Experiment no.

Aim- To study the working and principal of Half wave Rectifier.

Theory- The device which converts ac voltage into dc voltage is called rectifiers. In fact, rectifiers
produce unidirectional & pulsating voltage from ac source. Rectifiers offers a low resistance to the
flow of current in one direction & high resistance to flow of current in opposite direction that is
rectifier converts AC into DC. This conversion is achieved by rectifier supplied with AC signal using
step down transformer. The output of contains pulsating DC (ripple voltage) which can be removed
by using filter circuit.

Circuit arrangement: The circuit arrangement of half wave as shown in fig. It uses one transformer
for providing step down operation as well as to provide electrical isolation. In this type of
arrangement diode D, load resistance RL are used, the output is taken across load resistance as
shown in figure.

WorkingThe ac voltage across the secondary winding changes polarities after every half cycle.
During the positive half-cycles of the input ac voltage i.e. when upper end of the secondary winding
is positive w.r.t. its lower end, the diode is forward biased and therefore conducts current. When
forward voltages crosses barrier potential (0.7v for silicon diode) the diode works as closed
switch,the large current flows through RL.This current produces dc voltage across the load RL. If the
forward resistance of the diode is assumed to be zero (in practice, however, a small resistance
exists) the input voltage during the positive half-cycles is directly applied to the load resistance RL,
making its upper end positive w.r.t. its lower end. The waveforms of the output current and output
voltage are of the same shape as that of the input ac voltage. During the negative half cycles of the
input ac voltage i.e. when the lower end of the secondary winding is positive w.r.t. its upper end,
the diode is reverse biased and so does not conduct that is diode D acts as open switch.Thus during
the negative half cycles of the input ac voltage the current through and voltage across the load
remains zero if the reverse current, being very small in magnitude, is neglected. Thus for the
negative half cycles no power is delivered to the load. Thus the output voltage developed across
load resistance RL (VL) is a series of positive half cycles of alternating voltage, with intervening very
small constant negative voltage levels, It is obvious from the figure that the output is not a steady
dc, but only a pulsating dc wave. Since only half-cycles of the input wave are used, it is called a half-
wave rectifier. The output voltage is unidirectional,pulsating & intermittent.

Circuit simulation

Experiment No. 2

Aim: To design and simulate bridge full wave rectifier circuit and observe the waveforms.

Working of full wave bridge rectifier: The circuit arrangement made for bridge FWR is as shown in
fig. It uses one transformer for providing step down operation as well as to provide electrical
isolation. In this type of arrangement, four diodes (D1, D2,D3,D4) are connected in such a way , to
form a bridge. Hence it is called as ―bridge FWR‖. Here, two diodes are conducting at a time and
remaining two diodes are non-conducting. The output is taken across load resistance as shown in
fig. During positive half cycle of AC input, the diode D1 and D3 becomes forward bias, at the same
time, diodes D2 and D4 becomes reverse bias. Thus, current flows through the path : diode D1, load
resistance RL , diode D3, to the second end of transformer‘s secondary winding. In this situation,
current through RL flows from top to bottom producing positive output voltage across it. During
negative half cycle of AC input, diode D2 and D4 becomes forward biased, at the same time, diodes
D1 and D3 becomes reverse bias. Thus, current flows through the path : diode D2, load resistance
RL , diode D4, to the second end of transformer‘s secondary winding. In this situation, current flows
in the same direction producing positive output voltage across load resistance as shown in
waveforms.

CIRCUIT SIMULATION
Experiment No. 3

Aim : To Study & simulate frequency response of low pass & high pass filter.

Low Pass Filter :

A low-pass filter is an electronic filter that passes low-frequency signals and attenuates (reduces the
amplitude of) signals with frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency. The actual amount of
attenuation for each frequency varies from filter to filter. It is sometimes called a high-cut filter, or
treble cut filter when used in audio applications. A low-pass filter is the opposite of a high-pass filter.
A band-pass filter is a combination of a low-pass and a high-pass.
Low-pass filters exist in many different forms, including electronic circuits (such as a hiss filter used
in audio), anti-aliasing filters for conditioning signals prior to analog-to-digital conversion, digital
filters for smoothing sets of data, acoustic barriers, blurring of images, and so on. The moving
average operation used in fields such as finance is a particular kind of low-pass filter, and can be
analyzed with the same signal processing techniques as are used for other low-pass filters. Low-pass
filters provide a smoother form of a signal, removing the short-term fluctuations, and leaving the
longer-term trend.

High Pass Filter

A high-pass filter (HPF) is an electronic filter that passes high-frequency signals but
attenuates (reduces the amplitude of) signals with frequencies lower than the cutoff
frequency. The actual amount of attenuation for each frequency varies from filter to
filter. A high-pass filter is usually modeled as a linear time-invariant system. It is
sometimes called a low-cut filter or bass-cut filter.[1] High-pass filters have many uses,
such as blocking DC from circuitry sensitive to non-zero average voltages or RF devices. They can also be
used in conjunction with a low-pass filter to make a bandpass filter.

High pass filter

Low pass filter