BS 

EN 12697‑22:2020

Bituminous mixtures — Test methods

Part 22: Wheel tracking

BS EN 12697‑22:2020 BRITISH STANDARD

National foreword
This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 12697‑22:2020. It
supersedes BS EN 12697‑22:2003, which is withdrawn.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical
Committee B/510/1, Asphalt products.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on
request to its secretary.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions
of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
© The British Standards Institution 2020
Published by BSI Standards Limited 2020
ISBN 978 0 580 99543 9
ICS 93.080.20
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
legal obligations.
This British Standard was published under the authority of the
Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 March 2020.

Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication

Date Text affected
 BS EN 12697‑22:2020

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 12697-22

NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM February 2020

ICS 93.080.20 Supersedes EN 12697-22:2003+A1:2007

English Version

Bituminous mixtures - Test methods - Part 22: Wheel

tracking
Mélanges bitumineux - Méthodes d'essai - Partie 22 : Asphalt - Prüfverfahren - Teil 22: Spurbildungstest
Essai d'orniérage

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 18 November 2019.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels

© 2020 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 12697-22:2020 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
BS EN 12697‑22:2020
EN 12697-22:2020 (E)

Contents Page

European foreword....................................................................................................................................................... 3
1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... 5
2 Normative references .................................................................................................................................... 5
3 Terms and definitions ................................................................................................................................... 5
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms ................................................................................................................ 6
5 Principle ............................................................................................................................................................. 7
6 Apparatus........................................................................................................................................................... 7
6.1 Large size devices............................................................................................................................................ 7
6.2 Extra large devices.......................................................................................................................................... 8
6.3 Small size devices for use with rectangular plates ............................................................................. 9
6.4 Small-size devices for use with cores.................................................................................................... 11
7 Sampling and sample preparation......................................................................................................... 11
7.1 Test portion .................................................................................................................................................... 11
7.2 Sampling and manufacture....................................................................................................................... 12
7.3 Thickness and surface regularity ........................................................................................................... 13
7.4 Transport and storage of unmounted specimens ............................................................................ 14
7.5 Sample preparation..................................................................................................................................... 14
7.6 Storage ............................................................................................................................................................. 14
7.7 Temperature probes ................................................................................................................................... 14
8 Procedure for carrying out a single measurement .......................................................................... 15
8.1 Large size devices......................................................................................................................................... 15
8.2 Extra-large size device ............................................................................................................................... 16
8.3 Small size devices ......................................................................................................................................... 16
9 Calculation and expression of results ................................................................................................... 17
9.1 Large size devices......................................................................................................................................... 17
9.2 Extra-large size device ............................................................................................................................... 18
9.3 Small size devices ......................................................................................................................................... 19
10 Test report ...................................................................................................................................................... 22
10.1 Obligatory information .............................................................................................................................. 22
10.2 Complementary information ................................................................................................................... 23
11 Precision .......................................................................................................................................................... 24
11.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 24
11.2 Laboratory prepared samples, proportional rut depth, large size devices ............................ 24
11.3 Samples cored from a pavement and laboratory prepared samples, wheel-tracking
rate, small-size devices, conditioning in air ....................................................................................... 24
11.4 Samples cored from a pavement and laboratory prepared samples, wheel-tracking
rate, small-size devices, conditioning in air, procedure B ............................................................ 25
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................. 29

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European foreword

This document (EN 12697-22:2020) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 227 “Road
materials”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2020, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by August 2020.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

This document supersedes EN 12697-22:2003+A1:2007.

