SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING PROGRAM

WOODELLOCAND WATER PURIFYING MACHINE

BY

MONEDA, SOFIA BIANCA

SALIVIA, JEWEL

MIRADOR, MARIELLE LOISE

MARCH 2020

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of The Study

Water is a valuable product for humanity. It has required all features of human

activities. So far, the DENR has classified 761 water bodies, composed of lakes,

rivers, streams, and marine waters. Thus, the lack of water has never been a real

problem. Despite this fact, up to 58% of the water in the Philippines is contaminated,

therefore unsafe for consumption.

Having an abundant supply of water has its downside. This could bring

weather phenomena, which will result in flooding. A flood can make progressive

damage to water supplies and possibly contaminate them. If that occurs, it’ll result in

concerning health problems such as cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, hepatitis A, to name

a few.

Instead of using the modern water filter, the researchers came up with the idea

to build a signal processing water filter machine, with the help of raw materials: wood

chips, seashells, Sampaloc shells and sand to purify flood and other contaminated

water bodies.

This study will focus on the potential raw materials as an alternative source for

purifying contaminated water and will be compared to commercial water filters.

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B. Statement of the Problem

General Objective

Generally, this study ascertains the possibility of purifying water by using an

improvised water purifier apparatus with wood chips, seashells, Sampaloc shells and

sand to make dirty water available for consumption.

Specific Objective

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following subproblems:

a) Is there a significant difference in the water before and after it undergoes

the water purification process with the use of the raw materials in terms of

turbidity, pH, and the number of Coliform bacteria?

b) Is the apparatus potent enough to treat different polluted water (e.g. flood

water, canal water, and other polluted areas)? \

Significance of the study

This investigatory project assesses the possibility of producing an improvised

water purifier apparatus with wood chips, seashells, Sampaloc shells, and sand. Thus,

if the study will be found positive, then it would be significant to the following:

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School- They can benefit from this study because, during the rainy season, a flood is

inevitable. Using this improvised water machine, it can absorb the flood water and

recycle it for consumption.

Community- Those barangays who don't always have a clean water supply can now

have clean water without depriving themselves of spending too much in

commercialized water filters.

Economy- Access to pure drinking water reduces water-related diseases and deaths.

This allows developing regions to work towards economic autonomy.

Scientists- BioTech researchers who deal with water purification will have new

profound information about purifying water.

DENR (Department of Natural Resources) - This can help the DENR provide a

more comprehensive strategy regarding the improvement of quality drinking water

(RA 9275). It also encourages pollution prevention and waste minimization.

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Scope and Limitations

The study will be conducted at Subic National High School Subic,

Zambales covering the period of last week of April to the last week of May 2020. The

researchers will use samples of river and canal water found at Barangay Mangan-

Vaca, near Subic National High School. The researchers will collect 2500 grams of

wood chips, seashells, sampaloc shells and sand to be used in their signal-processing

handcrafted water purifying apparatus. This study is limited only to the use of wood

chips, seashells, sampaloc shells, sand, PVC, wires, battery recyclable materials, river

and canal water samples.

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Definition of Key Terms

Wood chips- Woodchips are small to medium sized pieces of wood formed by

cutting or chipping larger pieces of wood such as trees, branches, logging residues,

stumps, roots, and wood waste.

Conus gloriamaris- Scientific name of seashells, is a hard, protective outer layer

created by an animal that lives in the sea. The shell is part of the body of the animal.

Tamarindus Indica- Sampaloc in Filipino. It refers to the peel of a leguminous tree

that produces a pod like fruit that contains a brown, edible pulp.

Sand- loose granular substance, typically pale yellowish brown, resulting from the

erosion of siliceous and other rocks and forming a major constituent of beaches,

riverbeds, the seabed, and deserts.

Water purification- This term refers to the process of removing undesirable

chemicals, materials, and biological contaminants from contaminated water. The goal

is to produce water fit for a specific purpose. Most water is purified for human

consumption (drinking water) but water purification may also be designed for a

variety of other purposes, including meeting the requirements of medical,

pharmacology, chemical and industrial applications.

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Water quality- This term refers to the physical, chemical and biological

characteristics of water. It is a measure of the condition of water relative to the

requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose.

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 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERAURE

The goal of this literature review is site ways to produce clean and potable

water by purifying contaminated water with the use of an improvised water filter and

with the help of raw materials (wood chips, seashells, Sampaloc shells, and sand) to

reduce the concentration of contaminants such as suspended particles, parasites,

bacteria, algae, viruses, and fungi.

