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Mapping Place Names of India

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MAPPING PLACE NAMES OF INDIA

This book is the first of its kind to chart the terrain of contemporary India’s many
place names. It explores different ‘place connections’, investigates how places are
named and renamed, and looks at the forces that are remaking the future place
name map of India.
Lucid and accessible, this book explores the bonds between names, places
and people through a unique amalgamation of toponomy, history, mythology
and political studies within a geographical expression. This volume addresses
questions on the status and value of place names, their interpretation and
classification. It brings to the fore the connections between place names and the
cultural, geographical and historical significations they are associated with.
This will be an essential read for scholars of geography, law, politics, history
and sociology, and will also be of interest to policy-makers, administrators and
the reader interested in India.

Anu Kapur is Professor of Geography at the Delhi School of Economics, University

of Delhi, India. She is Fellow at the Indian Institute of Advanced Studies, Shimla,
India, and Senior Fellow at the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, New Delhi.
In 2012 she received the Amartya Sen Award for distinguished social scientists from
the Indian Council of Social Science Research, New Delhi.
MAPPING PLACE
NAMES OF INDIA

Anu Kapur
First published 2019
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2019 Anu Kapur
The right of Anu Kapur to be identified as author of this work has
been asserted by her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Disclaimer: The international boundaries, coastlines, denominations,
and other information shown in any map in this work do not
necessarily imply any judgement concerning the legal status of any
territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such information.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks
or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Kapur, Anu, author.
Title: Mapping place names of India/Anu Kapur.
Description: Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2019. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018052824| ISBN 9781138350816
(hbk: alk. paper) | ISBN 9780367149185 (pbk: alk. paper) |
ISBN 9780429057687 (ebk)
Subjects: LCSH: India–Historical geography. | Names,
Geographical–India.
Classification: LCC DS408.5 .K36 2019 | DDC 911/.54–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018052824
ISBN: 978-1-138-35081-6 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-14918-5 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-05768-7 (ebk)
Typeset in Bembo
by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India
CONTENTS

Lists of figures vi
Lists of tables vii
Forewordviii

1 Place names 1

2 Nation’s names 44

3 Names of the subnational units: States and union territories 51

4 Sanskritization of place names 78

5 Persianization of place names 88

6 Englishization and Anglicization of place names 98

7 Nationalism and place names 119

8 Democratization of place names: Parliament debates the

names of the states and union territories of India 148

9 Placenism and future place names 188

Bibliography209
Index221
FIGURES

1.1 India: Spatial focus of place-name studies, 1980–2016 18

2.1 The Sapta-Sindhu 45
3.1 India: Interpretation of names of subnational units
(states and union territories) 60
3.2 India: Boosterism names of subnational units
(states and union territories), 2017 72
3.3 Durability of subnational names 75
4.1 India: Group place names for sacred Hindu sites 83
6.1 Variations in spelling of names prior to the British
orthography of standardization 109
7.1 India: Districts with complete change of name, 1961–2011 123
8.1 India: Chronology of formation of subnational units
(states and union territories), 1956–2017  149
8.2 India: Alphabetics as group names for states, 1950 153
9.1 India: Names and locations of aspirant states 196
TABLES

3.A Maps sourced for the historical study of

administrative names 77
6.1 Procedure and format followed by Hunter to
‘standardize’ place names of India 114
6.2 Incorrect spellings of place names on the maps of
the northern districts of the Madras Presidency 117
7.A.1 Districts with change of name, 1961–2011 138
7.A.2 Districts with changed spellings of the name, 1961–2011 142
7.B New names added to the district map, 1941–1961 144
7.C Nature of name change of the districts, 1941–1961 145
7.D.1 Districts with change (of name and spelling)
thrice, 1961–2011 146
7.D.2 Districts with change (of name and spelling)
twice, 1961–2011 147
8.1 Alternative names suggested for Uttar Pradesh, 1947–1950 151
8.2 Lok Sabha debates over state names 183
8.A.1 Bills for states’ reorganization and new states 185
8.A.2 Bills for alternation of names of existing states 187
9.A Geographical spread of aspirant states 207
9.B Names of provinces/states eliminated between
successive censuses 208
FOREWORD

When Anu shared her resolve to do a book on place names in India, I could not
hide a bit of scepticism. My immediate response was that considerable research
is already available on the theme of place names, and there is limited space left
to manifest her characteristic creativity. I had in mind books like Place Names:
How They Define the World And More, by Richard Randall; Signposts to the Past:
Place Names and the History of England, by M. Gelling and Place and Placelessness,
by Edward Relph. I was also aware of some societies, journals and government
organizations specializing in place-name studies. I believed that my observation
was evidence-based and well-placed.
Anu was equally resolute. She affirmed that her proposed book will be a pio-
neer geographic exploration of the theme not undertaken so far. The effort will
be to unfold the spatial reality of India as it evolved over time by digging into the
mystery embedded in its place names. Place names are not to be deemed simply
as markers of locations; these carry within them the hidden strands of ecology,
culture and history. These have a chronology of their origin, continuity and
change, and even disappearance in some cases. These have a political dimension
too, which makes them subject to legislation in democratic dispensations. She
added that creativity lies not only in raising something new but also in giving
a fresh shape, interpretation and meaning to what is already known. This book
honours her assertion.
To expound on the ‘theory of place’ has ever been Anu’s great intent. This
she could demonstrate through her recent book, Made Only in India (2015). It is
a holistic study of goods carrying the official stamp of ‘geographical indications’.
Only those goods that are marked by a unique quality can claim this tag; these
are goods raised in certain specific registered locations in India. These products
are a quintessence of the ecology, skills resource, cultural heritage and estab-
lished reputation of the area concerned. Research on geographical indications,
 Foreword  ix

by some oddity, had for long escaped the attention of practitioners of the
discipline of geography. This book can be credited as having broken fresh ground
in that sense.
While ‘geographical indications’ goods are markers of the exclusiveness of
the production of a place, the name of a place embodies the very rationale of its
existence and proclaims its identity. Each name is inherited and remains a spatial
stamp on its natives. It may undergo a vagary of change under a new political
dispensation. With such foundational ideas, Anu set forth on a fresh journey to
explore the distinctiveness of place names in India as representing its geographic
diversity through time. The outcome is the present book, Mapping Place Names
of India (2019).
Place names are indeed the first alphabet of geography. Every description in
this discipline begins with a place name. The address function of a place name
is basic to the functioning of any spatial system. Ironically, a search into the ori-
gin, meaning and essence of place names is often bypassed. These are taken for
granted as a matter of daily use. Anu’s book fills that void and does much more.
Through an insightful processing of the flow of information on place names of
India, it weaves a fascinating scene of its regional tapestry. The conceptual frame-
work and methodological tool-kit have been fabricated with rare ingenuity.
Names separate place from space in the realm of philosophy of geography.
While space is an abstract, indefinite, undefined expanse of physical and cultural
landscape, place is a specific component of space. Since every place has a unique
presence, it cannot do without a name. This name imparts a sense of belong-
ing to its inhabitants. The political dimension of place names in terms of power
relations is also a reality. It is an arbiter of who is an insider and who is to be
excluded. Meanwhile, the place is not free from considerations of spatial scale.
For a cosmopolitan, the whole world is one place; for a nationalist, his or her
country is a place; for a regionalist, a province or state is a place and for a local
individual, a city or village of residence is the place.
Often research targets the nomenclature of individual settlements. Here,
again, this book marks a distinction. It focuses primarily on the diverse names
of India and of its various states and union territories but names of districts and
contextual places are not missed in compliance with the demands of the text.
How many of us can distinguish among India, Bharat and Hindustan? Why did
a choice fall in favour of ‘India that is Bharat’, symbolizing a blend of external
and internal nomenclature? Who were the people or institutions involved in
finalizing such a decision? Likewise, did various states inherit or acquire or were
ascribed their present names? What were the alternatives considered? In which
different ways can the names of various states be classified and interpreted? Why
do none of the states show a consistency in its name from ancient time to the
present? We are so used to these names that such questions do not occur to
our minds. In all likelihood, many of us do not have answers to the questions
raised. This book comes handily to our help. It offers stimulating, authentic and
impactful responses to all such points of curiosity. Not only this. The names of
x Foreword

aspirant states likely to emerge in the future are also deliberated. The coverage
is astonishing.
The task has not been easy. One has to have a skill and invoke an ingenu-
ity in decoding and interpreting the names of places. A grasp of geography and
history of different parts of India is indispensable. A working familiarity with
the specific language of different areas, in addition to Sanskrit and Persian, is an
essential. A capacity to sculpt all bits of information into a geographic mould is
no less critical. Here, the book does not hesitate to lean on the available writings
on the theme in English rendering. A wide-ranging perusal of the gazetteers,
archival material, and relevant research writings is all too visible. The book is to
be commended for adopting an amazing route of winnowing the material from
the records of the parliamentary debates to learn about divergent views expressed
while finalizing the names of various states after independence. This has been
done with a sharp geographic lens.
A striking conclusion emerging from churning through the collated literature
calls for at least a succinct statement. Place names during the Sanskritization
phase were rooted in the soil of land, nature and religion. These found an associ-
ation with the valour of the victor or stamp of Islam or invocation to Allah (God)
during the Persianization phase. Subsequently, during the Anglicization phase,
the naming of new places got linked with those of prominent builders of the
colonial empire or of their royalty back home or, at times, of individual officials.
A remarkable simultaneity of place names with the court or official language is
easily observed. Moreover, place names are marked by their stability during the
Sanskritization ancient phase, a forced replacement during the Persianization
medieval phase and a systematic standardization during the Anglicization colo-
nial phase. The post-colonial period witnessed a kind of revisionism wherein
indigenous names of places are being reincarnated.
A discovery on the sidelines was that the name of a place can be subjected to
change at some critical juncture. This takes place usually under a new aggressive
political regime. The replaced or newly given name may signify a manifestation
of religious fervour, or a display of personal aggrandizement, or a revival of the
indigenous, among other things. In a political discourse this may find an expres-
sion in a demand for a separate state. To capture this tendency, Anu coins a fasci-
nating term, ‘placenism’, in affinity with regionalism and nationalism. A possible
substitute term, ‘placeism’, was avoided because it smacks of determinism akin to
environmentalism. Similarly, the term ‘localism’ was not adopted because it has a
limited scope of extension to regionalism and nationalism. Placenism carries the
flavour not only of emotional and cultural bonding with place but it also carries
a flag for political consciousness.
In a mode parallel to historical periodization of origin of place names, one
can discern successive phases in the study of place names themselves. The first
phase is noted for a focus on explanation of the name of the place, its local
history and regional setting. The second phase transited as an interpretative
decoding of the place names in terms of their ecological context, cultural milieu
 Foreword  xi

and historical occurrence. The current phase is directed towards the political
dimension of place names, especially the replacement of the prevailing names by
the indigenous ones. This post-colonial and regime-change phase displays such a
tendency on a large scale. Waltair is now Vishakhapatnam, Leningrad is back as
St. Petersburg and Peking has been transliterated as Beijing. Canada is scrubbing
out the colonial-era place names and replacing these with indigenous ones. The
same is true of South Africa in its post-apartheid times. The work accomplished
by Anu goes much beyond encapsulation of all these approaches and ideas.
Indeed, the book Mapping Place Names of India, has been a great learning for
me. By harnessing the value of place names as the building block, she architects
a new configuration of the historical geography of India. The product is innova-
tive and profound in formulation and manifestation. Place names emerge as sign-
boards of local affinity and regional specificity. While standing out as an identity
mark for an individual, an ethnic indicator for a sociologist, a cultural resource
for a historian and a philological delight for a linguist, for Anu as a geographer
these are a synthesis of ecology, culture, politics and history in an area in the
nature of its DNA or atma (soul). Such stimulating ideas and nuggets of informa-
tion are offered in a simple, swift and lucid style of literary expression. The book
emerges as required reading for students at university level. It holds a special rel-
evance for those who are involved in research in social sciences, humanities and
linguistics at large. It cannot be dispensed with by decision-makers looking into
issues related to place names. A lay person will find it an intellectual treat. The
book is an invitation to all of them.
Gopal Krishan,
Professor Emeritus,
Panjab University, Chandigarh; and
National Fellow, ICSSR, New Delhi
1
PLACE NAMES

Professor Dinesh Singh, as Vice Chancellor, University of Delhi, visited my

home for the first time on June 12, 2012. It was a Tuesday. It was gracious
of him to come to congratulate my parents over the Amartya Sen Award for
Social Scientists which had been bestowed on me by the Indian Council of
Social Science Research. I recall the day and date, not because it was my birth-
day but for the reason that in less than a few minutes of his presence, Professor
Singh named my home, Sunehra Ghar: a golden home. Our home is neither
decorated with artefacts of gold nor does it carry the glitter and glamour of the
lifestyle of a celebrity. By any standards of urban living, it is spacious, spartan
and simple. Moreover, it is 65 years old and carries the weather of time. Why
did he name this place Sunehra Ghar? What are the associations behind the
emergence and the connotations of a name? Was it my father’s modest business
of exporting gold jewellery or was it the warmth of my home and the joyful
radiance of my family and friends that had resonated with his inner thoughts.
Professor Singh always has a way with words and often creates rhymes. All in
all, the place name has endured. Some letters and couriers carry the address:
Sunehra Ghar. A short film made on the history of this home bears the title
Sunehra Ghar.
Place names are a human endeavour to grasp and fix the identity of various
elements of a habitat within the rubric of a single word. When the anthropolo-
gist Keith H. Basso asked an Apache Native American, ‘What is wisdom?’ the
answer was, ‘Wisdom sits in places’ (Basso, 1996). I am tempted to add that
wisdom also sits in the names of places. A name captures the essence of a place.
Place name matters.
2  Place names

Place name
What is a place name? The United Nations Organization has a definition of a geo-
graphical name. It states that a geographical name is a proper name that could be
a specific word, combination of words or expression and one that is used consist-
ently in language to refer to a particular place, feature or area having a recognizable
identity on the surface of the earth. Named features include: populated places (for
example, cities, towns, villages); civil divisions (for example, states, cantons, dis-
tricts, boroughs); natural features (for example, streams, mountains, capes, lakes,
seas); constructed features (for example, dams, airports, highways); unbounded
places or areas that have specific local (often religious) meaning (for example, graz-
ing lands, fishing areas, sacred areas). A geographical name also includes names for
extra-terrestrial features such as craters on the moon or other planets (Orth, 2006).
While the content of the above definition is comprehensive, I have replaced
the word ‘geographical name’ with that of ‘place name’. This is because I feel
that a name draws its eminence from the ecology of a place. Place is not just a site
but a crucible of a multitude of factors and processes that create its character and
characteristics. The patterns of weather and sky, the folds of the land and water,
colour and type of soil and vegetation and the history, politics and narratives, all
go into making a place. Place is a receptacle out of which a name is born; it is a
womb that births and nurtures a name. At a profound level, the name sheds light
on the nature of a place. Therefore, instead of using the phrase a ‘geographical
name’, the expression ‘place name’ seemed a more appropriate fit.

A place name
A place name is a bridge that communicates a place to the people of the world. It
not only has a fundamental allegiance to the place it belongs to but, much like its
DNA, it is a repository of the people, their language, history and ecology of the
place. A place name performs diverse functions.

Locates and differentiates

Names help locate and differentiate between places. It is because of this ability
that they come in handy to chart directions, define movement and identify des-
tinations. Transport, trade, tourism and even, for that matter, defence operations
depend upon the accurate knowledge of names of places. The broadcasting of news
is specific to events that happen at a particular place. Making reference to disas-
ters, be it the tsunami or a terrorist attack, or announcing a count of the votes of a
political candidate loses specificity in the absence of the name of a place.

Finds information
Place names are one effective way of navigating the dense maze of data, text,
maps, photographs, videos and many other forms of information that flood us in
 Place names  3

the digital age. Where are you? What is the best holiday destination? Which is
the closest airport? Which is the nearest hospital? So much knowledge is spatially
based, and the name is a significant channel to sort, categorize and interrelate sets
of data, whether we think locally, regionally, nationally or globally. It is through
place names that one reads a map or books a flight or a rail ticket. Place names
are indispensable in the collection and delivery of goods when one is purchasing
through online marketing portals like Amazon, Flipkart, eBay and Ali Baba.
It is on the edifice of place names that rest the modern tools of mapping. In the
operation of the Geographical Information Systems, for example, the process of
querying, buffering and overlaying operations are possible on the basis of assign-
ing reference to a location. This is because Geographic Information Systems use
location as the key variable to relate information. These spatio-temporal loca-
tions must relate to one another and ultimately to a ‘real’ physical location on
the earth and may be recorded as a date, time of occurrence, longitude/latitude,
altitude and name of a place. Such is their importance, that GeoNames, licensed
under Creative Commons, has built a resource of over 10 million place names
and meets nearly 150 million web service requests per day.

