STYLISTIC OF MOOD STRUCTURES IN SELECTED NEWS ARTICLE OF JAKARTA POST

AND BALI DISCOVERY TOURS: A DISCORSE STUDY

Lilik Purwaningsih
Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Asing (Inggris)
lp.lilikpurwa@gmail.com

Abstrak

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 INTRODUCTION

In doing interaction using language, there are some exchanges between the components
in the discourse. Our first choice in an exchange is to decide whether we will take on the speech
role of initiator or responder. If we choose to initiate an exchange, we must take on either the
speech role of demanding or giving. However, in order to interact we must also have something
to exchange, either information or goods and services.
Role in Commodity Exchanged
exchange Goods & services Information
Giving "offer" "statement"
Demanding "command" "question"

(Adopted from Halliday in Eggins, 1994)

The semantic function of a clause in the exchange of information is a proposition; the
semantic function of a clause in the exchange of goods and services is a proposal. By cross –
classifying two dimensions of ‘speech role’ and “commodity”, the “move” can be come up to get
a dialogue. These four basic move types of statement, question, offer, and command refer to
speech function. Generally speaking, statements are most naturally expressed by declarative
clauses, questions by interrogative clauses and commands by imperative.
The choice of speech role and commodity type is expressed grammatically through
choices in the Mood structure of the clause which the choices are about the functional
constituents such as Subject, Finite, Predicator, Complement, Adjunct and their configuration.

MOOD System

declarative
Subject ^ Finite
Indicative polar
+ Subject
Major + Finite interrogative
Predicator Finite ^ Subject
CLAUSE imperative Wh
+ pred ^ (com/adj)
Minor
no predicator

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 Mood structure itself can be divided into two categories MOOD and RESIDUE. MOOD
category consists of Subject and Finite element while RESIDUE consists of Predicator,
Complement, and Adjunct. Those five constituents of Mood structure will be discussed further
below.
1. Declarative Clause
1.1. Element of Mood
a. Subject Element
Subject supplies the rest of what it takes to form a proposition: namely, something by
reference to which the proposition can be affirmed or denied (Halliday & Matthiessen,2004).
Subject also is a nominal group. For example, “the duke has given away that teapot, hasn't he?”,
the Finite “has” has specific reference to positive polarity and present time, while the Subject
“the duke” specifies the entity in respect of which die assertion is claimed to have validity. It is
“the duke”, in other words, in whom is vested the success or failure of the proposition. He is the
one that is, so to speak, being held responsible for the functioning of the clause as an interactive
event. The speaker rests his case on “the duke + has”, and this is what the listener is called on to
acknowledge. It is perhaps easier to see this principle of responsibility in a proposal (a 'goods-&-
services' clause), where the Subject specifies the one that is actually responsible for realizing (i.e.
in this case, for carrying out) the offer or command. For example, in “I’ll open the gate, shall I?”
(offer) the opening depends on me; in “Stop shouting, you over there!” (command) it is for you
to desist or otherwise. Hence the typical Subject of an offer is the speaker, and that of a
command is the person being addressed.
b. Finite element
The Finite element, as its name implies, has die function of making die proposition finite.
That is to say, it circumscribes it; it brings the proposition down to earth, so that it is something
that can be argued about. A good way to make something arguable is to give it a point of
reference in the here and now; and this is what the Finite does. It relates die proposition to its
context in the speech event. This can be done in one of two ways. One is by reference to the time
of speaking; the other is by reference to die judgement of die speaker. An example of the first is
was in the sentence “an old man was crossing the road”; of the second, can't in the sentence “it
can't be true”. In grammatical terms, the first is primary tense (Temporal Finite Verbal
Operators), the second is modality (Finite Modal Operators). (i) Primary tense means past,

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present or future at the moment of speaking; it is time relative to 'now', A proposition may
become arguable through being located in time by reference to the speech event. (There is no
primary tense in proposals.) (ii) Modality means likely or unlikely (if a proposition), desirable or
undesirable (if a proposal), A proposition or proposal may become arguable through being
assessed in terms of the degree of probability or obligation that is associated with it.
What these have in common is interpersonal deixis: that is, they locate the exchange
within the semantic space that is opened up between speaker and listener. With primary tense,
the dimension is that of time: primary tense construes time interpersonally, as defined by what is
'present' to you and me at the time of saying. With modality the dimension is that of assessment:
modality construes a region of uncertainty where I can express, or ask you to express, an
assessment of the validity of what is being said. Finiteness is thus expressed by means of a
verbal operator which is either temporal or modal. But there is one further feature which is an
essential concomitant of finiteness, and that is polarity. This is the choice between positive and
negative. In order for something to be- arguable, it has to be specified for polarity: either 'is' or
'isn't' (proposition), either 'do!' or 'don't' (proposal). Thus the Finite element, as well as
expressing primary tense or modality, also realizes either positive or negative polarity. Each of
the operators appears in both positive and negative form: did/didn't, can/can't and so on.
1.22. Element of the Residue
Residue component of the clause in that part of the clause which is somehow less
essential to the arguability of the clause than is the Mood component (Eggins, 1994).The Residue
consists of functional elements of three kinds: Predicator, Complement and Adjunct. There can
be only one Predicator, one or two Complements, and an indefinite number of Adjuncts up to, in
principle, about seven (Halliday & Matthiessen,2004).
a. Predicator
The definition of the Predicator is that it fills the role of specifying the actual event, action,
process being discussed. To get clear image about predicator, take a look at the example below.
This example is taken from (Halliday & Matthiessen,2004):
Sister Sussie is sewing shirts for soldiers
Subject Finite Predicator Complement Adjunct
Mood Residue

