwJ www
(ii) capUs;rg srgnry;fs; kw;Wk; jpRf;rfgris g NtWgLj;jp fhl;.O rgrg
LfpwJ rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a i
a i . O l a ia.Oi . O
7. d a
(iii)ikl;
d
l l hrp]; nry;
saasaNlhgpshr Nfhl;ghl;diadlf;
GNuhl;
gFg; G l
epiyfis
saas; a$Wf. gpupj; j wpa
d a
d
ngupJk;
saasa l cjTfpwJ.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w (i)1861Mk; Mz; w
L wkhf;
w w ] ; ]; f y; ] ; vd; g w w
tu;wwGNuhl; N lhgpshrj; j pw; Fw w
k; ww
, rhu; N fhLf; F k; cs; s w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
xw;Wikia vLj;Jiuj;jhu;.
(ii)1868Mk; i .O . rgMz;
O rg L `f;];yp GNuhl; i .O . rglhgpshrj;
N
O rg ij capupapd; i .O . rg,aw;
O rg gpay; mbg;gili.O vd;
. rgWrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d ad saa l
sa nkhope;jhu;.
Kd;
d a dsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a(iii),jid 1892Mk; .P a a L X.n`u;l;tpf; vd;.gPtu; aa ahL
.P.gP a vd mioj;jhu;. .P.P aa
w ww
w w wwMz;
w
.P w www.P GNuhl;Nlhgpshr wNfhl; w ww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
8. GNuhNfupNahl;LfSf;Fk;, A+NfupNahl;LfSf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
la Gfs; a i a i a i
d ad saaslagz; d dsaaslala Lfs;
GNuhNfupNahl;
a d d saaslala Lfs;
kPNrhNfupahl;
a d a
d saaslalaLfs;
A+NfupNahl;
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa 1.nry;ypd; msTww a
.P.Pa ~1-5µm a
.P.Pa ~1-10µm a
.P.Pa~10-100µm a
.P.Pa
wwww w w w www w w ww w ww
w
ww 2.iuNghNrhk;fs; w w 50S + 30S w w 60S + 40S w w 60S + 40S w w
3.Ez;ZWg;
i . O . rgrGgfs;
O
,y;iy rgrg
i . O . O
cs;sJ rgrg
i . O . O
gy fhzg;gLfpwJ
i .O . rgrg
O
4.nry; l
asal a a i
gFg; G ,U rkg; g
l
asal a
psTa i Kiw ,U rkg; gl a
psT
asal a i Kiw ikl; l l
asal
hrp]; a
, a i
kpahrp]; asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad5.vLj;Jf;fhl;L .P.P a adghf;Bupah .P.P ad
aGNuhNlhNrhth a adfs;, tpyq;Ffs; .P.P
jhtuq;
.P.P a ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d ad
C.KISHORE
l
saasa KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., d a d
l
saasaM.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc d(YOGA)., a
d
l
saasa B.A (HINDI)., PGdASST a
d saasIN l
a BOTANY,
dadsaasla
aa
.P.GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL,
P .P.Paa .P.P aa .P.Paa P.Paa
.Page
w ww
w w wTHATTAPPARAI,
w w w www
GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. w w ww CELL : 9894807882. ww ww 9
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l al a i aal al a i aal a la i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w wwww www w wwww
9. jhtur; nry;
i .O . rgY
O rgf;Fk;, tpyq;F nry; i .OYrf;gF
. Orgk; ,ilNa cs;ls i .O . rgrg
NtWghLfis
O ml;ltizg;
i .O . rggrLj;
O g Jf.
l a a i l a a i a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa gz; G fs;
.P.Paa jhtur; nry; tpyq; F
.P.P aa
r; nry;
.P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w 1.nry; y pd; w ww
msT
w ngupait w ww
rpwpait
w w ww
w wwww
ww 2.nry;Rtu; w
w cz;L
w,y;
w iy ww ww
3.gRq;
i . O . rfgzpfk;
O rg fhzg;gLk;
i . O . rgrg fhzg;glhJ
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a
lala i a i a i a i
d a
d saas4.iyNrhNrhk; fs;
d d saaslalgalhJ fhzg;
fhzg;
a
gLk; salala
d a
d a s d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa 5.Nrkpg; G czT a
.P.Pa jurk; fpisf;
.P.Paa
Nfh[d; a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
10. jhtur; nry;
i . O . rgry
O gpd; Ez;zikg;ig.Oglk;
i . rgrgtiue;J ghfj;ijf;
O i . O .
Fwpf;
rgrg fTk;.
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.P a ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d d saaslala
************************************************
a d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
ww
a
.P.Pa myF ww .P.–Pa3. nry; capupay;
a
ww
a
.P.Pakw;Wk; capup w%yf; a
.P.Pa $Wfs;
w
a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww ww ww w ww
w :7.nry; Row;rp
ghlk; w w
w w wwww
I.xU kjpg;ngz;
ila.O rgrgtpdhf;fs;:-
.rO i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
1. nry;alRow;
aa i papd; rupahd tupiria l
asala a i vOJf. l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa s d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad
m) S - M - G 1 - G 2
.P.Pa ad .P.P a ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad
w w w S - G - G - M w w w w w w w w w w w w
www M) 1 2 www www www www
,) G1 - S - G2 - M
<) M -aGi.O -i.G r2gr-gS tpil: ,) G1 - iS.O
O -i.G rg2r-gM
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a l a a l a a i a a i
a
2. dnry;
d
l
saasaRow;rpapy; G1 epiyapy; d a
d saasnry;l
a gFg;G tiuaiug;agsaLj;
d d
l
asajg;gl;lhy;, me;j epiyapd;
d a
d
l
saasa ngau; vd;d? dadsaasla
l
.P.Paa .P aa
.P .P aa aa
.PG.P .P.Paa
w ww m) S epiy M)wG w2w epiy ,) M epiy w<) ww G.0Pepiy tpil: w<)ww 0 epiy w ww
w
ww 3. tpyq;F nry;fw w
w ikl;lhrp]; rupahf weilngWtjw; w ww w w
spy; w F (APC) md/Ng]; gpupepiyf;F ww
Kd;NdWjiy
ia.O .Orgrg Vw;gLj;j $l;likg; i .O
G rg
. g
cjTfpwJ.
Orgpioahdhy;
,J xU Gujr;
i .O . rgrg rpijit nray;giLj;
O .O . rgk;rg
J
O
l a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d
$l;slaikg;
a
d a sa l g hFk; . kdpj nry;
d a
d
y py;
asa
sahf; l APC
d
fP
a
d
N
saasao l
cs; s tw; w py; vJ
d
epfo
a
d saasa l
KbAk; .
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa m) FNuhNkhNrhk; f s; aa
Jz; l
.PgpupTwhJ
.P
f g; g Ljy; M) aa
.P<).P FNuhNkhNrhk; f s; FWf;
.P aa
f k; milahJ
.P.Paa
w ww
w ,) FNuhNkhNrhk;w w
fws;w wwww FNuhNkhNrhk;fspy; w wkPw
w s.P
; Nru;f;if epfOk;.ww ww
ww tpil: ,) FNuhNkhNrhk; ww fs; gpupTwhJ ww ww ww
4. nry; Row;
. O grg S-epiyapy;
rpapd;
rO
. O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
a i i . a i i . a i i . a i i .
d
m)
a
d slalnathU nry;ypYk;dcs;
saaxt; a
d saasslalaDNA-tpd; msT ,uz;
d a
d saaslaLlaklq;fhfpwJ dadsaaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.PaM) xt;nthU nry;wyw a
PPacs;s DNA-tpd; w
.pYk; a
.PPanjhlu;e;J mNj mstpy;
msT a
.P.Pa ,Uf;Fk; a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww ,) FNuhNkhNrhk; ww wfwspd;. vz;zpf;if mjpfkhFk; wwwww. wwww ww ww
ww
ww
<) xt;nthU nry;ypYk; cs;s DNA-tpd; msT ghjpahf FiwAk;.
.O O grg
rxt; . O rgsrg DNA-tpd; msT i,uz;
O . O rgrLg klq;fhfpwJ
O .O rgrg
O
tpil:lalm) ia i .
asNauhkpau; ,jw;F Njit nthU nry;ypYk; l
asala iacs;i . l
asala a i . l
asala ia i . asla
a s
5. dnrd;
d a d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
.P.Pa am) gbnaLj;jy; w M).P.Pa ad Nf fyj;jy; ,) .P
FUf; .Pa aNdlhgpshrk; gpsTWjy;
irl; .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www <) FNuhNkhNrhk; ww w JUtg;gFjpia w
fis wwfp efu;j;Jtjw;F. www
Nehf; www
tpil: <) FNuhNkhNrhk; f is JUtg; g Fjpia Nehf; f p efu; j ; J tjw; F .
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
C.KISHORE
l
saasa KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., d a
d
l
saasaM.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc d(YOGA)., a
d
l
saasa B.A (HINDI)., PGdASST a
d saasIN l
a BOTANY,
d adsaasla
aa
.P.GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL,
P .P.Paa .P.P aa .P aa
.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w wTHATTAPPARAI,
w w wwww
GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. w ww
w CELL : 9894807882. ww wPage
w 10
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l a l a i aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s aslaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s a s laalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w www w www w www w
6. vjw;F ,ilNa
i . O . rgrg N[hb Nru;jy; (rpdhg;
O i . O. O rgrrgp];) eilngWfpwJ.i.O.O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d
m) a
,)a
d
mRNA l kw; W
sa L xj;j FNuhNkhNrhk;
sa,uz; k; iuNghNrhk;
d a
d
f
saasafs; l
s; M)
<)
fjpu;
xU
Nfhy;
d
Mz;a
d
,io
saaskw;
a l
W k;
kw;
xU
W k; nrd;
ngz;
l ;
d
NfkP
Nuhkpau;
a
d slaa;Lsfs;
a lf s;
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.Pj.P .P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w tpil: ,) ,uz;Lww wxj;
w FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;ww ww w ww
w w ww
w
ww 7. Fd;wy; gFg;gpy;ww(kpahrp];) FWf;Nf fyj; wwjy; vq;F Muk;gpf;fpwJ. ww ww
m) bg;Nshl; rgBrd;
g M) ghf;fpBd; .O.O rgr,)
g nyg;NlhBd; <)rgrirNfhl;
g Bd; tpil: M) rgrghf;
g fpBd;
8. fPNo lnfhLf;a i . O
i . O f g; g l; L s; s kiwKf a i i
nry; g Fg; i g (ikl; l a
hrp]; i . O
i
) . Ofhy; rp]pd; %yk; ve; aji . O
i . O
epiyapy;
d a saasalaayhk;.
jilnra;
d d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pam) mdh/Ng]; M) a
Pa lh/Ng]; ,) GNuh/Ng];
.P.nkl; a
.P.Pa <) ,ilf; fhyepiy .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww tpil: m) mdh/Ng]; w w ww w w w w
9. Fd;wy; gFg;ggpy; xj;j FNuhNkhNrhk;f s; N[hb Nru; j iy ,t; t hW miof; f yhk; .
M) ,ul; i .
i O . r rg M) N[hb Nru;ji.O
O
lfs; y;. Orgr,)
g gpupT epiy <).O.rpdu;
i rgrg[pl;Lfs; tpil: M)
O i . O . O grg Nru;jy;
rN[hb
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i asla
10.da el;sarsj;ajl pu ,ioaw;w gFg;
a
d a asal lhrp];rpd; rpwg;Gg;asgz;
G saikl; d aasaGl.
d a s aasal
d a sa
.P.Pa am)d fPo;epiy tpyq;F.fs; a ad M) cau;epiy tpyq;
P.P .P.PaFadfs; ,) cau;w .P.P
epiyj; a adjhtuq;fs; a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www <) midj;J capUs; www s capupdq;fs; w ww M) cau;epiy tpyq;
tpil: www Ffs; www
II.,uz;L, %d;W, Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:-
11. kiwKf i .O . rgrggFg;G my;yJ ikl;
O
nry; i .O . lrg
O rg nry; gFg;gpd; i.Kf;
hrp]; O . rfgrpaj;
O g Jtj;jpy; VNjDk;
i .O . O grgwpid
r%d;
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d d saasa
vOJf.
a
l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a(i) jha; kw;Wk; Nra; .P a afspy; xNu khjpupahd
.P .P.PakuGg;
a nghUs; cUthf; .P.FP afpwJ
a aa
.P.P
w ww
w w wwnry;
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww (ii) ,it midj; wwJk; xj;j nry;fshfNtwwcs;sd ww ww
(iii) rpije;jrgjpRf; rg fis kPz;Lk; cUthf; rgrg FfpwJ rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d
(iv)sghypyh
a
d aasa l ,dg; n gUf; f j;
d
j
a
d
pd;
saasa l
%yk; jha; nry; f is
d a
d
Nghd;
saasa l N w Nra; nry; f is
d a
d saasa l
cUthf; FfpwJ
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a(v) el;rj;jpu kPd;fspy;.P.,oe; a a j fuq;fis ,og;G.P.kPP
P ala;ly; Kiwapd; %yk;.P.kPP az aL; k; cUthf;FfpwJ..P.P aa
w ww
w 12. Neu; K f nry; g w
Fg; ww
w
i g(Vikl; l hrp]; ) , kiwKf w wwnry;(ikl;lhrp];)gFg;
w w wpypUe;
w
g w J NtWgLj; J f. w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
t.vz;
i . O . rgrg Neu;Kf nry;giFg;
O . O . Orgrg
G kiwKf nry;
i . O . rgFg;
g
O rg G i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala1. ,it Vikl;l
nry; g Fg; G d a
d
vdg;
aslala
sahrp];g Lk;
,it ikl;
nry; g d a
d
Fg; G
saasvdg;la
llahrp];
g Lk; d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P a
.PaNfhy; ,iofs; w,jpy; a
.P.Pafjpu;Nfhy; ,iofs;ww .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa
wwww 2. ,jpy;
w ww
w fjpu; ww
w w w w ww
w
ww w w
cUthtjpy; iy wwcUthfpd;wd. w w w w
3. rgrg,jpy; FNuhNkhNrhk;frs; grg ,jpy; FNuhNkhNrhk; rgrfgs; rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O cUg; n gWtjpy; il ayia. O
i . O cUg; n gWfpd; l awia.
d O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a saasal 4. a sa asail y xj;J ,it jha; a sa al iy xj;J
asnry; a s aasal a saasla
d
a ad ,it jha;d
a ad nry; d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w fhzg; w w.gPLtjpy;
.P iy w .P.P
fhzg;
w gLfpwJ w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www 5.
w
www njsptpy;yhr; nry;www
,it
w ,it rkepiyg; gFg;w Gw
w w w
www
i . O . rgrggFg;G vdg;gLk; i.O.O
O rgrg vdg;gLk; i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
13. G0 -ala a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d sas epiyg;
l gw;wp Fwpg;Gj; jUf.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a(i) nry;fs; G1 epiyapypUe; .P.Pa a J mikjp epiyf; a anry;Yk; epfo;r;rpf;F.PG.P
.P.FP a0 aepiy vd;W ngau; .P.P aa
w ww
w (ii) G epiyapy; w w
w w
nry; f s; gFg; g iltjpy; w
i w
w
y w w w
w w w w
w w
ww 0 ww ww ww ww
(iii) G0 epiyapy; RNA kw;Wk; Gujr;Nru;f;if tsu;rr ; paw;w epiyapy; cs;sJ.