Welds place with products, discoveries, communities

A place has a way of weaving its ‘name’ into an endless variety of products, goods,
discoveries and communities. The sword-blades made in India had great fame:

The Hindus excel in the manufacture of iron and in the preparation of

those ingredients along with which it is fused to obtain that kind of soft
iron which is usually styled Indian steel (Hindiah) … It is impossible to
find anything to surpass the edge that you get from Indian steel al-hadid
al-Hindi.
(Yule, 1920)

India ink was the name given to the high carbon content of the indigenous
mixture of burning bones, tar and pitch. Applied with a reed pen, this was the
common medium for writing. Black pepper is one of the oldest Indian exports.
The plant is found wild in the forests of Malabar and Travancore. The Europeans
called black pepper Indian capsicum (Mahindru, 1982). In all such cases – Indian
steel, India ink, Indian pepper or Indian capsicum – the prefix India indicates the
source of the good.
There is also evidence where the name India is embedded within the name of
the good. The phrase ‘Open Sesame’ is from the Indian Oil Seed, til, or Sesamum
indicum. Tamarind in North India is a graceful tree for shade but in South India
its flowers and fruits provide a sour pulpy seedpod much valued for flavouring.
The word tamarind originated from tamar-e-hind. When the Arabs came to India
they found the tamarind to be similar to dates (tamar is the Arabic word for
dates) so they called it tamar-e-hind or dates of India and later it became tamarind.
4  Place names

The picturesque hill station of Sirumalai on the southernmost tip of the Eastern
Ghats lends its name to the Sirumalai hill banana. The fibreless, tasty and fleshy
dusseheri mango draws its name from a village named Dusher located between
Lucknow and Malihabad in Uttar Pradesh. The one-time estate of the Nawab
of Lucknow, the village Dusher is presently called Dusseheri. Textile fabrics fre-
quently take their names from the place where they first acquired excellence and
retained them long after (Kapur, 2015).
‘The muslin woven in the region of Warangal, in the state of Telangana, was
called “Original muslin” in London and was marketed all over Asia as well as in
Europe’ (Irwin, 1955). The hills surrounding the city of Salem lend support to
the Sanskrit word sailam meaning ‘mountain’. The word salya, itself a corruption
of the Sanskrit original shalika, means weaver, which emphasizes the antiquity of
Salem as a weaving centre. Most of the weaving in Salem is still concentrated in
producing saeylai, a Tamil word for saree. Salem means the place where saeylais
are produced. At times the name of place submerges fully into the name of the
good. Darjeeling, the name of the hill station of West Bengal became a type of
tea from 1882 onwards. Bidri, a metal-working technique unique to India, takes
its name from the Deccan city of Bidar.
When a naturalist ‘discovers’ species of plants or animals in a particular place,
the norm is to build the name of place into the name of the species. The plant
Indigo feratinctoria and the dark blue dye made from it were both called indigo; its
appellation Indica was well-known as a product growing on the banks of the river
Indus. Muga is an Asomiya word indicating the amber colour of the cocoon.
The scientific name of Muga silk, Antheraea assamensis, carries the name Assam
as its birth mark. Assam has the monopoly of world production for the unusual
lustrous golden-yellow, attractive and strong silk. The scientific name of the tea
plant, a tropical plant of Assam, is Camellia assamica. Nagaland, one of India’s
tribal states, houses the hottest chilli in the world. The local name of the chilli is
Naga Mircha, an allegiance with the Naga tribes of Nagaland. The zebu cattle
with the characteristic fatty hump on their shoulders, of the Malwa Plateau in
Madhya Pradesh, is called Malavi. Birds from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
are named after the islands where they are found. One example is the Nicobar
pigeon, Caloenas nicobarica, with its grey head and very short white tail. Many
studies on the leopard cat were conducted in Bengal; therefore, the scientific
name of the leopard cat is Prionailurus bengalensis. The role of the place name
in the names of animals and plants gives information about the region of their
origin and this method has been designed to help in the scientific classification.

Builds into hobbies and games

Place names are also about games, collections, writing, films and much that is
fun. Philately is entirely a place-name-based interest. The hobby of collecting
stamps is practiced as a profession and the famous American Philatelic Society
has around 30,000 members in 110 countries. The key deciders in the board
 Place names  5

game of Monopoly are the many place names, each of which carries different
prize of money. I recently discovered that there also is a license-plate-collecting
hobby associated with place names. Scott Zillmer, editor of Maps and Graphics, a
National Geographic partner writes:

My basement is home to hundreds of real, used license plates with two

things in common: first they’re all vanity plates (a license plate of a vehi-
cle having a distinct or personalized combination of letters or numbers
or both), and second they all feature place-names. Subcategories include
plates featuring country names, city names and island names.
(Zillmer, 2017)

Many a fiction writer would find it difficult to build the characters and set a story
without creating a set of places alongside that carry a name. Several film produc-
ers use a name of a place in their film titles. This is done either as a way to situate
their story or to specify a particular event that happened in that place. Bhopal
Express pictures the grim tale of the gas leak from the Union Carbide Factory in
Bhopal; Mission Kashmir deals with terrorism and the tragedy of children suffer-
ing from war within the state of Kashmir; Udta Punjab tells the tragic tale of drug
abuse in the state of Punjab; Salaam Bombay chronicles the life of street children
in the city of Bombay. The scenery, scene and sense of the place are the title in
all these films.

Bonds people with place

A name bonds people with a place. This works in myriad ways and on numer-
ous scales. For instance, the name Marwari, carried by an ethnic group in India,
comes from Marwar, a region in south-west Rajasthan in India. The word
Marwar is derived from the Sanskrit Maruwat, maru meaning desert. Similarly,
Vrajabuli, a form of Prakrit language, is named after Vraja, a well-known area
situated on both sides of the river Yamuna, between Delhi and Mathura and
associated with the god Krishna. In the Marathi language, the valleys of the
Krishna and the Godavari rivers, and a part of Deccan Plateau, adjacent to the
Sahyadri Hills, is called the Des (the country or simply the land) and the coastal
region is called the Konkan. The contrast between Konkan and Des is the most
basic distinction within Maharashtra. The two principal kinds of Maharashtrian
Brahmins – Deshastha and Konkanastha – are named after their origin in these
two parts of the state. The Deshastha Brahmins are residents of the country; the
word Deshastha derives from the Sanskrit deśa (inland, country) and stha, mean-
ing ‘resident’. The Konkanastha Brahmins inhabit Konkan.
Another example are the places named after the rishis. The poets who
composed the Rig Vedic mantras were known as rishis. The esteemed status
bestowed on the rishis led to the concept of gotra or a group of people who
claimed descent from one or more rishis. Some of these gotras became associated
6  Place names

with the name of a place. Agroha is the ancient name of the region of Hissar in
the state of Haryana. Agroha had 18 sub-administrative units that were called
Garg, Mangal, Kucchal, Goyan, Goyal, Bansal, Kansal, Singhal, Jindal, Thingal,
Airan, Dharan, Madhukul, Bindal, Mittal, Tayal, Bhandal and Naagal. These
place names in the Agroha kingdom became synonymous with the 18 gotras,
which translated into the surnames of the community of Agarwals in India.
Traditionally, many Tamil personal names are place-rooted. Here is the pat-
tern: Initial (village name), Initial (Father’s name), Given name and Caste name.
For example: E. V. Ramasamy Naicker, where E. stands for the village Erode, V.
stands for the father’s name, followed by given name and the name of the caste.
These examples signify the value of place and its name in people’s lives.
There are other ways a place weaves into the names and surnames of people.
Deshmukh is a surname, which means a person who is the mukhiya or head
of a desh (territory). The valley of Kashmir is laced with a network of canals
locally called nehars. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister was a
Kashmiri. The surname Nehru comes from one who lives on the bank of a nehar
or canal (interestingly a river is called ‘nehir’ in Turkish).
Places lend names to people and people lend names to places. The present
name of the city of Chennai, an abbreviated version of Chennappattanam, owes
its origin to Chennappa Nayakadu, father of Venkata. In deference to the gen-
erosity of Chennappa, this city, which the British called Madras, was renamed
Chennai in 1996. Such is the pride for place that when people move, they take
the name of the place with them.

Traces history of people and place

When people migrate by force of circumstance or even otherwise, then in the
new place they often keep names that belong to their ‘native’ place. For example,
the Moplahs are the Muslim peasants of Malabar region of Kerala. Through the
late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the Moplahs had revolted against the
British Raj and were sentenced to life imprisonment and sent to the Andaman
Penal Colony. In the Andaman Islands, they named their villages Calicut, Wandur,
Tirur, Manjeri, Malapuram, Manarghat and Nilambur, after the name of their
native villages in south Malabar. During the partition of the Indian subcontinent in
1947, migrants from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) settled in the Andaman Islands.
Most of the villages where they settled carry names that are commonly found
in their native land. Durgapur, Shibpur, Madhyamgram, Kalighat, Kadamtala,
Bakultala, Rampur, Bijoygarh, Shaktigarh and Govindpur can be listed as an illus-
tration. The urge to replicate a ‘native’ name is perhaps an expression of topophilia.
Coined from the Greek word topos, meaning ‘place’, with the suffix philia, meaning
‘love of ’, the word topophilia means love of, and love for, a place. It is well accepted
that people foster close emotional bonds with their ‘habitat’ (Tuan, 1974).
Place names are repositories of historical and cultural associations. Puri,
Konark, Chilika, Pipli, Dhauli, Katak – the places without which the cultural
 Place names  7

history of Odisha cannot be complete, are names found in Iran. Takhteh Puri is
a village in the Gilan province of Iran and Konarak is the capital of the Koran
County, Iran (Balakrishnan, 2009).
Ayodhya is the birthplace of Ram in the epic Ramayana. This city is located
on the Sarayu River, in Uttar Pradesh. Providing evidence of the spread of
Hinduism in South-east Asia is the name of the province Phra Nakhon Si
Ayutthaya in Thailand. The Foreign Names Committee of the United States
Board on Geographic Names approved the world’s longest name in 2015, and it
belongs to the city of Bangkok. It reads as follows: Krung Thep Mahanakhon
Amon Rattanakosin Mahinthara Ayuthaya Mahadilok Phop Noppharat
Ratchathani Burirom Udomratchaniwet Mahasathan Amon Phiman Awatan
Sathit Sakkathattiya Witsanukam Prasit (United States Board of Geographic
Names, 2016). The ceremonial 193-character name for Bangkok translates as
‘City of angels, great city of immortals, magnificent city of the nine gems, seat of
the king, city of royal palaces, home of gods incarnate, erected by Vishvakarma
at Indra’s behest’. The words ‘Vishvakarma at Indra’s behest’ confirm India’s
influence on place names across the seas.
At times, some ‘old’ names are clues to the history of the place, when names
of a place are changed. Calcutta was renamed Kolkata on January 1, 2001; yet the
university, set up in 1857, retained the name. It is still known as the University
of Calcutta. Similarly, the University of Madras, established in 1857 (Madras
was renamed Chennai in 1996) and the Banaras Hindu University, established in
1916 (Banaras was renamed Varanasi in 1956) continues with the old name. This
tenacity of old place names helps make a historical connection.

Creates a place experience

A well-conceived name is, and should be, able to capture the essence of a place.
This is because associations get codified within the name. Even without visit-
ing Goa, its name builds an image of the sea, beaches, sunshine and palm trees.
Agra takes one to the Taj Mahal and Darjeeling recreates for us the tea gardens
where women hand-pick leaves and put them in baskets strapped on their backs.
Recalling the name Jallianwala Bagh evokes the sad memory of the massacre that
took place on April 13, 1919, when a crowd of non-violent protesters, who had
gathered there, were fired upon by troops of the British Indian Army. The asso-
ciative ability of place names translates into why proper nouns become common
nouns: Himalayan is often used while referring to a task that seems enormous,
and Ganga for anything pure.

Integrates place
Politicians are keen to give a national image to their ideas and ideology. The place
name is used to build and represent this image. It is for this reason that national
political parties have a tendency to take the name of the country, like Bharatiya
8  Place names

Janata Party, Communist Party of India or the Indian National Congress. It is in

their use of such a place name that they evoke a pan-Indian identity. The voice
of regional or state parties is also tagged to the name of their regional or state
affiliations. Examples are the Jammu and Kashmir National Conference, People’s
Party of Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim Democratic Front, Kerala Congress, among
a host of others. At times, multiple names for the same entity create the feeling
of being inclusive. For example, the city of Allahabad and Varanasi in the state of
Uttar Pradesh have several names. Allahabad is also known as Prayag while Kashi
and Benaras are names for Varanasi.
To wield power and enforce a sense of belonging, place names are often
grouped. The collective name gives people a sense of unity. ‘North-eastern
states’ is the group name for the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Assam,
Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura and Meghalaya. All these regions share a collective
social milieu, cultural mosaic and economic landscape. They are also referred to
as the ‘Seven Sisters’, an epithet familiar enough to be used in place of a real name
without the need of explanation. In 2002, Sikkim was included in the north-east
region because of its ethnic similarity and geographic contiguity with the seven
states, and the phrase ‘seven sisters and one brother’ was coined to accommodate
this change.
Hindi is the mother tongue in seven states – Himachal Pradesh, Haryana,
Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh. This has given
the states the collective unity of reference as the ‘Hindi belt’. Since cattle-rearing
is common to these states, they are often referred to as the ‘Cow belt of India’.
Dravida or Dravidasthan is a name that personifies the unifying thread of
Dravidian culture and language. It refers to South India, the territory of the Indian
states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Telangana. The
connection is language: for Tamil Nadu it is Tamil, for Karnataka it is Kannada,
for Kerala it is Malayalam and for Andhra Pradesh and Telangana it is Telugu.
Puducherry is the name of a union territory, which includes Puducherry,
Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam. All these parts of Puducherry are in different coastal
regions – the districts of Puducherry and Karaikal are situated on the east coast in
Tamil Nadu; Yanam is also on the east coast but surrounded by Andhra Pradesh;
and Mahe is on the west coast surrounded by Kerala. Yet the name Puducherry
functionally unites them into one administrative unit.
A way to group places is to identify their underdeveloped status and then give
them a name that characterizes this status. The demographer, Ashish Bose, coined
the acronym BIMARU in 1980 for Bihar (inclusive of Jharkhand), Madhya
Pradesh (inclusive of Chhattisgarh), Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh (inclusive of
Uttarakhand). Subsequently, Odisha was also added to the list. BIMARU trans-
lates into a situation, which is ‘sick or ailing’. The collective address fits these
states of India, all of which are afflicted with large populations, high fertility rate,
slow economic growth, low per capita income and high incidence of poverty and
disease. Place names unite but some can whip up anger and thus also be divisive
in nature.
 Place names  9

Divides place
The importance of name can be seen in the conflicts and riots over the name
Dalmiapuram. The latter is a small town in Tiruchirapally in Tamil Nadu. Its
original name was Kallakudi. When the Dalmiya Group, which traces its origin
to the businesses established by Ramkrishna Dalmia and Jaidayal Dalmia, set
up a large cement factory here its name was changed to Dalmiapuram. Dravida
Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), one of the leading political parties in the south,
took to the streets on the grounds that to name a town in Tamil Nadu after a
North Indian industrialist was an insult to Dravidians. They agitated to change
the name back to the original Kallakudi. On July 15, 1953, the protest against
the change became so violent that the police had to open fire, killing and injur-
ing people. The Dalmiapuram agitation continued to simmer and in 1967, when
DMK won the election and came to power in the state, the railway station and
the nearby areas were returned to the original name, Kallakudi (Tamil Tribune,
2014). The price of a name could be a person’s life. To attract the attention of the
Tamil Nadu Congress for having changed the name of the Madras State to Tamil
Nadu, Thiagi Sangaralingar, a patriot and freedom fighter fasted for 76 days from
July 27, 1956 to October 10, 1956. The loyalist sacrificed his life and the govern-
ment was brought to its knees to bring in the change.
Given the multiple roles a place name serves it is worth asking how many
place names there are in India and what the ways and means to access places
would be had there been no place names.

Number of place names in India

The number of place names in India runs into millions. India is the second most
populated country in the world; it also is the seventh largest country in terms of
area. India harbours nearly half a million villages and has organized its local self-
government in rural areas into 240,355 gram panchayats. Each gram panchayat
has numerous standardized localities within its boundary, called wards. Their
number depends upon the size of the population and pattern of human habita-
tion. Each ward and locality has a name. Likewise, towns are organized into
wards, localities, roads, each carrying a name, along with India’s many rivers,
tributaries, mountains, hills, plateaus, plains and a host of other features.
The Census of India tells us exactly how many people there are in India; yet
no one to date can tell us how many place names there are in the country. The
following is an estimate by the Survey of India, the oldest and most accredited
mapping organization of the Government of India. It was the British who had
established this organization in 1767, to acquire accurate information about the
territories of India. It maps India at the large scale of 1:50,000, where one unit
on the map is equivalent to 50,000 on the ground. Even the ‘Open Series Maps’,
introduced after the National Map Policy of 2005, are on this scale. To map the
country at this scale requires precisely 5,106 sheets of maps. These large-scale
10  Place names

maps were first prepared by the British, and post-independent India took
30 years to update all of them; the last map of this series was printed in June, 1987.
Agarwal (1989) observes:

it is for the first time that there is a record of all place names related to their
correct locations in India. A map prepared by the Survey of India, with a
scale of 1: 50,000 scale normally picks up all the place names. On an average,
each map of this scale carries about three to four thousand names; which
mean that there would be about 1.5 to 2 million place names in India.

