 Introduction & meaning of employment and

worker
 Nature of employment
 Informalisation of Indian workforce
 Employment in formal sector
 Employment in informal sector
 Meaning of unemployment and
underemployment
 Estimates and causes of unemployment in
india
 Measures for the solution of unemployment
problem
 Govt measures for promoting employment
SEX TOTAL RURAL URBAN

MEN 50.3 48.8 51.9

WOMEN 17.6 21.6 13.3

TOTAL 33.8 35.2 32.3

60

50

40
TOTAL
30
RURAL
20 URBAN

10

0
MEN WOMEN
 It is a situation in which a person goes
for work for a fixed period of time for a
particular and gets salary in return
 Seasonal employment

Disguished employment
 Nature of employment in india is
multi faceted.
 Some gets employment throughout
the year.
 Some are employed for only a few
months a year.
 Many workers do not get the fair
wages.
YEAR SELF REGULAR CASUAL
EMPLOYED EMPLOYEES LABOURERS

1972-1973 61.4 15.4 23.2

1993-1994 54.6 13.6 31.2

1999-2000 52.6 14.6 32.8

70

60

50

40 SELF EMPLOYED

30 REGULAR

20 CASUAL
LABORERS
10

0
Formal /
organised
Sector

Informal
/unorganised
sector
 Do not get regular income.
 Do not have protection from the govt.
 Workers are dismissed without any
compensation.
 Workers of this sector mainly lives in slum
areas .
 Follows labour laws (protect the rights of
workers)
 Having fixed working hours
 Fixed salary
 Workforce from trade unions
 Medical leaves
 Future security
 Skills are required
 DISTRIBUTION OF WORKFORCE BY INDUSTRY
1999-2000

INDUSTRIAL RURAL URBAN MALE FEMALE

CATEGORY

PRIMARY 76.6 9.6 53.8 75.1

SECTOR

INDUSTRIAL 10.8 31.3 17.6 11.8

SECTOR

SERVICE 12.5 59.1 28.6 13.1

SECTOR

TOTAL 100 100 100 100

100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50% FEMALE
40% MALE
30% URBAN
20%
RURAL
10%
0%
Casualisation refers to a situation when the
percentage of casually-hired workers in the
total workforce tends to rise over time

Informalisation refers to a situation when

people tend to find employment more in
informal sector of the economy, and less in
formal sector of the economy.
 UNEMPLOYMENT
Unemployment refers to a situation
where all able and willing persons may not
find jobs or activities to provide them with
means of living.
 1992-97 1997-2000 2002-07 2007-12
8TH PLAN 9TH PLAN 10TH PLAN 11TH PLAN
EMPLOYMEN
23.3 34 35.5 35.0
T

8th plan
9th paln
10th paln
11th plan
Causes of Unemployment :
1.Faulty employment planning.
2.Emphasies on capital intensive
projects.
3.Excessive use of foreign
technology.
4.Lack of financial resources.
5.Slow growth process of the
country.
6.Increase in labour force with rise
in population.
 RURAL URBAN
EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT
A. Rural Unemployment- It can be
open unemployment, seasonal
unemployment or disguised
unemployment.

B. Urban Unemployment-It can

be industrial unemployment
, educated unemployment or
technological unemployment .
Adverse Effects of Unemployment:
1.Rise in poverty.
2.Unemployment is depressing.
3.Loss of human resources.
4.Social unrest.

Measures to Solve Unemployment

Problem:
1.Population Control.
2.Reforms in education policy.
3.Diversification of Farm Activities.
4.Rapid Industrialisation.
NREGA(National
Rural Employment
Guarantee Act ) is
a new scheme
implemented by the
government to
provide employment
to people living
below poverty line.
 This act was introduced with an aim
of providing 100 days assured
employment to the people below
the poverty line.
 Around one-third of the stipulated
work force is women. The law was
initially called the National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA)
but was renamed on 2 October 2009