The following is a list of significant technical changes since the previous edition:

— the title no longer makes the method exclusively for hot mix asphalt;

— [Clause 2] ISO 48, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of hardness (hardness

between 10 IRHD and 100 IRHD), replaced by: ISO 48-2, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic —
Determination of hardness — Part 2: Hardness between 10 IRHD and 100 IRHD; ISO 7619, Rubber,
vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of indentation hardness, replaced by: ISO 48-5,
Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of hardness — Part 5: Indentation hardness
by IRHD pocket meter method;

— [3.5] Table 1 deleted;

— [Clause 4] symbols for properties in the different methods made more consistent and corrected
through the whole document. Table 2 replaced by new Table 1;

— [Clause 6] moulds added to the list of equipment. Modifications for clarity;

— [6.3.1.2] ISO 7619 and ISO 48 replaced by: ISO 48-5 and 48-2;

— [7.1] new clause added and the order of clauses changed;

— [7.2.1.1] vibratory compactor excluded as a method of sample preparation;

— [7.2.1.2] thickness for mixtures with upper sieve size larger than 22 changed to 80 mm;

— [7.5.1] the text has been modified for clarity. “Plaster of Paris” amended to holding medium;

— [7.6] storage time amended to max 42 days and requirement added for storing samples on a flat
surface;

— [8.1.7] deleted;

— [9.2.1] Formula (2) corrected;

— [9.3.1.2] Formula (7) corrected;

— [9.3.2.2] required rounding of WTSAIR values specified;

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EN 12697-22:2020 (E)

— [9.3.3.2] required rounding of WTSW values specified;

— [10.1.2] type of roller compactor required to be reported;

— [11.4] precision data for small device, procedure B (air) added;

A list of all parts in the EN 12697 series can be found on the CEN website.

According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom.

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1 Scope
This document describes test methods for determining the susceptibility of bituminous materials to
deform under load. The test is applicable to mixtures with upper sieve size less than or equal to 32 mm.
The tests are applicable to specimens prepared from asphalt mixtures that have either been
manufactured in a laboratory or cut from a pavement; test specimens are held in a mould with their
surface flush with the upper edge of the mould.
The susceptibility of bituminous materials to deform is assessed by the rut formed by repeated passes
of a loaded wheel at constant temperature. Three alternative types of device can be used according to
this standard: large-size devices, extra large-size devices and small-size devices. With large-size devices
and extra large-size devices, the specimens are conditioned in air during testing. With small-size
devices, specimens are conditioned, in either air or water.
NOTE Large-size and extra large-size devices are not suitable for use with cylindrical cores.

2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 12697-6, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods — Part 6: Determination of bulk density of bituminous
specimens

EN 12697-7, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 7: Determination of bulk
density of bituminous specimens by gamma rays

EN 12697-27, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods — Part 27: Sampling

EN 12697-33, Bituminous mixtures — Test method — Part 33: Specimen prepared by roller compactor

EN 12697-35, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods — Part 35: Laboratory mixing

ISO 48-2, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of hardness — Part 2: Hardness between
10 IRHD and 100 IRHD

ISO 48-5, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of hardness — Part 5: Indentation

hardness by IRHD pocket meter method

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp/ui

3.1
nominal thickness
for laboratory prepared specimens, the target thickness, in millimetres, to which the specimens are to
be prepared

Note 1 to entry: The target thickness is the required thickness that is targeted when making the specimen.

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3.2
rut depth
reduction in the thickness of a test specimen, in millimetres, caused by repeated passes of a loaded
wheel

3.3
test surface
surface of the test specimen on which the loaded wheel runs

3.4
single test result
value obtained by applying this document, once, to a single test portion

3.5
test portion
number of samples that are required to be tested for a single test result

3.6
tyre track
impression of the tyre on a flat surface when a vertical load is applied

3.7
load cycle
two passes (outward and return) of the loaded wheel

3.8
measurement sequence
test phase corresponding to the completion of n load cycles

4 Symbols and abbreviated terms

For the purposes of this document, the symbols and abbreviations given in Table 1 apply.
Table 1 — Symbols and abbreviated terms
Symbol Definition Unit
dij local distance between a reference plane and the j predetermined location on mm
the test surface at the i measurement sequence with multiple measurement
points
NOTE j varies between 1 and 15 and is used for Large Size device
d0j local distance between a reference plane and the j predetermined location on mm
the test surface before the start of the test (i=0)
dn is the vertical displacement after n load cycles mm

d0 is the vertical displacement initially after 0 load cycles mm

h specimen thickness equal to the thickness of the course or courses of the test mm
piece in which a rut can form
L load applied N
n number of cycles —
n15 number of load cycles for rut depth to reach 15 mm using small size device, —
procedure A

