Physiology of reproduction- Male reproductive system

Spermatogenesis
 Spermatogenesis begins with a diploid spermatogonium in the
seminiferous tubules, which divides mitotically to produce two diploid
primary spermatocytes.
 The primary spermatocyte then undergoes meiosis I to produce two
haploid secondary spermatocytes.
 The haploid secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II to produce four
haploid spermatids.
 The spermatids begin to grow a tail and a mitochondrial-filled mid-piece,
while the chromatin is tightly packaged into an acrosome at the head.
 Maturation removes excess cellular material, turning spermatids into
inactive, sterile spermatozoa that are transported via peristalis to the
epididymus.
 The spermatozoa gain motility (the ability to move) in the epididymus, but
do not use that ability until they are ejaculated into the vagina.
 Spermatogenesis requires optimal environmental conditions.

Male sex hormones

 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a trophic peptide hormone
made in the hypothalamus. It is responsible for the release of follicle-
stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior
pituitary gland.
 FSH stimulate the sertoli cells which facilitate sperm maturation from
spermatocytes to sperm.
  LH bind to the leydig cells and stimulate them to secrete testosterone and
the testes to produce androgen
 Testosterone secreted by the leydig cells is essential for growth and division
of the testicular germinal cells
 Aldosterone regulates electroytes in the body
 Inhibin acts as a negative feedback to slow the release of FSH and GnRH

Erection and Ejaculation

 Male sexual response is demonstrated by vasodilation and blood
engorgement of the penis, leading to an erection.
 The testicles rise and grow larger and warmer as blood pressure rises in the
male.
 The muscles of the pelvic floor, the vesicles, and the prostrate contract,
injecting sperm into the urethra of the penis, resulting in the onset of
orgasm.
 Ejaculation continues with orgasm.
 After this , there is loss of erection and a feeling of relaxation known as the
refractory period.
 Cognitive factors involving visual stimuli and high levels of activity in the
amygdala and hypothalamus contribute to sexual arousal and sexual
response in males.