Given these numbers, one has no choice but to accept that place names have
value. But it is also worth pondering, for a moment, the possibility of a world
without place names.

Without place names

Without place names the world would still be a fascinating world, a world of
diversity and mystery. Before names had not been invented, how did one identify
places? Did people use specific landmarks or was it the stars or stories attached to
a place that were the markers to differentiate places? In current times, without
place names, we can make use of numbers, alphabets and words as alternative
modes of referring to a place.

Degrees and minutes

One accurate way to reference a place is the use of latitude and longitude.
Parallels of latitudes are imaginary lines that run east to west, around the globe,
and meridians of longitudes are imaginary lines that run north to south, from
pole to pole. Latitude is the angle formed by joining any place with the centre
of the earth and the centre of the earth with the equator. Such an angle will be
0° at the equator and 90° at the pole. Hence, there are 89 parallels in the north-
ern hemisphere and 89 parallels in the southern hemisphere, while the equator
is the ‘90th parallel’. Longitude locations are given as east or west of a universal
line called the Prime Meridian. Longitude of a place is the angle formed with
the longitudinal line of the Prime Meridian at the poles. This angle will be the
same at both the poles. Since such a system is in the form of a circle (which has
360°), there are therefore 360 lines of longitudes in terms of degrees. As the
vertical starting point for longitude, the Prime Meridian is numbered 0° lon-
gitude and there are 180 meridians east and 180 meridians west of the Prime
Meridian. The intersection of latitude and longitude lines identifies the exact
location of a place. Thus, a place X can be addressed by marking out the degrees
and minutes both in terms of latitude and longitude. The address of the national
capital of India, Delhi, is 28°25¢ to 28°53¢ north latitude and 76°50¢ to 77°22¢
east longitude.
 Place names  11

Row and path numbers

When satellites were put into the orbit of the earth to collect data, another
method to address places was invented. In 1972, the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration, United States of America, designed a numerical method
for tracking places called the Worldwide Reference System. As the satellite moves
along its path, the observatory instruments scan the terrain below. During this
process, the data is segmented into individual frames known as scenes. The fram-
ing is uniform for each orbit. A satellite captures a ‘scene’, technically called an
‘imagery’, of any portion of the earth. For example, a complete orbit by Landsat
provides 248 scenes. The notation assigns sequential path numbers from east to
west to 251 nominal satellite orbital tracks. The method of addressing the scene to
the corresponding area/place on the earth is the system of row and path numbers.
Row numbers refer to the latitudinal centre line of a frame of imagery. Row
060 corresponds to latitude 0° or the equator. Row 059 is immediately north
of this, and the progression in descending order continues to latitude 80°1¢12²
north, which is Row 001. Row 119 is at latitude 80°1¢12² south. The combina-
tion of a path number and a row number uniquely identifies a nominal scene
centre. The path number is always given first, followed by the row number.
The address of Delhi is written as Landsat WRS-2 Path 146 Row 040 (https://
landsat.­usgs.gov/wrs-2-pathrow-latitudelongitude-converter).

Grid of alphabets and numbers

The Survey of India, ensures the accuracy and publication of all maps issued
by the Government of India. To map the country, the British divided India
into rectangular pieces, each of which is referred to by the use of alphabets and
numbers. An international series map within 4°N to 40° N latitude and 44° E to
124° E longitude, at the scale 1:1,000,000 was adopted as the base map to create
this systematic division. The base map was divided into sections of 4° latitude ×
4° longitude and designated from 1, at the extreme north-west, to 136, which
is in the eastern extreme. The division covers only land areas and leaves any 4°
rectangles which fall completely into the sea. For the topographic maps of India,
the 4° × 4° section is further divided into 16 parts, 4 rows by 4 columns, each of
1° latitude and 1° longitude at the scale of 1:250,000. These are referred to with
the alphabet, beginning with A in the north-west corner and ending with P, col-
umn-wise in the south-east corner. Since each of these maps covers one degree
of latitude and one degree of longitude they are known as degree sheets. The
degree sheets are divided into 16 sheets, 4 rows by 4 columns, each 15¢ latitude ×
15¢ longitude at the scale of 1:50,000. These are numbered column-wise from
1 at the north-west corner of the particular degree sheet to 16 in the south-east.
With this method, Delhi can be referred to without the need for a name, using
the following numbers and letters of the alphabet: 53 D/13, 53 D/14, 53 H/1, 53
H/2, 53 H/3 and 53 H/6 respectively.
12  Place names

Code of numbers and alphabets

Address codes are also used when registering vehicles. All motorized vehicles
in India are tagged with a license plate that usually carries a nine- or ten-digit
registration number that is a mix of both letters of the alphabet and numbers.
The code in India carries four letters of the alphabet and six numbers. The first
two alphabetic codes refer to the state and/or the union territory in which the
vehicle is registered. The next two-digit numbers are the sequential number of a
district. The third part is a four-digit number unique to each plate and refers to
the address of the person owning the vehicle. In the case of a police investigation
of an accident or vehicle-related crime, witnesses usually remember the initial
area-code letters – it is then quite simple to narrow down suspected vehicles to a
much smaller number by checking the database without having to know the full
number. Moreover, with these codes one can reach the address of the owner of
the registered vehicle without recourse to the place name.

Postal Index Number (PIN)

A Postal Index Number (PIN) is a code designed to help route the mail to loca-
tions without the use of place names. In India, the Postal Index Number is a
six-digit number that locates a place. To facilitate the movement of mail to its
destination without the use of place names, India has been divided into nine postal
zones, including eight regional zones, along with one main centralized zone.
These follow the cardinal directions: north, west, south and east. The states and
union territories of India are adjusted within these regions. The first digit of the
pin code refers to a region. There could be more than one state or union territory,
which belongs to a region. For example, Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Chandigarh,
Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, all belong to the northern region and
get a code number 1. The second digit indicates the sub-region, which spreads
across the whole of a state or union territory. Thus, Delhi gets 11, Haryana 12
and 13, Punjab 14 to 15, Chandigarh 16, Himachal Pradesh 17 and so on. For
administrative purposes, each state is composed of a number of districts. The third
digit indicates the postal district within the region. The next three digits indicate
the particular post office where the letter is to be delivered. The first three digits
together indicate the postal district where the letter is to be routed. The last three
digits refer to the actual post office where the article is to be finally delivered. In
some countries like the United Kingdom, the pin code includes both alphabets
and numbers, whereas, in India the entire pin code is made up of numbers. Thus,
through a pin code one can reach a place without the need to use a name.

What3words
A recent and novel system of accessing addresses across the world is the use
of what3words. A brainchild of Chris Sheldrick, based in London, this con-
cept divides the earth’s surface into nine-metre – square blocks. Each block is
 Place names  13

given a name consisting of trios of randomly selected, unrelated words. Dividing

the earth’s surface into nine-metre-square blocks requires nearly 57 trillion
addresses. Sheldrick realized that 40,000 words would be enough to do the job,
as this number actually yields 64 trillion three-word combinations. What3words
can be downloaded as a free application on a mobile phone and can be used
by navigators, motorists, service providers and businesses across the world. The
system of latitude and longitude is the basis for the addresses on what3words.
The words are far easier to remember, use and share than a set of coordinates
consisting of the degrees and minutes of latitude and longitude. The users of this
system of locating addresses say that words are easy to memorize, type out and
communicate by phone. Moreover, it is precise and works well for locations that
do not have specified addresses, like the huts in a slum, or settlements in remote
locations, for example, within the Thar Desert of Rajasthan or the Himalayas.
What3words is an alternate system to names for addressing a place. In this con-
text, the what3words to address Delhi are: discussed, wiring, rehearsal.
When all these different forms of referring to a place are applied to an admin-
istrative unit like Delhi, here is the address: 28°25¢ to 28°53¢ north latitude
and 76°50¢ to 77°22¢ east longitude; the satellite address is path 146 and row 40
(WRS-2); postal code of 1; vehicular code DL; and the what3words are dis-
cussed, wiring, rehearsal.
All the above-outlined methods of referring to a place are accurate and are
able to function like an address to a place, but as soon as these arrays of num-
bers, codes, letters of the alphabet and words are summed up in a common noun
‘capital’, what instantly springs to mind is the image of an urban place that has
a unique status in its country. To call it a capital also carries the message that
the place has an important functional and symbolic link with other parts of the
country. Now, if instead of the generic word capital, one refers to the place with
a proper noun, ‘Delhi’, what unfolds is not just an address, a location or a capital
but a specific, sure and distinctive place. The place appears as the capital of the
Republic of India. Apart from being the political hub of the largest democracy
in the world, the name Delhi carries the identity of a historical city studded with
monuments like the Qutab Minar, Humayun’s Tomb, Lodhi Garden and the
India Gate. By virtue of its location in India, the name Delhi separates it from all
other capital cities in the world. Therefore, while there are many ‘devices’ avail-
able to refer to a place or territory, a name still stands out.
Given the multiple roles of place names, it is worth asking: What is the status
of place names studies in India? What concern has India shown for the study of
place names?

For place name

India was perhaps the first country in the world to undertake the study of place
names. The credit for this goes to Pāṇini, the fifth century bce great Indian
grammarian. Pāṇini’s treatise, the Ashtadhyayi, carries a corpus of geographical
14  Place names

knowledge, with a special section on place names. Why would a grammarian

collect and document geographical information? How was this information col-
lected? What does it reveal about the study of place names?
Pāṇini’s main objective was to provide a comprehensive principle of classifica-
tion by which similar grammatical formulations could be grouped and brought
under a common rule. These grammatical rules allowed huge linguistic data to
be reduced to order and become simple to understand. To devise the categories
and principles of grammar, Pāṇini gathered a large mass of linguistic information.
Among the many words belonging to this mass of linguistic data were names of
places. Place names form an integral part of language. To collect the data on place
names, Pāṇini travelled across an area stretching from Kamboja (Pamir region)
and Kapisi (Begram in Afghanistan) to Kalinga (Odisha) and Surma (Assam). To
gather knowledge during his field visits, he put geographical, social, political and
cultural details of places together along with their names. The latter consisted of
names of towns, regions, janapadas, rivers, families (gotras) and schools among
others (Agrawala, 1963). Pāṇini observed that a place name does not originate by
mere accident but is an outcome of social and historical conditions with which
people are intimately connected. Pāṇini devised a classification of place names,
on the basis of their suffixes, into four categories called Chaturarthika. These
were: first, places named after their founders; second, places named after their
economic products; third, places named after their historical associations and
fourth, places marked by their proximity to a known object. Thus, Pāṇini’s
genius was able to utilize what was primarily designed as a grammatical tech-
nique, to throw light upon place names. He evidently was the first to sow the
seeds of place name studies in India, and perhaps in the world. In similar vein are
works like the Tolkappiyam grammar of Tamil, Nyasa of Jinendrabudhi, Katantra-
Vyakarana of Sarvvavarman, Chandra-Vyakarana of Chandragomin, which throw
light on the matters of place names. Most of these belong to the time period
between the fifth and seventh centuries bce. They confirm that India had a head
start in the study of place names.
While grammarians used place names as an aid to define the rules of lan-
guage, a different kind of interest in place names is evident in the Sthala Puranas
(Sthala means ‘place’ in Sanskrit). Scholars state the origin of Sthala Puranas
between the fourth and sixth centuries ce but these have been modified till as
late as the sixteenth century. The Sthala Puranas are scriptures that elaborate the
virtues of specific Hindu temples or shrines and explain the meaning of names
within a religious context. Here is how the name Mumbai is explained in the
Sthala Puranas:

It is stated that in times of yore, there lived on this island, a powerful and
mighty giant bearing the name of Mumbarak and the island had derived
its name from him. He was out to trouble both people and the Gods on
earth. All the Gods, therefore, proceeded en masse to Vishnu to seek pro-
tection from him and prayed to destroy this foe. Upon this, Vishnu and
 Place names  15

Shiv extracted a portion of their lustre, each from his own body, and made
of it a goddess or Devi for the destruction of the giant. The goddess then
beat Mumbarak almost to death and threw him down on the ground. The
giant sought forgiveness and implored the goddess to join his own name
with hers and to ensure the perpetuity of that name on earth. The goddess
accordingly granted his prayer and named herself ‘Mumbadevi’.
(Mumba Devi reclaims Bombay, n.d.)

Lending support to an early interest in place names in India are the Lammitllons
from Manipur. When a Manipuri king was on a tour by elephant, the court
minstrel who used to follow him would sing a Lammitllon or the language of the
landscape, describing the area en route, its historical events and the derivation of
its place names. The art of singing the legend of place names is peculiar to the
Meiteis of Manipur. When the Meiteis learnt the skills of writing, the oral litera-
ture was documented on the bark of trees or handmade paper and was, therefore,
preserved. These manuscripts are kept in state archives and private museums,
while a few are in the custody of local pundits and are a rich source of informa-
tion on the names of places of the region (Gunindro, 2011).
It would not be far from the truth to state that, probably, India, with its
reputed grammarians and rich oral tradition, was the first country in the world
to have collected and classified the meanings of place names. When did the sci-
ence of place names originate in the modern world and why? Where is the heart
of research on place names in India today?
The study of names is called Onomastics (Greek onoma meaning names).
Names are of various types: personal names of people, ethnonyms for ethnic
groups or nationalities, glottonyms for languages and place names called top-
onyms. The word ‘toponomy’ is of Greek derivation; topos means ‘place’ and
onoma means ‘name’. In a geographical sense, it means ‘place names’, as of a settle-
ment, district or country. The word contains the suffix ‘nomy’, which is derived
from the word nomos, which denotes ‘the science of ’. Toponomy then is the sci-
ence of place names. The Collins Dictionary states that the word toponomy first
appeared in the English language in 1876 (www.collinsdictionary.com). One
marker of when Europe began to take an interest in the study of place names is
evident from the birth of the English Place Name Society in 1923. Its role was to
research into the origin and history of the place names in England. The reason
for this interest could well be that England in the mid-nineteenth century was
witnessing a rapid change and there arose a need to preserve place names as sym-
bols of identity and culture. The British interest in place names across the world
can also be associated with the vast colonial empire they had established. In these
colonies they encountered place names that were new to them. They wanted to
learn and understand them. But even more important than an intellectual curi-
osity, the British as colonists were keen to gain political control and exploit the
resources of the new territories they had occupied. To this end, they were eager
to survey and map the colonies. A place name is integral to the activity of making
16  Place names

maps. It is in this vein that the British began to take an interest in the study of
place names of India. The work on place names was also consistent with their
growing interest in the language and history of India. The Brahmi script had
been deciphered in 1837, and this made it possible to read the past from this new
source. To gain knowledge from the ancient texts of India, British scholars began
to learn Sanskrit. A new breed of indologists made efforts to collect original
manuscripts in Sanskrit of the Vedas, Puranas and other texts. To enhance and
further the cause of oriental research, Sir William Jones established the Asiatic
Society in 1784. The early issues of the journal of this society carry articles on
place names of India. A pioneer effort was that of Alexander Cunningham, a
British army engineer. He founded the Archaeological Survey of India in 1861,
which archived edicts, copper plates, manuscripts and other historical artefacts
from across the country. The indologists and their collections became a veritable
source of knowledge about India and rekindled a concern for the study of place
names in India.
By the twentieth century, the study of place names in India began to ignite
interest in three different parts of India: Bengal in the east, Gujarat in the west
and Mysore (present-day Karnataka) in the south. Entirely different reasons
seeded place name studies in these three areas. In Bengal, British indologists
and a few German orientalists largely inspired the work. Their research was
published largely by the Asiatic Society, which had its headquarters in Kolkata.
In stark contrast to Bengal, the emergence of interest in place names in Gujarat
drew its strength from the spirit of nationalism and anti-British sentiment. It was
the Gujarat Vidyapith, a centre for learning established by Mahatma Gandhi
in 1920, that became a home for research on place names; it was here that the
Department of History and Culture of Gujarat undertook the basic work on place
names. The first place name society of India, the Gujarat Sthalanama Samsad, was
founded at Baroda in 1957 under the presidency of Shrimati Harsa Mehta, Vice
Chancellor of Gujarat University. A handful of its members did the spadework
on the place names of Vadodara, Chorotar, Khambat and Bharuch. Based on the
work of Nakshaman Gujarat in 1973, a compendium of place names of all the
districts of Gujarat was published in 1996 by the Gujarat Sahitya Academy, and
reprinted in 1999 by the Gujarat Rajya Grantha Nirman Board under its first
director, I. J. Patel, Professor of Economics at the Maharaja Sayajirao University
of Baroda, Vadodara.The result was to unfold the ‘ancient’ original names as the
heritage and identity of India (Sharma, 2000).
Whereas a pride in the history of India motivated an interest in the study of
place names in Gujarat, in southern India linguists were at the forefront.
In 1980 a group of scholars in Mysore established the Place Names Society of
India. This society was nourished in its infancy by the Epigraphical Society of
India and today draws grants from the Indian Council of Historical Research,
New Delhi. The society annually publishes Bhāratīya Sthalanāma Patrikā, or
Studies in Indian Place Names, the only journal on place names to be published
in India.
 Place names  17

Close on its heels was a forum of scholars in Kerala who, in 1983, launched
the Place Name Society, with its headquarters at Thiruvananthapuram. Their
main aim was to make toponomy a scientific pursuit and link it with linguistics,
anthropology, sociology and epigraphy. Organizing a series of seminars across
the state of Kerala, the Place Name Society published Perspectives in Place Name
Studies (1987) and Studies in Dravidian Place Names (1993), collections of proceed-
ings of the National Seminar on ‘South Indian Place Names’ and ‘Dravidian
Place Names’ respectively.
Apart from the work of these societies, there are a few books on place names
in Kannada and Telugu but these await English translation. In the works on
toponomy, Severine Silva (1963) cannot be overlooked. The author travelled
and compiled a study of over 15,000 place names in Canara region of Karnataka.
Similarly, there is a project on the place names of Kashmir funded by the Indian
Council of Social Science Research and work on place names in Bihar by the
anthropologist N. K. Bose. In spite of these contributions the stock of work on
this theme is frugal. This can be concluded by tracking the challenging journey
of Studies in Indian Place Names, the only journal on this theme in India.