.O
(iv) Gl0aiaepiy . rgrgepiyaw;wJ
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
(v)
d saaKjpu;l
sa r;rpaile;j epAuhd; d a
d saanry; l
sa fs;, vYk;G jirfs; d a
d
l
saasaMfpait G0 epiyapy; d a
d saasepiyj;
a l
J tpLfpd; w d.d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww 14. jhtu nry;; kw; wW wk; tpyq;F nry;ypy; eilngWk; ww irl;Nlhifdrp]; ww epfo;it NtWgLj;Jw f.w
t.vz;
i . O . rgrg jhtu nry;; irl;
O i . O .NO grg
rlhifdrp]; tpyq;i . O F
. rgrnry;
O g irl;Nlhifdrp];
i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala1. ,it ikaj;
d a
d
lala J ntspGwj;ij sas,it
sajaspypUe; d a
d a
lala ntspGwj;jpypUe;sJaslala
d a
d a d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
Pa
Nehf;f.pP.eilngWfpwJ a
.P.Pa ikaj;ij Nehf; a a
.fP.p PeilngWfpwJ a
.P.Pa
wwww 2. ww
,jpy; wwikNahrpd; ,iofs; ww ww ,jpy; ikNahrpd; ww ww ,iofs; wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
cUthtjpy;iy cUthfpd;wd
3.
. O r
O gr g,jpy; nry; jl; L cUthfpwJ
. O Or gr g ,jpy; . O O grg jl;L cUthtjpy;
rnry; .O i ry
O grg
l a
asal 4.ia i . l alia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . asla
a sa ,jpy; nry;Rtu;
a sa asacUthfpwJ a sa al nry;Rtu; cUthtjpy;
as,jpy; a s aasal iy a s a
d
a ad 5. v.fh: .jhtuq; d
a adfspd; KJikaile; d
a ad v.fh: ghYl;bfspd;
J d
ad njYk;G
a FWj; d
a ad
w .P.P
w w w P.P w w.P.P w .P.P
w ww.P.P
w
www www w
rpijAWk; nry; f spd; gFg; w
www
G nry; gFg; G w
www w
www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
C.KISHORE
l
saasa KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., d a
d
l
saasaM.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc d(YOGA)., a
d
l
saasa B.A (HINDI)., PGdASST a
d saasIN l
a BOTANY,
d adsaasla
aa
.P.GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL,
P .P.Paa .P.Paa .P .P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w wTHATTAPPARAI,
w w w ww
GUDIYATTAM,
w VELLORE DISTRICT. w ww
w CELL : 9894807882. ww wPage
w 11
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aal a l a i aa l al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s aslaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s as laalia. i.O saasla
d
aa a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w www w www w www w
15. GNuhNg]; repiy-Iy; grg ghf;fpBd; kw;Wrk;grgbg;Nshl;Bd; epiyfisg; rgrg gw;wp vOJf. i.O.O rgrg
ghf;aflaapBd; ia.Oi.Oepiy:- l a ia.Oi. O l a ia.Oi . O l a a i
d a
d
l
sas epiyapy; FNuhNkhNrhk; d a
d
l
saasfas; jbj;J Fl;ilahfpd; d a
d saaswad.l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa (i),e;
.P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w (ii),e; e piyapy; w wwnw
xt; thU FNuhNkhNrhKk; w wehd;
w w F FNuhNkl; b Lfis w ww
w nfhz; L s; s jhy; w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
,it nll;uL vdg;gLk;.
(iii) xj;ij.O . rgrg
FNuhNkhNrhk;
O fspd; mUfUNf i . O . rgrg cs;s FNuhNkl;i.bO.LfspilNa
O rgrg
O rpW gFjp i.gupkhw; O . rgrgwk;
O
a
lala i a i
la khw;wk; vd;W ngau; a i a i
d a
d saasmilfpwJ. ,jw;F FWf;
d adsaasnlafjpu; d a
d saasla.la d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa(iv) FWf;nfjpu; khw; a a
.Pk;.PeilngWk;
w Gs;spf;F .P a
.Pa kh vd;W ngau;
fah]; .w.P.Pa a a
.P.Pa
wwww w www w ww
w w w w w ww
w
ww (v) ,e;epfo;r;rpf;F w w upfhk;gpNd]; vd;Dk; nehjp w w cjTfpwJ. ww ww
bg;Nshl;Bd;g gepiy:-
i .O . r r xj;jpirT FNuhNkhNrhk;
O i . O . rgrg fs; NkYk; RUq;if.O.O
O rgrg gpf;fpd;wd. i . O . rgrg
O
(i),e;la
asa i
elpiyapy;
a l
asal a a i l
asal a a i Muk; l
asal a a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.P a ad(ii)xj; j pirT FNuhNkhNrhk;
.P.P a ad f s; gpize; j a ad
epiyapNyNa
.Pkw;
.P
cs; s d.
.P.P a ad .P.Pa ad
w w w (iii)fah]; k h Gs; w
s w w
pia jtpu FNuhNkhNrhkpd; w w w w gFjpfs; tpyf w w w
Muk; g pf;f pd; w d. w w w
www www www www www
(iv) ,jd; fhuzkhf ,tw;wpd; ,ul;ilj; jd;ik ed;F Gyg;gLfpwJ. vdNt ,it bg;Nshl;Bd; vd
miof; i .O . rgg;rggLfpd;wd.
f
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a l a i l a l a i l al a i l a a i
asa fhuzkhfpwJ. asaasla
l
d
(v)
a saatpyq;
sa F nry;fspy; tpsf; d a saaFsaJ}upif FNuhNkhNrhk; d a saasacUthf bg;Nshl;Bdd;adsaepiy
.P.P aa d .P.P aa d .P.P aa d .P.P aa .P.Padad
www w ww w w ww w w www w www w
ww ww ww
******************************* ww ww
O rgrmyFg – 3. nry;Orcapupay; grg kw;Wk; Ocapup rgrg %yf;$Wfs; rgrg
l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l
d ad
l
saasa ghlk;:8.capup d%yf; a
d
l
saasa$Wfs; d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;.fP.s;P
.P.I.xU aa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w
P
1. fhu mkpNdh w
mkpyk;www :- w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
m) Mu;[pidd; M) `p];bbd; ,) fpisrpd; <) FSl;lhikd; tpil: <) FSl;lhikd;
2. gpd;D}l;il . O . rgrg fj;jpw;F cjhuzk;
xLf;
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d
m)sa
a
d a slalaNlhFNuhkpy;
irl; iraidL
d adsaaslalatpid d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa,) FSf;Nfh];-6-gh];
M) /Nghypf; mkpyj; i
.PN.Pa
j acUthf; F k; ghf;B upahtpy;a
.P.Pfak; %yk; n`f;NrhifNdir
ry; / gu; kUe; j pd; tpid a
.P.Pa xLf;fk; nra;fwpwJ a
.P.Pa
wwww w www gl;il MNyh];Bwupf; w wxLf;
w w w ww
w w w w
ww <) rf;rpdpf; bi`l;
w w Nuh[pNd];ir kNyhNdl; w xLf;fk; nra;fpwJ w w ww
tpil: ,) FSf;
i . O . rgrg Nfh];-6-gh];Ngl;i.iO.lO
O rgrMNyh];
g Bupf; xLf;fk; %yk;
i . O . rgrg n`f;NrhifNdir
O i . O . rgxLf;
O rg fk;
l
asala a i nra; f pwJ. l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa
d it xsp rhu;e;j .INrhkpau; d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a aghu;
.P.3.P P .Pa ad , tbtpay; INrhkpau; .P.P a ad my;yJ epiy rhu; .Pe.P d
a;jaINrhkpau; fshf
.P.Pa ad
w w w gupkhw; w q; f is w
Nkw; w w
n fhs; t jw; F nehjpfs; w w w
,tw; w pw; F Cf; f pfshfr; w w w
nray; g Lfpd; w d. w w w
www w w
m) iyNf];fs; w M) iyNa];fs; w ,) i`l;NuhNy];fs; w
w w w w <) INrhkpaNu];fws;ww
tpil: <) INrhkpaNu];
i .O . rgrg
O fs;
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
4. Gujq; l
f a s;
l a i gy nraypay; gad; l
g a a
hLfs;
l i nfhz; L s; s J. l a a
cjhuzkhfr;
l i rpy nehjpfshfg; l al a i gad;gLfpwJ. ala
a sa;fasz;altw;wpy; xd;W Gujq; a safasspd;
a $Ljyhd gzpia a saasNkw;
a nfhs;fpd;wd. asaasa ss
. P. aa
P
dfPdo
. P. aa
P
d d . P . aa
P
d d . P. aa
P
d d .P. adaada
P
wwww m) capu; vjpu; nghUs; ww
wnfhz;
w ww ww wwww wwww
ww M) epwkpfshff; ww L Njhypd; epwj;w iwj epu;zapj;jy; ww ww
,) kyu;fspd; rgrfgs;epwq;fs; epwkpfisf; rnfhz; grg L jPu;khdpf;fg;g.Lfpd; rgrgwd. rgrg
<) `hu; l a iN
a. O
i .
khd;O . tpil: <)
l a i .
`hu;
a O
i . ON khd; f s; . l a ia O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O
a
5. dcapUs;
d
l
saasa s jpRf;fspy; rpW d ad%yf;
l
saasa $Wfspd; viliaf; d a
d
l
saasnfhz;
a l fupkr; Nru;kq;afsais
d d
l
asa tiug;glk;
d a
d saasla
.P.P a athapyhff; fPNo nfhLf; .P.P afag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J ve;.jP.g;P aa .P.P aWa fz;Lgpbj;J mjpYs; aa
.P.sP
w ww
w w www w ww gpupitr; rhu;e;jit
w w wvd;
w w w ww
w
ww “X” vd;w ntw;w wwplj;jpy; nghUj;Jf. ww ww ww
gpupT
rgrgbuhy; - Fthidd;i.O.ONru; k k; rgrg rgrg rgrg
i
m)nfhy];
a . O
i . O a i a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
d a
d saa slala
M)mkpNdh mkpyk;a-da saas2 lala
NH
d d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa ,)epA+f;spNahilL .P.P- ambidd; .P.Pa a .P.Paa a
.P.Pa
wwww w www w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww <)epA+f;spNahirL w w - A+uhrpy; w w tpil: w w <)epA+f;spNahirL - A+uhrpy; ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
.P.P a ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad .P.Pa ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
C.KISHORE
l
saasa KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., d ad
l
saasaM.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc d(YOGA)., a
d
l
saasa B.A (HINDI)., PGdASST a
d saasIN l
a BOTANY,
d adsaasla
aa
.P.GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL,
P .P.P aa .P.P aa .P .Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w wwTHATTAPPARAI,
w w ww
GUDIYATTAM,
w VELLORE DISTRICT. w ww
w CELL : 9894807882. ww wPage
w 12
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aal a l a i aa l a l a i aa l al a i aa l al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a d
aa a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w www w www w ww w w
II.,uz;L, %d;
ia.O .O rgWrg, Ie;J kjpg;ngz; itpdhf; .O . Orgrgfs;:- i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
6. iel;aNlaa id l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d sas l
uh[P ]; fhuk; kw;Wk; fdpk
d a
d saasa l Ntjpapaypy; gad;
d a
d
g
saasaLk;l fhuj; i j NtWg; g
d
Lj;
a
d
J
saasa l
f.
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa at.vz; P.P
.iel; a aNuh[Pd]; fhuk; .P.Paa fdpk Ntjpapaypy; .P.P a a gad;gLk; fhuk; .P.P aa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww 1. xU iel; ww u[d; fhuk;, xU ngz; ww Nl]; fdpk fhuq;w s; fdpk mkpyq;fSld;ww
fw tpid
rgfr;f
ru; giuAld; n-fpisf;.NO rgrg
fhirbf; Gupe; J cg;
rgrg i gj; jUfpd; w d. rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
d a
d saaslala gpizg;epA+f; s
gpdhy; ,ize;
pNahi]Lfis d a
d saaslalJacUthf;FfpwJ. dadsaaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa 2. a
.P.PaspNahi]Lk; xU ww a
.P.Pa ,it nghJthf .P a a a
.P.Pa
wwww Xt;nthU w ww
w epA+f; w w w ww
w eP.uP
py; fiuAk; w ww
w
ww gh];/Ngl; w w cld; ,ize;J w w i`l;uhf;i]Lfs; w w vdg;gLk;. w w
i . O . rgrgspNahilLfis i.O.O
epA+f;
O rgrg v.fh: Nrhbak;
i . O . rgrg i`l;uhf;i]L.
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i cUthf;
asal ,it capup tpidfSld; F fpwJ. l
asala a i l a a i
asal capup tpidfSld; l al a
asanjhlu; i asla
d a sa3. d a sa d a sa,it d a sa g w; w it. d a sa
.P.Pa ad .P.P a ad .P.Pa ad .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P
w w w njhlu;Gwilait. w w w w w w w w w w w
www 7. nehjpapd; nray; w
wwtpidfisg; ghjpf;Fk;
w
wwfhuzpfs; ahit? www www
nehjpapd; nray; rgrg tpidfis fPoi.;fO.z; rglrgfhuzpfs; ghjpf;fi.pd; wrd.
1.ntg; l a
g ia.
epiyO
i . O 2.PH 3.jsg; n ghUl;l a f a i
spd; O nrwpT 4.nehjpfspd; l a a O
i . Ogrg
nrwpT l a ia.Oi . rgrg
O
8.ad a saasa
nehjpfspd;
d
l
tifg; g hl; L d a saasa
cUtiuiar;
d
l
RUf; f khf d a
d saasa
vOJf.
l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa .P.Paa a
.P.Pa
wwww ww ww ww ww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad .P.P a ad .P.Pa ad .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
9. DNA-tpd; l a a i gz; g pid vOJf. l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
(i)
asa l
saDNA-tpd; xU ,io d a
d
5’–3’
a l
saasjpirapy; ,Ue; j hy; d a
d
kw;
sanaswhU
a l
,io 3’–5’ d a
d
jpirapy;
l
saasa cs;sJ. d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P./P aa .P.Paa aa
.Pfhzg;
.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w (ii) 5’ Kidapy; w ww
w
gh]; Ngl; njhFjpAk; , w3’wKidapy;
w w OH njhFjpAk; w ww
w g Lk; . w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
(iii) DNA-tpd; tpl;lk; 20A˚, ePsk; 34A˚ MFk;.
(iv) Xt; in.OthU
. rgrgjpUg;gKk; 3.4 nmi.O
O eP.srgk;rgnfhz;lJ. xU jpUg;
O i . O . rggj;rgjpy; 10 fhu ,izfs;
O i . O . rgrcs;
O g sd.
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
(v)
d
a l
sa N; gh-il-v];lu; gpizg;
sagh]; d a
d
a l
sasaGfs; DNA-tpw;F JUtj; d a
d
a
sasj l
ad;ikia jUfpwJ.asasa
d d
a l
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa(vi) ,it typikahd a
.P.Prfg;a gpizg;ig Vw;gLj; .PJ a a
.PfpwJ. .P.Paa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww (vii) ,jdhy; ghyp w w epA+f;spNahilL rq;fw w pyp typikAk;, epiyg;Gj;w w jd;ikiaAk; milfpwJ.w w
(viii) DNA-tpd;
i . O . rgrg ,uz;L ,iofSk;
O i . O . rgrg RUs; mikg;gpy;i.O.xd;
jpUFr;
O rgrNgwhLnlhd;W gpize;
O i .O JO
. rgrfhzg;
g gLtJ
l a a i
al f;NlhdPkpf; RUs; avdg;
asgpsP l a a
asaglLk;. i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa
d DNA-tpd; ,uz;L.P,iofSk; d sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
.P.Pa a(ix) a ad
P
.vdg; xd;NwhLnlhd; .P.PaWadgf;fthl;by; ,ize; .P.JP d gLtJ
a afhzg; a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www ghuhdP k pf; wwwRUs; ; g Lk; . www www www
(x) DNA; ,ioapd; RUspd; J}uj;ijf; nfhz;L A-DNA, B-DNA, C-DNA vd %d;W tiffshf
gpupf;i.fO g;
. rggl;rgLs;sJ.