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Symbol Definition Unit

Pi measured proportional rut depth calculated as the average depth of a rut at the %
i measurement cycle for one specimen
PiLD mean value of Pi obtained on two or more specimens using large size device %

PiXL mean value of Pi obtained on two or more specimens using extra-large size %
device
PRDAIR mean proportional rut depth for the material using a small size device in air %

PRDW mean proportional rut depth for the material using a small size device in water %

RD the rut depth of the specimen i using a small size device mm

RDAIR mean rut depth for the material using a small size device in air mm

RDW mean rut depth for the material using a small size device in water mm

ri mean rut depth at the i-th measurement sequence mm

S number of measured cross-sections for extra-large device —

TR mean rate of increase of track depth µm/cycle
TRm mean value of the determinations of TR µm/cycle

w width of the tyre applying the load mm

WTR wheel-tracking rate calculated as the mean rate at which the rut depth increases µm/cycle
with time under repeated passes of a loaded wheel of a small size device
model A in air
WTSW wheel-tracking slope, calculated as the mean rate at which the rut depth mm/1 000
increases with repeated passes of a loaded wheel of a small size device model B load cycles
in water
WTSAIR wheel-tracking slope, calculated as the mean rate at which the rut depth µm/1 000
increases with repeated passes of a loaded wheel of a small size device model B load cycles
in air

5 Principle
The susceptibility of a bituminous material to deform is assessed by measuring the rut depth formed by
repeated passes of a loaded wheel at a fixed temperature.

6 Apparatus
6.1 Large size devices
6.1.1 Device simulating a rolling load which shall include

6.1.1.1 Wheel fitted with a 400 × 8 pneumatic tyre without tread pattern and having a track width
of (80 ± 5) mm. The pneumatic tyre pressure shall be (600 ± 30) kPa.

NOTE The Trelleborg T522 BV Extra or Special 6-ply type pneumatic tyre is suitable for this test.

6.1.1.2 The travel of pneumatic tyre relative to the specimen shall be (410 ± 5) mm.

6.1.1.3 The frequency of travel (outward and return) shall be (1,0 ± 0,1) Hz.

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6.1.1.4 The rolling load applied to the test specimen shall be (5 000 ± 50) N at the centre of the test
specimen, measured at least when the device is static.

6.1.1.5 The centre line of the tyre track shall be not more than 5 mm from the theoretical centre of
the test specimen.

6.1.1.6 The angle of skew of the wheel shall be (0,0 ± 0,5)°.

6.1.2 Mould(s)

Mould(s) of internal dimensions (500 × 180 × 50) mm or (500 × 180 × 100) mm, all dimensions ± 2 mm,
capable of withstanding the test conditions without distortion.
6.1.3 Depth gauge

Depth gauge to measure local distance from the reference plane, dij, to within ± 0,2 mm and with a
square, rectangle or circular measurement area of between 5 mm2 and 10 mm2. A contact-free sensor
can be used if it leads to the same result.
6.1.4 Ventilated enclosure

Ventilated enclosure with a set temperature that is regulated by a probe installed within the test
specimen such that the temperature within the specimen is maintained at the set temperature ± 2 °C
(see Figure 1)
6.1.5 Temperature sensors

Temperature sensor(s) suitable for installation within a compacted bituminous test specimen and for
the measurement of air temperature.
6.1.6 Temperature monitoring indicator

Temperature monitoring indicator to record the temperature within the test specimen, as shown in
Figure 1.
6.1.7 Steel supporting plate

Steel supporting plate with a surface unevenness of less than 1 mm when checked with a steel rule
across the diagonals and of a thickness such that the deflection under test conditions of this document
shall not exceed 0,5 mm.
6.1.8 Non-stick chemical

Non-stick chemical, such as glycerized sodium oleate.

