Rene A.V. Saguisag v.

Executive Secretary Paquito Ochoa

G.R. No. 212426 & 212444; January 12, 2016

Ponente: C.J. Sereno

FACTS: The Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) is an executive agreement that gives U.S. troops, planes and ships
increased rotational presence in Philippine military bases and allows the U.S. to build facilities to store fuel and equipment there. It was
signed against the backdrop of the Philippines' maritime dispute with China over the West Philippine Sea. The US embassy and DFA
exchanged diplomatic notes confirming all necessary requirements for the agreement to take force. The agreement was signed on April
2014. President Benigno Aquino III ratified the same on June 2014. It was not submitted to Congress on the understanding that to
do so was no longer necessary.

Petitions for Certiorari were filed before the Supreme Court assailing the constitutionality of the agreement. Herein petitioners now
contend that it should have been concurred by the senate as it is not an executive agreement. The Senate issued Senate Resolution
No. 105 expressing a strong sense that in order for EDCA to be valid and binding, it must first be transmitted to the Senate for
deliberation and concurrence.

ISSUE: Whether or not the EDCA between the Philippines and the U.S. is constitutional.

RULING: YES. The EDCA is an executive agreement and does not need the Senate's concurrence. As an executive agreement,
it remains consistent with existing laws and treaties that it purports to implement.

Petitioners contend that the EDCA must be in the form of a treaty duly concurred by Senate. They hinge their argument under the
following Constitutional provisions:
• Sec. 21, Art. VII: “No treaty or international agreement shall be valid and effective unless concurred in by at least 2/3rds of all
the Members of the Senate.”
• Section 25, Article XVIII: “ xxx Military Bases, foreign military bases, troops, or facilities shall not be allowed in the
Philippines except under a treaty duly concurred in by the Senate xxx ”

The President, however, may enter into an executive agreement on foreign military bases, troops, or facilities, if (a) it is not the
instrument that allows the presence of foreign military bases, troops, or facilities; or (b) it merely aims to implement an
existing law or treaty

In Commissioner of Customs v. Eastern Sea Trading: Executive Agreements are  defined  as  international  agreements
embodying  adjustments of detail carrying out well-established national policies and traditions and those involving arrangements of a
more or less temporary nature.

Treaties are formal documents which require ratification with the approval of two-thirds of the Senate. The right of the Executive to enter
into binding agreements without the necessity of subsequent Congressional approval has been confirmed by long usage.

The Visiting Forces Agreement – a treaty ratified by the Senate in 1999 – already allowed the return of US troops. EDCA is consistent
with the content, purpose, and framework of the Mutual Defense Treaty and the VFA. The practice of resorting to executive agreements
in adjusting the details of a law or a treaty that already deals with the presence of foreign military forces is not at all unusual in this
jurisdiction. In order to keep the peace in its archipelago and to sustain itself at the same time against the destructive forces of nature,
the Philippines will need friends. Who they are, and what form the friendships will take, are for the President to decide. The only
restriction is what the Constitution itself expressly prohibits. EDCA is not constitutionally infirm. As an executive agreement, it remains
consistent with existing laws and treaties that it purports to implement.

Petition is DISMISSED.