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
C.KISHORE
l
saasa KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., d a
d
l
saasaM.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc d(YOGA)., ad
l
saasa B.A (HINDI)., PGdASST ad saasIN l
a BOTANY,
d adsaasla
aa
.P.GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL,
P .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w wTHATTAPPARAI,
w w w ww
GUDIYATTAM,
w VELLORE DISTRICT. w ww
w CELL : 9894807882. ww wPage
w 13
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal a l a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s a s laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a aa d a
d a aa d a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P
w
ww w ww w w ww w w ww w w www w
10. gy tifahd
i .;fO . rgrg RNA-tpd; mikg;i.GO.O
O grgWk; gzpfis tpsf;.O
rkw; i
Frf.
. Ogrg i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d
RNA
a
d saasa fPlo z; l %d; W tifg;
d a
d saasag Lk; l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a1.J}J RNA (mRNA), .2.flj; aa aa aa aa
w ww
w w wwP.P J RNA (tRNA), 3.iuNghNrhky;
w w www.P.P RNA (rRNA) .P.P
w ww
w w ww
w
.P.P
ww 1.J}J RNA (mRNA) ww ww ww ww
(i) ,it kpfTk; epiyaw; w J.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
(ii) a nry; a
lala y i py; cs; s nkhj; j a
RNA-tpy; i mRNA 5 MFk; . a i a i
saaslaslamRNA ghyprp];ld;uadhdpf; a saaslala.
%
d a
d sasGNuhNfupNahl;
(iii) L fspy; d ad
cs;
saaslaltifia rhu; e; j d a
d
itahFk; d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa(iv) A+NfupNahl;Lfspy; a
.P.Pcs; a a
.P.Pal;uhdpf; tifia w .Pe.P a a a
.P.Pa
wwww ww ww s mRNA NkhNdhrp]; ww ww ww w
rhu; ;jitahFk;. ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
2.flj;J RNA (tRNA)
(i) ,it i . O . rgrg fiuAk; jd;iik.O.O
O
mjpfk; rgrg lJ.
nfhz; i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
al ypy; cs;s nkhj;ajsaasRNA-tpy;
asnry; l a
al a i l
as.ala a i l
asala a i asla
d a s
(ii)
a d tRNA 15 % a
MFk;
d sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P
w w w (iii) ,it Kg;gupkhz w w w mikg;igf; nfhz; w lwJ.
w w w w w w w
www (iv) ,it mRNA-tpy; www cs;s kuGf; FwpaP wwlw;il nkhop ngau;j;J wmkpNdh ww mkpyq;fis ww
w
iuNghNrhKf;
i .O . rgrg Ff; flj;jp Guj
O i .O . rgrggj;jpf;F cjTfpwJ.
cw;
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d
3.iuNghNrhky;
a
d saasa l RNA (rRNA)
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a (i) ,it mjpf epiyg; .P.PaGaj; jd;ikAilait..P.P aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w w ww w w w
w w w w
w w
ww (ii) nry;ypy; cs; wws nkhj;j RNA-tpy; rRNA ww 80% MFk;. ww ww
(iii) ,it iuNghNrhk; grg f is cUthf; F fpwJ.
i .O . rkuGtop
O i .O . rgrg mstpy; gad;gLfpd;
O i .O . rwgrJ.
O g
i .O . rgrg
O
(iv) ,it l a a i Ma;TfSf;laF a imjpf l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.P aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www
********************************************** w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
myF – 4. jhtu cs;sikg;gpay;
i . O . rgrg
O ghlk;
i . O . rg:9.jpR
O rg kw;Wk; jpRj; i .nO . rgrg G
jhFg;
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d adsaaslala Gj;jf tpdh-tpilfs; d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
Pa kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;
.P.I.xU a
.fP.s;P:-a .P.Pa a .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww 1. fPo;fz;l glj;jpid w w cw;WNehf;fpr; rhpahd w w tpiliaj; Nju;e;njLf;wfTk;. w w w
(i) A,B kw;Wrk;grgC jz;L Edpapd; `p]; rgrgN lhn[d; nfhs; i f MFk; rgrg . rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
(ii) A-nkLy;
a sa asal y h fjpu; f is cUthf;
a sa asal F fpwJ. (iii) B-Gwzpia
a sa asal cUthf; F fpwJ.
a sa asal a saasla
d d C-Gwj;Njhiy cUthf;
a a(iv) d
a adFfpwJ. d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w.P.P
w
www (m) (i) kw; W k; www w
(ii) kl; L k; (M)(ii) kw; W k; wwww
(iii) kl; L k; (,)(i) kw; W k; www
(iii) w
kl;L k; (<)(iii) kw; W k; w
www
(iv) kl;L k;
tpil: (,) (i) kw;Wk; (iii) kl;Lk;
2. fPo;fz;li.tw; O ri
O grwg gbj;J rupahd tpiliaj; .O rgrg Nju;e;njLf;fTk;
O .O..O rgrg .O rgrg
O
l a a i . l a ia i . l a ia i l a ia i .
d(i)vf;
a
d
l
saas]ahu;f; vdg;gLtJ nkl; d adsalashiryj;
a l jpw;F ntspNa d a
d
l
asa Nlhiryk; mike;aJsas;
saGNuhl; d d
ass l
a J.
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a(ii) vz;lhu;f; vdg;gLtJ .P.Pa aGNuhl;Nlhiryk; ikaj; .P.P aiaj Nehf;fp mike;Js; .P.sP aJ.a aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww (iii) nrd;l;uhu;f; w w gLtJ GNuhl;Nlhiryj;
vdg; wwjpw;F eLtpy; nkl;lhiryk; ww mike;Js;sJ. ww
(iv) kP]hu;O f; rg rg gLtJ nkl;lhiryj;
vdg; rgjrgpw;F eLtpy; GNuhl;Ni.lhiryk; rgrg mike;Js;sJ.i.O.O rgrg
laalia. i.Okw;Wk; (iii) kl;Lk;sas(M)
(m)sas(i),(ii) laalia.O .O
i(i),(iii) kw;Wk; (iv) s kl;asal
L al
k;a Oi . O
saasal al a i
saasla
d a
d a
a a(,) (i),(ii) kw;Wk; (iv).Pkl; d ad a
a aLk; (<) ,it midj; d a
d a
ak;a. tpil: (,) (i),(ii) .Pkw; aa d a
d aad a
d
ww.P.P wwry;.P .P.J
wLw P ww.PWk; (iv) kl;Lk; ww ww .P.P
w
ww w 3. [P k ; N dh]; n gu; k;
wwf w w
spy; y il nry; f is ww w w
fl; g; g Lj; J tJ vJ? ww w w ww
m)mUfhikapy; cs;s ry;yil Foha;fs; M)/GNshak; ghuq;ifkh nry;fs;
,)Jizr; . O nO grgfspd; cl;fUf;fs;.OO
rry; rgrg <)my;GkPi.d O rgrgnry;fspd; cl;fUf;
];
O . f.s;
O rgrg
O
a i i .
a GkPd]; nry;fspd; a i i .
a fUf;fs; a i . a i i
d
tpil:
a
d saaslal<)my; d adsaaslalcl; d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Paeuk;gpd; th];Fyj;wjpRf;
4. ,Utpijapiyj; jz; ba
.P.Pfas; vt;thW mike;
y; th]; F yf; fw; i wapypUe;
.P.P a aJ ,iy ,Oit .P.Pa
eP l ; a
b f; f g; g Lk; nghOJ ,iy a
.P.Pa
wwww w w w w wwJw ,Uf;Fk;? w ww
w w ww
w
ww m)iryk; Nky;Gwj;
w w jpYk; /GNshak; fPo;Gwj; w w jpYk; ,Uf;Fk; w w w w
M)/GNshak;
i . O . rgrgNky;Gwj;jpYk;; iryk;
O i . O . rgfProg;Gwj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fik;.O.O
O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O
,)iryk; l
asal a a i /GNshaj; i j #o; easal
; jl a a
pUf; iF k; l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad
<)/GNshak; iryj; i j a ad
.PG.P
#o; e ; j pUf; F k; a ad
.oP;G.P .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P
w w w tpil: m)iryk; w w w
Nky; wj; j pYk; /GNshak; w w w
fP wj; j pYk; ,Uf; F k; w w w w ww
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
C.KISHORE
l
saasa KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., d ad
l
saasaM.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc d(YOGA)., a
d
l
saasa B.A (HINDI)., PGdASST a
d saasIN l
a BOTANY,
dadsaasla
aa
.P.GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL,
P .P.Paa .P.P aa .P .P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w wTHATTAPPARAI,
w w GUDIYATTAM,
w www VELLORE DISTRICT. wwww CELL : 9894807882. ww wPage
w 14
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s aslaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aad ad
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w www w www w ww w w ww w w
5. ,Utpijapiy
i . O . rgrg jhtuq;fspy; xl;iL.O
O . O grg
g;NrghLjy; ntw;wpfukhf cs;
i . O . rgrsgJ. Mdhy; xUtpijapiyj;
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i … l a a i
jhtuq;
d a
d saasa
m)tisakhf
l
f spy; mt; t
th];
hW
F
,y;
yf; d a
d
i y. l
Vndd; w hy;
saasiawfs; mike;jpUg;gdJ.
fw;
, ,Utpijapiy
a
d saasa l jhtuq; f spy;
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w M),uz;lhk; epiy w wwtsu;
w r;rpf;fhd Nfk;gpak; w wmike;
w w Js;sJ. w ww
w w ww
w
ww ,)iryf;Foha;w$Wfs; w xUKidapy; ,Ue; ww J mLj;j Kid tiu ww,ize;J mike;jpUg;w gw J.
<)fhu;f; Nfk; g pak; mike; j pUg;
r rg lhk; epiy tsu;ri;r.O g J. grg Nfk;gpak; mike;i.J
rfhd g
r rg g
r rg
ia.O
tpil:lalM),uz; i .O l a a i .O
pf; l a a O
i .Os;sJ. l a ia.Oi .O
d a
d
a
sasa d a
d
a
sasa l
d a
d
a
sasa l
d a
d
a
sasa l
d adsaasla
a
Pa L, %d;W, Ie;w
.P.II.,uz; a
.Pa ngz; tpdhf;fs;w:-ww
.Pkjpg; a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w wJw
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww 6. ];fpypud;ifkh w w kw;Wk; buf;fL P fs; Vd; ,we; w w j nry;fshff; fUjg;gwLfpwJ? w w w
(i),it GNuhl;
i . O . rgrgNlhgpshrkw;w nry;i.fO.s;
O Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
(ii),jd;l
asala a i
nry; R tH ypf; d pd; vd; l
asala
D ak;i nghUshy; Md l
asal
,uz; a al ihk; epiy jbg; G fis l
asala a
ngw; i W f; fhzg;gLk;. sala
d a sa
dvdNt ];fpypud;i.fkh d a
d sa d a s a
dnry;fshff; fUjg;.P d a sa
d wd. daadas
. P a
P a P a
P a kw;Wk; buf;fL P fs; ,we;
. P a
P j
a a
gLfpd;
P a . PPa
wwww.7. ];fpypiuLfspd; wtiffis www. tpthp. ww ww. ww ww. wwww.
ww w w
(i)];fpypiuLfs; xj;j tpl;lk; nfhz;l ,we;j nry;fs; MFk;.
w w w w w w
(ii),jd; i .O . rgrgRtH ypf;dpd; vd;D
nry;
O i .O k;
.OrgnghUshy;
rg MdJ. ,J i .O . rfPgrog;fz;l Ie;J tifg;i.O
O rgr.g
g.Lk;
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d d
l
saasafp ];fpspiuLfs; dmy;
1.gpNuf;
a a
d
l
saaysaJ fy; nry;fs;: dadsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Pa a (i),it xj;j tpl;l.k;P.P aa a a Rtiu ngw;wit. .P.P
.P.nry; aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www nfhz;lit, fbdkhd w ww
w
P
w ww
w w ww
w
ww (ii),it gl;iw l,w gpj; kw;Wk; Gwzp gFjpapy; ww fhzg;gLfpwJ. ww ww
(iii)v:fh:- Nghpf; fhapd; jsj;jpRg; gFjp
rgfrgpsPi rgrg rgrg rgrg
2.Nkf;lNauh ia. O
i .
];O uLfs;: l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
(i),it
d
l
saasa rpW fopfs; Nghd; d a
d
l
sawasePaz;l nry;fshFk;.dadsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w (ii),it ny$k;ww ww
jhtu tpij ntspciwfspy; w ww
w fhzg;gLfpwJ. ww ww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
(iii)v:fh:- FNuhl;lNyupah, igrk;.
3.M];bNah
i . O . rgr];gfpsPiuL:
O i .O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d d saaslala tpuptile;j Edp
(i),it
a d a
d
aslala nfhz;l ePz;lasanry;
gFjpia
sa d d
aslalfashFk;.
d a
d saaslala d adsaasla
a
.P.Pa(ii),it ,iy kw; a a
.Pk;.Ptpij a
.P.PagLfpwJ. a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w wwWw ciwfspy; fhzg;
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww (iii)v:fh:- igrk;w w , N`fpah. w w w w w w
4.M];bNuh g ];fpsPiuLfs;
i . O . r rrgj;jpu tbt ];fpsPii.uLfs;
O O . rgrg MFk;.
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
(i),itl
asala a i el; l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa
(ii),it ,iy kw; W k; d a
,iyf;sa f hk; g py; fhzg; g d
Lfpd;a s a
w d. d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad P.P
.epk;a ad a ad
P.P
.hd; .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w (iii)v.fh: Njapiy, w w w i gah, l; i uNfhnld; w lw; uw . w w w w w w
www 5.biuf;Nfh ];fpspiuLfs;
www www www www
(i),it.Onky;
i . rgrgypa kapupio Nghd;
O i .OwO
. rg];
rgfpspiuLfs;. i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d
(ii),it
a
d
l
saasa ePH jhtuq;fspd; d a
d
jz;
sa l
asaL kw;Wk; ,iyfspy;
d a
d saafhzg;l
sa gLfpwJ. d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Pa a(iii)v.fh: epk;igah .,iyfs; P.Paa kw;Wk; khd;]w;B.uh afhw;
P.P a W Ntu;fs;. .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww w w w w w w
w w w w
w w
ww 8. ry;yil Foha;wfws; vd;why; vd;d? tpsf; wwFf. ww ww
(i)ry;yil Foha; f s; ePz l
; Foha; Nghd; w /GNshaj; j pd; flj; J k; nry; f s; MFk; .