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 From that example, the verbal group contains two elements “is sewing”. The first part of
the verbal group, is, is the Finite as it carries the selections for tense, polarity, etc. The second
verbal element, sewing, tells what the process was actually going on. This element is the
Predicator. The function of the Predicator is fourfold. First, it specifies time reference other than
reference to the time of the speech event, that is, 'secondary' tense: past, present or future relative
to the primary tense. Second, it specifies various other aspects and phases such as seeming,
trying, hoping. Third, it specifies the voice: active or passive. And fourth, it specifies the process
(action, event, mental process, relation) that is predicated of the Subject.
In clauses in which there is only a single verbal constituent, there is a fusion of the
elements of the Finite and Predicator. In analyzing these clauses, the Finite is aligned with one
half of the verb, while the other half of the verb which is carrying the lexical meaning is labeled
as Predicator. For example (Eggins):
He knew nothing about physics
Subject Finite Predicator  
Mood Residue

b. Complement
A complement is an element within the Residue that has the potential of being Subject
but is not; in other words; it is an element that has the potential for being given the
interpersonally elevated status of modal responsibility – something that can be the nub of the
argument. Moreover, Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) states that a complement typically
realized by a nominal group. Any nominal group not functioning as Subject will be a
Complement. It will be noted that Complement covers what are “objects” as well as what are
“complements” in the traditional school grammar.
For example:
Henry James wrote "The Bostonians"
Subject Finite Predicator Complement
Mood Residue

There is a particular sub-class of Complements which are called Attributive

Complements where the Complement is realized by an adjectival element (word or phrase)
(Eggins, 1994)

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He isn’t contemporary
Subject Finite : neg. Complement : attributive
MOOD RESIDUE

c. Adjuncts
Adjuncts can be defined as clause elements which contribute some additional (but non-
essential) information to the clause. They can be identified as elements which do not have the
potential to become Subject. They are not nominal elements, but are adverbial, or prepositional.
For example:
Someone has already written on that paper
Subject Finite Adjunct Predicator Adjunct
Mood Residue

Within the general category of Adjunct, however, there are two special types which do
not follow the same principles of ordering, and do not fall within the Residue at all. These are the
modal Adjuncts and the conjunctive Adjuncts.
Metafunction and type of Adjunct:
Type of
Metafunction Adjunct Location in mood structure
Experiential Circumstantial in Residue
Interpersonal Modal in Mood or Comment
Textual Conjunctive (not in the mood structure)

Circumstantial Adjunct
Circumstantial Adjunct add experiential content to the clause, by expressing some
circumstance relating to the process represented in the clause (Eggins,1994). Circumstantial
meanings may refer to time, place, cause, matter, accompaniment, beneficiary, and agent.
Circumstantial Adjunct is usually expressed by either prepositional phrase or by an adverb of
time, manner, place, etc. As an example taken from Eggins, 1994 :

They can’t do that these days

Subject Finite Predicator Complement Adj : Circumstantial
Mood Residue

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 Modal Adjunct
There are some types of Modal Adjunct which add interpersonal meanings to the clause
which are somehow connected to the creation and maintenance of the dialogue.
a. Mood Adjunct
These are so-called because they are closely associated with the meanings construed by
the mood system: modality and temporality, and also intensity. This means that their neutral
position in the clause is next to the Finite verbal operator, either just before it or just after it. But
there are two other possible locations: before the Subject (i.e. in thematic position — those of
temporality and modality have a strong tendency to function as Theme and at the end of the
clause as Afterthought. Halliday in Eggins (1994) classifies Mood adjuncts into expression of
probability (e.g. perhaps, maybe, probably), expression of usuality (sometimes, usually),
expression of intensification (really, absolutely, somewhat), expression of presumption
(evidently, obviously) and expression of inclination (happily, willingly).
b. Comment Adjunct
There is no very clear line between these and the mood Adjuncts; for example the
'comment' categories of prediction, presumption and desirability overlap semantically with the
mood categories shown under modality. The difference is that comment Adjuncts are less closely
tied to the grammar of mood; they are restricted to 'indicative' clauses (those functioning as
propositions), and express the speaker's attitude either to the proposition as a whole or to the
particular speech function. In other words, the burden of the comment may be either ideational or
interpersonal.
The propositional (ideational) type occur only with declarative clauses. They appear at
the same locations in the clause as the mood Adjuncts — though for different reasons: they are
less integrated into the mood structure, being located rather according to their significance for
the textual organization of the clause. In particular, they are strongly associated with the
boundary between information units — realized as a boundary between tone groups: hence the
commas that typically accompany them in writing. The speech functional (interpersonal) type
may occur with either declarative or interrogative clauses, but with a change of orientation: in a
declarative, they express the speaker's angle, while in an interrogative they seek the angle of the
listener. Their locations in the clause are more restricted; they strongly favour initial or final
position.