Journey of place name societies

The trajectory of a dynamic society is that it enrols members, organizes seminars,
builds publications and soon is able to set up a centre or an institute of repute.
Hand in hand, academic societies make their voices felt and are able to negotiate
for their cause in some established university. The subject begins to gain pres-
ence within the curriculum of concerned departments. Thereon accrues teach-
ing and research and thus expands the scope of the field. Exemplifying this is the
case of the English Place Name Society. By 1982 it had made a home for itself at
the University of Nottingham, and the society matured into an institute in the
same university by December, 2002. By 2007, it had published 82 volumes of
the Survey of English Place Names, which were at the county scale. This is steady
progress, by any academic standards; the same has not been the case in India.
The Place Name Society of India has been able to net only 300 to 400 members
during its existence of around 37 years. Moreover, its presence is confined to a
limited geographical area. This is evident from the fact that, although it has been
regularly organizing an annual conference, a sample of 24 conferences shows that
the venues of 15 were in the southern states; four in the western states; two in
northern ones and central ones respectively; and only one in an eastern state of
India. A clear case of a catchment confined to the south of India
When the studies on place names were categorized into their respective states
of India, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka emerged at the forefront, attracting over
55 percent of the total research, followed by Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra,
which captured another 11 percent each (see Appendix 1.A and Figure 1.1).
The status of research on place names in India can be gleaned from the
words of the president of the Place Name Society of India: ‘toponomical
FIGURE 1.1 India: Spatial focus of place-name studies, 1980–2016.1
Source: Compiled by author. Disclaimer: The international boundaries, coastlines, denominations, and
other information shown in any map in this work do not necessarily imply any judgement concerning
the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such information.
 Place names  19

study in this country is in its infancy. A few articles of elementary nature have
been published in various journals in English as well as in regional languages’
(Hiremath, 1991). A decade later the situation remains unchanged and the
president of the same society in 2002 voiced concerns that ‘the study of place
names has not attracted younger research scholars in university and research
institutions … most educated persons are not even familiar with the words
like toponomy and onomastics’ (Murthy, 2002). The state of affairs is evident
from the presidential address at the 27th Annual Conference of the Place Name
Society of India in 2002, which stated that ‘the Society should develop a web-
site, where it could give details of place names’ (Murthy, 2002). As of 2018, a
website is still not in sight. A handful of dedicated scholars have kept the soci-
ety alive for the worthy cause of place names. Its struggles are many financial
and institutional but the central issue is the lack of scholars committed to the
cause of research on place names.
The study of place names is of concern to many branches of knowledge,
including linguistics, ethnography, folklore, philology, history, philosophy, lit-
erary scholarship and geography. While the enrolments can be diverse, the net in
India is small and confined. While many disciplines can engage and make their
contribution to the study of place names, in India it is only few linguistics that
have shown interest on this theme.
Forthcoming have been the Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore;
International Institute of Tamil Studies, Chennai; Kerala State Institute of
Language, Thiruvananthapjuram; Linguistics and Tamil Departments of
Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore; Department of Telugu, Sri Venkateswara
University, Tirupati; International Institute of Tamil Studies (Chennai); Tamil
University (Thanjavur); Department of Telugu, Acharya Nagarjuna University,
Nagarjuna Nagar, Andhra Pradesh and the Dravidian Linguistic Association,
Thiruvananthapuram. The contributions are largely confined to a handful of
universities in South India while other universities across India add little to
this pool.
Doctoral research on this theme is pursued in less than a dozen universi-
ties in India. On the list are Acharya Nagarjuna University, Andhra Pradesh;
Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh; Madras University,
Chennai; Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana; Karnataka University,
Dharwad, Karnataka; Tamil University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu and the Poona
University, Pune, Maharashtra. The Madurai Kamraj University is the only one
that gives importance to toponymical studies. The limited doctoral stock and
its confinement largely to the campuses of South India, also reflects the lack
of courses of study on this theme. Reconfirming this dismal state of affairs are
the words of a scholar from the Place Name Society, Kerala: ‘It is rather disap-
pointing to note that no remarkable work on Indian toponomy has been pub-
lished during the two decades between 1957 and 1976 except unpublished thesis’
(Nampoorthiry, 1987).
20  Place names

Geographers in India lack involvement in place name studies

Geographers of India are no less to blame for this anaemic state of affairs of
the study of place names. The first Department of Geography in the country
was established in 1922. Despite being in existence for almost a century, the
importance given to the study of place names in India draws a complete blank.
There are three reasons I can think of that could have created this absence: First,
geographers tend to take names for granted. They tend to trivialize the study of
names in comparison to problems faced by India, which could range from stud-
ies of land-use change to environmental problems to disaster management or
urban and regional studies. A second reason could be the lack of any one agency
or place where information and facts about place names could be gathered. A
lack of published sources, or a dictionary of place names of India, means that it
is difficult to overcome the practical problems of the lack of ready-to-use data.
This also reveals that geographers in India work from within a zone of conveni-
ence and comfort and shy away from lesser-known terrains. In turn, this builds
a ratchet trap: less data, less interest, and fewer facts; the lower the chances of
a course on such a theme being offered. This feeds back into limited research,
and so continues the deadlock. The study of place names is in fact a valuable
geographical beat.
Geography is about places and, therefore, names of places are within the ambit
of geography. There is a geography of place names. The distribution of place
names, the relationship between name and place, classifying place names, map-
ping the spatial presence or absence of certain types of names do reveal the place
and its people. The history of names found in particular social groups or areas,
and establishing their social or geographical patterns, advances the understand-
ing of India. Place names are at the core of a human response to our physical
and cultural environment. This is why places in India are named not only after
a river, rock or mountain but also after gods, gurus and personalities. A name is
time- and place-specific. A study of names is important for the light it sheds on
a place.
A range of topics could be studied if a course on place names were offered in
the departments of geography. It could cover different topics, like the concept of
place and its relation to name, resources for the study of place names and inter-
pretation of place names. A section could be devoted to place name and land-
scape. Changes in place names and reasons for renaming could also be explored.
Geographers could well raise some simple questions, like: In what ways do place
names reflect the ecology, culture and history of an area? What are the processes
that result in a change in place names? What specific contributions can geogra-
phers make to the understanding of place names?
Besides being an intellectual pursuit, the study of place names can help geog-
raphers play a role in handling the stock of place names for the benefit of admin-
istration, and mapping and even drafting a policy for name preservation and
name change in India. By building a data bank of place names, geographers
 Place names  21

could become service providers to agencies and companies involved in market-

ing, mapping or spatial planning. Following is an example of the role that geog-
raphers could play in the context of study of place names.

Role of geographers in the national stock of place names

of India: A case of homonyms
Place names are the way to identify geographic features. But the problem with
place names is that, sometimes, they are not unique; some places may have many
names and many different places may have the same name. There are place names
that are spelt and pronounced the same, but refer to different geographical loca-
tions. Such homonyms are confusing. When I made a country-level analysis
based on the names of 8,410 towns and cities listed in the Census of India, 2011,
it generated as many as 410 homonyms, signifying that nearly 5 percent of the
towns and cities of India have the same name as another city, town or place.
Among the name-alikes, 199 of them occur within India, 141 are names of places
outside India, while there are 70 names that crop up simultaneously both inside
and outside of India (Kapur, 2015).
Homonyms of the towns and cities of India are spread across the continents.
There are 211 names that are common in India and abroad while the total places
that share names is 276. Asia takes a sizeable 178, Europe another 55 while
America and Africa swallow another 20 each and Australia books 4 places names
that are similar to those of towns and cities in India.
The problem becomes serious when it is seen that of the 410 homonym towns
and cities of India, 2 towns have as many as 12 homonyms, 36 towns have
3 homonyms, 75 towns have 2 homonyms. The name Nawabganj is noted for
seven places found in Uttar Pradesh. Similar is the case with Jafarabad (eight
places), Saidpur (eight places), Allapur (seven places) and Jalalabad (seven places),
Rampur (seven places), among others. The town of Jalalabad in Uttar Pradesh
has three homonyms outside India; two in neighbouring Afghanistan and one
in Central Asian Kyrgyzstan. Also, within India, it has three homonyms; one in
Punjab and two in Uttar Pradesh. Hence Jalalabad has a total of six homonyms,
three in India and three outside India.
There are many ways a homonym can be born, but generally it seems that
when people migrate from one region to another and set up a locality, village or
town they tend to give a ‘native’ name to the ‘host’ place.
But homonyms can mislead and confuse. Arani, is a town in Tamil Nadu and
is also is the name of a city in Bolivia. Similarly, Agra is a town in India and
in Oklahoma, United States. Hyderabad is the capital of the state of Telangana
in India, and Hyderabad is also a city in the Pakistan province of Sind. There
is a Srinagar in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, and another one in the Pauri
Garhwal district of Uttarakhand. Kashmir is a classic case. The political strife
between Pakistan and India has given rise to a Kashmir in India and an Azad
Kashmir or Occupied Kashmir in Pakistan. It would be the role of one who has
22  Place names

expertise in place names to work with governments and international agencies

to smooth out these and other such issues. In spite of the value and scope offered
by the study of place names, geographers in India have kept this theme out of
their domain.
Today geography is taught in thousands of colleges and many postgraduate
departments across the length and breadth of the country. There are over three
dozen geographical societies and associations, many staking a national claim.
Geographers in India regularly dispatch invitations to many seminars and con-
ferences. Scores of doctorates are awarded in geography each year. Yet, not a
single department of geography offers a course, either as a main subject or as
an optional one, on the study of place names. There is not a single doctorate
on this theme by a geographer and never has any geographical society held a
seminar or an exclusive session on the subject, or taken time out to learn about
place names.

Place of this book

The present book is a small step in this direction. It is an attempt to fill the void
in the hope that it will inspire some through the portal of the study of place
names. Besides fulfilling the role of invitation to students and colleagues, the
other reason that lured me in to this study of place names, is the fact that it is
unexplored terrain. Moreover, I am writing this book because I believe ‘place’
is an expression of fundamental geographic value. Place is not just a site, a bar-
ren mathematical latitude and longitude, nor soil, climate, flora and fauna, nor
people, politics or culture, but it is a chemistry of all this and much more, which
creates the soul or atma of a place.
Mapping place names is a research that explores and reveals the diversity of
India. This book tries to argue that the power of place is such that it worms and
weaves itself into the name and becomes, in fact, the essence that differentiates
the place. The book offers many ‘place connections’, ranging from how places
are named, why names change, and who has played a role in the naming or
renaming. The ecology of place names is embedded in its social and political pro-
cesses. In scaffolding the interpretations of some place names, this book shows
how place continues to possess great significance despite its continuous lack of
acknowledgement. The intention has been to draw place out of its latent posi-
tion and put it starkly and clearly forefront; somewhat akin to reading the world
through a word. Mapping Place Names is about charting the terrain of place names
in India. It is a matter of national importance that people of the country know
the place names of their country.
In my recent book Made Only in India (2015) I researched the concept of place
goods. These are goods that owe their distinctive characteristic to their place of
origin. So unique and specific is the role of place that a law called Geographical
Indications has been enacted for their protection. The law states, ‘“geographi-
cal indication” … is where a given quality, reputation or other characteristics of
 Place names  23

goods is essentially attributable to its geographical origin’ (Section (1) (3) (e) of
the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999).
The Act has created the scope to identify, register and protect those goods, be
they natural, agricultural or manufactured, that draw a definite character from
their ‘place’ of origin within India. The Geographical Indications Act flags up
the value of place in goods and products; the present book looks at a name as the
marker of the making of the identity of place. This is what sowed the seeds of
my urge to study place names in India. At first, I thought that I would just write
a longish piece on this theme and append it to a book on value of place in India.
This is how I had framed it when I posted out my book proposal while seeking
the position of Senior Fellow at the Nehru Memorial Museum Library, Teen
Murti, New Delhi. During the grant of this fellowship, I discovered all sorts of
fascinating details that I thought needed further investigation and the material
grew from a chapter into this book.
The strength of this book is to sketch a map of place names in India. This map
is dynamic and ever evolving. To capture the spatial and temporal character of
place names, this book has been organized into nine chapters. Chapter 1, ‘Place
names: An introduction’, addresses what a place name is. What are the roles of a
place name? How many place names are there in India? Can places be referred to
without names? Why are place names important? What is the research on place
names in India? How does India compare with place name studies in another
country, for example, Britain? What are the place name societies and centres of
research in India? What has been their focus and performance? What is the role
of geographers in India on place name studies? This chapter familiarizes itself
with and spells out the characteristics of a place name. With the first chapter as
the introduction, the second chapter moves directly into the multiple names of
the country and their interpretation.
Chapter 2, ‘Nation’s names’, asks the following questions: Why does India
have different names? Who gave those names? When did the various names
come into parlance? What are the interpretations of these names? Which among
these multiple names have endured? Why have these continued to be the nation’s
names? After the names of the nation the next tier of administrative hierarchy
are the names of the states and union territories. The next chapter establishes the
varied interpretations and mode of classification of place names by focusing on
the names at the top of the administrative hierarchy.
Chapter 3, ‘Names of the subnational units: States and union territories’,
sets out to first clarify the reasons as to why the states and union territories of
India have been selected for a focused study of place names? It then moves on
to analyze what the characteristics of the names of these subnational units are.
What are the varied interpretations of these names? How could these interpre-
tations be classified? How do these names bond with the characteristics of the
state and union territories they address? What is the diversity of India that gets
revealed through these names and their interpretations? What is the durability
of these names? Having established the interpretations and classification of the
24  Place names

administratively important names the next set of chapters set out to unravel the
processes that have changed the map of place names in India.
Chapter 4, ‘Sanskritization of place names’, begins by explaining what
Sanskritization is. When and how did this process impact names of places in
India? What is the basis of this process of name change? What is the manifesta-
tion of this change of names? What type of names did this process create? What
was the spatio-temporal sweep of this process of name change? Why and how
does this process continue to the present day in India? A clear marker on chang-
ing place names in India is the arrival of the Muslims and thus follows Chapter 5,
‘Persianization of place names’. What is Persianization? When did it begin to
make inroads into India? For how long did this process continue? Why were
names changed in this process? What are the types of changes in names during
this phase? How can one read the impact of this change in the present-day names
in India?
Transiting from the phase of Sanskritization and Persianization, Chapter 6,
‘Englishization and Anglicization of place names’, addresses the colonial impact
on place names in India. The chapter coins a new differentiation between place
names that were Englishized versus those that were Anglicized. Then it moves
on to raise the issue of the types of place names that fall into the two categories
and illustrates the type of changes that each introduced. But, more importantly,
the chapter asks why the colonists changed place names. What was their inten-
tion and what methods did they deploy to ensure a systematic change of names
across India? The departure of the colonists brings independence to the country
but it comes with the partition of the country and the creation of Pakistan. A
mixed mood of joy and anger permeated India.
The next chapter addresses how this impacts place names. Titled ‘Nationalism
and place names’, Chapter 7 raises questions like: Why did nationalism herald a
change in place names? What was the scale of change? What is the current trend
of change in names? Does India have a policy for change of names? What have
been the resolutions of the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical
Names? What are the indicators that confirm that India has adopted a passive
attitude to the issue of setting up any administrative machinery to monitor
changes of names? Ending on a pensive note about India’s lack of policy or laws
on place names, the chapter opens up another front by asking which names are
not governed by any rule or policy.
The next chapter sets out to analyze how India debates and decides on the
choice of names in the Houses of Parliament. Chapter 8, ‘Democratization of
place names: Parliament debates the names of the states and union territories of
India’, brings forward for the benefit of the reader the content, context and tone
of how members in the country’s House of Parliament debate place names. What
were the main features of the debates on names in India? Which were the names
that were debated? Why were the names changed again and again? How long
does it take to table a name in Parliament and get it changed? Were there names
that were not changed? If so, why, and which were these names?
 Place names  25