.O rgrg .O rgrg .O rgrg rgrg
(ii)ry;ly a i
ilf;
a i . O Foha; $Wfspd; la i
Kidfs;
a i . O xd;wd; kPJ xd; l a iW
a i . O
mike;J fhzg;gLk;la . lia.Oi . O
d a
d
(iii),jd;
l
saasa Kid Rtupy; ry; d a
dysaail
l
sa Nghd;w Jisfs;dadfhzg; l
saasa gLk;. ,J ry;yilj; d a
d saasJisj;
a
j l; L vdg; g d
Lk;adsaasla
.P.Paa .P .Paa aa
.P.fP .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w (iv)ry; y ilf; w
Foha;wwfw spd; gzpfs; Jiz w ww
nry;
w shy; fl; L g; g Lj; j w
g; gw
w w
Lfpd; w d. w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
(v)KjpHe;j ry;yilf; Foha;fspy; cl;fU fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
(vi)KjpHe; i . O
j . rgry;
O rgyilf; Foha;fspy; i . O . rgrg xl;ba irl;Nlhgpshrj;
O
Rtiu i . O . rgrg jpy; rpwg;G tifi.O
O rgrg
O
Gujk;
.
a i
aslalagLfpwJ. ,J ];i ala i a i a i
d a
d sfhzg;
a d a
d a aslaclyq;
syk; fs; vdg;gLk;
d a
d s.aaslala d a
d saaslala d adsaasla
a
.P.Pa(vii)ry;yil jl;Lfspy; a
.P.Pcs;a s Jisfs; NfNyh]; a
.P.Pa vd;Dk; nghUshy; a
.Pa fg;gLfpwd. www
.Pmilf; a
.P.Pa
wwww w www w ww
w w ww
w w
ww (viii)ry;yilf; Foha; w w
w fs; MQ;rpNah];ngu;kw; jhtuq;fspy; kl;Lk; fhzg; w w gLfpwJ. w w
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a s a d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad .P.P a ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
C.KISHORE
l
saasa KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., d a
d
l
saasaM.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc d(YOGA)., ad
l
saasa B.A (HINDI)., PGdASST a
d saasIN l
a BOTANY,
d adsaasla
aa
.P.GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL,
P .P.P aa .P.Paa .P aa
.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w wwTHATTAPPARAI,
w GUDIYATTAM,
w ww
w VELLORE DISTRICT. w ww
w CELL : 9894807882. ww wPage
w 15
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i aal a l a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s aslaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s a slaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P .P.P
ww
w
ww w ww w w ww w w www w wwww
9. ,Utpijapiy
i .O . rgrg NtUf;Fk;, xUtpijapiy
O i .O . Orgrg NtUf;Fk; ,ilNa i .O . rgrcs;
O g s cs;sikg;gpay;
i .O . rgrNtWghLfis
O g
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d
vOJf.
a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a gz;Gfs; .P.Pa a ,Utpijapiy Ntu; .P.Paa aa
.P.P
xUtpijapiy Ntu; aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww gf;fNtu;fs;, ngy;Nyhn[d; ww ww ww
1.ngupirf;fps; Njhd; W fpd; w d gf;fNtu;fs; kl;Lk; Njhd;Wfpd;wd
i . O . rgrg iryk; /GNshak;
O i . O . rggl;
O rgilfs; Fiwe;j i.O . rgrg /GNshak; gl;iilfs;
O . O . rgrgmjpf
O
a a i a i a i
iryk; a i
d a
d saaslalF
2.th]; yj;jpR mstpy; d a
d saaslalagLk;
fhzg; d a
d saaslala mstpy; fhzg;dgLk; a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa3.,izg;Gj;jpR ghuq; .P.Paiafkh nry;fshy; MdJ a
.P.Pa ];fpypuq;i a
.P.Panry;fshy; MdJ ww a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww w ww
w w wfkh
w w ww
ww ww ,uz;lhk;epiy tsu;r;rpw w ,uz;lhk; w w epiy tsu;r;rp ww
4.Nfk;gpak; g fhzg;gLfpd;wd g fhzg; g Ltjpy; i y
5.iryk; i . O . r rg ehd;F Kid infhz;
O . O . r rglit
O i . O
gy. rgrgKid nfhz;lit i.O.O
O rgrg
l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a
d sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a a,Utpijapiy
.P.10.
P jz;
aFak;d, xUtpijapiy jz;
.bP.w;P .P.Pabaw;dFk; ,ilNa cs;s.P.cs; a adsikg;gpay;
P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www NtWghLfisww w
vOJf. www www www
gz; .O grg
rfs;
GO ,Utpijapiy
.O rgrg
O Ntu; .O rgrg xUtpijapiy i.Ntu;
O O rgrg
O
l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a a i .
d
1.jur
a
d
l
saasa mLf;F fhzg;
d a
d
l
saagsLfpwJ
a
d a
d
l
saasa fhzg;gLtjpy;d iaysasa
d a
l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a2.nkLy;yh fjpu;fs; .P.fhzg; a a gLfpwJ
P .P.Paa fhzg;gLtjpy; ai
.P.P ay aa
.P.P
w ww
w 3.th]; F yf; fw; w
i ww xUq;
w
w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w
ww ww fike;jit, wjpwe; w jit xUq;w ike;jit, %bait ww
fw
4.Gwj;Njhybj;Njhy; Nfhyq;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ ];fpypuq;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ
5.mbg;gi.ilj; O . rgrjgpR
O Gwzp, gpj; ,ia.O
mfj; . rgrNgjhy; vd
O i .O . rgrg
NtWghLwhj
O njhlu;r;ripahd .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l NtWgl;
d a
d
l
saasLa fhzg;gLfpwJ dadsaasa ghuq;ifkh jpRthy; l
d a
d saasaMdJl
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
*********************************
O rgrg
O O rgrg
O O rgrg
O O rgrg
O
a
saaslala
i . i . myF a
ala
i
saaslghlk;
. i . – 4. jhtu cs; asi . i .
ikg;
saaslala tsu;r;rp
g pay; a
saaslala
i . i .
saasla
a d a
d a d ad : 10.,uz; l d
hk;
a a
d epiy a d a
d a d a
d
ww Pa
.P.I.xU ww.fP.s;P:-a ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww kjpg;ngz; tpdhf; ww ww ww ww wwww ww
ww
1. fPo;fz;l thf;fpaq;fis fUj;jpy; nfhs;f. tre;jfhyj;jpy; Nfk;gpak;
(i) Fiwthd i . O . rgrnray;
O g ghL nfhz;lJ i . O . rgrmjpfg;
(ii)
O g gbahd iryf; i . O $
. rgWfis
O rg Njhw;Wtpf;fpd; i . w.O
O rgrg
d
l a a i
asal w cs;ntsp nfhz; l al
asairyf;a i l a a
asal FfpwJi l
asala a i asla
d a s
(iii)a mfd;
d (i) rhpahdJ Mdhy; d a sal Foha;fis cUthf;
d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa a(m) .P.Pa ad(ii) (iii) rhpahditay; .Py.P
d (i) rhpahdjy;y.PMdhy;
a a(M) a ad (ii) (iii) rhpahdit
.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www (,) (i) & (ii) rhpahdit www Mdhy; (iii) rhpahdjy; www y (<) (i) & (ii) rhpahditay; www y Mdhy; (iii)wrhpahdJ ww
tpil: (M) rg (i)
rg rhpahdjy;y Mdhy; rg(ii)
rg (iii) rhpahdit i.O rgrg rgrg
2. tof;aflaa ia.Oi.OxUtpijapiy l a ia.Oi . O l a a i . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
khf
l
sas gLk; th];Fyf; dNfk;
m)nray;
d ad
jhtuj; l j py; Rw;
saasgapaj;ij nfhz;Ls;sdJ. w sT mjpfupg;
a
d saasa gljpy; i y. Vndd; w hy;
d a
d
. ..
saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P aa
.P aa
.LP.bUg;
P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w M)nray;gLk; th]; w wFw
w yf; Nfk;gpaj;ij nfhz; w ww
w gjpy;iy. w ww
w w ww
w
ww ,)Nfk;gpaj;jpd;ww nray;ghL jil nra;aw g;gwLfpwJ. ww ww
<)midj;Jk; grgrupahdit.
rnray; rgrggpaj;ij nfhz;LbUg; grg
rjpy; rgrg
tpil:lalM) i.aOi . O gLk; th];Fyf; l a ia.Oi .
Nfk;O l a ia.Oi . O
g iy l a ia.Oi . O
a
3. dgl;
d saiaslj;
a Jis (m) nyd;bnry;
d ad
l
saasaglj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;dga l;
d saas;
L
l
sas ghfq;fis fz;dladwpf. saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
M
i . O . rgrg
O m i.O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d adsaas<lala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa , a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww ww ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
(i)m)/ngy; i . O . rgk;rgM)epug;gpr;nry;fs;i.O
y
O . rgrg NyhnlHk; <)/ngy;
,)/ngy;
O i . O .NO grg
ryhn[d; i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asal gpr;nry;fs; M)/ngy; l a a i
asyak;l ,)/ngy;Nyhn[d;asa<)/ngy; l a a i
asal NyhnlHk; l
asala a i asla
d d s
(ii)m)epug;
a a d a sa d d a sa d a s a
.P.Pa a(iii)m)/ngy; Nyhn[d;
a ad yk; ,)/ngy;NyhnlHk;
.PM)/ngy;
.P .P.Pa ad <)epug;gpr;nry;fs;.P.P a ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www (iv)m)/ngy;NyhnlHk; www M)/ngy;yk; ,)epug; ww w
gpr;nry;fs; <)/ngy;Nyhn[d; www www
tpil: (i) m)/ngy;
i .O . rgrg yk; M)epug;gpr;i.nOry;
O . rgrfgs; ,)/ngy;NyhnlHk;
O i .O . O grg Nyhn[d;
r<)/ngy; i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
C.KISHORE
l
saasa KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., d ad
l
saasaM.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc d(YOGA)., a
d
l
saasa B.A (HINDI)., PGdASST a
d saasIN l
a BOTANY,
d adsaasla
aa
.P.GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL,
P .P.Paa .P.Paa .P aa
.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w wTHATTAPPARAI,
w w GUDIYATTAM,
w ww
w VELLORE DISTRICT. w ww
w CELL : 9894807882. ww wPage
w 16
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s as laalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aa d a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w www w ww w w ww w w ww w w
4. tof;fkhff;rgrFg; g gp jf;if vjpypUe; Jrgrjahhpf;
g fg;gLfpwJ? rgrg rgrg
a
m)nlHkNlh[d;
l ia. O
i . O M)/ngy; N yhn[d;l a ia. O
i . O
,)iryk; <)th]; F yf;
l a ia.O i .
Nfk;O g pak; tpil: M)/ngy; l a ia.Oi .NOyhn[d;
a
d saasa
5.ad,Utpijapiy
l
jhtu Nthpd;
d a
d saasxNu l
a rPuhd ,uz;lhk; aepiy
d d sa
l
asa tsu;r;rp ntspghl;absay;asa
d d
l
d a
d saasla
.P.PaKjy; epiy iryk;ww .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w w w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww m)ikag; gFjpapy; ww epiyj;J epw;fpwJ wwM)eRf;fg;gLk; ww ww
,)eRf;fg;glyhk; my; y J eRf; f g; g lhky; ,Uf; f yhk;
<)Kjy; i . O .
epiy rgrg/GNshaj;ij Rw;wi.pO.fhzg;
O rgrg gLk;. tpil: M)
O i . O . rgrgfg;gLk;
O
eRf; i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
a
II.,uz;
d d saasLla, la%d;W, Ie;J kjpg; d a
dnsaaslalatpdhf;fs;:-
gz; d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.6.Pafhl;by; khd; nfhk;wgw a
P.Pa kuj;jpd; gl;il Nrjg;
.pdhy; a
.P.PgaLj;jg;gLk; nghOJwmtw; a
.P.Paiwj; jhtuq;fs; vt; a
Pa
.tP.hW
wwww w w w www w w w w ww
w
ww GJg;gpj;Jf; nfhs; w wfpd;wd? w w w w w w
jhtuj;jpd; Nrjkile; j kug; g l; i lahdJ th]; F yf; Nfk; g paj; j pw; F ntspNa fhzg; g Lk; jpRf; fshd
i . O
, . rgrg Kjy;epiy kw;iW
O . O . rg,uz;
O r g lhk; epiy /GNshaj;
i . O . rgrgjpd; tsHr;rpapdhy;i.O.GJg;
O rgrggpf;fg;gl;L
O
ngupnlHk;
s lai ag;gLfpd;wd. saslaalai
aslaarupnra;
Gwzp, k;
s aslaalai s aslaalai s asla
d a
mit a
dj gUtj;jpy; MQ;.rPpNah];
a ave; d a a
a ad ngu;k; jhtuq;fspy; d a a
ad fs; ngupajhf .,Uf;
antry; d a a
a aFdk; Vd;? d
a ad a a
w .P.7.P
w w w .P ww.P.P w w P.P w .P.P
w
w
www (i)tre;jf;fhyj;w jww
py;wMQ;rpNah];ngu;k; jhtuq; w
wwwfspy; ntry;fs; ngupajhf w
www ,Uf;Fk; www w
(ii)Nfk;gpaj;rjgrpd; g mjpfkhd nray;.gOhl; rglrhy;
g ntry;fspy; mfd; w
rgrcs;
g ntsp Njhd;WfpwJ. ,jdhy;
rgrg
i . O
i . O i i . O i . Oi . O i . O
i . O
saaslaalJ aslgaaLfpd; aslaaFlaj;jpRtpd; nray;ghl; saiasllaal,jDld;
ntry;afs; nghpajhf fhzg; la wJ. a
8.ad a
njhlHe;
d gFg; g ilAk; d
jpR a
d saMf; F j; j pRthFk; . gf; d
f a
d sMf;
a d a
d d a
d saasla
.P.Panjhlu;GgLj;Jf. ww .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w w w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww (i)gf;f Mf;Fj;w w jz;L, Nthpd; gf;fthl;
jpR wwby; mjd; ePs; mr;Rf;F ww,izahf fhzg;gLfpwJ. ww
(ii),J ,uz; O .Orglrghk; epiy jpRf;fs;i.Njhd;
ia.tpahghup O . rgrgwTk;, jz;L,Nthpd;i.O
O FWf;
. rgrgfsit mjpfhpf;fTk;
O i .O . Ogrg
rfhuzkhfpwJ.
l a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
9. xUsaku
d a
d a
l fhl;
snagaupl;lhu;. ‘m’ fl;idlapd; b ypUe;
a
d
J
saasa l
,uz; L kuj; J z; L fisf;
d a
d saasa lnfhz; L te; J mjw;
d a
d
F
saasa l
(m) kw; Wk; (M)
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa vdg; aa
.P.FP taJ 50, ‘M’ .P.Paa
fl; i lapd; taJ 20 vdf;
.P.Paa nfhz; l hy; , ,jpy; ve; j
.P.Paa
f;
w ww
w fl; i l eP b j; J w w
ciof;ww k; ? Vd; ? w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
(i)xt;nthW Mz;L tisaKk; xU tUlj;jpd; tsh;r;rpia Fwpf;fpwJ. vdNt Kd;gUt kw;Wk;
gpd;gUt i . O . rgfl;
O rgilapdhy; cUthd i . O . O grg r;rp tisaj;jpd; .mbg;
rtsh; i O . rgrggilapy; mk;kuj;jpd;
O i . O . rgrg
taJ
O
a i
laWk; 20 vd epHzapf; a i a i a i
d a
d aaslakw;
s50 d a
d saasflag;lgal;Ls;sJ. d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa(ii),uz;lhk; epiy wiryj; a
.P.Pajpd; tsHr;rpapdhy; .P a
.PaWf;fl;il, ituf;wfw
rhw; a
.Pl.PaNjhd;WfpwJ.
l;i a
.P.Pa
wwww w w w w wwrhw;
w w w w wgw
w
ww (iii)nghUshjhuwmbg; w g ilapy; fhZk; w
NghJ w W f; f l; i liatpl w wituf; f l; i lapypUe; J w
ngwg; w Lk;
kuf;fl;iglg kpfTk; ePbj;J ciof;gfgf;$baJ kw;Wk; Ez;Z
. O . rr
O . O . rr
O . O . O g , G+r;rpfspd; jhf;
rgrapfs; . O .
Fgjiy
r rg
O
vjpHf;
l
asal a ia iF k; jpwDilaJ. vdNt
l
asal a ia i 50 taJila ‘m’ fl;
l
asal a i
ia i
l eP b j; J ciof; F k; .
asall a ia i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad
10. xU kuj; j pd; FWf; F a ad
ntl;
P.P
.LfpwJ.