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 Frankly, I can't stand Henry James
Adjunct :
Comment Subject Finite Predicator Complement
  Mood Residue

Conjunctive Adjunct
Conjunctive Adjunct, the first type of Textual Adjunct, expressed by conjunctions,
function to provide linking relations between one clause and other (Eggins,1994). These
conjunctive Adjuncts belong neither in the mood box nor in the residue box.

So poor old Henry is out the shoot

Adjunct:conj Subject Finite Complement
  Mood Residue

Continuity Adjunct

Continuity Adjunct is the second type of Textual Adjunct which includes the
continuative and continuity items, particularly frequent in casual talk, such as well, yea, oh
where these items occur to introduce a clause, and signal that a response to prior talk is about to
be provided. No specific logical relation is expressed by Continuity Adjunct (Eggins,1994).

2. Interrogative Clause

2.1. W-H Interrogative

The WH- element is a distinct element in the interpersonal structure of the clause. Its
function is to specify the entity that the questioner wishes to have supplied. The WH- element is
always conflated with one or another of the three functions Subject, Complement or Adjunct. If
it is conflated with the Subject, it is part of the Mood element.
For example:
Who killed the dog

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   "past" kill  
Subject/WH Finite Predicator Complement
Mood Residue

If on the other hand the WH- element is conflated with a Complement or Adjunct, it is part of
the Residue; and in that case the typical interrogative ordering within the Mood element reasserts
itself, and we have Finite preceding Subject.
For example (Eggins,1994) :

What does "quantum leap" mean?

WH/Complement Finite Subject Predicator
….Residu
Residue … Mood e

There is always the possibility that the missing piece the speaker wishes to have supplied may be
something that is expressed in the verb — an action, event, mental process or relation — and
hence functioning as Predicator. But the WH- element cannot be conflated with the Predicator;
there is no verb to what in English, so we cannot ask whatted he? Questions of this lund are
realized as do + what (Complement), or what (Subject) + happen, and whatever had something
done to it, or happen to it, comes in as an Adjunct, in the form of a prepositional phrase, usually
with the preposition to. As the example below:

What have the elephants done to the prior

Complement/WH Finite Subject Predicator Adjunct
Residue …. Mood ….Residue

2.2 Polar Interrogative

The structure of polar interrogative (yes/no question) involves the positioning of the
Finite before the subject. For example :

Have you learnt this book

Finite Subject Predicator Complement

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 Mood Residue

Is she a teacher
Finite Subject Complement
Mood Residue

3. Imperative

In demanding for goods and service (proposal) are typically realized by imperatives.
It’s usually used as “command”. There are some structures of imperative structure. One of them
is an imperative consisting a MOOD element of Subject only (no Finite) as in the example
below:

Let’s read the book

Subject Predicator Complement
MOOD RESIDUE

4. Modulated Interrogative (Offers)

Offer is used to give goods and services. It is typically expressed by a modulated interrogative.
As an example below taken from Eggins,1994

Will I lend you my copy of “The

Bostonians”
Fin : modulated Subject Predicator Complement Complement
MOOD RESIDUE

4.1 Modality
Polarity is thus a choice between yes and no. But these are not the only possibilities; there
are intermediate degrees, various kinds of indeterminacy that fall in between, such as 'sometimes'
or 'maybe'. These intermediate degrees, between the positive and negative poles, are known
collectively as MODALITY. What the modality system does is to construe the region of
uncertainty that lies between 'yes' and 'no'. But there is more than one route between the two. In

