Reference:
• http://www.kvsteel.co.uk/steel/mild-steel.html
• http://www.periodliving.co.uk/
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PTdnAzzDrxY
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sgxOEvyEFtY
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9l7JqonyoKA
• http://fet.uwe.ac.uk/conweb/commercial/ironandsteel/
• http://www.custompartnet.com/wu/images/sheet-metal/roll-forming.png
• http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6115#2
• http://cenews.com/article/8632/cast-iron-a-historical-background
• http://www.nullifire.com/products/topseals_primers_intro.php
• http://www.steelconstruction.info/Fire_protecting_structural_steelwork
• http://www.steelconstruction.info/Corrosion_protection
• http://www.asdmetalservices.co.uk/Products/Hollow%20Section.aspx
• “Structure and Architecture” – Angus J Macdonald
• “MATERIALS” – Victoria Ballard Bell with Patrick Rand

 
  
   
  
   
  
 1  

Opaque glass

Morning – Night –
natural light from outside artificial light from inside
(lights off)   (lights on)  

2  

Glass windows

Late afternoon - Early evening -

reflection of surroundings Visible interior
and unseen interior (lights on)  
(lights off)  
3  

Shop windows: inside shopping centre

Bright
interior –
objects
from inside
can be
seen more
clearly  

Dark
interior –
objects
from inside
are less
visible;
more
reflction   4  

Shop windows: on the streets

Evening -
Late afternoon - Artificial light reflections
more reflection of (lights on)  
surroundings
(lights off)  
 6  

Shopping centre

Artificial light
reflections

No artificial
light
reflections

5   Afternoon - Afternoon -
from outside from inside
Streets Natural light
from outside

Late afternoon

Morning

Evening
 Artificial light
reflections

No artificial
light
reflections -
clear
Evening - Evening -
from outside from inside

7  

Glass buildings – curves – reflections of surroundings

8  

Glass buildings – curves – The Gherkin

9
9  

Church windows
!
! !
!
1 2 3 4 5

TECHNOLOGY - STRUCTURES - BEAMS [balsa wood]

[volume] of the beams: Weights:

Beam 1 - W1=W(a)+W(b)
V=450X9.6X3.2
V=13824mm
W2=W(a)+W(c)
Beam 2 -
W(a) W(b) W(c)
V=450X28.8X3.2
V=41472mm
EXPERIMENT 1 - adding weights
Beam 3 -
V=450X9.6X9.6 Beam 1 [deflection]:
V=41472mm

Beam 4 - for W1 -
>
V=(450X9.6X3.2)X3 approx. 6.4mm
V=41472mm

Beam 5 -
V=(450X9.6X3.2)X2 +
+(56.26X4.8X3.2)X16
V=41472mm > for W2 -
approx. 16.3mm
 Beam 2 [deflection]: [notes & comments]:
• all beams have the same leng-
ht (450mm)
for W1 - • Volume of beams 2, 3, 4 and 5
> approx. 3.4mm are the same (41472mm)
• cross section width of ‘2’
is triple ‘1’
• cross section height of ‘3’
is triple ‘1’
• “I” beam/beam 4 (as well
as beams 2 and 3) consists 3
for W2 - beams ‘1’
approx. 6.8mm • “Warren Truss” lattice beam/
> beam 5 is supported by triangu-
lar forms
• Deflection factor = W2/W1:

- beam 1 = ~2.5
- beam 2 = ~2
- beam 3 = ~1.8
- beam 4 = no deflection
- beam 5 = no deflection

Beam 3 [deflection]: • beams strennths from weak-

est to strongest: 1, 2, 3, 4&5
• no difference seen for beams
4 and 5
for W1 -
> approx. 1mm

for W2 -
> approx. 1.8mm
 Beam 4 [deflection]: [conclusion]:
• beams with a vertical formed
shape in the middle (beams 4
for W1 - and 5) are stronger than the
>
0mm others
• beams with longer heights are
stronger than beams with lon-
ger widths (beam 3 and 2)

for W2 -
> 0mm

Beam 5 [deflection]:

for W1 -
>
0mm

for W2 -
> 0mm
EXPERIMENT 2 - applying force

Maximum [defletion]: [conclusion]:

1. ~70.6mm • Beam strength from weakest
2. ~35.2mm to strongest - beam 1 to 5
• “Warren Truss” lattice beam is
3. ~ 9.6mm
the strongest structure (unlike
4. ~ 1mm in experiment 1 it is stronger
5. 0mm than “I” beam, therefore trian-
gular stuctures are the stron-
gest