Wood chips

Woodchips are carbon-filled raw materials intended to remediate nitrogen (N)-

advanced water through naturally occurring denitrification, a process where microbes

decrease nitrate into latent di-nitrogen gas during their breath forms. Late studies have

exhibited the practicality of woodchip bioreactors for treating aquacultural

wastewater, explicitly the concentrated effluents produced from recycling

aquaculture, with the admonition that framework life expectancy can be decreased

from obstructing related with high natural solids stacking and bacterial abundance.

(Lepine, C. 2018)

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Sea Shells

Shells are excreted from the animal's outer surface called the mantle and

consist mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

Seashells (Conus gloriamaris) are made up of 95% calcium carbonate

(CaCO3) content. This substance is used cleansed water tainted with toxic metals like

cadmium, zinc, lead, and iron. (Kohler, S. 2012). The experiment results spoke to that

shellfish shells had the most extreme absorption limit and blue shells had the least

absorption limit, for example, 7100 mg/kg and 520 mg/kg individually.

Given the experiments, it was additionally determined that 7.8 m3 of channel material

is required for absorbing the phosphorus for a long time from the wastewater

delivered by an individual Norwegian house with 5 individuals. It was likewise

determined, because of the clump explores, that if all the septic tank effluents in Frøya

sifted by squashed shellfish shells, 221 m3 of squashed shells (2-4mm) would be

required every year to expel around 81% of the phosphorus. Even though, bunch try

results are solid however they don't copy the circumstance in a full-scale channel

accepting wastewater and, in this way, are not adequate to foresee the genuine

sorption and administration life of seashells (Conus gloriamaris) when applied as a

channel material in frameworks getting household wastewater. (Nadeem, Y. 2005)

Sampaloc Shells

A variety of studies also shows that legumes are a potential water filter. A

study conducted by the Mersin University in Turkey states that peanut shells are an

effective tool for cleansing water. Agricultural waste removes copper ions from

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industrial wastewater. Peanut shells are the first waste products found to be highly

efficient in cleaning wastewater. It cleans 95% of the copper ions. (Bhatta, A. 2015)

Being in the same family as peanut, Sampaloc shells (Tamarindus Indica)

organic product shells are normally calcium-rich compounds. The subsequent

materials and carbon emerging from virgin natural product shells were portrayed and

measured as an adsorbent for the removal of fluoride anions. The fluoride expulsion

limit of Tamarindus Indica natural product shells was seen as 83%-91% respectively.

(Jonsson, H. Water Sci. Technol. 2011)

Sand

Sand filters take away pathogens and suspended solids from

water victimization biological and physical processes that occur in an exceedingly

sand column. Sand filters are shown to get rid of significant metals, turbidity,

bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. They conjointly cut back discoloration, odor, and

unsightly style. Studies have shown a correlation between the use of sand filters and a

decrease in the incidence of diarrhea. Sand filters are used in rural regions where

source water may be subjected to antimicrobial contaminant loads from waste

discharges and diffuse pollution. According to research, sand filters can treat

contaminated aquatic systems that have been contaminated by microbes (Nelson, P.O.

2005)

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Water Quality in The Philippines

Typhoons and heavy rains may cause flooding which, in turn, can potentially

increase the transmission of water-borne diseases, or diseases transmitted through

water contaminated with human or animal waste.

Some monetary examinations have just been done that looked into or dissected

the consumable water circumstance in the Philippines.

As indicated by the World Health Organization (WHO), around a million

Filipinos become ill with water-borne maladies yearly. Furthermore, these are

looseness of the bowels cases alone. They do exclude other water-borne ailments like

amoebiasis, cryptosporidiosis, and cholera. These issues are authorized to the poor

water framework in the Philippines. Indeed, even in the capital Manila, just around

three-fourths of the populace gets funneled water from the city authority. Outside

Manila, far fewer individuals approach clean water circulation.

Flooding can potentially increase the transmission of many communicable

diseases and pose other health risks as well. These include typhoid fever, cholera,

leptospirosis, and hepatitis A.

 Typhoid fever is an infectious disease which is also known as enteric fever or

just typhoid. It is caused by bacteria known as Salmonella typhi. It spreads

through contaminated food and water or close contact with someone infected.