L j; Njhw; w j; j py; fhzg;
.P.Pa ad
g Lk; nghJ ika a ad
tisaq;
.wPd.
.P
f s; , tsu; r ; r p
.P.Pa ad
w w w tisaq; f s; vdg;
w wgw tsu; r ; r p tisaq; w ww f s; vt; t hW cUthfpd; w w w w w w
www mjd; Kf;fpaj; ww w
Jtk; ahJ? www www www
jhtuj;jpd;rgrKd; gUtf;fl;il kw;Wk;rgrgpd; g gUtf;fl;il NrHe; jrgrnjhFg; G Mz;L tisaq; rgrgfs; my;yJ
tsu;lral;ria.p Oi . O g fs; vdg;gLk;
tisaq; .
alai . O
i . O i . Oi . O g
i . O
i . O
d a saasar;rp tisaq;fspd;dKf;
tsu;
d a
d saasflapaj; Jtk;: d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a1.xt;nthW Mz;L .tisaKk; aa atUl
a tsu;rr; piaf; Fwpf; afapwJ. aa
w ww
w w wwwP.P ; jhtuj;jpd; wxU
w w w.P.P
w ww
w
.P.P
w ww
w
.P.P
ww 2.tsu;rr ; p tisaq; ww fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; ww nfhz;L xU kuj;jpd; wwtaij fz;lwpayhk; ww
3.kuj;jpd; rtajpidf;
i . O . O grg fz;lwpAk; gpuptpw;
i . O . rgrg F “kutajpay;”i.(Dendrochronology)
O O . rgrg
O
vd;W rngau;
i . O . Ogrg .
i “kuf; i ” i i
saaslaalLa tisaq;fspd;da%yk; saaslaalfle; saaslaakhw; saaslaaljapd; tsu;r;rp
4.kutajpaypd; xU gpupT f
a hy epiyapay; (Dendroclimatology)
la vdg; g Lk; .
d a
5.Mz;
d d j f; f hy gUtepiy
d a
d w q; f s; kw; W k; d a
jhtuj;
d d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a gz;Gfis mwpayhk; .P.Pa. a .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w www w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww
************************** ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslamyFla – 5. jhtu d a
d
lala
saasnraypay; d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa ghlk;:11.jhtuq;wfw a
.Pa flj;J Kiwfs;
.Pspy; a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w www w w w ww
w w ww
w
ww I.xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf; w w fs;:- w w w w w w
1. tpiwg;gOj;rj
. O O grk;g cila nry;ypy;;....OO rgrg . O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
l
asal a
m)DPD=10tsp; ia i . OP=5tsp; l
asal
TP=10tsp a ia i . M)DPD=0tsp; l
asal a ia i
OP=10tsp; . TP=10tsp asall a ia i . asla
d a
d sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa a,)DPD=0tsp; OP=5tsp;
.P.P ad
aTP=10tsp a ad OP=20tsp; TP=10tsp
<)DPD=20tsp;
.P.P .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad
w w w w w w w ww w w w w w w
www tpil: M)DPD=0tsp; www OP=10tsp; TP=10tsp www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
C.KISHORE
l
saasa KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., d a
d
l
saasaM.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc d(YOGA)., a
d
l
saasa B.A (HINDI)., PGdASST a
d saasIN l
a BOTANY,
dadsaasla
aa
.P.GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL,
P .P.Paa .P.Paa .P aa
.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w wwTHATTAPPARAI,
w GUDIYATTAM,
w www VELLORE DISTRICT. w ww
w CELL : 9894807882. ww wPage
w 17
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l a l a i aa l a l a i aa l al a i aa l a l a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s a slaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s as laalia. i.O saasla
d
aa a
d a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w www w www w www w
2. fPo;fz;ltw;rW
. O Ogrs;g rhpahd $w;wpidf; . O Ogrg lwpf.
rfz; .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
l a i
a i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a i a i .
d
(i)mg;
a
d saasaN l
ghgpsh]; l ; vd; g J
d
NtfkhdJ,
a
d saasa l capuw; w gFjpfspy;
d a
d saasa l eilngWtJ.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa (ii) rt; t pil topg; g hij
.P.P aathf; F Nthiy cs; s lf;
.P.P aa
f paJ. .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w (iii) rpk; g psh]; l ; w ww
w
mUfike; j nry; f spd; w w
gpsh];ww k hnl]; N kl; l hf; f is w w
w w
,izf; f pwJ. w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
(iv) rpk;gpsh];l; kw;Wk; rt;tpil top Mfpait nry;ypd; capUs;s gFjpfspy; eilngWgit.
(m) (i) i
kw;. O . rk;grg(ii) (M) (ii) kw;W
O i . O . Ogrg
r(iii) (iii) i . O . Ogrg
r(iv) (i), (ii), i
(iii), . O .
(iv)rgrg
O
a a i W a k;
i (,) kw;aW k;
i (<) a i
d a
tpil:
d saaslal(<) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.3.Patwz;l epyj; jhtukhd a
.P.Paxgd;~pahtpy; vt;w a
.P.PaePuhtpg; Nghf;F rhj;wjw .P a
.Pa? .P.Paa
wwww w ww
w w wtw if w w pak; w ww
w
ww m),iyj;Jis w w ePuhtpg;Nghf;F M)nyz; w wbnry; ePuhtpg;Nghf;F w w w w
,)f;A+l;bfps; eP uhtpg; N ghf;
rgrg jpwg;G vijr; rhu;i.eOF <)Nkw;
grg
rJ? $ wpa midj; J k; tpil:
rgrg ,)f; A +l; b fps; eP u htpg;
rgrg F
N ghf;
i . O
i . O i . O i . O . O i . O . O
aslaalai aslaalai
4. ,iyj; J isj; ; j
a s
m)nghl;
aaslaala l hrpak; madpapd; a s
cs;
aaslaaElaioT a sa a sa a saasla
d d
a aM)nghl; d
a adntspNaw;wk; a add d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w lhrpak; madpapd; w .P.P
w w w.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www ,)FNshiuL madpapd; www w cs;EioT www w w
www w
www
<)i`l;uhf;]py; madpapd; cs;EioT
tpil: m)nghl; i .O . rgrglhrpak; madpapd;i.Ocs;
O . rgrgEioT
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
5. Kd;
d a
d
l
saars;rapd; fUj;jhf;fk; vij d a
d saasmbg;l
a gilahff; nfhz;alsaJ?
d d
asa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P a am)tpiwg;gOj;jr; rupT .P.P akw;
a Wk; cs;suP ;j;jy; tpir .P.P a afhuzkhf czT ,lg; .P.P anagau;rr; p miljy;. .P.P aa
w ww
w M)tpiwg; g Oj; j w
k; w
w w
fhuzkhf czT ,lk; w nww w
gau; j y; . w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
,)cs;sPu;j;jy; tpir fhuzkhf czT ,lk;ngau;jy;.
<)Nkw;$wpatw;
i .O . rgrgWs; VJTkpy;iy. i.O.O
O rgrg i O . rgrg
O
.fhuzkhf i O
.gau;
. rgrg
O
l a l a i l al a i l al a i l al a i r;rp miljy;. sasla
tpil:
a saasa m)tpiwg; g Oj; j r;
a saasa
rupT kw; W k; cs; s u
P ; j ; j y;
a saasa
tpir czT
a saasa
,lg; n
. P.P
d d
a a L, %d;W, Ie;J.Pkjpg;
II.,uz; . P
d d
a a ngz; tpdhf;fs;:- .P.P aa d d . P. aa
P
d d . P.Padaada
wwww 6. ed;F ePUw;wpdhYk; ww wwkz;zpy; cs;s mjpfg; ww wgw bahd cg;G mlu;tw ww
pdhy;wwjhtuk; thLfpwJ. tpsf; ww wwFf.
ww ww ww w ww
(i)kz;zpy; cs;s mjpfg;gbahd cg;G jd;ikahy; ePuhdJ mjpf mlu;tpid ngw;W mjpfkhd
rt;T+L i . O . rgrg mOj;jj;jpidf;i.O
guty;
O . rgrg bUf;Fk;.
nfhz;
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a saaslalaePupd; rt;T+L guty;
(ii)J}a
d a aslalajj;ij(G+[;[pak;)tpl
samOj; d a ala zpy; cs;s cg;aGsaaePsulapd;la rt;T+L guty; asaasla
saaslkz; dad
a d
.P.Pa mOj;jk; mjpfkhf .P.P a d
a Fk;. vdNt jhtuq;
,Uf; a
.P.fPshy; d
a ,j;jifa ePupid .P.P avspjpy; cwpQ;r Kbahky; .P.P adad
www w ww w w ww w w ww w w ww w w
ww thbtpLfpd;ww d.
w ww ww ww
7. jur ru;f;fiu ,ilkhw;wf; nfhs;ifapy; gh];ghupNy]; nehjp vt;;thW ,iyj;Jisapidj;
jpwf;fpwJ? i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asGal nry;ypy; gh];ghupNy]; l a a i
asalnehjp fz;lwpag;gl;alsaJ. l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
d a
d s
(i)fhg;
a d a sa
d jurj;jpid ePu.P d d J ru;f;fiuahf khw; d a
d sa d a sa
.P.P a a(ii)gfypy; gh];ghupNy]; .P.P a anehjp hw; agaFj;
.P .P.P aWafpwJ. .P.P a ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www (iii),jdhy; PHwmsT ww cau;j;J cl;rt;w Tw+L wguty; eilngw;W ,iyj; wwwJis jpwf;fpwJ. www
8. jhtuj;jpy; rRf; grgNuh]pid ngWk; xspr; rgrNgru;f;i f nra;atpayhjrggFjpfisg; gl;baypLf.rg g
1.Ntu;la2.Kjpu; i . O
i . O e ; j jz; L 3.kyHfs; i . O
i . O
4.fdpfs; 5.fpoq; F fs; i . O
i . O rg ia.O i.Or
a a l a
sas jpwidf; fl;Lg;gLj; a laal a
sak;s $Wfs; ahit? dadsas a laal a a
sas laal saasla
9. dePaupay;
d d a
dJ d a
d d a
d
.P.P a aePupay; jpwidf; fPo;f.P .Pala $Wfs; fl;Lg;gLj;J .Pfpd; a awd.
.P .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w w wwz;
w w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww ePupay; jpwd; =wfiunghUs; w cs;shu;e;jwjpwd; w + mOj;jk; cs;sw hu;we;j jpwd; ww
Ψrwgrg = Ψs + Ψp rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia O
.nrYj;
i . O l a ia.Oi . O a i .O
a i . O
10. glj;
a sa
j py;
l fhl;
asfapAs;sJ. ,jd; mstP b As; s thW
a
Nju;
sa
T
afisg;
s a l J rt; t hyhd
a sa
xU l nraw; i fahd
asa tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf; nry;
a sa
l
asa fTk;.cs;s ePupy; asaasla
gP fl ; f upy;
.P.P adad %o;
.P.P adad L ghu; j ; J f; fP
.P.P adad
o ; f hZk;
.P.P adad .P.P adad
www w ww w w w w
wwLf; fhl;Lf. ww w w ww ww
ww m) ePu; nry;Ywk;wghijapid mk;Gf;Fwpapl; ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Pa a .P.Paa .P.Paa
wwww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
.P.P a ad M) nry;Yf;F ntspaike; .P.P a ad j fiurypd; epiy .P.P ad
aINrhlhdpf; , i`g;Nghlhdpf; .P.P a ad my;yJ .P.P a ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www i`g;gu;lw ww?
hdpf; www www www
tpil: i`g;Nghlhdpf; fiury;
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
C.KISHORE
l
saasa KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., d a
d
l
saasaM.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc d(YOGA)., a
d
l
saasa B.A (HINDI)., PGdASST a
d saasIN l
a BOTANY,
d adsaasla
aa
.P.GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL,
P .P.P aa .P.P aa .P .Paa .P.P aa
w ww
w w wTHATTAPPARAI,
w w GUDIYATTAM,
w www VELLORE DISTRICT. w ww
w CELL : 9894807882. ww wPage
w 18
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l a l a i aa l al a i aal al a i aa l al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s a slaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad ad a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w wwww www w www w
,) nry;O
. iy.O grgepiy INrhlhdpf;,.Oi`g;
rpd; Orgrg Nghlhdpf; my;yJi.O.i`g; rgrg gu;lhdpf;?
O .O rgrg
O
l a ia l a i
a i. l a a i l a ia i .
d a
d saasa l
tpil: i`g; g u; l hdpf;
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa <) Nrhjidapd; Kbtpy;
.Pkh?
.P aa nry; y hdJ mjpfj; j
.P.P aa
su; T epiy, mjpf tpiwg;
.P.P aa
G epiy my; y J mNj aa
.P.P
w ww
w epiyapy; ePwb wFw
f;
w wwww w www w www
ww tpil: Nrhjidapd;
ww Kbtpy; nry;yhdJ
ww mjpf tpiwg;G epiyapy; ww fhzg;gLk;.
ww
c) ,r;nraw;
i . O . rgrgif nry;ypy; eilngWtJ
O i . O . rgrg cl;rt;T+Lgutyh
O i . O . OgrgyJ ntspr;rt;T+Lgutyh?
rmy; i . O . rgrg
O
a
lala i a
lala i a i a i
d a
d
fhuzk;
saastpil: $Wf.
,r; n raw; i f d a
d saasy
nry; py; eilngWtJ d a
d
cl; sarast;laTla+Lguty; MFk;. dadsaaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa fhuzk;: J}awePw .P a
Pamy;yJ i`g;Nghlhdpf; a
.P.Pafiurypy; itf;fg;wgw a
.l;P.LPs;as nry;ypw;Fs; ww a
.P.Pa
wwww w w u.py; wwww w w w w
ww w w ghd; %yf;$Wfs; cl;
fiug; w w
wnry;tJ vz;lh];khrp];w my;yJ cl;rt;T+Lguty; ww
rgrg vdg; g Lk; . rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a i
a . O
i . O l a i
a . O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a sa asal a saasal ***************************
a sa asal a saasal a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad myF – 5. .P d
a ad nraypay; .P.P
jhtu d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w .P ww ww.P.P
w
www wwww w
ww:w
ghlk; 12.fdpk Cl;lk; www w w
www
I.xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:-
rgrg,izia rfgTk; rgrg rgrg
1. nghUj; j i . O
i
khd. O Nju;e;n i
jLf;.Oi . O rg . i .Oi . O i .Oi . O
saasu];l al a
a mbEdp ,wg;G a- saas(i)a Mo l al a saasal al a l
saasa al a saasla
aad a
1.rpl;
d aad d aa d a
d aad ad aad a
d
ww.P.P 2.rhl;il thy; Neha; ww .P.P - (ii) Zn ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w wwww www w www w
3.gOg;G ikaf; fUf;fy; - (iii) Cu
4.rpw;wpiy .O O grg
rNeha; - (iv) iB.O.O rgrg .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
l a ia i . l a a i l a i
a i . l a ia i .
dm)a
d
l
saa1sa(iii) 2 (ii) 3 (iv) 4d(i)adsaaM) l
sa 1 (iii) 2 (i) 3 (iv)dads4aas(ii)a l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a,) 1 (i) 2 (iii) 3 (ii) .P.4P aa a a 4 (i) tpil: M) 1.(iii)
.3P.(ii) aa aa
w ww
w w ww (iv) <) 1 (iii) 2 (iv)
w wwww P
w wwwP.P 2 (i) 3 (iv) 4 (ii) w www.P.P
ww 2. xU jhuj;jpw;Fwmidj; w Jf; fdpkq;fSk;ww toq;fg;gl;L Mn nrwpTww kl;Lk; mjpfkhf ,Ue;j why;
w
Vw;gLk; FiwghL rgrg ahJ? rgrg rgrg rgrg
m) a Fe, a
lala i
Mg. O
i . O cl; n fhs; j pwidj; a i
jLf; . O
i .FO k; Mdhy; Ca jtpu. a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
a sasFe, a aslala
safhs; a saaslala a saaslala a saasla
a dM)d Mg kw; W k; Ca d
cl;
a dn j pwid mjpfupf; a Fd d
k; . a d d a d d
.P.Pa,) Ca cl;nfhs;jw .P.Pakl;Lk; mjpfupf;Fk;w .PPa .P.Pa .P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
ww ww w
pwid wwww. w. wwww ww
wwww ww
<) Fe, Mg kw;Wk; Ca cl;nfhs;jpwidj; jLf;Fk;.
tpil: m) . O O grgMg cl;nfhs;jpwidj;
rFe, . O rgrjLf;
O g Fk; Mdhy; Ca.Ojtpu. rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
l a ia i .
a;Lsk;al ,lk;ngauhj jdpkk; l a i
a i . l a i
a i . l a ia i . asla
3. kPaz sa a sa al
asvJ? a sa asal a saasal a sa
d d
a am)gh]; gu]; M)nghl; d
ad
ahrpak; d
a adu[d; tpil: ,)fhy; d d
arapak; d
a ad
w .P.4.P
w w .P.lP
w
,)fhy;rpak; .P
w w
<)iel;
.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
www rupahdtw; i wg; wwww
nghUj; J f. w
www w
www w
www
t.vz; jdpkq;fs; t.vz; gzpfs;
A i.O . rgrg bd;
khypg;
O 1 gr;.O
i iO
. rgrg
rak;
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
l
saBasa Jj;jehfk; d d
l
2asaasankj;jpNahdpd;
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa C nkf;dr P pak; .P.P a a3 Mf;rpd; .P.P aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w www w www
ww D ry;/gu; ww 4 iel;Nuh[pNd]; ww ww ww
m) A - 1 Brg rgrg rgrg rgrg
Ala
OO–rg3 C – 4 D - 2
-al2ia. i.B – 1 C – 3 D - 4 salaalia. i.