The book does not want to end without a prognosis of the future. Chapter 9,
‘Placenism and future place names’, looks at which are the possible names of
states that are likely to appear on the future map of India. To explain their emer-
gence on the map of India, this chapter coins a new word, ‘placenism’. What is
placenism? How does it differ from subregionalism? What are the parts of India
that are under the spell of the process of placenism? What are the likely names
that would mark the map of India? Which are the names among the subnational
units that are likely to be replaced? What messages can be drawn from the names
that are likely to be etched into the future map of India?
The tapestry of place names in India was not easy to weave. The warp and
weft of the book carries different strengths and colours. This is because the book
draws upon the interpretations of place names provided by different scholars
because there was not a single book or dictionary in English pertaining spe-
cifically to the meanings of place names in India. Archiving the meanings and
interpretations of place name turned into an occupation of hunting and gather-
ing. Hours were thus spent sifting through historical texts, state encyclopae-
dias, travelogues, gazetteers, state and national reports and other publications
on India and its regions. The search took me through many libraries in Delhi,
like that of the Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts, National Archives of
India, Nehru Memorial and Museum Library; Parliament of India library; India
Habitat Centre Library; and the Central Reference Library and the Ratan Tata
Library in the University of Delhi.
The first edition of Imperial Gazetteers of India was published in nine volumes
in 1881. The second edition, augmented to 14 volumes, was used between 1885
and 1887. The volumes of the Imperial Gazetteers of India, which were written,
as the title suggests, in the colonial era, proved to be a valuable source of inter-
pretations of place names. In addition, a perusal of the volumes of the journal,
Studies in Indian Place Names and the publications of the Place Name Society
(Thiruvananthapuram) rendered invaluable help.
Surfing the Internet and moving from ‘link’ to ‘link’ was another way
in which some information could be retrieved. The official websites of the
Government of India threw in an occasional skimpy one line on the names of
places while some blogs did share comments on some names. Dense to plough
through, but rewarding, were various bills on State Reorganization and Name
Alteration that have been tabled in the Houses of Parliament – the Lok Sabha and
the Rajya Sabha. One can retrieve the details of such debates from the archives of
the parliament library and can learn how the state and union territories of India
got their present names. These bills were a valuable source of information on the
process of naming places in the country.
For assistance in gathering facts pertaining to place names, which, as I have
mentioned, was not an easy task, I benefited greatly from the help provided by my
students. In the initial phase, Aakriti Grover rendered help in many meaningful
ways. Anupama Hasija was my undergraduate student back in 1988. Her husband
Manoj is Joint Director, Simultaneous Interpretation Service, Rajya Sabha in the
26  Place names

Houses of Parliament. Along the track came Vandana Khokkar who, with due
diligence, catalogued the bills from the parliamentary debates. It is because of
the help all provided that the parliamentary debates could be accessed, archived
and catalogued. Ankita joined me as a doctorate student only recently. But
keen to learn, she pitched in whenever she could and with whatever help was
asked of her.
The support of Dr. S. Chattopadhyay in sourcing the publications of the Place
Name Society (Thiruvananthapuram) and that of Professor H. Nagaraj, Head
of Department of Geography, University of Mysore for accessing, photocopying
and couriering the many volumes of Studies in Indian Place Names was of excep-
tional value. I remain in deep debt to both.
Without the support of Dr. Punam Tripathi, as always, this book would never
have seen completion: searching for what I need but do not know where to
find; filling in those last-minute dragging details with patience; and her soulfully
energizing words, ‘“we” can complete this book’.
Anuradha has a penchant for coming in most unexpectedly and most support-
ively. Like an adept gardener, her eyes can spot the weeds and sift the husk from
the seed while providing her editorial assistance.
The maps for this book have been drawn with precision and patience by
Mohan Singh, the cartographer at the Department of Geography, Panjab
University, Chandigarh. As in each of my books, so also in this case, Professor
Gopal Krishan sat down to pen the foreword. I am grateful for this continuity
and his commitment. I feel his words keep my books sealed within a fold of
a blessing.
My colleagues at the Department of Geography are supportive. They ask me
little, tell me little, and they meet me little. They let me be. I could not ask for
better. This is not little.
Searching, collecting, sifting, collating, checking, coding, writing, editing,
mapping and bringing a book to the stage of publication is a long, long haul.
Research draws strengths from all acts, small and large. Even though one has
published earlier yet, like one’s children, each throws up its own challenges and
promises. My friends are the joy. It is my endless cups of chai with them that
keeps the spirit fresh to work.
This has not been an easy book to write. It has raised doubts, and opened
challenges many of which I know I could not meet. It is a book with many, many
wants unfulfilled. I realize that had I known what I was getting into I would
never have had the courage to begin it; but now as I sign out, I do feel somewhat
comforted in the thought that being the first book on this theme in India it will
perhaps invite geographers to carry the baton forward. I hope it opens up this
possibility.
No theme is trivial for research; none is greater or lesser than the other. All
issues are equal. What matters is the passion with which they are pursued and
the truth they unravel. The simple, the everyday, the common, the unnoticed is
what we live, reach and call out most. And it is within these concerns that falls:
 Place names  27

The Name of a Place. I believe the interpretations behind place names is worth
offering; mapping place names of India is a worthy venture.
It takes a family to nurture a book. Mine is extra-special. While my friends
provide the cheer, my family is ever so dear. My parents not only free me from
daily chores but also create an ecology where writing is a healing. The book is
nurtured in the ecosystem of a Sunehra Ghar.

Note
1 See Appendix 1.A.
28  Place names

Appendix 1.A: Statewise references of research

articles on place names in India, 1980–2016
Andhra Pradesh
Begam, S. R., and V. Ravindra Reddy. (2016). Identification of Munda Rashtra: An
onomastic study. Studies in Indian Place Names, 35, 29–32.
Chandrashekhar, T. (2016). Cultural ethnography of Gollas of Guntur District – Study.
Studies in Indian Place Names, 35, 96–103.
Reddy, V. M. (2016). Place names with historical significance from coastal Andhra (from
earliest times to 1323 A.D.). Studies in Indian Place Names, 35, 104–111.
Nayak, S. P. (2014). Rivers, Streams and Canals in Andhra: Gleaned through Epigraphy
(500–1000 A.D). Studies in Indian Place Names, 34, 50–63.
Reddy, V. M. (2014). Place names of Kadapa District of Andhra Pradesh: A case study.
Studies in Indian Place Names, 34, 35–39.
Sastry, C. A. P. (2009). Telugu place, personal surnames:An observation. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 28, 33.
Sastry, C. A. P. (2003). Place names in the Vishnukundi Charter of Vikramendravarman.
Studies in Indian Place Names, 23, 136.
Visveswaran, R. (2003). The name Puttaparthi. Studies in Indian Place Names, 23, 165.
Reddy, P. B. (2000). Identification of place names from Simhachalam inscriptions.
Studies in Indian Place Names, 20, 68–73.
Sathyamurthy, T. (2000). Srisailam: Place name in Tevaram hymns. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 15–17.
Sharma, M. J. (2000). A note on Sriparvata and Sriparvatiya. Studies in Indian Place Names,
20, 42–45.
Sobhanbabu, E. (2000). Place names of Puttur Mandal. Studies in Indian Place Names, 20,
74–79.
Reddy, P. G. (1998). Place names of Nellore District. Studies in Indian Place Names, 18,
46–50.
Reddy, T. S. (1994). Historical geography of Kurnool District. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 15, 74–79.
Hussain, S. S. (1992). A note on Tarkhanpet – A fortified village in Medak District.
Studies in Indian Place Names, 13, 66–67.
Sarma, A. V. D. (1991). Jain Place Names of Andhra Pradesh: A study. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 12, 42–50.
Sastry, C. A. P. (1990). Place names of Tamil derivatives in Andhra. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 11, 72–75.
Lincon, B. A. (1990). Place names of Bapatla Taluk. Studies in Indian Place Names, 11,
26–30.
Naidu, G. (1989). Village names with names of castes and tribes in Anantapur District.
Studies in Indian Place Names, 10, 78–85.
Rao, T. S. V. P. (1989). Vegetable-oriented Telugu place names. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 10, 66–70.
Kanaka, P. S. (1989). A note on place name: Ghantasala. Studies in Indian Place Names,
10, 86–89.
Rao, P. N. (1987). Placename study in Telugu. Perspectives in Place Name Studies, 128–132.
Dectective, D. K. (1987). A note on the place names of Divi Taluk, Krishna District,
A. P. Perspectives in Place Name Studies, 204–206.
Balagangadharam, J. B. (1987). The significance of some border place names of
Vizianagaram District. Perspectives in Place Name Studies, 207–213.
 Place names  29

Detective, D. K. (1986). Infuence of Krishna River on the place names of Divi Taluk.
Studies in Indian Place Names, 7, 80–81.
Sarma, A. V. D. (1986). Buddhist place names of Andhra. Studies in Indian Place Names,
8, 103–107.
Sastry, C. A. P. (1986). Study of a few personal and place names in Andhra. Studies in
Indian Place Names, 8, 119–123.
Sastry, P. V. P. (1986). Place names and chronology in Andhra Pradesh. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 8, 38–49.
Rajyasree, P. (1986). Some descriptives of place names of Krishna District. Studies in
Indian Place Names, 7, 47–50.
Rao, N. (1984). Renaming in Telugu place names. Studies in Indian Place Names, 6,
71–86.
Sastry, P. V. P. (1984). Study of some place names in coastal Andhra. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 6, 14–23.
Kotraiah, C. T. M. (1984). Note on renaming of Cheluvindla Village. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 5, 22–23.
Reddy, A. R. R. and P. Y. Raju., (1989). Value of geography to culture denotative: A case
study of toponym of Narayananelluru. Studies in Indian Place Names, 4, 140–149.
Venkatesha. (1984). The origin of the place name Mantralaya. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 4, 81–83.
Reddy, D. C. (1982). The Telugu suffix ‘-Manchi’ in place names. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 3, 100–102.
Sastry, C. A. P. (1982). Study of some place names in Telugu inscriptions. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 3, 70–72.
Mangalam, S. J. (1980). Economic toponymy of Ancient Andhra Pradesh. Studies in
Indian Place Names, 1, 75–84.
Reddy, A. R. R. (1980). Paidipalle: A toponym. Studies in Indian Place Names, 1, 28–41.

Arunachal Pradesh
Phukan, S. K. (2000). Place names of Nocte. Studies in Indian Place Names, 20, 56–67.

Assam
Phukan, S. (2003). Onomastics among the TaiPhakes of Assam. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 23, 111.
Phukan, S. K. (1998). Place names in Assam of botanical origin. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 18, 72–88.

Chhattisgarh
Sharma, R. (2013) Sirpur. Studies in Indian Place Names, 33, 88–92.
Mahajan, M. (2000). Donee Brahmana community of Ancient Chattisgarh. Studies in
Indian Place Names, 20, 80–92.

Delhi
Khwaja, G. S. (2001). Journey from Indraprastha to New Delhi: A place-name study.
Studies in Indian Place Names, 21, 36–42.
30  Place names

Goa
Suryawanshi, D. A., and S. D. Pawar. (2013). Goa: A place name study. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 33, 72–87.
Gokhale, C. S. and R. N. (1994). Influence of Portuguese on place naming in Goa.
Studies in Indian Place Names, 15, 107–116.

Gujarat
Gore, R. V. (2014). Trading between Bharuch and East West. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 34, 40–49.
Jamidar, R. (2010). Place-names of the districts and taluks of Gujarat. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 29, 48–66.
Prakash, J. (2005). Places named after the Kalachuri rulers. Studies in Indian Place Names,
Silver Jubilee Volume, 1–4.
Jamidar, R. (2004). Pol: A unique residential place in Gujarat. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 24, 27–42.
Thosar, H. S. (1997). Place names from the Sanjeli Plates. Studies in Indian Place Names,
17, 28–35.
Jaiprakash. (1994). Names of Paramara rulers. Studies in Indian Place Names, 15, 148.
Ganam, N. M. (1987). Place names of Gujarat during Sultanate Period. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 9, 74–81.
Ganam, N. M. (1986). Mahudha – A place name. Studies in Indian Place Names, 7,
59–60.
Desai, Z. A. (1981). Identification of 18th century locality of Ahmadabad. Studies in
Indian Place Names, 2, 17–19.
Desai, Z. A. (1980). Identification of Jharand in Gujarat. Studies in Indian Place Names,
1, 57–61.

Haryana
Kumar, M., and J. Prasad. (1992). Settlement pattern and the nature of place-names in
Rohtak City of Haryana. Studies in Indian Place Names, 13, 10–12.
Vidyalankar, J. (1987). Toponomy of villages and hamlets in Haryana. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 9, 53–56.
Kumar, M. (1984). Toponymic aspects of the archaeological sites in Kurukshetra District
(Haryana). Studies in Indian Place Names, 6, 24–31.

Jammu and Kashmir

Singh, Y. B. (1986). Some eponymous legends of Jammu Region analyzed. Studies in
Indian Place Names, 8, 56–60.
Deambi, B. K. K. (1984). Some place names in Sarada inscriptions.Studies in Indian Place
Names, 4, 37–45.

Jharkhand
Jharikhanda and Jhadakhanda of the Medieval epigraphic and Puranic texts
 Place names  31

Karnataka
Dhanaraj, M. S. (2014) Toponomy of Marathikoppalu. Studies in Indian Place Names, 34,
19–25.
Dhanaraj, M. S.(2016). Marmahalli-origin of the village name. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 35, 33–36.
Viswanatha. (2016). Place name studies of Hassan District. Studies in Indian Place Names,
35, 125–129.
Nagaraju, D. M. (2014). Hydrological place names of the Vijayanagara Period. Studies in
Indian Place Names, 34, 64–70.
Ritti, S. H. (2013). A Word about the name Talakadu. Studies in Indian Place Names, 33,
105–106.
Patil, V. L. (2012). Inscription based place names in Bailhongal Taluk of North Karnataka
Region. Studies in Indian Place Names, 32, 24–32.
Rajashekharappa, B. (2012). Multiple names connected with Chitradurga: A comp­
rehensive study. Studies in Indian Place Names, 32, 67–92.
Nagaraju, D. M. (2012). The Agraharas during Vijayanagara period.Studies in Indian Place
Names, 31, 140–149.
Murthy, P. N. N. (2012). The Tuluva royal epithets. Studies In Indian Place Names, 31,
35–57.
Murthy, P. N. N. (2012). A Note on the epithet ‘Patti-Pombuchcha’. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 31 , 87–101.
Nagaraju, D. M. (2011). The suffixes Kere and Samudra. Studies in Indian Place Names,
30, 70–83.
Yegnaswami, J. (2012). ‘Halasuru’: A significant name. Studies in Indian Place Names, 31,
102–115.
Thakur, P. (2009). Patterns of names of various suburbs of Vijayanagar – A capital during
14th to 16th century. Studies in Indian Place Names, 28, 25.
Nagaraju, D. M. (2007). Naming of the places in Vijaynagara Period. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 27, 149.
Kodagunti, B. (2005). Yamnammunnal: A renamed place name in Maski. Studies in
Indian Place Names, 26, 67.
Murthy, A. V. N. (2005). Place names ending with Kavalu. Studies in Indian Place Names,
26, 116–123.
Pendakur, G. (2005). Salu Muruhalli: A unique place name. Studies in Indian Place Names,
26, 71.
Rao, K. V. (2005). Place names of Upper Krishna Valley. Studies in Indian Place Names,
26, 97–102.
Murthy, A. V. N. (2005). A note on the place name Sringeri. Studies in Indian Place Names,
Silver Jubilee Volume, 224–228.
Nagaraju, D. M. (2005). Places of North Karnataka. Studies in Indian Place Names, Silver
Jubilee Volume, 35–38.
Khandpekar, N. M. (2004). Nomenclature of Some Konkan Ports. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 24, 11–17.
Ramesh, S. C. (2004). Teerthahalli: Place name study.Studies in Indian Place Names, 24,
111–118.
Suresh, K. M. (2004). Noted place names during Vijayanagara Period. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 24, 101–110.
Nagaraju, D. M. (2003). Adavanidurga and Rayadurga-Sime. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 23, 154.
32  Place names