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 Cholera is an intestinal infection caused by ingestion of food or water

contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Its incubation period ranges

from less than 1 day to 5 days. The infection causes a profuse, painless, watery

diarrhea that can quickly lead to severe dehydration and death if treatment is

not promptly given. In extreme cases, cholera is a rapidly deadly disease. A

healthy individual may die within 2-3 hours if no treatment is provided.

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 Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection transmitted by rats through urine and

feces. It can contaminate the soil, water, and vegetation. It is caused by

Leptospira spirochetes bacteria. Its mode of transmission includes ingesting

contaminated food or water, or when broken skin or open wounds are exposed

to floodwaters. Its incubation period is 7-10 days.

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  Hepatitis A, one of the oldest diseases known to humankind, is an infectious

disease and caused by Hepatitis A virus (HAV). The most common mode of

transmission is ingestion of food contaminated with human waste and urine of

persons who have Hepatitis A. Its symptoms usually include fever, flu-like

symptoms such as weakness, muscle, and joint aches, loss of appetite and

dizziness. Other symptoms may be so mild that they go unnoticed.

The World Bank Group (2003) further demonstrated that up to 58 percent of

the groundwater supply in the nation proposed were drinking are defiled with

coliform and required treatment. It further attested that 31 percent of ailments checked

during a five-year time frame were water-related infections.

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 As indicated by Ebarvia (1994), in an investigation of water request and

supply in Metro Manila, he expressed that the vast majority of surface water assets in

Metro Manila were at that point defiled and doesn't fit for drinking and tertiary water

treatment was required.

Though the Philippines is a developing country that is also undergoing rapid

urbanization and industrialization, more than one hundred million Filipinos, nine

million rely on unsafe water supplies. Water pollution in the Philippines and a lack of

proper sewage kills 55 people every day. Katrina Arianne Ebora, part of UNICEF’s

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene program in the Philippines, notes that access to

adequate sanitation facilities is a problem for more than 30 million Filipinos.

The purpose of this review was to view how flood impacts the water

sustainability of the Philippines and to help the readers understand how flood causes

various communicable diseases as posed by the World Health Organization. It is clear

in the review that Filipinos have been suffering from water-borne diseases since 1994,

as what Ebarvia has said. This field of inquiry is important since it implies that water

sanity in the Philippines has been a problem for the past 2 decades since it's still in

progress up to this day. Along with this, it is also clear that water-borne diseases such

as typhoid fever, cholera, leptospirosis, and hepatitis, were some of the most popular

communicable diseases caused by flooding in the Philippines and has caused

thousands of deaths according to 2017-2018 yearly statistics of DOH. Understanding

these aspects of previous and recent studies helps the researchers mitigate the problem

at hand, solving to better improve water quality in the Philippines.

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 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

General Procedure

A. Construction of Alarm

The copper will be formed into a circle and glued under the Styrofoam. The wire

will be shaped into a letter U. Next, it will be connected to the Styrofoam.

The PVC will be cut to the length, proportional to the length of the wire.

Then, the wire will be curved to look like this:

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 Cut three circles on the PVC and prepare the 9V-battery. Put electrical wires

(red and black) on the anode (-) and a cathode (+) of the battery. Put the battery inside

of the PVC and secure it with a bottle cap.

Connect the switch to the red wire and connect the led indicator on the switch.

Secure both sides with electrical tape. Connect the active buzzer on the other end of

the red electrical wire.

Create 2 holes on a bottle cap. Cut another 2 pieces of copper wire, directly

proportional to the length of the PVC in this shape:

Put these copper wires in the bottle cap.

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 Connect the 2 black wires on the PVC to the copper wires on the bottle cap and

seal it. Put 2 wood chips on both sides (back-to-back) of the copper wire. Glue the

PVC on the wire. Test if the alarm works.

B. Construction of Water Pump

Get a 75 cm length of PVC and attach it to a T-shape PVC. Put a wire with a

length of 80 cm on the DC motor. Attach the DC motor on the other end of the T-

shape PVC and secure it with glue.

Cut a metal sheet into a circle using a tin slip with a radius of 5 cm, provided

with extra care and knowledge regarding its usage.

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 Put a hole in the center of the circle and shape the metal into a turbine.

Connect the turbine on the wire. Cut a cap with 4 holes and secure the whole

PVC. Lastly, connect the 9V-battery on the DC motor. Test if it works.

C. Construction of Water Dispenser

Drill 2 holes on two bottle caps. Place the silicone straw on the holes. Secure it

with glue. Cut the upper part of the bottle and put duct tape on it. Attach it on both

ends of the silicone straw and secure with hot glue. Remove the duct tape.