6.2 Extra large devices
6.2.1 Device simulating a rolling load which shall include

6.2.1.1 General

Wheel fitted with a 6.00-R9 pneumatic tyre without tread pattern and having a track width of
(110 ± 5) mm.
6.2.1.2 The travel of pneumatic tyre relative to the specimen shall be (700 ± 5) mm.

6.2.1.3 The time of travel (outward and return) shall be (2,5 ± 0,5) s.

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6.2.1.4 The rolling load applied to the test specimen shall be (10 000 ± 100) N at the centre of the
test specimen, measured at least when the device is static.

6.2.1.5 The centre line of the tyre track shall be not more than 20 mm from the theoretical centre of
the test specimen.

6.2.1.6 The angle of skew of the wheel shall be (0,0 ± 0,5)°.

6.2.2 Moulds

Mould(s) of internal dimensions (700 × 500) mm, all dimensions ± 5 mm, capable of withstanding the
test conditions without distortion. The height of the mould corresponds to the nominal thickness of the
test specimen at the ends. The height of the side edges correspond to the nominal thickness of the
specimen or exceed it by a maximum of 20 mm.
6.2.3 Depth gauge

Laser sensors to measure local deformation within ± 0,2 mm. Laser sensors shall be capable to measure
rut depth with interval maximum 2 mm at least in 3 cross-sections as indicated in Figure 2.
6.2.4 Ventilated enclosure

Ventilated enclosure with a set temperature that is regulated by a probe installed within the test
specimen such that the temperature within the specimen is maintained at ± 3 °C of the test temperature
(see Figure 2).
6.2.5 Temperature sensors

Temperature sensor(s) suitable for installation within a compacted bituminous test specimen and for
the measurement of air temperature.
6.2.6 Temperature monitoring indicator

Temperature monitoring indicator to record the temperature within the test specimen, as shown in
Figure 2.
6.3 Small size devices for use with rectangular plates
6.3.1 Wheel-tracking apparatus

6.3.1.1 General

Wheel-tracking apparatus consisting of a loaded wheel that bears on a sample held securely on a table.
The table beneath the wheel or the wheel above the table moves backwards and forwards while a
device provided monitors the rate at which a rut develops in the surface of the test specimen. Vertical
play in the loaded wheel mechanism shall be less than 0,25 mm. The apparatus shall include
6.3.1.2 to 6.3.1.7.
6.3.1.2 Tyre of outside diameter between 200 mm and 205 mm fitted to the wheel. The tyre shall be
treadless and have a rectangular cross profile with a width of w where w = (50 ± 5) mm. The tyre
thickness shall be (20 ± 2) mm. The tyre shall be of solid rubber with a hardness number
of (80 ± 5) IRHD units when measured in accordance with ISO 48-5 and ISO 48-2.

NOTE A steel wheel has also been used with the small-size device, but the test will be more severe and the
result will not be comparable with that from a compliant test.

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6.3.1.3 Means of applying a load to the wheel: The wheel load under standard test conditions shall
 w 
be  700 ×  ± 10 N, measured at the level of the top of the test specimen and normal to the plane of
 50  
the sample table.

This loading may conveniently be achieved by the use of a weighted cantilever arm.
6.3.1.4 Sample table, constructed so as to enable a rectangular laboratory-prepared test specimen
to be held firmly in place with its upper surface horizontal and in the required tracking plane and with
its centre positioned to ensure symmetrical tracking motion.

6.3.1.5 Wheel-tracking machine, constructed so as to enable the test specimen in its cradle to be
moved backwards and forwards under the loaded wheel in a fixed horizontal plane or the loaded wheel
to be moved backwards and forwards on the fixed specimen. The centre-line of the tyre track shall be
not more than 5 mm from the theoretical centre of the specimen. The centre of the contact area of the
tyre shall describe simple harmonic motion with respect to the centre of the top surface of the test
specimen with a total distance of travel of (230 ± 10) mm and a frequency of (26,5 ± 1,0) load cycles per
60 s for the test device.