Thosar, H. S. (2003). Identification of Suvarnagiri and Isila. Studies in Indian Place Names,
23, 157.
Sampath, M. D. (2002). Chalukya administrative divisions. Studies in Indian Place Names,
22, 83–86.
Havalaiah, N., and Lokesha. (2001). The place names of Pandavapura Taluk. Studies in
Indian Place Names, 21, 76–79.
Nagaraju, D. M. (2001). Adavanidurga and Rayadurga-Simas. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 21, 95–96.
Quddusi, M. I. (2001). Ustadabad (Gogi) as a place name. Studies in Indian Place Names,
21, 56–63.
Bhoir, R. (2000). Impact of Kannada on the inscriptional place names. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 20, 9–14.
Krishnamurthy, P. V. (1998). Anegondi and Kishkinda. Studies in Indian Place Names, 18,
51–54.
Katragadda, L. (1997). A study of some place names of Vijayanagara Period. Studies in
Indian Place Names, 17, 94–97.
Murthy, P. V. K. (1994). Hommalige Nadu and some of its place names – A study. Studies
in Indian Place Names, 15, 103–106.
Bhat, U. R. (1993). Some Sanskritised Tulu place names. Studies in Indian Place Names,
14, 109–112.
Nagaraju, D. M. (1993). Talakadu – A place name. Studies in Indian Place Names, 14),
127–128.
Panneraselvam, R. (1993). The place names in the personal names in Karnataka. Studies
in Dravidian Place Names, 154–160.
Shetty, B. V. (1993). Barakanuru-Barahakanyapura-Barakuru – A study. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 14, 99–102
Vishwanath, V. (1993). Classification of place names of Sakleshpur. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 14, 106–108.
Kotraiah, C. T. M. (1992). Note on the place-name Barakuru. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 13, 75–79.
Kulkarni, A. (1992). Some more deity-based village names from Athani Taluk. Studies in
Indian Place Names, 13, 29–37.
Murthy, A. V. N. (1992). Place name prefixes Hosa and Hale in Karnataka. Studies in
Indian Place Names, 13, 96–103.
Nagaraju, D. M. (1992). Yelandur-A Place-Name. 13, 94–95.
Shanmugam, P. (1992). Place-names with ‘Puram’ suffix in the Vijayanagara Period.
Studies in Indian Place Names, 13, 46–48.
Kulkarni, A. (1991). Some deity-based place names in Athani Taluk. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 12, 61–68.
Murthy, P. N. N. (1991). Study of some place names of Karnataka. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 12, 109–113.
Nagaraju, D. M. (1991). Nanjangud i.e. Garalapuri. Studies in Indian Place Names, 12,
146–147.
Ramulu, A. (1991). Biligiri Ranga or Svetadri Srinivasa. Studies in Indian Place Names,
12, 136–138.
Thosar, H. S. (1991). Konkana, Sapta-Konkana and Aparanta. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 12, 22–30.
Bhande, Vaijayantha. (1990). Chalukya – An onomastic study. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 11, 56–57.
Bhat, H. R. R. (1990). Identification of two place-names mentioned in the Banavasi
Kadamba inscriptions. Studies in Indian Place Names, 11, 94–97.
 Place names  33

Murthy, P. N. N. (1990). Chikkamagalur – Study of a place name. Studies in Indian Place

Names, 11, 36–38.
Swamy, N. N. (1990). Raravi: An interesting place name. Studies in Indian Place Names,
11, 90–93.
Thosar, H. S. (1990). Pre-Kalyana capitals of the later Chalukyas. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 11, 11–18.
Bhat, P. R. (1989). Some Tulu place names in Sumadhva-Vijaya. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 10, 60–65.
Brahmananda, H. S. (1989). The place value of Tanda-A Banjara settlement. Studies in
Indian Place Names, 10, 44–54.
Kasinathan, N. (1989). Place names from the Hero-Stone inscriptions. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 10, 90–93.
Murthy, P. N. N. (1989). Identification of Kadamba Triparvata. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 10, 94–98.
Sampath, M. D. (1989). Place Kakati and its importance. Studies in Indian Place Names,
10, 108–111.
Upadhyaya, S. P. (1989). Place names in Tulu folk literature. Studies in Indian Place Names,
10, 24–33.
Kotraiah, C. T. M. (1987). Hampe-Vijyanagara, names through history. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 9, 65–70.
Murthy, P. N. N. (1987). The Suffix Angadi. Studies in Indian Place Names, 9, 63–64.
Rama, M. (1987). Placename studies in Karnataka. Perspectives in Place Name Studies,
141–146.
Sampath, M. D. (1986). Study of place and personal names of North Kanara. Studies in
Indian Place Names, 8, 141–148.
Bhat, H. R. R. (1986). Identification of place names mentioned in the Varuna inscriptions.
Studies in Indian Place Names, 7, 96–100.
Indira, R. (1986). A sociological study of Agrahara place names. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 7, 87–95.
Nagaraju, D. M. (1984). Lakshmesvara – A place name. Studies in Indian Place Names, 6,
104–106.
Rajamani, M. B. (1984). Katavapragiri – A sociological study. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 6, 59–63.
Chandraiah, B. N. (1984). A study of some place names in Karnataka. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 5, 83–86.
Patel, R. (1984). Some place names in Hassan District. Studies in Indian Place Names, 5, 71–73.
Gai, G. S. (1984). Studies in ancient geography of Karnataka-IV. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 5, 104–106.
Jambunathan, M. V. (1984). The toponym Maddur. Studies in Indian Place Names, 5,
96–97.
Gai, G. S. (1984). Studies in ancient geography of Karnataka-III. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 4, 127–129.
Bhat, P. R. (1984). “Sivalli” – A place name. Studies in Indian Place Names, 4, 134–139.
Rajapurohit, B. B. (1984). Distribution of Halli and Pura suffixes in Karnataka. Studies
in Indian Place Names, 4, 119–122.
Sethuraman, N. (1984). Tribhuvanamahadevi Chaturvedimangalam. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 4, 58–60.
Abhishankar, K. (1982). Origin of certain place names of Karnataka. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 3, 20–24.
Bhadri, K. M. (1982). Some interesting place names in Karnataka. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 3, 73–77.
34  Place names

Bhat, H. R. R. (1982). Balligave: A toponym. Studies in Indian Place Names, 3, 85–88.

Katti, M. N. (1982). Names of some dynasties and rulers of Karnataka. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 3, 128–130.
Kotraiah, C. T. M. (1982). Tirumaladevi Pattana, Present Hospet near Hampi. Studies in
Indian Place Names, 3, 53–57.
Kulli, J. (1982). Some place names of Bijapur and Gulbarga Area. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 3, 46–52.
Venkatesha. (1982). Some important place names in Karnataka. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 3, 67–69.
Shanmugam, P. (1982). Vijayanagara influence on Tamil Nadu place names. Studies in
Indian Place Names, 3, 92–94.
Gai, G. S. (1981). Studies in ancient geography of Karnataka-II. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 2, 8–12.
Katti, M. N. (1981). Numerical territorial divisions in Karnataka. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 2, 65–72.
Rajapurohit, B. B. (1981). Distribution of Suffix-Uru in Karnataka. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 2, 28–35.
Gai, G. S. (1980). Studies in ancient geography of Karnatak. Studies in Indian Place Names,
1, 20–27.
Gowda, D. J. (1980) Some street-names of Mysore City. Studies in Indian Place Names, 1,
9–19.
Kemtur, R. (1980). A few interesting place-names of Tulunadu. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 1, 49–56.
Murthy, P. N. N. (1980). Identification of the village Kiruniralli. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 1, 85–87.
Rajapurohit, B. B. (1980). Regional features in naming places in Karnataka. Studies in
Indian Place Names, 1, 62–69.

Kerala
Gopikrishnan, G. (2007). Sanskritisation of place names in Medieval Kerala literature.
Studies in Indian Place Names, 27, 16–28.
Nanarayanan, M. G. S. (2005). Colloquial forms of place names and proper names in
Kerala. Studies in Indian Place Names, 26, 103–111.
Pankaja, N. (1997). Trayodasa Tirupatis of Malai-Nadu. Studies in Indian Place Names,
17, 67.
Sampath, M. D. (1994). Identification of Kodungolur and Vanchi. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 15, 130.
Sathyamurthy, T. (1994). Kovikanti to Quilandy. Studies in Indian Place Names, 15, 51.
Gopalakrishnan, N. (1993). Kollam and Kotunnallur: A toponymical account. Studies in
Dravidian Place Names, 116–123.
Govindan, C. (1993). Place names in Palghat District and their historical significance.
Studies in Dravidian Place Names, 12–18.
Mallesery, S. R. (1993). A structural analysis of placenames in Malayalam. Studies in
Dravidian Place Names, 193–207.
Vilakkudi, R. (1993). Humour in Malayalam place names. Studies in Dravidian Place
Names, 79–82.
Sankaranarayanan, K. C. (1993). Some place names of Palghat District. Studies in
Dravidian Place Names, 19–22.
 Place names  35

Vaidyanathan, K. S. (1993). Some names particularly relative to Kerala and Kongu.

Studies in Dravidian Place Names, 138–146.
Valath, V. V. K. (1993). Jaina influence on some Kerala place names. Studies in Dravidian
Place Names, 64–68.
Gopalkrishnan, N. (1987). Ay Dynasty in Kerala History and Toponymical evidences.
Perspectives in Place Name Studies, 287–290.
Joseph, P. M. (1987). Prakrit influence on Kerala placenames. Perspectives in Place Name
Studies, 168–184.
Nampoothiry, E. E. (1987). Placenames mentioned in the Sanskrit Sandesakavyas of
Kerala. Perspectives in Place Name Studies, 217–223.
Nampoothiry, N. M. (1987). Placename studies in Malayalam. Perspectives in Place Name
Studies, 133–140.
Nayar, B. K. (1987). Kerala Place names and North Indian surnames. Perspectives in Place
Name Studies, 266–271.
Rajendren, V. (1987). Place name glossary of Kerala – Some lexicographical problems.
Perspectives in Place Name Studies, 115–118.
Nampoothiry, N. M. (1984). Place name studies in Kerala. Studies in Indian Place Names,
4, 69–73.
Varier, M. R. R. (1984). Some aspects of Sanskritisation of place names in Kerala. Studies
in Indian Place Names, 4, 28–36.
Varier, M. R. R. (1982) Some place names in and around Calicut suggesting salt industry.
Studies in Indian Place Names, 3, 39–45.

Lakshadweep
Varier, M. R. R. (2003). A note on the Palli Generic in the place names of Androth and
Kalpeni Islands. Studies in Indian Place Names, 23, 122.

Madhya Pradesh
Prakash, J. (1998). Two place names from Madhya Pradesh. Studies in Indian Place Names,
18, 100–103.
Mahajan, M. (1997). Topographical features of the Kalachuris of Tripuri. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 17, 17.
Gokhale, C. S. (1992). An engineered analysis of composition and nomenclature of
Mohallas in Gwalior City. Studies in Indian Place Names, 13, 56–63.
Prakash, J. (1991). Places named after the Chandella rulers. 12, 133–135.
Sagar, A. P. (1984). Some place names associated with ancient times in Central India.
Studies in Indian Place Names, 5, 31–37.
Prakash, J. (1986). Some place names occurring in the inscriptions of Paramaras. Studies
in Indian Place Names, 7, 69–72.
Bajpai, K. D. (1981). Some place-names of the Sanchi inscriptions. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 2, 13–16.

Maharashtra
Suryawanshi, D. A., and S. D. Pawar. (2016). Mumbai’s few railway stations: A place
name study. Studies in Indian Place Names, 35, 77–90.
36  Place names

Suryawanshi, D. A., and S. D. P. (2014). Satara: A place name study. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 34, 96–103.
Kodilkar, R. (2013). Jawhar: A place name study. Studies in Indian Place Names, 33, 93–96.
Ranade, A. K. (2013). Some villages in Shatshashti-vishaya. Studies in Indian Place Names,
33, 62–71.
Kodilkar, R. (2012). Mahur – A place name study. Studies in Indian Place Names, 32,
40–45.
Suryawanshi, D. A., S. D. Pawar, and P. Patkar. (2012). Trimbakesvar: A place name
study. Studies in Indian Place Names, 32, 57–60.
Karmakar, D. (2012). Understanding place names in ‘Mahikavati’s Bakhar’: A case of
Mumbai-Thane region. Studies in Indian Place Names, 31, 116–139.
Suryawanshi, D. A., and S. D. Pawar. (2012). Nasik: A name place study. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 31, 82–86.
Samel, S. (2011). Geographical renaming of the streets in the Mumbai. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 30, 134–142.
Karmakar, D. (2009). Understanding place names in historical geography: A case of
Vasai. Studies in Indian Place Names, 28, 60–90.
Yegnaswami, J. (2007). Mumbadevi, the deity behind the name of Bombay. Studies in
Indian Place Names, 27, 29–40.
Thosar, H. S. (2005). The identification of Sriparnika. Studies in Indian Place Names, Silver
Jubilee Volume, 209–223.
Thosar, H. S. (2004). Identification of Svetagiri or Svetapatha. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 24, 18–22.
Bhoir, R. (2002). Place names occuring in the inscriptions of Traikutakas and Mauryas
of Konkan. Studies in Indian Place Names, 22, 63–67.
Thosar, H. S. (2002). Identification of Balipattana. Studies in Indian Place Names, 22,
23–36.
Shastri, A. M. (2001). Sabharashtra: Fresh evidence from a Vakataka inscription. Studies
in Indian Place Names, 21, 24–27.
Thosar, H. S. (2000). Pandharpur and the Varkari Sect. Studies in Indian Place Names, 20,
30–41.
Quddusi, M. Y. (1998). Shahpur of Berar. Studies in Indian Place Names, 18, 43–45.
Khaire, V. (1997). Nanaghat: A name study. Studies in Indian Place Names, 17, 36.
Quddusi, M. Y. (1997). Origin and development of Kamptee. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 17, 25.
Thosar, H. S. (1996). Royal seats of the Vakatakas. Studies in Indian Place Names, 16.
Thosar, H. S. (1996). Geography of Ellora. Studies in Indian Place Names, 16, 103.
Bhoir, R. (1994). Historical geography of Thana. Studies in Indian Place Names, 15,
90–95.
Holkar, K. B. (1994). ‘Summit’: The name of the railway station. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 15, 146–147.
Thosar, H. S. (1994). Historical geography of Ellora. Studies in Indian Place Names, 15,
136–140.
Holkar, K. B. (1993). Some place-names in Pune City. Studies in Indian Place Names, 14,
83–87.
Quddusi, M. Y. (1993). Origin and development of Rauza as a distinctive village. Studies
in Indian Place Names, 14, 121–126.
Thosar, H. S. (1993). Puri through inscriptions. Studies in Indian Place Names, 14,
36–46.
Khaire, V. (1990). Place-names in Maharashtra. Studies in Indian Place Names, 11, 45–53.
 Place names  37

Holkar, K. B. (1989). Names of rivers, tanks and hills in Daund Taluk. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 10, 55–59.
Ravishankar, T. S. (1989). Place names in the inscriptions of the Kalachuris. Studies in
Indian Place Names, 10, 104–107.
Shastri, A. M. (1989). Name of Ajanta – Modern and ancient: A re-appraisal. Studies in
Indian Place Names, 10, 8–12.
Mahajan, M. (1986). Deities by place names in Maharashtra. Studies in Indian Place Names,
8, 124–140.
Thosar, H. S. (1986). Sangvi: A place name study. Studies in Indian Place Names, 8,
50–55.
Venkatesha. (1986). Place and personal names as Gleaned from the Silahara epigraphs.
Studies in Indian Place Names, 7, 107–109.
Mahajan, M. (1984). Glimpses of topography by place names found in inscriptions from
Maharashtra. Studies in Indian Place Names, 6, 38–58.
Gupta, C. (1984). Dombivali: A study of place name. Studies in Indian Place Names, 5,
24–30.
Mahajan, M. (1984). Flora from place names in inscriptions found in Maharashtra. Studies
in Indian Place Names, 4, 90–99.
Mahajan, M. (1982). Flora from place names in inscriptions found in Maharashtra. Studies
in Indian Place Names, 3, 25–38.
Shastri, A. M. (1980) Fresh light on the antiquity of the jaggery and sugar industry in
Southern Maharashtra from place names. Studies in Indian Place Names, 1, 43–46.

Manipur
Gunindro, P. (2011). Manipuri Lammitllon: Manipuri toponomy. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 30, 143–154.
Singh, S. B. (2009). Place naming in Manipur: Based on surnames. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 28, 52.
Singh, S. I. (2009). Place naming after occupations in Manipur. Studies in IndianPlace
Names, 28, 15–20.

Meghalaya
Itagi, N. H. (2009). A few incipient observations on place and personal names in
Meghalaya. Studies in Indian Place Names, 28, 44.

