immunization is the process of making a person immune or immune to a disease.

This process is carried

out by administering a vaccine that stimulates the immune system to be immune to the disease.

Newborn babies already have natural antibodies called passive immunity. These antibodies are obtained
from the mother when the baby is still in the womb. However, this immunity can last only a few weeks
or months. After that, the baby will be susceptible to various types of diseases.

Immunization aims to build a person's immunity against a disease, by forming antibodies in certain
levels. In order for these antibodies to form, a person must be given the vaccine according to a
predetermined schedule. The immunization schedule depends on the type of disease to be prevented.
Some vaccines are enough to be given once, but some must be given several times, and repeated at a
certain age. Vaccines can be given by injection or by mouth drops.

Complete Routine Immunization in Indonesia

Now, the concept of immunization in Indonesia has changed from complete basic immunization to
complete routine immunization. Complete routine immunization or mandatory immunization consists of
basic immunization and follow-up immunization, with the following details:

Basic immunization

Age 0 months: 1 dose of hepatitis B

Age 1 month: 1 dose of BCG and polio

Age 2 months: 1 dose of DPT, hepatitis B, HiB, and polio

Age 3 months: 1 dose of DPT, hepatitis B, HiB, and polio

Age 4 months: 1 dose of DPT, hepatitis B, HiB, and polio

9 months of age: 1 dose of measles / MR

Advanced immunization

Age 18-24 months: 1 dose of DPT, hepatitis B, HiB, and measles / MR

Grade 1 SD / equivalent: 1 dose of measles and DT

Grade 2 and 5 SD / equivalent: 1 dose of Td

Regarding immunization coverage, data from the Ministry of Health stated that around 91% of babies in
Indonesia in 2017 had received complete basic immunization. This figure is still slightly below the
strategic plan target for 2017, which is 92 percent. Nineteen out of 34 provinces in Indonesia also have
not reached the strategic plan target. Papua and North Kalimantan occupy the lowest place with
achievements of less than 70%.
Based on these data, it is also known that almost 9% or more than 400,000 babies in Indonesia do not
get complete basic immunization.

Meanwhile, for advanced immunization coverage, the percentage of children aged 12-24 months who
have received DPT-HB-HiB immunization in 2017 reached around 63 percent. This figure has exceeded
the 2017 strategic plan target of 45 percent. Meanwhile, the percentage of children who received
measles / MR immunization in 2017 was 62 percent. This number is still far from the 2017 strategic plan
target of 92 percent.

In addition to the several types of vaccines above, now a COVID-19 vaccine is also being developed and
researched. Please note that immunization does not provide 100 percent protection for children.

Children who have been immunized are still likely to develop a disease, but the chance is much smaller,
which is only around 5-15 percent. This does not mean that the immunization failed, but because
immunization protection is around 80-95 percent.

Types of Immunization in Indonesia

The following are the vaccines recommended by the Indonesian Pediatric Association (IDAI) in the
immunization program:

Hepatitis B

Polio

BCG

DPT

Hib

Measles

MMR

PCV

Rotavirus

Influenza

Typhus

Hepatitis A

Varicella

HPV
Japanese encephalitis

Dengue

Hepatitis B

This vaccine is given to prevent serious liver infection, which is caused by the hepatitis B virus. The
hepatitis B vaccine is given within 12 hours after the baby is born, preceded by an injection of vitamin K,
at least 30 minutes beforehand. Then, the vaccine is again given at the age of 2, 3, and 4 months.

The hepatitis B vaccine can cause side effects, such as fever and weakness. In rare cases, side effects can
include itching, skin redness, and swelling of the face.

Polio

Polio is a contagious disease caused by a virus. In severe cases, polio can cause complaints of shortness
of breath, paralysis, and death.

Polio immunization is first given when a new child is born until the age of 1 month. Then, the vaccine is
again given every month, namely when the child is 2, 3, and 4 months old. For strengthening, the
vaccine can be given again when the child reaches 18 months of age. Polio vaccine can also be given to
adults with certain conditions.

The polio vaccine can cause a fever of more than 39 degrees Celsius. Other side effects that can occur
include allergic reactions such as hives, skin redness, difficulty breathing or swallowing, and swelling of
the face.

BCG

The BCG vaccine is given to prevent the development of tuberculosis (TB), a serious infectious disease
that generally affects the lungs. Please note that the BCG vaccine cannot protect people from TB
infection. However, BCG can prevent TB infection from progressing to serious TB disease conditions such
as TB meningitis.

The BCG vaccine is only given once, which is when a new baby is born, until the age of 2 months. If until
the age of 3 months or more the vaccine has not been given, the doctor will do a tuberculin test or
Mantoux test first, to see whether the baby has been infected with TB or not.

The BCG vaccine will cause ulcers on the injection site and appear 2-6 weeks after the BCG injection. The
abscess will burst, leaving scar tissue. While other side effects, such as anaphylaxis, are very rare.

DPT

The DPT vaccine is a combined type of vaccine to prevent diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus. Diphtheria
is a serious condition that can cause shortness of breath, pneumonia, heart problems, and even death.
Not much different from diphtheria, pertussis or whooping cough is a severe cough that can trigger
respiratory problems, pneumonia, bronchitis, brain damage, and death. Meanwhile, tetanus is a
dangerous disease that can cause spasms, muscle stiffness, and death.

DPT vaccine must be given four times, namely when the child is 2, 3, and 4 months old. Vaccines can be
given again at the age of 18 months and 5 years as reinforcement. Then, further vaccines can be given at
the age of 10-12 years, and 18 years.

Hib

The Hib vaccine is given to prevent infection with Haemophilus influenza type B bacteria. These bacterial
infections can trigger dangerous conditions, such as meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain),
pneumonia (pneumonia), septic arthritis (inflammation of the joints), and pericarditis (inflammation of
the protective layer). heart).

Hib immunization is given 4 times, namely when the child is 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, and in the
age range of 15-18 months.

Like other vaccines, the Hib vaccine can also cause side effects, including fever above 39 degrees Celsius,
diarrhea, and decreased appetite. etc