NOTE This form of motion is most readily achieved by a reciprocating drive from a flywheel but alternative
drive mechanisms are satisfactory as long as the motion conforms to the above requirements.

6.3.1.6 Carriage and frame of steel with minimum inside dimensions of 260 mm × 300 mm. Vertical
play in the carriage shall be less than 0,25 mm when measured at the four corners of the carriage with
the carriage being subjected to the operating load, and the thickness of its bottom plate shall be not less
than 8 mm.

6.3.1.7 Device to measure the vertical position of the loaded wheel to ± 0,2 mm with a range of not
less than 20,0 mm.

6.3.2 Means for temperature control

Means for temperature control such that the temperature of the test specimen during testing is uniform
and maintained constant at the specified temperature ± 1 °C.
NOTE A constant temperature room enclosing the machine or a water bath are two methods of meeting this
requirement.

6.3.3 Straightedge

Straightedge, at least 300 mm long.

6.3.4 Callipers

Callipers capable of measuring the thickness of a test specimen to an accuracy of ± 1 mm.

6.3.5 Talc or steatite

6.3.6 Moulds

Mould(s) with internal dimensions of at least 260 mm by 300 mm and depth, after placing packing
plates if necessary, of the nominal thickness ± 5 mm. The mould(s) shall be capable of withstanding the
test conditions without distortion.
NOTE The width of the mould can have an influence on the deformation due to shear.

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6.3.7 Holding medium

Holding medium, e.g. plaster of Paris or a polyester resin and hardener.

6.4 Small-size devices for use with cores
6.4.1 General

The equipment listed in 6.3.1 to 6.3.4 with the apparatus listed in 6.4.2 to 6.4.7.
6.4.2 Abrasive disc circular saw

Abrasive disc circular saw capable of cutting through 200 mm diameter cores of compacted bituminous
mixtures to provide a nominally ridge-free surface.
6.4.3 Core clamping assembly

Core clamping assembly comprising two steel, glass or other suitable stiff plates, and clamping blocks
for holding the prepared core in place whilst it is bedded in the holding medium.
NOTE The clamping blocks can be of any material strong enough to support the mass of the loaded wheel and
have a central hole capable of accommodating cores with diameters close to 200 mm.

6.4.4 Cleansing solvent

Cleansing solvent, e.g. mixture of 90 % acetone and 10 % kerosene by volume, for cleaning the rubber
tyre after use.
6.4.5 Holding medium

Holding medium, e.g. plaster of Paris or a polyester resin and hardener.

6.4.6 Containers

Containers for mixing the holding medium (disposable paper cups are suitable).
6.4.7 Spirit level

Spirit level, at least 100 mm long.

7 Sampling and sample preparation

7.1 Test portion

For this test, a test portion to represent one material shall consist of a set of test specimens as defined in
Table 2.
Table 2 — Minimum set of specimen

Device Minimum set of test specimen

Large or extra-large size device 2
Small size, Procedure A, testing in air 6
Small size, Procedure B, testing in air 2
Small size, Procedure B, testing in water 2

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7.2 Sampling and manufacture

7.2.1 Laboratory prepared samples

7.2.1.1 Manufacture

The component materials shall either be

— laboratory produced bituminous mixtures, mixed in accordance with EN 12697-35 or

— plant produced bituminous mixtures, sampled in accordance with EN 12697-27.

The test specimens shall be compacted in their moulds in accordance with EN 12697-33. The bulk
density shall be measured either by dimensions in accordance with EN 12697-6 or, after extracting the
sample from the mould, by one of the other methods in accordance with EN 12697-6 or EN 12697-7.
The bulk density of the two (or six) specimens used to measure the rut depth or the wheel-tracking rate
of a given mixture shall not deviate by more than ± 1 % of the mean bulk density.
7.2.1.2 Nominal thickness

For large size devices and without specific requirement, the thickness of the specimen shall be:
— 50 mm for mixtures intended to be used in layers less than or equal to 50 mm;

— 100 mm for mixtures intended to be used in layers greater than 50 mm.