Odisha
Mishra, P. (2014). Territorial unit in Ancient Orissa an epigraphical study. Studies in
Indian Place Names, 34, 113–127.
Acharya, S. K. (2009). Toponymy of villages of Puri District.Studies in Indian Place
Names, 28, 99–107.
Tripathy, S. (2005). Somavamsin capitals of Vinitapura-Yayatinagara. Studies in Indian
Place Names, Silver Jubilee Volume , 195–208.
Acharya, S. K. (1994). Place names after personal names in Early Medieval Orissa. Studies
in Indian Place Names, 15, 80
Tripathy, S. (1982). Some Bhanja and Somavamsi place names. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 3, 12–19.
38  Place names

Puducherry
Sebastian, A. (1992). Names in Pondicherry Town. Studies in Indian Place Names, 13,
23–28.
Sebastian, A. (1991). Street names in the Pondicherry Town. Studies in Indian Place Names,
12, 104–108.

Rajasthan
Prakash, J. (2010). Bairath: A place-name. Studies in Indian Place Names, 29, 43–47.
Khwaja, G. S. (1992). Dinjawas: A place name. Studies in Indian Place Names, 13, 68–71.
Ganam, N. M. (1989). Khatu: The name of the place. Studies in Indian Place Names, 10,
34–37.
Iyer, S. S. (1986). Some place names in Rajasthan. Studies in Indian Place Names, 7, 73–75.

Tamil Nadu
Panneraselvam, K. (2016). Vagur-Nadu and its name study. Studies in Indian Place Names,
35, 91–95.
Panneraselvam, K. (2012). Idaiyarrur-Nadu: A study of its name and history. Studies in
Indian Place Names, 32, 110–116.
Sampath, M. D. (2012). Historical significance of Sendalai Niyamam and Koviladi.
Studies in Indian Place Names, 32, 61–66.
Dayalan, D. (2012). Digital interpretation of place names of Early Medieval Tamil Nadu.
Studies in Indian Place Names, 31, 58–81.
Panneraselvam, K. (2012). Taniyur Brahmanical settlements of South Arcot District.
Studies in Indian Place Names, 31, 150–156.
Panneraselvam, K. (2011). Mudiyur-Nadu: A study of its name. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 30, 155–158.
Pankaja, N. (2010). Kovilur: A place name study. Studies in Indian Place Names, 29,
111–116.
Panneraselvam, K. (2010). Kunrattur-nadu: A study. Studies in Indian Place Names, 29,
105–110.
Rajavelu, S. (2010). Place name of Pudukkottai Region in Tamil Nadu: A study. Studies
in Indian Place Names, 29, 67–96.
Karuppaiah, K. (2009). Srimushnam: A Vaishnavite Tripati. Studies in Indian Place Names,
28, 157.
Soundararajan, J. (2009). Dadapuram: A place name. Studies in Indian Place Names,
28, 154.
Suguneswari, A. (2009). Padal Perra Talangal of Kongu Nadu: With special reference to
Tiruchengodu. Studies in Indian Place Names, 28, 84.
Devi, T. S. M. (2007). Tambraparani-Porunai: Unique bilingual parallel names. Studies
in Indian Place Names, 27, 125–154.
Geetha, N. (2007). Salem: A toponomical study. Studies in Indian Place Names, 27, 81–86.
Panneraselvam, K. (2007). Tiruvennainallur-Nadu: A study of its name. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 27, 132.
Sathyamurthy, T. (2005). Early Tamil literature: A toponomical survey. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 26, 73.
 Place names  39

Panneraselvam, K. (2005). Tamar-Nadu: A study of its name. Studies in Indian Place

Names, Silver Jubilee Volume, 91–99.
Amrithavalli, S. (2003). Toponymy of Kudumiyamalai. Studies in Indian Place Names,
23, 185.
Balaji, P. D. (2003). Places in Sriperumbudur Taluk. Studies in Indian Place Names, 23,
169.
Kalaiselvi, M. M. (2003). Toponymy of Shengottai and its surrounding villages. Studies
in Indian Place Names, 23.
Karuppaiah, K. (2003). Satyakshetra (Tirummeyyam). Studies in Indian Place Names,
23, 175.
Moi, B. J. (2003). Administrative division in the Ay Country: An epigraphical study.
Studies in Indian Place Names, 23, 191–206.
Pankaja, N. (2003). Correlation between street names of Madurai and Tenkasi. Studies in
Indian Place Names, 23, 141.
Panneraselvam, K. (2003). Karpundi-nadu. Studies in Indian Place Names, 23, 181.
Kumudavalli, S. J., and Pankaja. (2002). Physio-geography of Tambraparani river basin.
Studies in Indian Place Names, 22, 53–62.
Manohari, P. A. (2002). Place name Idaikal. Studies in Indian Place Names, 22, 77–78.
Rajavelu, S. (2002). Impact of religion and region on two place-names in Tamilnadu.
Studies in Indian Place Names, 22, 68–71.
Rajeswari, N., and S. Kayarkanni. (2002). Karivalamvandanallur: A place name study.
Studies in Indian Place Names, 22, 72–76.
Sevakumaran, M. S. (2002). Place names gleaned from Nellaiappar Temple inscriptions.
Studies in Indian Place Names, 22, 44–52.
Chandravanam, C. (2001). Uttara Kosamangai and Grant Villages: A study. Studies in
Indian Place Names, 21, 88–91.
Lalitha, P. M. (2001). Place name: Cooum. Studies in Indian Place Names, 21, 80–84.
Pankaja, N. (2001). Mercantile places of Kongu-nadu. Studies in Indian Place Names, 21,
92–94.
Pankaja, N. (2000). Tirukkoyilur: A place of historical importance. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 20, 97–100.
Chandrasekaran, P. (1998). Early Pandya place names. Studies in Indian Place Names, 18,
60–64.
Karuppaiah, K. (1998). Sakkaramallur: A mercantile settlement. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 18, 97–99.
Pankaja, N. (1998). Places of Nanguneri Region. Studies in Indian Place Names, 18,
104–107.
Quddusi, M. I. (1998). Natharnagar and Qadirnagar. Studies in Indian Place Names, 18,
35–42.
Sampath, M. D. (1998). Kattur: A merchant guild centre. Studies in Indian Place Names,
18, 89–96.
Sherif, M. (1998). Place names during the Navayath and Wallajahi. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 18, 55–59.
Chandrasekaran, P. (1997). Tennari Nadu: Its village and culture. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 17, 46.
Lalitha, P. M. (1996). Religious place-names in Tamil Country. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 16, 63–67.
Karuppaiah, K. (1994). Manamadurai: A place-name study. 15, 141–145.
40  Place names

Rajavelu, S. (1994). Place names of the Cholas Period. Studies in Indian Place Names, 15,
152.
Sankaran, K. R. (1994). The nomenclature of water resources in Pudukkottai Region.
Studies in Indian Place Names, 15, 100–102.
Chandrakumar, T. (1993). Belief and symbolism in the formation of place name structure:
A case study of Vrddhacalam. Studies in Dravidian Place Names, 43–47.
Jayaraman, N. (1993). Place names in Palani area. Studies in Dravidian Place Names,
161–168.
Meenakshisundaram, M. (1993). Place name study of Chaturvedhamangalam. Studies in
Dravidian Place Names, 135–137.
Mukilan, P. P. (1993). A study of place names with -Pakkam suffix found in inscriptions.
Studies in Dravidian Place Names, 151–153.
Nagarajan, Kasturi. (1993). Place names of Ambasamudram Region. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 14, 88–93.
Pankaja, N. (1993). Vaishnavaite centres of Pandya Country. Studies in Indian Place Names,
14, 65–69.
Perumal, A. K. (1993). Toponomy of Alahiyapandiyapuram. Studies in Dravidian Place
Names, 110–115.
Pillai, C. S. (1993). Field names in Kanyakumari District. Studies in Dravidian Place
Names, 27–42.
Pulavar, S. R. (1993). Kongu in Sangam times: A toponomical study. Studies in Dravidian
Place Names, 147–150.
Rajavelu, S. (1993). Place names of Vellore Taluk. Studies in Indian Place Names, 14,
113–115.
Raju, P. S. (1993). Palani: Its toponomy and historical significance. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 14, 103–105.
Sampath, M. D. (1993). An Ancient Pandyan township. Studies in Indian Place Names, 14,
116–120.
Thangathurai, S. (1993). Lathivadi. Studies in Dravidian Place Names, 102–105.
Varadasundari, A. (1993). Dharapuram: A place name study. Studies in Dravidian Place
Names, 169–173.
Basavalingam, M. (1992). The place name Udagamangalam: A Study. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 13, 72–74.
Karuppaiah, K. (1992). Karisulndamangalam: A place name in Pandya Country. Studies
in Indian Place Names, 13, 108–110.
Mulley, P. K. (1992). A fresh look at some place names of Nilgiris. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 13, 18–22.
Muthuswamy, S. (1992). Places with caste names in Tirunelveli District. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 13, 53–55.
Rajavelu, S. (1992). Cholapuram: A place name. Studies in Indian Place Names, 13, 111–112.
Deivanayagam, G. (1991). Place name study of Thanjai and Karandai. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 12, 92–97.
Edmunds, T. (1991). Tarangampadi: Place name as found in Dutch, German and Danish
Records: An Analysis. Studies in Indian Place Names, 12, 83–86.
Kandaswamy, S. P. (1991). Commercial impact of place-names in the Kongu. Studies in
Indian Place Names, 12, 87–91.
Kandaswamy, S. P. (1991). Pastoral impact on place names in the Kongu. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 12, 16–21.
Krishnan, A. (1991). Trilingual Dharmapuri District. Studies in Indian Place Names, 12, 79–82.
 Place names  41

Sampath, M. D. (1991). Place and personal names figuring in a Pandya Charter. Studies in
Indian Place Names, 12, 129–132.
Desikan, V. N. S. (1990). Place names From Kaveripakkam inscriptions. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 11, 41–44.
Rajavelu, S. Historical geography of Palayanur-Tiruvalangadu. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 11 (1990), 58–61.
Raju, S. (1990). Some place names in the Salem District. Studies in Indian Place Names,
11, 39–40.
Reddy, C. M. (1990). Various names of the City of Tiruvannamalai. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 11, 31–32.
Srinivasan, C. R. (1990). Some place names in Madras. Studies in Indian Place Names, 11,
98–102.
Swaminathan, S. (1990). A study of names as gleaned from Chola inscriptions. Studies in
Indian Place Names, 11, 62–66.
Vaidyanathan, K. S. (1990). The countries of Batoi and Toringoi mentioned by Ptolemy.
Studies in Indian Place Names, 11, 81–89.
Swaminathan, S. (1989). Some place names of Gudiyattam Region. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 10, 99–103.
Bhagavathy, K. (1987). The suffix -Puram. Perspectives in Place Name Studies, 291–294.
Karuppaiah, K. (1987). Some place names of the Pandya Country. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 9, 106–109.
Nainer, M. (1987). Toponymy of Tamil Nadu. Perspectives in Place Name Studies, 123–127.
Raman, M. K. (1987). A Survey of placenames in Tamil literature especially in
manuscripts. Perspectives in Place Name Studies, 214–216.
Shanmugam, P. (1987). Place-names occuring in Tamil–Brahmi inscriptions. Studies in
Indian Place Names, 9, 59–62.
Sampath, M. D. (1987). Nava-Tirupatis on the bank of Tamraparni River. Studies in
Indian Place Names, 9, 92–101.
Sethuraman, N. (1986). Panchavan: The Pandya. Studies in Indian Place Names, 7, 124–129.
Venkatesan, P. (1986). Sukkanpundi, a tribal village name referred to in an inscription of
Kongu Vira Pandya (1265–85 A.D.). Studies in Indian Place Names, 8, 108–112.
Thyagarajan, L. (1986). Place name study of Takkolam as Gleaned from inscriptions and
literature. Studies in Indian Place Names, 7, 42–46.
Jeyechandran, A. V. (1984). Significance of the street names of Madurai. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 6, 99–103.
Srinivasan, K. R. (1984). Ayirapati/Ayiravati – Ancient Darasuram. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 6, 1–13.
Venkatesan, P. (1984). A note on Rajamalla Chaturvedimangalam. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 6, 87–89.
Devi, T. S. M. (1984). Courtallam: An antique place with modernised name. Studies in
Indian Place Names, 5, 38–40.
Raju, S. (1984). Names of some places changed by passage of time in Periyar District of
Tamil Nadu. Studies in Indian Place Names, 5, 41–42.
Subhramanian, S. V., and Bhagavati. (1984). Plant – Place names in Tamil. Studies in
Indian Place Names, 5, 15–21.
Tirumalai, R. (1984). Posala Vira-Somideva-Chaturvedimangalam. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 5, 49.
Sampath, M. D. (1984). Historical geography and study of place-names figuring in
Pandya Inscriptions. Studies in Indian Place Names, 4, 52–57.
42  Place names

Srinivasan, C. R. (1984). Some interesting pseudo and real place names of Tamil Nadu.
Studies in Indian Place Names, 4, 130–133.
Sethuraman, N. (1982). Cholantaka Chaturvedimangalam. Studies in Indian Place Names,
3, 89–91.
Srinivasan, K. R. (1982). Madurai: The name of the place. Studies in Indian Place Names,
3, 58–61.
Sethuraman, N. (1981). Kumbakonam and Darasuram. Studies in Indian Place Names,
36–39.
Srinivasan, K. R. (1981). Nan Mada-k-Kudal (Madurai): A note. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 2, 40–42.
Balambal, V. (1980). Paluvur and Paluvettaraiyars. Studies in Indian Place Names, 1,
73–74.
Katti, M. N. (1980). A Note on Kannadaballi: A village in Tamil Nadu. Studies in Indian
Place Names, 1, 97–98.

Telengana
Thosar, H. S. (1992). Royal seats of the Satavahanas. Studies in Indian Place Names, 13,
38–45.
Thosar, H. S. (1989). Identification of Asmaka and Mulaka. Studies in Indian Place Names,
10, 13–16.

Uttar Pradesh
Dubey, A. K., and D. P. Dubey. (2011). Varanasi in the Gahadavala Period. Studies in
Indian Place Names, 30, 84–107.
Prakash, J. (2009). Mandora: A place name. Studies in Indian Place Names, 28, 166.
Vasanthi, S. T. (2007). ‘Kalinjar’: An epithet of Lord ‘Siva’. Studies in Indian Place Names,
27, 118.
Prakash, J. (2005). Gorakhpur: A place-name. Studies in Indian Place Names, Silver Jubilee
Volume, 121–130.
Prakash, J. (2003). Kannauj: A place-name. Studies in Indian Place Names, 23, 207–219.
Prakash, J. (2002). Place name: Allahabad. Studies in Indian Place Names, 22, 37–43.
Prakash, J. (2001). Two place-names from Uttar Pradesh: Deogadh and Kalinjar. Studies
in Indian Place Names, 21, 43–49.
Prakash, J. (1997). Place names: Garhwal and Jhansi. Studies in Indian Place Names, 17,
77–79.
Saini, R. S. (1993). Antiquity of Hotharasa. Studies in Indian Place Names, 14, 62–64.
Jindal, M. S. (1990). Kashi cities in the world. Studies in Indian Place Names, 11, 54–55.
Tandon, M. (1984). Braj Mandal. Studies in Indian Place Names, 5, 66–70.
Tandon, M. (1982). Madhuvana. Studies in Indian Place Names, 3, 82–84.