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between the certainties of 'it is' and 'it isn't' lie the relative probabilities of 'it must be', 'it will be',
'it may be'. Similarly, in between the definitive 'do!’ and 'don't!' lie the discretionary options 'you
must do', 'you should do', 'you may do'. The space between 'yes' and 'no' has a different
significance for propositions and for proposals.
1) Propositions. In a proposition, the meaning of the positive and negative pole is
asserting and denying; positive 'it is so', negative 'it isn't so'. There are two kinds of intermediate
possibilities: First, degrees of probability: 'possibly/probably/certainly'; Second, degrees of
usuality; 'sometimes/usually/always'. The former are equivalent to 'either yes or no', that is,
maybe yes, maybe no, with different degrees of likelihood attached. The latter are equivalent to
'both yes and no', that is, sometimes yes, sometimes no, with different degrees of oftenness
attached. It is these scales of probability and usuality to which the term 'modality' strictly
belongs. We shall refer to these, to keep them distinct, as modalization.
Both probability and usuality can be expressed in the same three ways: First, by a finite
modal operator in the verbal group, e.g. that will be John, he'll sit there all day; Second, by a
modal Adjunct of probability or usuality, e.g. that's probably John, he usually sits there all day;
Third, by both together, e.g. that'll probably be John, he'll usually sit there all day.
(2) Proposals. In a proposal, the meaning of the positive and negative poles is prescribing
and proscribing: positive 'do it', negative 'don't do it'. Here also there are two kinds of
intermediate possibility, in this case depending on the speech function, whether command or
offer. In a command, the intermediate points represent degrees of obligation: 'allowed
to/supposed to/required to'; in an offer, they represent degrees of inclination-, 'willing to/anxious
to/determined to'. We shall refer to the scales of obligation and inclination as Modulation, to
distinguish them from modality in the other sense, that which we are calling Modalization which
is used to argue about the probability or frequency of proposition

Probability (Perhaps, might, possibly)

Modalization
Usuality (usually, often)
Modality
Obligation (should, must, obliged)

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 Modulation Inclination (determined to, willing to)

METHODOLOGY
The design method of this study used descriptive-qualitative, mainly in the form of text analysis. Further, this study
also used discourse analysis, a written discourse of news article on Jakarta Post.

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 MOOD STRUCTURE ANALYSIS

In this paper, two articles with same topic from two different sources are analyzed using the
Mood Structure analysis. The first article entitled Nusa Dua Fiesta to kick off nearly November
taken from The Jakarta Post Friday, October 19 2012 and the second article entitled It’s Party
Time at Nusa Dua (Nusa Dua Fiesta Returns to Nusa Dua Bali November 2-5, 2012 Adopting an
Ocean Caring Theme) Taken From Bali Discovery Tours October, 22 2012.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

News Article 1 :

Nusa Dua Fiesta to kick off early November

The Jakarta Post | Archipelago | Fri, October 19 2012, 9:43 AM

Paper Edition | Page: 5

PT Bali Tourism Development Corporation (BTDC) is once again organizing the annual Nusa
Dua Fiesta with activities centering on Peninsula Island from Nov. 2 through Nov. 5.

The fiesta, which bears the theme “Segara Languan” or “Enjoying the Mesmerizing Beauty of
the Sea”, is scheduled to present dance, music, exhibitions and sports activities.

Ida Bagus Abdi, chairman of the organizing committee, told journalists that the fiesta was aimed
at promoting Bali and the Nusa Dua resort complex in particular.

“By applying the theme, we want to encourage people to pay attention to the preservation of
coastal areas and the sea,” he said. It is also intended to support sustainable marine tourism.

Bagus Abdi said that during the event, the committee would also hold the official opening of the
17-meter Kresna and Arjuna statues, the new mascots of Nusa Dua.

Together with the Goethe-Institute, BTDC will also present a special children’s program on
conservation featuring a Science Film Festival movie titled Water aimed at educating local
children, while capturing their interest. Local schools are being invited to special screenings of
the film.

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News Article 2 :

It’s Party Time at Nusa Dua

Nusa Dua Fiesta Returns to Nusa Dua Bali November 2-5, 2012 Adopting an
Ocean-Caring Theme (10/22/2012)

The Nusa Dua Fiesta (NDF) – once known as the Nusa Dua Festival – will be held again
November 2-5, 2012 within the Nusa Dua Complex operated by the Bali Tourism Development
Corporations (BTDC).

The four-day event has adopted the theme of “Segara Lelangunan” to encourage the enjoyment
and preservation of the seas surrounding Bali. BTDC aims to increase understanding among the
public of the need to preserve the ocean’s ecosystem in order maintain the sustainability of  sea
tourism.

The chairman of the NDF, Id Bagus Abdi, will also serve to promote a positive tourism image of
Bali to the world, demonstrating that the island is safe, secure and well worth visiting.

To mark this year’s Nusa Dua Fiesta a new monument will be installed at Nusa Dua in the form
of a 17-meter statue of Kresna and Arjuna intended to become the mascot of the BTDC Nusa
Dua complex.

As in years past, the Nusa Dua Fiesta will spotlight Balinese culture, including the presentation
of two colossal traditional dancing art performances.

Plans also call for the planting of a new coral reef just off shore from the BTDC complex.

A number of international caliber musicians are expected to attend Nusa Dua to participate in an
international musical collaboration led by Indonesian musicologist Franky Raden held in
conjunction with NDF.

In keeping with the ocean theme, the Nusa Dua Fiesta 2012 will host an exhibition of underwater
photography.