Build the base of the dispenser. These are the measurements for the wood boards.

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 Drill 2 holes on 3 wood boards, with the radium same as the bottle caps and

silicone straw. Place the bottle caps on the holes and secure them. Build the base of

the dispenser by hammering nails on the wood board, with care. Lastly, the other parts

of the dispenser were attached.

D. Construction of Filter Vessel and Collection of Raw Materials

The filter vessel is a 6-gallon Wilkins bottle. The researchers will collect the raw

materials (wood chips, seashells, Sampaloc shells and san) with equal measurements

of 2500 grams. It is then put inside the 6-gallon bottle. The lower side of the bottle is

attached to the dispenser and the upper-right side of the bottle is attached to the water

pump.

E. Collection and Preparation of Water

The researchers will collect water from a polluted river and canal found at

Barangay Mangan-Vaca Subic, Zambales.

The researchers will get 16 Liters samples from the river and canal. 8 pieces of

one- liter capacity plastic bottles will be filled with the sample water from the canal

and another 8 pieces will be filled with river water, for experimentation. Two (2)

replicates will be made. Replicate A will be intended for canal water which will

consist of 6 Liters of water. Replicate B will be intended for the river water which

will consist of the remaining 6 Liters. The remaining 4 Liters are intended for the

controlled variable.

F. Preparations for Trials

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 During the filtration process on Replicate A, the controlled variable will undergo

filtration on a commercial water filter, the same is through will Replicate B. Each

Replicate will undergo three trials (T1-T3). For each trial, 2 Liters of sample water

will be used.

Replicate A

(Canal Water)

Trials The volume of Water (L)

Controlled Variable 2 Liters of canal water
Trial 1 2 Liters of canal water
Trial 2 2 Liters of canal water
Trial 3 2 Liters of canal water

Replicate B

(River Water)

Trials The volume of Water (L)

Controlled Variable 2 Liters of river water
Trial 1 2 Liters of river water
Trial 2 2 Liters of river water
Trial 3 2 Liters of river water

G. Data-Gathering Procedure

The researchers will subject the 16 Liters (6 bottles of canal water, 6 bottles of

river water and 4 controlled bottles) to laboratory analysis to find out their pH,

turbidity, E. Coli bacteria, presence respectively.

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 The laboratory analysis results will give the data on both the Control group

and those with the different Treatments. The table below will contain all the data that

the researchers need to gather.

Statistical Treatment of The Study

Laboratory Results of the Water Analysis

Tx
Control T1 T2 T3
Commercially filtered
TRIAL
(2 L) 2 Liters of water 2 Liters of water 2 Liters of water
Turbid- E. Turbid- E. Turbid- E. Turbid- E.

pH ity Coli pH ity Coli pH ity Coli pH ity Coli

Replicate

A
Replicate

TOTAL

MEANS

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The table above will contain the primary data taken by the Researchers from the

results of the laboratory analysis. The F-test of ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) will

be used to compare the means of the different trials and the Control. Its results will

lead to finding out the validity or nullity of the hypothesis of the study relative to the

combination of wood chips, seashells, Sampaloc shells, and sand, as water

purification agents.

Bibliography

Lepine C. (2018) Woodchip bioreactors as treatment for recirculating aquaculture

systems’ wastewater

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2018.09.001

Nadeem Y. (2005) Potential for treatment of household wastewater by using seashells

https://nmbu.brage.unit.no/nmbu-xmlui/handle/11250/2562620

Bhatta A. (2015) Peanut shells as an effective tool of cleaning water

https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/peanut-shells-can-clean-water-399

Nelson P.O. (2005) Bio-sand water filters

https://bsfphilippines.com/about-biosand-water-filters/

World Health Organization (2000) Flood and communicable diseases fact sheet

https://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/flood_cds/en/

Department of Health (2017) Water-borne diseases

https://www.doh.gov.ph/node/10648

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Department of Health (2017) Water-borne diseases statistics

https://www.doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/statistics/2018_Monthly_FWBD_Report_N

12.pdf

https://www.doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/statistics/2018_Leptospirosis_QSR_N4.pdf

World Health Organization (2003) Philippines Environment Monitor

http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/144581468776089600/pdf/282970PH0En

vironment0monitor.pdf

Ebarvia M. (1994) Outlook of Supply and Demand: Metro Manila and The

Philippines Water

https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/PUBLICATIONS/pidsdrn94-5.pdf

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