West Bengal
Thapa, R. (2005). Pattern of place names of Darjeeling Hill. Studies in Indian Place Names,
26, 50–63.
Bandyopadhyay, S. (1997). Kalikata: An etymological study. Studies in Indian Place Names,
17, 80–91.
 Place names  43

Bandyopadhyay, S. (1994). Etymology of Tamralipta. Studies in Indian Place Names,

15, 44.
Mukherjee, B. N. (1990). Place name to surname in ‘Bengal’. Studies in Indian Place
Names, 11, 9–10.
Bandyopadhyay, D. (1989). Etymology of Medinipur. Studies in Indian Place Names, 10,
17–23.
Place names
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Chandrashekhar, T. (2016). Cultural ethnography of Gollas of Guntur District Study.Studies in
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Reddy, V. M. (2016). Place names with historical significance from coastal Andhra (from earliest
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Nayak, S. P. (2014). Rivers, Streams and Canals in Andhra: Gleaned through Epigraphy
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Reddy, V. M. (2014). Place names of Kadapa District of Andhra Pradesh: A case study.Studies
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Sastry, C. A. P. (2009). Telugu place, personal surnames:An observation.Studies in Indian
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Sastry, C. A. P. (2003). Place names in the Vishnukundi Charter of Vikramendravarman.
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Visveswaran, R. (2003). The name Puttaparthi.Studies in Indian Place Names, 23, 165.
Reddy, P. B. (2000). Identification of place names from Simhachalam inscriptions.Studies in
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Sathyamurthy, T. (2000). Srisailam: Place name in Tevaram hymns. Studies in Indian Place
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Sharma, M. J. (2000). A note on Sriparvata and Sriparvatiya.Studies in Indian Place Names, 20,
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Sobhanbabu, E. (2000). Place names of Puttur Mandal.Studies in Indian Place Names , 20,
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Reddy, P. G. (1998). Place names of Nellore District.Studies in Indian Place Names, 18, 4650.
Reddy, T. S. (1994). Historical geography of Kurnool District.Studies in Indian Place Names, 15,
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Hussain, S. S. (1992). A note on Tarkhanpet A fortified village in Medak District.Studies in
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Sarma, A. V. D. . (1991). Jain Place Names of Andhra Pradesh: A study.Studies in Indian Place
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Sastry, C. A. P. (1990). Place names of Tamil derivatives in Andhra.Studies in Indian Place
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Lincon, B. A. (1990). Place names of Bapatla Taluk.Studies in Indian Place Names , 11, 2630.
Naidu, G. (1989). Village names with names of castes and tribes in Anantapur District.Studies in
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Rao, T. S. V. P. (1989). Vegetable-oriented Telugu place names.Studies in Indian Place Names
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Kanaka, P. S. (1989). A note on place name: Ghantasala.Studies in Indian Place Names , 10,
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Rao, P. N. (1987). Placename study in Telugu. Perspectives in Place Name Studies, 128132.
Dectective, D. K. (1987). A note on the place names of Divi Taluk, Krishna District, A. P.
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Balagangadharam, J. B. (1987). The significance of some border place names of Vizianagaram
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29 Detective, D. K. 1986(). Infuence of Krishna River on the place names of Divi Taluk.Studies
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Sarma, A. V. D. . (1986). Buddhist place names of Andhra.Studies in Indian Place Names , 8,
103107.
Sastry, C. A. P. 1986(). Study of a few personal and place names in Andhra.Studies in Indian
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Sastry, P. V. P. 1986(). Place names and chronology in Andhra Pradesh.Studies in Indian Place
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Rajyasree, P. (1986). Some descriptives of place names of Krishna District.Studies in Indian
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Rao, N. (1984). Renaming in Telugu place names.Studies in Indian Place Names , 6, 7186.
Sastry, P. V. P. 1984(). Study of some place names in coastal Andhra.Studies in Indian Place
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Kotraiah, C. T. M. (1984). Note on renaming of Cheluvindla Village.Studies in Indian Place
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Reddy, A. R. R. and P. Y. Raju ., (1989). Value of geography to culture denotative: A case study
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Reddy, D. C. (1982). The Telugu suffix -Manchi in place names. Studies in Indian Place Names
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Sastry, C. A. P. (1982). Study of some place names in Telugu inscriptions.Studies in Indian
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Mangalam, S. J. (1980). Economic toponymy of Ancient Andhra Pradesh. Studies in Indian
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Reddy, A. R. R. (1980). Paidipalle: A toponym.Studies in Indian Place Names , 1, 2841.
Phukan, S. K. (2000). Place names of Nocte. Studies in Indian Place Names , 20, 5667.
Phukan, S. (2003). Onomastics among the TaiPhakes of Assam.Studies in Indian Place Names
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Phukan, S. K. (1998). Place names in Assam of botanical origin. Studies in Indian Place Names
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Sharma, R. (2013) Sirpur. Studies in Indian Place Names , 33, 8892.
Mahajan, M. (2000). Donee Brahmana community of Ancient Chattisgarh. Studies in Indian
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Khwaja, G. S. (2001). Journey from Indraprastha to New Delhi: A place-name study.Studies in
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Suryawanshi, D. A. , and S. D. Pawar . (2013). Goa: A place name study.Studies in Indian
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Gokhale, C. S. and R. N. (1994). Influence of Portuguese on place naming in Goa.Studies in
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Gore, R. V. (2014). Trading between Bharuch and East West.Studies in Indian Place Names,
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Jamidar, R. (2010). Place-names of the districts and taluks of Gujarat. Studies in Indian Place
Names , 29, 4866.
Prakash, J. (2005). Places named after the Kalachuri rulers. Studies in Indian Place Names,
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Jamidar, R. (2004). Pol: A unique residential place in Gujarat. Studies in Indian Place Names ,
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Thosar, H. S. (1997). Place names from the Sanjeli Plates.Studies in Indian Place Names , 17,
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Jaiprakash. (1994). Names of Paramara rulers. Studies in Indian Place Names , 15, 148.
Ganam, N. M. (1987). Place names of Gujarat during Sultanate Period.Studies in Indian Place
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Ganam, N. M. (1986). Mahudha A place name.Studies in Indian Place Names , 7, 5960.
Desai, Z. A. (1981). Identification of 18th century locality of Ahmadabad.Studies in Indian Place
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Desai, Z. A. (1980). Identification of Jharand in Gujarat.Studies in Indian Place Names , 1,
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Kumar, M. , and J. Prasad . (1992). Settlement pattern and the nature of place-names in Rohtak
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Vidyalankar, J. (1987). Toponomy of villages and hamlets in Haryana.Studies in Indian Place
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Kumar, M. (1984). Toponymic aspects of the archaeological sites in Kurukshetra District
(Haryana).Studies in Indian Place Names , 6, 2431.
Singh, Y. B. (1986). Some eponymous legends of Jammu Region analyzed.Studies in Indian
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Deambi, B. K. K. 1984(). Some place names in Sarada inscriptions.Studies in Indian Place
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Dhanaraj,M. S. (2014) Toponomy of Marathikoppalu.Studies in Indian Place Names , 34, 1925.
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Viswanatha. (2016). Place name studies of Hassan District.Studies in Indian Place Names , 35,
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Nagaraju, D. M. (2014). Hydrological place names of the Vijayanagara Period.Studies in Indian
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Ritti, S. H. (2013). A Word about the name Talakadu.Studies in Indian Place Names , 33,
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Patil, V. L. (2012). Inscription based place names in Bailhongal Taluk of North Karnataka
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Rajashekharappa, B. (2012). Multiple names connected with Chitradurga: A comprehensive
study.Studies in Indian Place Names , 32, 6792.
Nagaraju, D. M. (2012). The Agraharas during Vijayanagara period.Studies in Indian Place
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Murthy, P. N. N. (2012). The Tuluva royal epithets.Studies In Indian Place Names , 31, 3557.
Murthy, P. N. N. (2012). A Note on the epithet Patti-Pombuchcha.Studies in Indian Place
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Nagaraju, D. M. (2011). The suffixes Kere and Samudra. Studies in Indian Place Names , 30,
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Yegnaswami, J. (2012). Halasuru: A significant name.Studies in Indian Place Names , 31,
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Thakur, P. (2009). Patterns of names of various suburbs of Vijayanagar A capital during 14th to
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Nagaraju, D. M. (2007). Naming of the places in Vijaynagara Period. Studies in Indian Place
Names , 27, 149.
Kodagunti, B. (2005). Yamnammunnal: A renamed place name in Maski.Studies in Indian Place
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Murthy, A. V. N. (2005). Place names ending with Kavalu. Studies in Indian Place Names , 26,
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Pendakur, G. (2005). Salu Muruhalli: A unique place name.Studies in Indian Place Names , 26,
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Rao, K. V. (2005). Place names of Upper Krishna Valley.Studies in Indian Place Names , 26,
97102.
Murthy, A. V. N. (2005). A note on the place name Sringeri. Studies in Indian Place Names,
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Khandpekar, N. M. (2004). Nomenclature of Some Konkan Ports. Studies in Indian Place
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Bhoir, R. (2000). Impact of Kannada on the inscriptional place names.Studies in Indian Place
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Katragadda, L. (1997). A study of some place names of Vijayanagara Period.Studies in Indian
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Murthy, P. V. K. (1994). Hommalige Nadu and some of its place names A study. Studies in
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Nagaraju, D. M. (1993). Talakadu A place name.Studies in Indian Place Names , 14), 127128.
Panneraselvam, R. (1993). The place names in the personal names in Karnataka. Studies in
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Nagaraju, D. M. (1992). Yelandur-A Place-Name.13, 9495.
Shanmugam, P. (1992). Place-names with Puram suffix in the Vijayanagara Period.Studies in
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Nagaraju, D. M. (1991). Nanjangud ie Garalapuri.Studies in Indian Place Names , 12, 146147.
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33 Murthy, P. N. N. (1990). Chikkamagalur Study of a place name.Studies in Indian Place
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Swamy, N. N. (1990). Raravi: An interesting place name. Studies in Indian Place Names , 11,
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Thosar, H. S. (1990). Pre-Kalyana capitals of the later Chalukyas. Studies in Indian Place
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Brahmananda, H. S. (1989). The place value of Tanda-A Banjara settlement. Studies in Indian
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Kasinathan, N. (1989). Place names from the Hero-Stone inscriptions. Studies in Indian Place
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Murthy, P. N. N. (1989). Identification of Kadamba Triparvata. Studies in Indian Place Names ,
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Sampath, M. D. (1989). Place Kakati and its importance. Studies in Indian Place Names , 10,
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Sampath, M. D. (1986). Study of place and personal names of North Kanara.Studies in Indian
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Bhat, H. R. R. . (1986). Identification of place names mentioned in the Varuna inscriptions.
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Indira, R. (1986). A sociological study of Agrahara place names. Studies in Indian Place Names
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Nagaraju, D. M. (1984). Lakshmesvara A place name. Studies in Indian Place Names , 6,
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Rajamani, M. B. (1984). Katavapragiri A sociological study.Studies in Indian Place Names , 6,
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Chandraiah, B. N. (1984). A study of some place names in Karnataka.Studies in Indian Place
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Patel, R. (1984). Some place names in Hassan District.Studies in Indian Place Names , 5,
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Gai, G. S. (1984). Studies in ancient geography of Karnataka-IV.Studies in Indian Place Names
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Bhat, P. R. 1984(). Sivalli A place name. Studies in Indian Place Names , 4, 134139.
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Sethuraman, N. (1984). Tribhuvanamahadevi Chaturvedimangalam.Studies in Indian Place
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Bhadri, K. M. (1982). Some interesting place names in Karnataka.Studies in Indian Place
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34 Bhat, H. R. R. . (1982). Balligave: A toponym.Studies in Indian Place Names , 3, 8588.
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Kotraiah, C. T. M. (1982). Tirumaladevi Pattana, Present Hospet near Hampi. Studies in Indian
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Kulli, J. (1982). Some place names of Bijapur and Gulbarga Area.Studies in Indian Place
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Venkatesha. (1982). Some important place names in Karnataka.Studies in Indian Place Names
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Shanmugam, P. (1982). Vijayanagara influence on Tamil Nadu place names.Studies in Indian
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Gai, G. S. (1981). Studies in ancient geography of Karnataka-II. Studies in Indian Place Names
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Rajapurohit, B. B. (1981). Distribution of Suffix-Uru in Karnataka.Studies in Indian Place Names
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Gai, G. S. (1980). Studies in ancient geography of Karnatak. Studies in Indian Place Names , 1,
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Gowda, D. J. (1980) Some street-names of Mysore City. Studies in Indian Place Names , 1,
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Kemtur, R. (1980). A few interesting place-names of Tulunadu. Studies in Indian Place Names ,
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Murthy, P. N. N. (1980). Identification of the village Kiruniralli. Studies in Indian Place Names ,
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Gopikrishnan, G. (2007). Sanskritisation of place names in Medieval Kerala literature. Studies in
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Govindan, C. (1993). Place names in Palghat District and their historical significance. Studies in
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Mallesery, S. R. (1993). A structural analysis of placenames in Malayalam. Studies in Dravidian
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35 Vaidyanathan, K. S. (1993). Some names particularly relative to Kerala and Kongu. Studies
in Dravidian Place Names, 138146.
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Gopalkrishnan, N. (1987). Ay Dynasty in Kerala History and Toponymical evidences.
Perspectives in Place Name Studies, 287290.
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Nampoothiry, E. E. (1987). Placenames mentioned in the Sanskrit Sandesakavyas of Kerala.
Perspectives in Place Name Studies, 217223.
Nampoothiry, N. M. (1987). Placename studies in Malayalam. Perspectives in Place Name
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Nayar, B. K. (1987). Kerala Place names and North Indian surnames. Perspectives in Place
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Rajendren, V. (1987). Place name glossary of Kerala Some lexicographical problems.
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Varier, M. R. R. . (1982) Some place names in and around Calicut suggesting salt
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Varier, M. R. R. (2003). A note on the Palli Generic in the place names of Androth and Kalpeni
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Prakash, J. (1998). Two place names from Madhya Pradesh.Studies in Indian Place Names ,
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Mahajan, M. (1997). Topographical features of the Kalachuris of Tripuri.Studies in Indian Place
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Gokhale, C. S. (1992). An engineered analysis of composition and nomenclature of Mohallas in
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Prakash, J. (1986). Some place names occurring in the inscriptions of Paramaras. Studies in
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36 Suryawanshi, D. A. , and S. D. P. (2014). Satara: A place name study.Studies in Indian
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Karmakar, D. (2012). Understanding place names in Mahikavatis Bakhar: A case of Mumbai-
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Karmakar, D. (2009). Understanding place names in historical geography: A case of
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Thosar, H. S. (2005). The identification of Sriparnika. Studies in Indian Place Names, Silver
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Thosar, H. S. (2004). Identification of Svetagiri or Svetapatha. Studies in Indian Place Names ,
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Holkar, K. B. (1994). Summit: The name of the railway station. Studies in Indian Place Names ,
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Thosar, H. S. (1994). Historical geography of Ellora. Studies in Indian Place Names , 15,
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Quddusi, M. Y. (1993). Origin and development of Rauza as a distinctive village. Studies in
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Mahajan, M. (1984). Flora from place names in inscriptions found in Maharashtra. Studies in
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Shastri, A. M. (1980) Fresh light on the antiquity of the jaggery and sugar industry in Southern
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Acharya, S. K. (1994). Place names after personal names in Early Medieval Orissa. Studies in
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Sampath, M. D. (2012). Historical significance of Sendalai Niyamam and Koviladi. Studies in
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Panneraselvam, K. (2012). Taniyur Brahmanical settlements of South Arcot District. Studies in
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Panneraselvam, K. (2011). Mudiyur-Nadu: A study of its name. Studies in Indian Place Names ,
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Pankaja, N. (2010). Kovilur: A place name study.Studies in Indian Place Names , 29, 111116.
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Rajavelu, S. (2010). Place name of Pudukkottai Region in Tamil Nadu: A study. Studies in
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Karuppaiah, K. (2009). Srimushnam: A Vaishnavite Tripati. Studies in Indian Place Names , 28,
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Geetha, N. (2007). Salem: A toponomical study. Studies in Indian Place Names , 27, 8186.
Panneraselvam, K. (2007). Tiruvennainallur-Nadu: A study of its name. Studies in Indian Place
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Sathyamurthy, T. (2005). Early Tamil literature: A toponomical survey. Studies in Indian Place
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39 Panneraselvam, K. (2005). Tamar-Nadu: A study of its name. Studies in Indian Place
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Amrithavalli, S. (2003). Toponymy of Kudumiyamalai. Studies in Indian Place Names , 23, 185.
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Pankaja, N. (2003). Correlation between street names of Madurai and Tenkasi. Studies in
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Lalitha, P. M. (2001). Place name: Cooum.Studies in Indian Place Names , 21, 8084.
Pankaja, N. (2001). Mercantile places of Kongu-nadu.Studies in Indian Place Names , 21, 9294.
Pankaja, N. (2000). Tirukkoyilur: A place of historical importance. Studies in Indian Place
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Chandrasekaran, P. (1998). Early Pandya place names. Studies in Indian Place Names , 18,
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Karuppaiah, K. (1998). Sakkaramallur: A mercantile settlement. Studies in Indian Place Names ,
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Sherif, M. (1998). Place names during the Navayath and Wallajahi. Studies in Indian Place
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Sankaran, K. R. (1994). The nomenclature of water resources in Pudukkottai Region. Studies in
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case study of Vrddhacalam. Studies in Dravidian Place Names, 4347.
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in Dravidian Place Names, 151153.
Nagarajan, Kasturi. (1993). Place names of Ambasamudram Region.Studies in Indian Place
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Pankaja, N. (1993). Vaishnavaite centres of Pandya Country. Studies in Indian Place Names,
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Pillai, C. S. (1993). Field names in Kanyakumari District. Studies in Dravidian Place Names,
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Rajavelu, S. (1993). Place names of Vellore Taluk. Studies in Indian Place Names , 14, 113115.
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Sampath, M. D. (1993). An Ancient Pandyan township. Studies in Indian Place Names , 14,
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Thangathurai, S. (1993). Lathivadi. Studies in Dravidian Place Names, 102105.
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Karuppaiah, K. (1992). Karisulndamangalam: A place name in Pandya Country. Studies in
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Mulley, P. K. (1992). A fresh look at some place names of Nilgiris. Studies in Indian Place
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Muthuswamy, S. (1992). Places with caste names in Tirunelveli District. Studies in Indian Place
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Rajavelu, S. (1992). Cholapuram: A place name. Studies in Indian Place Names , 13, 111112.
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