Forming part of a crowded schedule of events, the Fiesta will host a cooking competition – Bali
Culinary Challenge 2012 and a workshop on sustainable seafood organized by the Indonesian
Chefs Association (ICA).

© Bali Discovery Tours.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The analysis below, analyze per clauses for each sentences.

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 Nusa Dua Fiesta to kick off nearly November taken from The Jakarta Post Friday, October 19 2012

1.

PT. Bali Tourism is once organizing the annual Nusa Dua on Peninsula from November 2 through
Corporation again Fiesta Island November 5
(BTDC) with activities centering
Subject Fin Adj:circ Predicator Complement Adj:Circ.
MOOD RESIDUE

2. a

The Fiesta is scheduled to present dance, music exhibitions and sports activities
Subject Finite Predicator Complement
MOOD RESIDUE

2b.

which bears the theme “Segara Languan” or “Enjoying the Mesmerizing Beauty of the sea”
Subject Finite Predicato Complement
r
MOOD RESIDUE

3a.

Ida Bagus Adi, Told journalists

chairman of the organizing comitee,
Subject Fin. Pred. Complement
MOOD RESIDUE

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3b.

that the fiesta was aimed at promoting Bali and the Nusa Dua resort complex in particular
Adj:Conj. Subject Finite Pred. Complement
MOOD RESIDUE

4a.

“By applying we went to encourage people to pay to the preservation

the theme, attention of coastal areas and the sea”
Adj:circ Sub. Fin. Pred. Compl. Pred. Complement
RESIDUE MOOD RESIDUE

4b.

he Said
Subject Finite Predicator
MOOD RESIDUE

5.

It is also intended to support sustainable marine tourism

Subject Finite Adj:conj. Predicator Complement
MOOD RESIDUE

6a.

Bagus Adi said

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 Subject Finite Predicator
MOOD RESIDUE

6b.

that during the the commitee would also hold the official opening of the 17-meter Kresna and Arjuna statues,
event the new mascots of Nusa Dua
Adj:conj. Adj:circ Subject Finite:modal Adj: Pred. Complement
conj.
RESIDUE MOOD RESIDUE

7a.

Together with the BTDC will also present a special children program
Goethe Institute, on conservation featuring a Science Film Festival movie titled Water
Adj:circ Sub. Fin. Adj:conj. Pred. Complement
RESIDUE MOOD RESIDUE

7b.

(which is) aimed at educating local children

Subject Finite Predicator Complement
(MOOD) PREDICATOR

7c.

while (it is) capturing their interest

Adj: conj Subject Finite Predicator Complement
(MOOD) RESIDUE
8.

Local schools are being invited to special screenings of the films

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 Subject Finite Predicator Complement
MOOD RESIDUE
It’s Party Time at Nusa Dua (Nusa Dua Fiesta Returns to Nusa Dua Bali November 2-5, 2012 Adopting an Ocean Caring
Theme) Taken From Bali Discovery Tours October, 22 2012

1a.

The Nusa Dua Fiesta (NDF)-once will be held Again November 2-5, 2012 within the Nusa Dua Complex
known as Nusa Dua Festival-
Subject Finite Pred. Adj:circ
MOOD RESIDUE

1b.

(which is) Operated by the Bali Tourism Development Corporations (BTDC)

Subject Finite Predicator Adj :Circ
(MOOD) RESIDUE

2.

The four-day has adopted the theme of “Segara to encourage the enjoyment and preservation of the seas
event Lelangunan” surrounding Bali
Subject Finite Predicator Complement Predicator Complement
MOOD RESIDUE

3.

BTDC aims to increase understanding in order the sustainability of sea

among the public of the need to preserve the ocean’s maintain tourism
ecosystem
Subject Finite Predicator Complement Predicator Complement
MOOD RESIDUE

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4a.

The chairman of the will also serve to a positive tourism to the world,
NDF, Ida Bagus Adi, promote image of Bali
Subject Finite Adj:conj. Predicator Complement Adj:circ
MOOD RESIDUE

4b.
(it is) demonstrating
Subject Finite Predicator
MOOD RESIDUE

4c.

that the island is safe, secure and well worth visiting

Adj:conj Subject Finite Compl:Attributive
MOOD RESIDUE

5a.

To mark this year’s a new will be at Nusa Dua in the form of 17-meter statue of Kresna and
Nusa Dua Fiesta monument installed Arjuna
Adj:circ Sub. Finite Predicator Adj:circ Complement
Residue MOOD RESIDUE

5b.

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 (it is) intended to become the mascot of the BTDC Nusa Dua complex
Subject Finite Predicator Complement
(MOOD) RESIDUE

6.

As in years past, the Nusa Dua Fiesta will spotlight Balinese Culture including the presentation of two colossal
traditional dancing art performances
Adj:circ Subject Finite Predicator Complement
RESIDUE MOOD RESIDUE

7.