OO l a i
a .Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d
M)sa
a
d a s d a
d a s d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a,) A - 4 B – 3 C – 1.P.DP a a- 2 .P.P aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w <) A - 4 B – 2 w
C w1w D - 3
w
– wwww w www w www
ww ww ww ww ww
tpil: ,) A - 4 B – 3 C – 1 D - 2
5. rupahd i.$w; O ri
O grgwf; fz;lwpf. . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
a i . a i i . a i i . a i i .
d d saaslailald;, nkj;jpNahdpd;
I.arp]; d a
d
aslala mkpyj;jpw;Fr;asry;
samkpNdh d d a asla/lgu;a mtrpak;.
d ad saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.PaII. N, K, S kw;Wk; Mo a
Pa
.P.FiwghL nry;gpupitwghjpf; a
.P.PafpwJ. .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w ww w w www w www
ww w
III. ny$k; my;ywhj jhtuj;jpy; guhd;f;fpah ww ghf;Bupak; fhzg;gLfpwJ. w w ww
IV. iel;u[d; rg gntspNaw;wk; nray; rgrg
gLj; Jk; ghf;Bupahf;fs; iel; rgrNguhNrhNkhdh]; kw;iW.O k;rgiel;
rg Nuhghf;lu;.
m) a I, la
IIaila .O
rupi.OrM) I, II, III rup alaa,) ila.O i.IOkl; Lk; rup <) a l
midj;
a aila.O i .O J k; rup tpil: l
asal
M) a a
I, i .
II,OIII rup asla
d a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a sa d a s a
.P.Pa ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w ww w ww
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
C.KISHORE
l
saasa KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., d a
d
l
saasaM.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc d(YOGA)., ad
l
saasa B.A (HINDI)., PGdASST ad saasIN l
a BOTANY,
d adsaasla
aa
.P.GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL,
P .P.P aa .P.P aa .P .Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w wTHATTAPPARAI,
w w wwww
GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. w www CELL : 9894807882. ww wPage
w 19
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d
aa a
d a aa d ad a aad ad a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w www w ww w w www w www w
II.,uz;L, %d;
i .O . rgWrg, Ie;J kjpg;ngz; itpdhf;
O .O . Orgrgfs;:- i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l al a i l a l a i l al a i l al a i iy, Vd;? sasla
6. iel;
a saasau [d; tspkz; l yj; j py;
a saasa
mjpfk; ,Ue; j hYk; saasa
jhtuq;
a f s; mjidg; gad; g saasa
Lj;
a j Kbtjpy;
. P. P
d d
a a(i)tspkz;lyj;jpy; fhzg; . P. P
d d
a agLk; iel;u[d; thA.P.epiyapy; aa
P
d d cs;sJ. . P. aa
P
d d . P. adaada
P
ww (ii),e;j thA epiyapy; ww cs;s iel;u[dhdJ wwiel;Nul; cg;Gfshfww ww wg;gl;L kz;zpy; ww w
ww
ww wwww ww ww ww khw; ww w
epiyepWj;jg;gl;lhy; kl;LNk mit jhtuq;fshy; vspjpy; cwpQ;rg;gl;L gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
(iii)vdNt i . O . rgrg lyj;jpy; mjpfi.Omstpy;
O
tspkz; . rgrg iel;u[d; ,Ue;
O i . O
j . rgrg mit jhtuq;fshy;
O
hYk; i . O . rggad;
O rg gLj;j
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d a a l
sa iy.
sKbtjpy; d ad
a
sasa l
d ad
a
sasa l
d a
d
a
sasa l
d a
d saasla
a
.P.7.PaVd; rpy jhtuq;fspy; a
Pawhf;Fiw mwpFwpfs;
.P.gw; a a
.P.PKbtpy; ,sk; ,iyfspy; a
.P.PaNjhd;WfpwJ. .P.Paa
wwww ww
wKjpu;
w ww wWw wwww wwww
ww gpw jhtuq;fspy; ww e;j ghfq;fspy; Njhd; ww fpwJ? ww ww
(i) fhy;rpak;, g,Uk;G, fhg;gu;, ry;/gu; Nghd; grg,sk; w fdpkq;fspd; ,lk;g ngauhj;jd;ikapdhy; ,it
Kjpu; i
r . ; O
r . r rg j ,iyfspy;; ,Ue;
O
paile; i. O . rJ
O ,iyfSf;aF i . O . r rgjg;gLtjpy;iy vdNt
O
flj; i . O . rgrrpy
O g
l a a i
asal fspy; gw;whf;Fiw l a
al a
amwpFwpfs; i l a i
asal Njhd;WfpwJ. asaasal l a a i asla
d a sjhtuq;
a d a sa s ,sk; ,iyfspy; d a sa d d a sa
.P.P a a(ii)d iel;u[d;, gh];gu]; .P.P d lhrpak;, Nrhbak;
a, anghl; .P.P ad w tpiuthf ,lk;.P.ngaWk;
aNghd; Pa ad fdpkq;fs; .P.P a ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www Ntfkhf ,sk; www ,iyfSf;Ff; flj;jw g;w w
gLtjhy; kw;w jhtuq;fw ww gw;whf;Fiw mwpFwpfs;
spy; www
Kjpu;r;rpaile; j ghfq;fspy; Njhd;g
i . O . rgrrhl;
O g i
i . O . r WrgfpwJ.
O i .O . Ogrg
rmwpFwpfs; s;lia.sO . rgrgA kw;Wk; B
O
8. jhtuk; l a a- i A lthy; Neha; l ,
a i
jhtuk;
a - B rpw;wpiy Neha; l a a i nfhz;Lla i J.
d a
jhtuj;
d
l
saasajpd; fdpkf; Fiwghl; d ad sabasidf;l
a fz;lwpf.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa d a
d saasla
.P.P a ajhtuk; - A khypg;bdk; .P.P aFiwg;
a a a Nehapd; mwpFwpfisf;
.P.lthy;
P .P.P a a nfhz;Ls;sJ. .P.P aa
w ww
w w w ww ghl;bdhy; w rhl;
w ww i w ww
w w ww
w
ww jhtuk; - B Jj; wjwehfk; Fiwg;ghl;bdhy;ww rhl;ilthy; Nehapd; mwpFwpfisf; ww nfhz;Ls;sw J.w
9. iel;u[d; epiyepWj; rgrg jj;jpy; iel;Nuh[pNd]; rgrg nehjpapd; gq;fpid rgrg tptup rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a i a.Oi . O
d
(i) tspkz;
a
d saasa l l y iel; u [id
d ad
epiyepWj;
saasa l j iel; N uh[pNd];
d a
d saasa lvd; w nehjp $l; l ikg;
d a
d
G
saasa lcjTfpwJ.
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa (ii) iel; N uh[pNd];
.P.P aa
nehjpahdJ fhw; w py; y h #o; e
.P.Paa
piyapy; kl; L Nk nray; g
.P.P aa
lf; $baJ.
.P.P aa
w ww
w (iii) fhw; w py; y h w
#o; w
e wpiyia
w Vw; g Lj; j Ntu; wK w wbr;
w R fspy; cUthFk; w ww
w
nyf; ` {NkhFNshgpd; wwww
cjTfpwJ.
ww ww ww ww ww
(iv) ,e;j nyf;`{NkhFNshgpd; Mf;]p[d; ePf;fpahf nray;gl;L Mf;]p[d; ,y;yhr; #o;epiyia
Vw;giLj; . O . rgfpwJ.
O
J rg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
aslalua[id epiyepWj;J a i
lalaBupahf;fs; Ntu; Kbr; ala i a i
d(v)
a
d saiel; d ad saasghf;
k; d a
d saaslaRfspy; ,sQ;rptg;Gdaepwj;
d saaslaJlald; d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa fhzg;gLtjw;F w,e; a
.P.jPanyf;`{NkhFNshgpd; a
Pa
.P.epwkpNa fhuzk; MFk; a
..P.Pa .P.Paa
wwww wkw
w ww ww wwww wwww
ww 10. MQ;rpNah];nw gu;w ;fspd; G+r;rpAz;Zk; czT+l; ww l Kiwapid tptup. ww ww
jhtuq;fs; iel;u[d; gw;whf;Fiwia rupnra;J nfhs;s G+r;rpf;fsplkpUe;J iel;u[d; rj;ijg;
ngWfpd; i . Ow.Orgrg
d. i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a
asagl e;j];: i l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
d s
1.neg;
a a d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
.P.P a ad(i) ,j;jhtuj;jpd; ,iyahdJ .P.P a ad FLit Nghd; .PW.P d WU mile;J mjDs;
a akhw; .P.P a adnrupkhd nehjpfisf; .P.P a ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www nfhz;Ls;w sw J.w ,e;j nehjpfs; G+r;rwpfis ww nrupf;f cjTfpwJ. www www
(ii) FLitapd; tha;gFjp Njd; Rug;ggpfis nfhz;Ls;sJ. FLitapd; %b G+r;rpfisg ftu
i
gy;. ON. rgrg tz;
O
tW z q; f spy; i
fhzg; . O . O g
r grLfpwJ. i . O . rgrg
O i .O . r rg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d d saaus]P
2.l;
a
l
a uh:
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.P a a (i) ,j;jhtuk; ePz;l.P.jbj; aa .P.Pa, afuz;b tbt ,iyfis .P.P a a ngw;Ws;sJ. ,it.P.P aa
w ww
w w www P j czu; ePl;rpfSld; w w ww w ww
w wwww
ww xl;lf;$ba wwnrupkhd jputj;ij Rue; ww J G+r;rpfis <u;ff ; pwJ.ww ww
(ii) ,itrgrghu; g g;gjw;F #upa gdpj; rJgrsp
g Nghd;W cs;sJ..O.O rgrg rgrg
i .
3.Al;luapFNyupah:
a O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia i a i a.Oi . O
a saa,J
l
sa ePupy; %o;fp thOk; a asa
sajhtuk; l
MFk; . ,jd; a
,iyfs;
l
saasa ig Nghd;W khw; aw
l
asa J G+r;rpfis asaasla
sakile;l
d d
a a Nrfupj;J nrupf;f.r;P.P d
anra; d
a fpwJ. aad d aad d adad
w .P.P
w w w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P
ww
ww 4.lNahdpah: ww ww ww ww wwww wwww
(i) ,j;jhtuj; rgrgjJ pd; ,iyfs; ,uz;Lrgkly;
khw; i . O
i
w . O
kile; s; s J. i . O
i . O rg fis nfhz;L i.tz; O
i . rgrz
O g kakhd nghwpahf.O.O
i i
rgrg
a
lala
as,iyfspd;
s(i) saass a
lala a
ala njhl;lTld; ,iyfs;
saasrlpfs; a
saaslala%b G+r;rpfis dadsaasla
a d a
d a cs; N sa d a
cs;
d czu; eP l ; r pfis a d a
dG+r; a d a
d aa
w .P.Pa rpijf;fpd;wd.ww
w .P.Pa w .P.Pa
w w .P.Pa
w ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww ww ww wwww wwww

i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
.P.P a ad .P.P a ad **************************************
.P.Pa ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
C.KISHORE
l
saasa KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., d ad
l
saasaM.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc d(YOGA)., a
d
l
saasa B.A (HINDI)., PGdASST ad saasIN l
a BOTANY,
d adsaasla
aa
.P.GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL,
P .P.P aa .P.Paa .P .Paa .P.P aa
w ww
w w wwTHATTAPPARAI,
w GUDIYATTAM,
w w ww VELLORE DISTRICT. w ww
w CELL : 9894807882. ww wPage
w 20
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal a l a i aa l al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s as laalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a aa d ad a aad a
d a aad ad a aad a
d
ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w ww w w ww w w www w

i .O . rgrg
O myFi .O . rgrg – 5. jhtu nraypay;
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l ghlk;:13.xspr; d a
d
asaf;if
Nsaru; l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;.fP.s;P
.P.I.xU
P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w w ww :-
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww 1. $w;W: ijyf;fwha; wLfspd; cs;,ilntspapy; ww mjpfupf;Fk; GNuhl;lwhd; w nrwpthdJ ATP ww
cw;rggj;gjpf;F fhuzkhf cs;rs grJ.
g rgrg rgrg
i . O
i . O r fhzg;gLk; Mf;i] . O
i . O i . O
i . O i . O
i . O
fhuzk;
s a
aslala : PS-I ,y;
s aslalaa p[d; ntspNaw; w k; $l; a
aslala l ikg; G ijyfha; L a
ciwapd;
aslala kPJ
saasla
a a a a +as a a sa a
a d d ]; l ; N uhkhit a d d
Nehf; f p fhzg; g LtJld; aHd d madpfis ntspNaw; a d
W d
fpwJ. a d d
.P.Pam) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; .P.Pa rup M) $w;W rup,ww .P.Pa jtW ,) $w;WwjtW, .PPa .P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
ww wwww
ww wwfhuzk; ww www. fhuzk; rup ww ww ww
<) $w;W, fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; jtW tpil: M) $w;W rup, fhuzk; jtW
2. vt;tifi.O gr;r
O gr
i graj; j py; igl; l hy; .thy;
O r
O grggFjp fhzg;gLtjpy;i.i O rgrg
y?
O . O rgrg
O
l a a i . l a ia i . l a a i . l a ia i .
asal ,) gr;irak; “c” asaasla
m)a sa agr;
s ail rak; “a” M) gr;iarak; saasal “b” ,) gr;irak;as“c” a asal <) gr;irak; “d” tpil: a sa
d d tpidapy; vyf;.lP;uP
a axsp d
hd;adxl;lj;jpd; rupahd .P
a d
a ad d
a ad adad
w .wP.3.P w . w
tupirKiw.
