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PLAGIARISM SCAN REPORT

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The cross sectio of the nanobelts are rectangular,with typical thickness and width to thickness ratio of ~5 to 10.Fig 6:
TEM images as synthesized by ZnO nanobelts Ultranarrow nanobelts: The nanobelts of small sizes are required to
investigate the quantum confinement effect. With the VLS growth process scientist have recently grown the ultra-small
nanobelts by using a novel catalyst. For this growth, instead of using the nanoparticle as a catalyst, a thin film (~10 nm)
was coated on to the Si substrate. The ZnO nanobelts are produced by the Sn film catalyst which are narrow,thin and
uniform. TEM images are shows, nanobelts grow along [0001], their top surfaces are [2110] and side surfaces are
{0110]. average diameter of nanobelt is ±5.5 nm with a standard deviation of ±1.5 nm indicating a very good size
informity.Fig 7 (a) Controlled synthesis of 6 nm wide ZnO nanobelts . (b) the photo-luminoscence spectra recorded from
ZnO nanobelts with widths of 200 nm and 6 nm respectively ,showing a blue –shift with reduction in nanobelt size
(sciencedirect.com)Hierarchical nanostructures:The source materials can drastically change the morphology of the
grown oxide nanostructure after modifying the composition. In this case, a mixture of ZnO and SnO2 in the ratio of 1:1
as the source material to grow a complex ZnO nanostructure is used by us. There are two figures below 8(a) and 8(b).
in the figure 6(a) there is a low magnification SEM image of the as sythesized products with a uniform feature
consisting of a set of central axial nanowires surrounded by radically distributed nanobranches. It is known that at high
temperature, SnO2 decomposes to Sn and O2. As the result of VLS growth process, the growth of the nanowire
junction arrays in which the S catalyst particles are responsible for initiating and leading the growth of ZnO nanowires.
The growth of this new structure can be divided into two parts. The first stage is the fast growth of the ZnO axial
nanowire along [0001]. In this part the growth rate is so high so the size of the Sn droplet increases slowly and has a
little influence on the diameter of the nanowire, so the axial nanowire has a fairly uniform shape along the growth
direction."In the second part of the growth, the nucleation and epitaxial growth of the nanoribbons due to the arrival of
the tiny Sn droplets on the ZnO nanowire surface as shown in the figure 8 (b)". This stage is slower than the previous
stage. This is because the lengths of the nanoribbons are uniform and so much shorter than Nanowire.Fig 8: ((a),(b))
SEM images of hierarchical ZnO nanowire junction arrays (semanticscholar.org)V.Naocombs and nanosaws:The comb
like structures of ZnO have been reported but till now the mechanism which manage the growth was not elaborate. The
comb structures have the comb teeth growing along (0001), the top and the bottom surfaces along ±(0110) and the side
surfaces along ±(2110).The ZnO nanocomb with 25 µm comb teeth are synthesized by chemical vapour deposition
(CVD)method. To ivestigate the influence of the rate of carrier gas flow and temperature on ZnO coomb teeth growth
some experiments were carried out. According to the morphology of the nanocombs under growth parameters, the
growth mechanism is demonstrate. The experimental result showed that the intensity of green emission significantly
increased when the ZnO nanocoms become thinner and longer. It attributes to much more hanging bonds and oxygen
vacancy on the surface of the comb.
Fig 9: Nanocomb and nanosaws structure of ZnO Properties :Mechaical properties: With approximatio hardness of 4.5
on the Mohs scale, ZnO is a comparatively soft material. The elastic constants of it are relatively smaller than those
relevant III-V semiconductors, such GaN. The high heat capacity and conductivity, low thermal expansion and high
melting temperature of ZnO are beneficial for ceramics.Chemical properties : Generally pure ZnO is a white powder but
in nature it occurs as the mineral zincite which is usually contains manganese and other impurities that change from
yellow to red color. Crystalline of zinc oxide is thermodynamic which is changing from white color to yellow color when it
is heated in air.the change of the color is caused by a little amount of loss of oxygen to the environment at high
temperature. ZnO is an amphoteric oxide and it is almost insoluble in water but dissolve in most acids. For example
 P a ge
hydrochloric acid.Physical properties: There are two main forms of zinc oxide crystalline which are hexagonal wurtz it e
2
and cubic inc blende. The wurtzite structure is most stable at the ambiedent conditions.Electro mobility: In ZnO, the
electron mobility is varies with temperature andit has a maximum of ~2000 cm2/v.s at 8k. The hole mobility are scarce
with values in the range of 5~30 cm2/v.s .Electrical properties: At room temperature, ZnO has a comperatively large
bandgap of ~3.3 eV. For this large band gap it has so many advantages like breakdown voltages, ability to sustain large
electric field, lower electronic noise and high power operation. Most of the ZnO has n-type character even I the
exchange of itensionsl doping. The band gap of ~3.3 eV can further tuned by its alloying with magessium oxide and
cadmium oxide (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5380576/).Optical properties:At room temperature ZnO
exhibits a direct band gap of 3.37eV with large exciton energy of 60 meV. The strong binding energy which is larger
than the GaN (25 meV) and at room temperature the thermal energy (26 meV) can ensure the efficient exciton
emission uder low excitation energy.By using the high temperature VLS growth methods, single crystalline ZnO
nanowires have been synthesized. At room temperature using the Xe lamp with an excitation wavelength of 325nm
photoluminoscent spectra of ZnO nanorods were measured.Fig 10(a): An SEM image of ZnO aligned nanowire.(b)
emission spectra from nanowire arrays at pump powers of 20 an d 100 kW cm-2. The spectra are offset for easy
comparison. Stimulated emission from the nanowires was collected ibn the direction along the nanowures end-plane
normal with a monchromator.

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