Plans call for the planting of a new coral just off shore from the BTDC
reef complex
Subject Finite Predicator Complement Adj:circ
MOOD RESIDUE

8.

A number of are expected Nusa to in an international musical collaboration led by musiciologist

International to attend Dua participate Franky Raden held in conjunction with NDF
caliber musicians
Subject Fin Predicator Adj:circ Predicator Adj: Circ
.
MOOD RESIDUE

9.

In keeping with the Nusa Dua will host an exhibition of underwater photography
the ocean theme, Fiesta 2012

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 Adj:circ Subject Finite Predicator Complement
RESIDUE MOOD RESIDUE

10a.

(The Fiesta forms) part of a crowded schedule of events,

Subject Finite Predicator Complement
(MOOD) RESIDUE

10b.

the Fiesta will host a cooking competition-Bali Culinary Challenge 2012 and a workshop on sustainable
seafood organized by the Indonesian Chefs Association (ICA)
Subject Finite Predicator Complement
MOOD RESIDUE

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 DISCUSSION

From Mood analysis above, it can be seen that in those two articles, all clauses are in
form of statement which function is to give information to the readers about the news contained
in the article. It also reveals that the interpersonal meaning of these two articles is that the writers
of the article just want to give information to the readers without asking for information
(question). Based on the material discussed above, the structure of the statement begun with
Subject and then followed by the Finite which both are included in the Mood part. The Subjects
in those two articles are varied. Kinds of the Subject that are employed in both news articles are
Noun, Personal Pronoun and Relative Pronoun. In the first news article entitled Nusa Dua Fiesta
to kick off nearly November taken from The Jakarta Post Friday, October 19 2012, there are 2
clauses which use Relative Pronoun as the subject. Those clauses are number 2b and 7b using
Relative Pronoun which. Moreover, there are 4 clauses that use Personal Pronoun as the subject.
Those clauses are number 4a, 4b, 5 and 7c while the rest of the clauses using Noun as the
Subject.

In the second article entitled It’s Party Time at Nusa Dua (Nusa Dua Fiesta Returns to
Nusa Dua Bali November 2-5, 2012 Adopting an Ocean Caring Theme) Taken From Bali
Discovery Tours October, 22 2012, there is only one clause using Relative Pronoun which as the
Subject. That clause is number 1b while the clauses number 4b and 5b use Personal Pronoun as
the subject. However, the rest clauses of this news article use Noun as the Subject. The most
Subject used in both these two articles are The Fiesta. It means that the topic of these both news
articles is Nusa Dua Fiesta.

The other element that can be analyzed in the Mood structure is the Finite of the Clause.
As what has been explained above, the Finite of the clause can be divided into two kinds
Temporal Finite Operator that anchor the proposition by reference to time and Finite Modal
Operator that anchor the proposition not by reference to the time, but by reference to Modality.
Kinds of Finite employed in both news articles can be seen in the table below:

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 News Article 1(Clause) News Article 2 (Clause)
Temporal Finite Present Past Present Past
1, 2a, 2b, 5, 7b, 3b, 3b, 4a, 4b, 6a 1b, 2, 3, 4b, 4c, -
7c, 8 5b, 7, 8, 10a
Frequency 7 5 9 -
Finite Modal 7a, 6b 1a,4a, 5a, 6, 9, 10b
Frequency 2 6

From the table above, it can be seen that in news article 1, Temporal Finite is mostly used
especially to indicate the present tense. It means that from the Finite of news article 1 can be
identified that the activities as the topic of the news article mostly happen in present time. If we
analyze the clauses that use past time, most of them are in the form of Reported speech. Those
reported speech clauses reporting the statement from the source person of the news, in this case
the chairman of Nusa Dua Fiesta, Ida Bagus Adi. For the Finite Modal in news article 1, it uses
modal will and would that indicate the futurity since the topic of the news; Nusa Dua Fiesta, is an
event that will happen after the news is published. Equal with news article 1, in news article 2
Temporal Finite is also mostly used to indicate present activity and there is no past temporal
finite used. This news article also only uses Finite Modal will that indicate the futurity as same as
in the first news article. It can be concluded that from Finite analysis, both these news articles
informs the reader about an activity or an event; Nusa Dua Fiesta, that will happen after these
news articles are published.

After analyzing the Finite, then the Predicator will be analyzed as the element of the
RESIDUE. As what has been explained in the introduction about predicator, it has four function,
one of them is to specify active and passive voice. The analysis of this can be seen in the
following table:

Function News Article 1(clause) Frequency News Article 2 (clause) Frequency

Active 1, 2b, 3a,4a, 4b, 6a, 6b, 9 2,3,4a,4b,6,7,9,10a,10b 9
7a,7c
Passive 2a,3b,5,7b,8 5 1a,1b,5a,5b,8 5

From the table above, it can be analyzed that both two news articles mostly use active voice.