. P w . P. P w . P. P
ww
ww m) PS-II, gpsh]; ww w ww
NlhFapNdhd; , irl;NlhFNuhk; ww www, PS-I, ngu;uplhf;]pd; ww w. ww wwwww
M) PS-I, gpsh]; NlhFapNdhd;, irl;NglhFNuhk;, PS-II, ngu;uplhf;g]pd;.
i . O . rgrugplhf;
O Nlia.O . r rg
O i .O . O rg
r, PS-I. i .O . rgrg
O
,) PS-II, l a a ingu; ]pd;, gpsh]; l a i
lhFapNdhd; , irl;NlhFNuhk; l a a i l a a i
d<)a
d
asa
saPS-I, l
irl; N lhFNuhk; , d adsaasaNlhFapNdhd;, PS-II,
gpsh]; d a
dngu;
l
saasauplhf;]pd;. d ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.P aa .Ppd;
.Paa .P.P aa
w ww
w tpil: m) PS-II, w ww
gpsh];
w N lhFapNdhd; , w
irl; wNw
w lhFNuhk; , PS-I, ngu; u w w]
plhf;
w w . w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
4. C3 Row;rpapy; EioAk; xt;nthW CO2 %yf;$WfSf;Fk; Njitg;gLk; ATP kw;Wk; NADPH
%yf;$Wfspd; i .O . rgrg vz;zpf;if... i.O.O
O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d
m)a
d saa2ATP l
sa + 2 NADPH M)dad2ATP l
saasa+ 3 NADPH ,) 3ATP d a
d
l
sa+as2aNADPH <) 3ATP +d3adsNADPH aasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa atpil: ,) 3ATP + 2 NADPH .P.Paa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww 5. xspr;Nru;f;if w w
xsptpidapd; rupahd $w; ww wpidf; fz;lwpf. ww ww
m) xsprhu; gePug; gFg;G PS-I cld; njhlu; GilaJ.
i . O . rr
O i . O . rgrg +
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
M) PS-I a
aslala i
kw; W k; PS-II Mfpait
aslalaNADPH+H
a i cUthjypy; a
gq; i
F ngWfpwJ. a i
d,)a
d saPS-I d; tpid ikakhd d adsagr; i rak; “a”apd; xsp d a
d saagsl;Galacr;rk; 680nm MFk;
<u; d ad saas.lala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa<) PS-II d; tpid ikakhd a
.P.Pa gr;irak; “a”apd; a
.Pa <u;g;G cr;rk; 700nm
.Pxsp a
.P.PMFk;a .P.Paa
wwww wwww ww ww w ww
w . w ww
w
ww ww ww w w w w
tpil: M) PS-I kw;Wk; PS-II Mfpait NADPH+H+ cUthjypy; gq;F ngWfpwJ.
II.,uz;L, i%d; . O . rgWrg, Ie;J kjpg;ngz; itpdhf;
O . O . rgrgfs;:-
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a
al a
asmstpyhd i l a a i
asal gug;G nfhz;l mtiu l a a i
asal jhtuj;ij ,U gpupTfshf l a a i
asal (m kw;Wk; M)asaasla
6. xNu
d a sa kw;Wk; rkasa,iy
d d a sa d a sa
.wP.P d J xNu epiyapy;.Ptsu;
a agpupj; . a adff
P ; g;gLfpwJ. m wgpupT . P. P d
a ajhtuq; fSf;F 400w.Kjy; P . a ad450nm miy ePsKs;
P . P. asdad
P
www w
ww fSf;F 500 Kjy;
wjhtuq; ww550nmw w
wwxspAk; w
ww,U w
ww xspAk;, M gpupT ww ww miy ePsKs; ws w toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ww
gpupT jhtuq;gfgspd; xspr;Nru;fi ; fapd;gtP
.aO . rr
O . O . r rgjj;ij xg;gpLf. i.O.O
O rgrg .k;O. rgrg
O
(i) 400laliKjy; i 450nm miy ePs l a i
Ks;a i s “m” gpupT jhtuj; l a j a i
py; xspr;Nru;f;ifapd; ltP a i
ja i mjpfkhf
d a
d sa a
,Uf;s a
F k; . Vnddpy; gr;d a
idsaas
rak;
a l
“a” kw; W k; ; gr; i d a
d
rak; sa as“b”
a l
450nm eP y d a
d
epwkhiyapy; saas a l
#upa xspia d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w kpfj;jpwk;gl <Hf; w wFw
w k;.Pjd;ik nfhz;lJ.ww ww w ww
w w ww
w
ww (ii) Mdhy; 500 Kjy;
ww 550nm miy ePsKs; wws “M” gpupT jhtuj;w w xspr;Nru;f;ifapd; tPw
jpy; jwk;
FiwthfNt r gr g ,Uf; F k; . Vnddpy; r g
gr;r g
i rak; “a” kw; W k; ; gr; ir gr g
rak; “b” 550nm eP y r grg
epwkhiyapy;
a
#upa
s laalia.Oi.O
xspia kpff; F iwe;s a
j la
ia.O
amsNt
l i.O <Hf;Fk; jd;ikalanfhz;
s alia.O i.OlJ.
s a laalia.Oi.O
saasla
d a
d a s d ad a s d a
d a s d a
d a s d a
d
a axU kukhdJ ,utpy;.P.Mf;
.P.7.P a a ]p[id ntspNaw;.WP.fpwJ.
P a a ,e;j $w;wpid eP.P.cz; a a ik vd ek;Gfpwhah? .P.P aa
w ww
w cd; tpilia w ww
jFe;
w j fhuzq; f Sld; w
epahag; wwgP
w Lj; J f. w ww P
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
(i) xspr;NrHf;ifapd; xl;Lnkhj;j tpid
6CO2 i+.O 6H. rg2rOg
O C6H12O6 +i.O 6O. r2grg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
aslala jypd; xl;Lnkhj;ajsaastpid a
lala i a i a i
d(ii)
a
d saRthrpj; d d d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa C6H12O6 + 6O2 ww a
.P.Pa6CO2 + 6H2O + 2868KJ .P.P a a wy;
Mw; .P.Paa .P.Paa
wwww w w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww jhtuq;fs; gfypy; w w ; #upaxspapd; cjtpapdhy; w w w
xspr;NrHf;ifapy;w<Lgl;L ePu; %yf;$iw w w gpse;J
Mf;]p[id ntspNaw;
rgrg ntspapl Kbtjpy; W fpwd. Mdhy; grg
ry. ,utpy; Rthrpj; j ypy;rgrg <LgLtjhy; jhtuq; f shy;
rgrg
Mf;la] ia. O
i .
p[id O l a ia. O
ii. O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O
a
8. dxspr;sa
l jpdhy; Vw;gLk; s,og;
asRathrj; a aasalgpid <Lfl;l Gw;fas;saasvt; altif jftikg;G aEl; saasga j;ljpidg;
a saasla
d Ws;sd? ,jd; ngaH
a angw; d
a adkw;Wk; tpsf;fj;jpid d
ad
a$Wf. d
a ad d
a ad
w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www xspr;Rthrj;jpdhy; w
wwwVw;gLk; ,og;gpid <Lfl; w
wwwl Gw;fs; C4 topj;jlk; wwww my;yJ `hl;r; &; ]; www w
yhf;
topj;jlj;jpy;g g<LgLfpd;wd. ,jid tpsf;
i . O . rr
O i . O . rgrg Fk; Row;rp gpd;t
O i .
UkhW.
O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
C.KISHORE
l
saasa KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., d ad
l
saasaM.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc d(YOGA)., a
d
l
saasa B.A (HINDI)., PGdASST a
d saasIN l
a BOTANY,
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL,
P .P.Paa .P.P aa .P .Paa .P.P aa
w ww
w w wTHATTAPPARAI,
w w GUDIYATTAM,
w ww
w VELLORE DISTRICT. w ww
w CELL : 9894807882. ww wPage
w 21
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l a l a i aa l a l a i aa l al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s aslaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s as laalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w w
ww w ww w w www w www w

i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww ww ww wwww ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w ww w w w w w w
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l C4 Row;rdp a
d saasy
my;
l
a J xspr;Rthrk; asaasa
d d
l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww 9. xU jhtutpay;ww tFg;gpy; Mrpupau; C4 jhtuq; ww fs; xU FSf;Nfh]; wwcw;gj;jpf;F 30 ATP fis ww
gad;gLj;JtjhfTk;
i . O . rgrg
O
, C3 jhtuq;fs; r18
i . O . OgrgATP fis kl;LNk .O
i
gad;
. rgrggLj;JtjhfTk; tpsf;
O i . O . rgfpwhu;
F
O rg .
asu;laalmNj i i
laalafs; jhd; C3 jhtuq;sfasistpl laala i i
gpd;sd
d a
d a
a Mrpupau; C4 jhtuq;
d a
d safashd d a
d a
rpwe;j jftikg;
d a
d saasGlaalangw;Ws;sjhf
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa$Wfpwhu; . ,e; j Kuz; gaa
.P.Phlbw; fhuzq; f is aa
cd;
.P.P d hy; $w KbAkh? aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w C jhtuq; f s; Cw w
w w
jhtuq; f istplr; rpwe; w
j www
jhff; fUjg; g LfpwJ. w ww
w
Vnddpy; C jhtuq; f s; C w ww
w
ww 4 ww
3 ww ww 3 ww
4
jhtuq;fistpl mjpf msT Mw;wiy xspRthrj;jpd; NghJ ,of;fpwJ.
10. mjpfkhd i . O . rgxspAk;
O rg , mjpf Mf;]i.p[d; O . rgrgnrwpTk; fhzg;gLk;i.ONghJ
O . rgrg vt;tif topj;jlk;
O i . O . Ogrg fspy;
rjhtuq;
a i a i a i a i
d d saaslala ? fhuzq;fis
eilngWk;
a d a
d
aslalaf.
saMuha; d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pamjpfkhd xspAk;w a
PPa Mf;]p[d; nrwpTk;
, .mjpf a
Pa gLk; NghJ jhtuq;
.P.fhzg; a
.P.P a C2 Row;rp my;yJ.P.Pa
fspy; a
ww
ww
ww xspr;Rthrk; eilngWk; www. .
ww ww ww ww
wwwwww
wwww ww

i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w ww w w w w w w
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww w ww
rpwmy; wwww ww ww
ww ww ww
C2 Row; yJ xspr;Rthrk;ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
**************************************** i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a s a d a sa d a s a
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w ww w w w w ww
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
C.KISHORE
l
saasa KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., d a
d
l
saasaM.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc d(YOGA).,ad
l
saasa B.A (HINDI)., PGdASST ad saasIN l
a BOTANY,
d adsaasla
aa
.P.GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL,
P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P aa
.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w wTHATTAPPARAI,
w w w www
GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. w ww
w CELL : 9894807882. ww wPage
w 22
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i aa l al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s as laalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww ww www w w
ww w ww ww

i .O . rgrg
O myF
i .O . Orgrg – 5. jhtu nraypay; i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l ghlk;:14.Rthrpj;
d a
d saasajy; l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;.fP.s;P
.P.I.xU
P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww :- w www w www wwww
ww 1. xU %yf;$W wigUtpf; w mkpyk; KOtJkhf ww Mf;]p[Ndw;wkile; ww
J cUthFk; ATP ww
%yf;$Wfspd;
m) 12lalia.M) O
i . O rg vz;
rg13 zpf;if.
,) 14 <) 15 lalia.O i . O grg
rtpil: <) 15 i . O
i . rgrg
O i . O
i . rgrg
O
saasLa %yf;$W irl;NdlhNrhypf; saasa a
saaslalawkilAk; NghJda a
saaslalafspy; cUthFk;dadsaasla
a
2.ad,uz;
d a a
d NADH+H+ Mf; a d a
r
d p[Ndw; a jhtuq;
d aa
w .P.PaATP %yf;$Wfspd;wvz;
w .P.Pz
w
a
pf; i f. w .P.Pa
w w .P.Pa
w ww.P.P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww ww
m) 3 M) 4 ,) 6 <) 8 tpil: w M)w 4 ww ww
3. fpisf;fhiyrp];
.O
ilapdpf;.Orgrg kw;Wk; fpug;]; i.Row; O . rgrrgpapid ,izf;Fk;i.O
O
,e;rg
. O
jrr;g Nru;kk;
i . O . rgrg
O
m)sa rf;laar i mkpyk; M) igUtpf;l
asala a i mkpyk; ,) mrpl; i l
asal a
lapy; a i CoA <) rpl; upf; l
asal a
mkpyk; a i asla
d a
d a s d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a atpil:
.P.4.P ,) mrpl;ilapy; ad
aCoA
.P.gh];
P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.flj;
P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www $w; W : Mf; ] www
p[Ndw; w g upfuzk; www
ikl; N lhfhz; l u
; pahtpd; vyf; www
l ; u hd; J r; rq; f www
pypapy;
eilngWfpwJ.
fhuzk;:i.O rf;
. rrgrpidy;
O g CoA gh];gupfuzkile;i .O . rgrg J rf;rpdpf; mkpykhf
O i .O . rgrg jsg;nghUs; gh];
O i .O g. O grg jhy;
rupfuzj;
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
l
saasa eilngWfpwJ. dadsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa am) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; a a rup. $w;Wf;fhd rupahd
.P.P a atpsf;fk; fhuzk;. .P.P
.P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w M) $w; W kw; W k; wwww
fhuzk; rup Mdhy; $w; Ww w
f;wf w
hd rupahd tpsf; f w
ky; ywwwfhuzk;. wwww
ww ww
,) $w;W rup Mdhy; fhuzk; jtW. <) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; jtW.
ww ww ww
tpil: M) grgW kw;Wk; fhuzk; .rup
r$w; grg
rMdhy; $w;Wf;fhd rupahd rgrg tpsf;fky;y fhuzk; r.grg
5. fPos;fa;flaa ia.lO O
i.tw; l a ia Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d a
l
z; Ws; fpug;]; Row;
s ypUe;J 2C f;F /gh]; d a
d saasar l
papy; eilngwhj tpid
d a
d saasa l
ahJ?
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa m) 3C aa
.P.P N gl; khWjy; aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w M) g; u f; N lh]; 1,6wwwgp];
w / gh]; N gl; cile; w
J ww,uz;
w L %yf; $ W 3C wNru;wwwk q; f shf khWfpwJ. wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
,) jsg;nghUspypUe;J /gh];Ngl; ePf;fk; <) ,it midj;Jk; tpil: <) ,it midj;Jk;
II.,uz;L, i%d; . O . rgWrg, Ie;J kjpg;ngz; itpdhf;
O .O . rgrgfs;:-
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
la jlj;jpy; gh];gupfuzk; a i a i a i
6. dEMP
a saaslatopj; d a saaslala kw;Wk; /gh];Ndgl;adsaePasfla;flak; Mfpa tpidfspy; d a ala nehjpfis asaasla
saasl<LgLk;
a d
.P.PavOJf. a
.P.Pa d a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa d adad
.P.P
www w www w w w
ww 2./gh];Ngh g;uf;Nwlhw w
wifNd];
w w wwww
ww (i) gh];gupfuzww nehjpfs; : 1.n`f;NrhifNd]; ww ww
(ii) /gh];Ngl; rgrgePf;f nehjpfs;: 1./gh]; rgNrggh fpsprNul; ifNd];rg2.igUNtl; rg ifNd]; rgrg
7. rijg; l a
g i
w;a. O
i
W . O
s; s jhtuq; f spy; a
Rthr
l ia. O
i . O
<T kjpg; G G+[; [ pak; l.a i .