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 The other complement of the RESIDUE is Complement. As stated above, the
Complement is an element within the Residue that has the potential of being Subject since it is in
the form of nominal group except in the news article 2. In this news article there is an Atrributive
Complement that can be found in clause 4c. In this clause the complement; safe, secure and well
worth visiting, is in the form of an Adjectival element.

The last element of RESIDUE is Adjunct. As what can be seen in the Mood structure
above, kinds of Adjunct that are used in both news articles only Circumstantial and Conjunctive
Adjunct as in the table below:

Types of Adjunct News Article 1 News Article 2

Circumstantial 1, 4a, 6b, 7a 1a, 1b, 4a, 5a, 6, 7, 8, 9
Conjunctive 3b, 5, 6b, 7a, 7c 4a, 4c

Circumstantial Adjuncts do not contribute meaning which is part the arguable nub of the
proposition since it only adds experiential content to the clause while Conjunctive Adjunct only
provide linking relations between one clause and other. The absence of other kinds of Adjuncts
also strengthen that there is no agreeability in these both news articles.

CONCLUSION

From all the analysis above, it can be concluded that, generally, both those news
articles only use declarative sentence, a pattern which is not surprising in written mode where

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feedback between writer and reader is not possible. This similarity occurs although they are
taken from different newspaper. The dominance of declarative sentence in these two news
articles indicates that the news article share a common locus on the giving information. It is also
supported by the absence of the Modality in both two news articles. This absence of Modality
shows that news article also includes in academic writing since there is no arguability of the
propositions. Grammatically, from the MOOD element of the clauses in the both Subject of the
clause, it can be concluded that the topic of both news articles are Nusa Dua Fiesta. Moreover,
from the Finite element of both these news articles informs the reader about an activity or an
event; Nusa Dua Fiesta, that will happen after these news articles are published. From the
RESIDUE element the use of only Circumstantial and Conjunctive Adjunct as well as the
absence of other kinds of Adjuncts also strengthen the fact that there is no arguability in these
both news articles. Therefore, it can be said that these both news articles are quite grammatically
similar and include in the scientific writing.

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 REFERENCES

Eggins, Suzzane. 1994. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London : A Cassell

Imprint

Halliday, M.A.K and Matthiessen, Christian. 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar.

Great Britain: Oxford University Press.

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 DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

ANALYSING THE MOOD STRUCTURE OF NEWS ARTICLE

By :

NI WAYAN SATRI ADNYANI

NIM : 1229081032

POSTGRADUATE
ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
UNDIKSHA UNIVERSITY
2012

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A. Analysis of Mood

When we interact with people, we use language clearly to convey the unlimited purposes:
we may want to order, apologize, confirm, invite, reject, describe and so on. According to
Halliday, most of the fundamental purposes in any exchange are giving (and taking) or
demanding (and being given) a commodity of some kind (Halliday, 2000).
In those two news articles, all of the clauses adopt declarative mood. There are some
considerations why the news article chose to use declarative mood. First of all, it is the
information-giver and it needs to state out his opinions explicitly and express his ideas clearly.
Declarative sentences not only function as describing, explaining, confirming, but also as
advising, suggesting and encouraging. As a president, he has the authority to make comments
and analysis of current issues. His statements are believed to be convincing and confirming.

B. Analysis of Modal Auxiliary

Halliday (2000) views that through modality the speaker takes up a position and signals
the status and validity of his own judgments. If the commodity being exchanged is information,
the clauses are labeled as proposition and modality expressions are termed as modalization
which refers to the validity of proposition in terms of probability and usuality. If the commodity
is goods and service, modality expressions are defined as proposals and are termed as
modulation which reflects how confident the speaker can be in the eventual success of the
exchange in terms of obligation and inclination. There are a large number of ways to realize
modality, including modal auxiliary, adverbs, intonation and mental-process verbs. This paper
will focus on modal auxiliary and Table above presents the frequency of modal auxiliary used in
both news articles.

Modal auxiliary will (futurity) / can (ability) should (advice) have to (obligation)
would
News 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
Frequency 2 6 - - - - - -

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From the above table, it can be seen that both articles only use “will”. This kind of modality can
be found in the first article in clause 6a but in past form (would) and in clause 7a. In the second
article “will” can be found in clause 1a, 4a, 5a, 6, 9 and 10b. It is mainly employed to provide
information about what will exactly happen in the future and refers to the intention of the sour.
The use of “will” by president Obama reveals his views towards the future and its effect is
strengthened by the power and authority he possesses.

Analysis of Pronoun System

For the analysis of pronoun system, Table 3 illustrates the frequency of personal pronouns used
in Obama’s speech. As we all know, personal pronouns have a variety of functions in political
speech, which can be interpreted from the aspect of social and political roles. They can achieve
different interactive effects and reflect the speaker’s perception of the relationship between the
listener and himself. From Table 3, we can notice that “we” is the most frequently used personal
pronoun, together with its possessive form “our”. “We” can be used to refer to the group
excluding the listener or the group including the listener. For example, “we” in sentence 3, 6, 8,
10, refers to Obama and his administration.
Obama uses “we” to emphasize the willingness and the representative role of his administration
as well as highlight the obligation and duty of the government. The authority and status are also
established. While “we” in sentence 16, 17, 26, 27, refers to all the present people and all of the
American people including Obama and his administration. Obama adopts “we” to identify that
his government and himself are a part of the whole nation and all the achievements that have
been made should be attributed to the efforts of all the American people and the challenge before
them calls for their united hard work. Meanwhile, the combination of the possessive pronoun
“our” with “we” together with the different reference of “we” integrates Obama’s administration
with the American people, which can have a strong impact on the listeners and the whole nation.
It creates such an impression: the government will fulfill its obligation with the joint efforts from
all the American people in order to create the greatest benefit for the whole nation. The
frequency of “I” is 18 times, but it mainly falls into the following categories in this speech: to
express gratitude to certain people, to describe the specific deeds and words of Obama himself
and to present his personal beliefs and comments. For example, “I” in sentence 21 mentions the
promise Obama made during his campaign. By pointing out the specific promise with the

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comparison of the achievement, it implies that Obama has accomplished what he promised rather
than making a promise, so American people can have full confidence in him. “You” is used only
6 times. In some sense, “you” can attract people’s attention by involving them in the interaction.
In this speech, “you” extends from the listeners to the whole nation. While compared with “we”,
it is less used. We can infer that, on the whole, by using “we” and “our” instead of “you” and
“your”, the president tends to integrate his administration with the whole nation, which helps to
shorten the distance between the people and him and create intimacy among them.

D. Analysis of Tense Shift

Halliday (2000) contends that the basic function of the finite is to indicate the validity of the
proposition. This can be done in two ways. One is by reference of modality, implying the
judgment and attitude of the speaker. The other one is by reference to the time of speaking,
which is termed as tense. By relating it to the here and now reality of the speech event, the tense
makes it possible to negotiate about the validity of the proposition. Halliday (2000) summarized
3 primary tenses: past, present, future. Present tense dominates in Obama’s speech. We will
focus on tense shift to discover how interpersonal meaning is realized through the interaction.
Table 4 demonstrates tense shift in this speech.
From the very beginning, Obama points out that he will give some latest news. From sentence 1
to sentence 7, present tense is mainly used to describe the present situation and the action taken
by the government to combat the challenge. Then in sentence 8 and 10, future tense is employed
and it enables the listeners to infer that in the future the government will make efforts to ensure
what they have promised and they will continuously improve it. These help to relieve the
people’s worry and reveal the consideration of the government on the American people. The use
of present tense in sentence 11, 12 and 13 make the statement easy and available for the listeners
to feel and recognize. Sentence 11 and 12 demonstrate Obama’s gratitude towards the House and
the Senate’s approval of budget resolution. Sentence 13 illustrates the relation between the
progress made during the past 100 days and the coming results the budget will bring about. Then
the following 3 sentences using past tense make people look back and recall the policy and plan
that have brought benefits to them. As the three main actions, including recovery acts, health
insurance and housing plan, have made contribution to the recovery of the economy, the
retrospection can attract people’s attention and create a good image for Obama’s administration.

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The following sentences, from 18 to 36 mainly using present tense, clearly present the challenge
and difficulty. By association with the success, Obama tries to alert people and raise their
awareness to continue to make efforts to change the current situation under his leadership.
Finally future tense is mainly adopted in sentences 37 to 44, describing the work to be done and
the promising tomorrow the Americans will face, which ultimately touches the heart of every
American. In the end, Obama manages to achieve a resonance with the audience and his purpose
of speech is fulfilled.
IV. CONCLUSION
This paper uses Obama’s speech as an example to demonstrate how interpersonal meaning is
generally realized in a political speech. From the above discussion, we can conclude that
different uses of mood, modal auxiliary, personal pronouns and tense can express different levels
of interpersonal meaning, thus endowing the speaker different status and different purpose, and
the influence on the audience is also different. From the above analysis, we can conclude that by
using declarative mood, Obama takes the role of information processor and deliverer, which
serves the purpose of the news conference; by using different modal auxiliary, Obama presents
his opinions and attitudes on issues, which can influence the attitude and belief of the listeners
and the American people; by using different personal pronouns, especially the frequent use of
“we”, Obama establishes an intimate relationship with the people, which enables him to gain
support from them.; by using different tenses, Obama is able to alert people the current situation,
recall the good past 100 days, and present his confidence in the future, through which the speaker
exploits the language to the utmost to achieve the interpersonal meaning during the interaction.
However, we should bear in our mind that other devices can also be used, such as adverbs,
adjectives and intonation. If these are discussed in future study, we can have a more fruitful
results.

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