Vd;
a O
i . O
? laalia.Oi.O
a saas a l
a sa as a l
a sa as a l
a saas a saasla
d
a ad
rijg; g w; W s; s jhtuq; f d
a ad
shd xgd; ~ pah, d
a ad
gpiuNah/gpy; y k; Mfpatw; w py; d
a ad
fhu; N ghi`l; N ul; gFjpahf d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.fupk
w P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w
Cow.P.P
w
www Mf; r p[Ndw; w kile;
www w J mkpykhf w
Fwpg;
www g hf khypf; mkpykhf w
khWtjhy;
www ,r; R thrj; j py;
www w 2
ntspapLtjpy;iy Mdhy; o2 gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; Rthr <T kjpg;G Ropahf cs;sJ.
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O 0Co
i .O . rg g
2Or i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
rijg;
d
l
saasagw;Ws;s jhtuq;fspy; d a
d saaFSf; l
sa Nfh]; Rthr <T d a
d sa=asa l =0 d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P 3O2 .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w www w www wwww
ww 8. ikl;Nlhfhz;lw w cl;rt;tpy; eilngWk;
;upah ww tpidfis tptup? ww ww
ikl;Nlhfhz; lu; pah cl; r t; t py; vyf; l u
; hd; flj; J rq; f pyp kw; W k; Mf; ] p[Ndw; w gh]; g upfuzk;
Mfpalatpidfs; i .O . rgrg eilngWfpwd. i.O.O
O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w www w www wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
vyf;i.lO . rgrgflj;J rq;fpyp i.O.O
;uO
hd; rgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala kw;Wk; d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.PaMf;]p[Ndw;w gh]; a
Pa
g.upfuzk;
.P a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww ww ww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
C.KISHORE
l
saasa KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., d a
d
l
saasaM.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc d(YOGA)., a
d
l
saasa B.A (HINDI)., PGdASST a
d saasIN l
a BOTANY,
d adsaasla
aa
.P.GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL,
P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P aa
.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwwTHATTAPPARAI,
w w www
GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. w www CELL : 9894807882. ww wPage
w 23
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal al a i aa l a l a i aa l al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s aslaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s as laalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w ww w w ww ww wwww
9. FSf;Nfh];rgrcilAk; g khw;W topg;grhijapd; grg ngau; vd;d? mjpy; rgrg eilngWk; tpidfis rgrg tptup?
i
laNafh];. O i . O i . O
i. O
laala ghij ngd;Nlh]; s/gh]; i . O
i . O i . O
i . O
FSf;
a saasmiof;la cilAk; khw;Wsastopg;
a a a aaslaala Ngl; topj;jlk; my; a saasylaaJla HMP ~z;l; dadsaasla
aad d
vd f g; g LfpwJ. aad d aa d d aa d d aa
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w ww w w ww ww wwww

i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P.Paa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i asall a a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad .P.P a ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saasaNlh]; /gh];Ngl; topj;
ngd;
d a
d
l
saasjalk; (m) HMP ~z;dlad; saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w 10. fhw; W Rthrpj; j w ww
w
ypd; NghJ xU %yf; $ Ww w
w
Rf;w N uh]; KOtJkhf www]
Mf; w p[Ndw; w kile; J wwww
cUthFk;
ww ww ww ww ww
epfu tpisnghUs;fis jw;Nghja ghu;itapy; vt;thW fzf;fpLtha;?
(i) FSf; i .O N.O rgrg kw;Wk; g;uf;Nlh];i.O.Mfpa
fh]; rgrg xw;iw ru;f;fiui.O
O %yf;
. rgrg$Wfs; ,ize;J i.Rf;
O O . rNgruh];
O g vd;w
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saa l
sa il ru;f;fiuiadjUfpwJ.
,ul; a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a(ii) mz;ikf;fhy Ma; .P.P a pd;
t a gb xU NADH+H %yf; +
.P.Pa a$wpypUe;J 2.5 ATP fSk; .P.Pa a, xU FADH2 aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww %yf;$wpypUe; wwJ 1.5 ATP fSk; fpilf; wwfpd;wd. ww ww
(iIi) fhw;WrgRthrpj; rg epfujypd; NghJ xUrgr%yf; g $W Rf;Nuh]; KOtJkhf rgrg Mf;]p[Ndw;wkile; rgrg J
a i
cUthFk; . O i . O tpisnghUs; a i . O
i .
f Ois jw; N ghja ghu; a
i i . O
i
tapy;. O fzf; f pl; lhy; mit a i . O
i . O
a sa
lala
asKbTfis jUfpd; w a
d. saaslala a saaslala a saaslala o;f;fz;lthW asaasla
fP
.P.Padad .P.P adad .P.Padad .P.Padad adad
.P.P
www w www w www w www w wwww
ww ww ww xLf;f
ww
xLf;f nkhj;j
ww
i . O . rgrg epiyfs;
O iATP
. O . rgrgepiyapYs;s iepiyapYs;
O . O . rgrg s
O ATP.O.O
i rgrg
l
asal a a i asall a a i NAD + l
asal a a i FAD cw;asal a
gj; a
l jp i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad fpisf;f.P
.Pa ad
hiyrp]; 4 4X1.5=6
.P.Pa ad 0 .P.Pa ad 10 .P.Pa ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www wwwG tpid
,izg; 0 w
ww4X2.5=10 0www 10 www
i . O . rgfpug;
O rg jk;
]; Row;rp
i .
4 rg g 12X2.5=30
O . O r i .O .
4X1.5=6
rgrg
O
40
i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i nkhj; l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l8ATP 46 ATP
d a
d saasa l 6ATP
d a
d
60ATP
saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
************************************************ wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O
myF
i . O . rgrg – 5. jhtu nraypay;
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i , l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l ghlk;
d adsaasa : 15.jhtu
l tsu; r ; r pAk;
d a
d saasa gbk
l tsu; r ; r pAk;
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;.fP.s;P
.P.I.xU
P a:-a .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w 1. jtwhd thf; f w
paj; wjj;
i
w w Nju; e ; n jLf; f Tk; . w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww
m) cUthf;ff; fl;lj;jpy; nry;gFg;ig jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;.
ww ww ww
M) ePl;rpAW
i . O . rgfl;
O rg ;lj;jpy; ika thf;i.F O . rgrg nry;ypy; Njhd;iW.O
Nthy;
O . rgrg
fpwJ.
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
aslalarr; pAW fl;lj;jpy; ajbg; ala i ala i a i
d
,) Kjpu;
a
d
<) saKjpu; r ; r pAW fl; l j; j py;d dsaasf
nry;
lagiljy;
s; NkYk;
kw;Wk; NtWghL
tsu; f d
pwJ.a
d saaslamiljy; eilngWfpwJ.
d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Patpil: <) Kjpu;rr; pAW a
Palj;jpy; nry;fs; NkYk;
.P.fl; a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w tsu;fpwJ. wwww www
w
ww w
2. fg;gpapd; Muk; 6wmq;Fyk;, FwpKs;spd; w
w w
ePsk; 10 mq;Fyk; kw;Wk;wFwpKs; efu;e;j J}uk; 5w
w
mq;Fykhfrg,Ue; rg jhy; jhtuj;jpd;i.O cz; rgrgikahd ePs;thl;l i.tsu; rgrrg;rpia vt;tsT? i.O.O rgrg
m) a a
3 lmq;ila.O i
F .Oyk; M) 6 mq; F yk;
asall a a i
,). O 12 mq; F yk; <) l
asal a30a Oi . O
mq; F yk; tpil: l
asal3a a
mq; i F yk; asla
3.ad a sa s a kyu;fs; nfhz;lasajhtuq; a sa a sa a s a
xU ghy; d f spy; ,e; j `hu; d N khd; f shy; ,dkhw; w d
k; epfo; f pwJ. d
w .P.Pam)d vj;jdhy; M) w
w w.P.P
irl;
a ad
N lhifdpd; ,) ABA w w
a ad
.P.<)P Mf; r pd; tpil: w
,) .P
w
a ad
.P
ABA w .P.P
w
a ad
w
www wwww www w wwww w
www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
C.KISHORE
l
saasa KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., d ad
l
saasaM.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc d(YOGA)., ad
l
saasa B.A (HINDI)., PGdASST a
d saasIN l
a BOTANY,
d adsaasla
aa
.P.GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL,
P .P.P aa .P.Paa .P aa
.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w wTHATTAPPARAI,
w w w ww
GUDIYATTAM,
w VELLORE DISTRICT. wwww CELL : 9894807882. ww wPage
w 24
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i aa l a la i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s aslaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a aad a
d a aad ad a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w www w ww w w www w
4. rupahfg; nghUe;
i . O . Orgrg jpAs;sijj; Nju;i.eO;n.O rgrg fTk;.
jLf;
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d
1) kdpjr;
a
d saasa l r pWeP u ; - i) Mf; r
d
pd;
a
d
- B
saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa 2) kf; f hr; N rhs vz; n aa
za;
.P.P - ii) GA3 .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w 3) G+Q; i rfs; - w w
iii)wmg;
w r prpf; mkpyk; - II w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
4) n`u;upq; kPd; tpe;J - iv) ifdbd;
5) ,sk; i . O . Orgfrghr;Nrhsk; - v) Mf;ir.O . r-gArg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a kf;
i
aslala gUj;jpf;fha; - vi)asarpahbd; a
aslala
pd;
i a i a i
d6)a
d sa,sk; d d d adsaaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pam) 1-iii, 2-iv, 3-v, 4-vi, a
.Pa6-ii
.P5-i, a a
.P.P4-iv, a
P.Pa2-v, 3-vi, 4-i, 5-ii, 6-iv
.1-iii, a
.P.Pa
wwww w www M) 1-v, w 2-i, ww
w 3-ii, 5-vi, 6-iii w,)www w ww
w
ww w w
<) 1-ii, 2-iii, 3-v, 4-vi, 5-iv, 6-i
w w
tpil: M) 1-v, 2-i, 3-ii, 4-iv, 5-vi, 6-iii
w w w w
5. jhtuq;fspd;
ila.O .O rgrgtpij cwf;fk; vd;i.gOJ... . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
m)sa l a
rhjfkw;
a i w gUt khw; w q; f l
asal
isf;a a i jhz; b tsu; j ; j y; l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
d a a s d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad
M) tskhd tpijfshf a ad
.P.jP cUthjy;
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w ,) tP upaj; i jf; w
Fiwj;
w w y; w w w w w w w w w
www <) tpijr;rpijitj; www jLj;jy; www www www
tpil: m) rrhjfkw;
. O O grg w gUt khw;w.q;OfO grg jhz;b tsu;j;j.y;OO
risf; rgrg .O rgrg
O
II.,uz;aLlaa , lai i . l a i
a i . l a ia i . l a ia i .
6.ad a
d
jhtuq;
%d;W, Ie;J kjpg;ngz;
sas fspd; tsu;r;rpiadamstpLk; d
l tpdhf;
saasa Kiwfs; ahit? f s; : -
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pajhtuq;fspd; tsu;rw;rw aa
P.P
.pia .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w fPo;f;fz;l ehd;F w wKiwfspy;
w w mstplyhk; w www w ww
w
ww (i) ePs;thf;fpy; (m)
ww FWf;fstpy; mjpfupj; wwjy; - Ntu;, jz;L. ww ww
(ii) msT,.OgUkd;
i . Orgrg mjpfupj;jy; - ifdpfs; .O . rgrg, ,iyfs;.
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d
(iii)
a
d sacyu; l
asa , <u vil mjpfupj;
d a
d sajasy;a. l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a(iv) nry;fspd; vz;z.pf; a af mjpfupj;jy;.
P.P
i .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww w w w
w w w ww w w w
w w
ww 7. cUkhWk; jd;w iw k vd;why; vd;d? vLj;J wwf;fhl;L jUf? ww ww
#o;epiy kw;gWk; tsu;r;rp epiyfSf;F Vw; w hHNghy; jhtuq; f spy; Vw; g Lk; cUkhw; w k; ,
i . O . O rgik vdg;gLk;. v.fh:
rjd; i .O . rgrg bNuh/gpyp(<Ut ,iy)
O i . O . rgrg– nfhj;Jky;yp. i.O.O
O rgrg
cUkhWk; a la i a
aslala i n`l; a i a i
a
8. dirl;
d saasNlalhifdpd; tho;tpay; d a
d satpisTfs; ahit? da dsaaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa1.nry; gFg;ig J}z; a
Pa
.LP.fpwJ. a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w www w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww w
2.Gjpa ,iyfs;wkw;Wk; gf;f fpisfs; cUthjiy w w J}z;LfpwJ. w w w w
3.gl;lhzp jhtuj;jpy; gf;f nkhl;bd; tsu;r;rpia J}z;LfpwJ.
4.tpijfspd; i . O . Orgrgtpij cwf;fj;ij i.ePO.fO r;fgrp gKisf;fr; nra;fpwJ. i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asal fs; tajhtij jhkjg; l a a i
asagl Lj;JfpwJ. ,jw;Fasupr; l a a i
l l; yhq;f; tpisTsavd;
askahz; l a a i
alW ngau;. asla
d a s
5.jhtuq;
a
d fs; Njhd;Wjypy;.PP d a sa d a d a a s d a sa
a akyu;
.P.9.P a ad fhyj;Jtj;jpd; nray;
.xspf; .P.Pa agdhLfs; gw;wp tptup. .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www 1.24kzp Neu xspf; wwwfhy Row;rp xU J}z; wwly; w Row;rp vdg;gLk;. www www
2.jhtuq;fs; kyu;jYf;F xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l J}z;ly; Row;rp Njitg;gLfpwJ.
3.nkl;lhdJ i .O . Orgrkyu;
g tjw;fhf Njitg;
i .O gO
.
grg Jz;ly; Row;rpNa.O
rLk; i . rgrgfhyj;Jt J}z;ly;i.Ovdg;
xspf;
O . rgrggLk;.
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d d
l
saasjapak; jhtuj;jpy; xU
4.rhe;
a d a
d
l
saasa ly; Row;rpAk;, dadsaasa
J}z; l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a5.gpshd;NlhNfh jhtuj; .P.Pajpy;
a 25 J}z;ly; Row;r.P a aNjitg;gLfpwJ. .P.P
pAk;
.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww w w w
w w w ww w www w
ww 10. jpl;lkplg;gl;l wnry; w ,wg;G (PCD) my;ywJw jdp nry; ,wg;G gw;wwp wrpWFwpg;G jUf. ww
1.KOjhtuNkh my;yJ mjd; gFjpfNsh %g;giljypd; %yk; ,wg;gij jpl;lkplg;gl;l nry;
,wg;Gi.O my;
. OrgrygJ jdp nry; ,wg;.GO.O
i rvdgrg miof;fg;gLfpwJ..OO
i . rgrg i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d 2.jhtuq;
a
d
l
saasa fspy; Gujr; rpijtpd; d a
d
l
saasa %yk; %g;ig Vw;dgadLj; l
saasJak; nehjp /igl;lhg;dNadr]; l
saasfas; vdTk;, d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a tpyq;fpdq;fspy; ,it .P.Pa a fh];Ng];fs; vdTk; .P.Pamiof;
a fg;gLfpwJ. w.P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w wwgw w wmikg;
w w w w w wwww
ww 3.jhtuq; f spy; ww %g; iljy; mjd; kugpay; ww g hy; epu; z ww
apf; f g; g LfpwJ. ww
i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d
la
saasla******************************* d adsaaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww ww ww ww ww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www www www www
i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
C.KISHORE
l
saasa KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., d a
d
l
saasaM.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc d(YOGA)., ad
l
saasa B.A (HINDI)., PGdASST a
d saasIN l
a BOTANY,
d adsaasla
aa
.P.GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL,
P .P.Paa .P.Paa .P aa
.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w wwTHATTAPPARAI,
w GUDIYATTAM,
w ww
w VELLORE DISTRICT. w www CELL : 9894807882. ww wPage
w 25
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aal a l a i aa l a l a i aa l al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas

You might also like