For extra-large size devices and without specific requirement, the thickness of the specimen shall be
60 mm.
For large and extra-large size devices and if the thickness is to be specified, it shall be:
— 30 mm; or

— 50 mm; or

— 60 mm; or

— 75 mm; or

— 100 mm.

In the case of mixtures that are designed to be laid at a range of thickness, the thickness of the specimen
should be the point in the design thickness range nearest or about 2,5 times the upper sieve size of the
mix.
For small size devices the nominal thickness of the specimen shall be that at which the mixture will be
laid on the road, or in the case of mixtures that are designed to be laid at a range of thickness, shall be
the point in the design thickness range nearest:
— 25 mm for mixtures with upper sieve size less than 8 mm;

— 40 mm for mixtures with upper sieve size larger or equal to 8 mm and less than 16 mm;

— 60 mm for mixtures with upper sieve size larger than or equal to 16 mm and less than 22 mm;

— 80 mm for for mixtures with upper sieve size larger than or equal to 22 mm and less than or equal
to 32 mm.

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7.2.2 Specimen extracted from pavements

7.2.2.1 Cut specimens

Cut specimens of sufficient size so that they can be sawn to form rectangular test specimen of
(175 ± 2) mm × (490 ± 2) mm for large size devices or (690 ± 10) mm × (490 ± 10) mm for extra-large
size devices or at least 260 mm × 300 mm for small size devices. For each test, cut at least:
— two test specimens for large and extra-large size devices;

— six test specimens for small size devices with procedure A; or

— two test specimens for small size devices with procedure B.

The locations from which the specimens are taken shall be selected in accordance with EN 12697-27.
7.2.2.2 Core specimens

For small size devices, the number of core specimens with a diameter of more than 200 mm shall be in
accordance with Table 2.
7.2.2.3 Density

The bulk density shall be measured either by dimensions in accordance with EN 12697-6 or by one of
the other methods in accordance with EN 12697-6 or EN 12697-7. The bulk density of the two (or six)
specimens used to measure the rut depth or the wheel-tracking rate of a given mixture shall not deviate
by more than ± 1 % of the mean bulk density.
7.2.2.4 Marking

Each cut or cored specimen shall be marked to indicate the direction of traffic flow.
7.2.2.5 Trimming

If necessary for specimen of rolled asphalt or mastic asphalt with pre-coated chippings, cut the test
surface using a circular saw so that it is flat.
7.3 Thickness and surface regularity
7.3.1 Large and extra-large size devices

The thickness of the specimen at all points of the measuring zone shall not differ from the nominal
thickness by more than 2,5 mm when the nominal thickness is less than or equal to 50 mm, nor by more
than 5 % of the nominal thickness when the nominal thickness is greater than 50 mm.
Place the straightedge across the lower face at various locations and measure the largest gap that
occurs. When a gap of more than 5 mm is found, reject the specimen if the lower face cannot be
improved by sawing or by bedding in plaster of Paris.
7.3.2 Small size devices

Measure the thickness of the test specimen at four points; at 90° intervals for cores and at the midpoint
of each side for rectangular specimen. The four measurements shall not differ from the nominal
thickness by more than 2,5 mm when the nominal thickness is less than or equal to 50 mm, nor by more
than 5 % of the nominal thickness when the nominal thickness is greater than 50 mm. Record the
average of these four measurements as the thickness of the test specimen.
Place the straightedge across a diameter of the face to be tracked and reject any specimen with a
distortion of more than 2 mm. Repeat for three further diameters separated by approximately 45°.

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7.4 Transport and storage of unmounted specimens

After sampling from a pavement using a method in EN 12697-27, the unmounted test specimens shall
be transported to the test laboratory at a temperature of not more than 30 °C with the test surface
horizontal and kept at a temperature of not more than 25 °C.
On arrival at the laboratory, for samples extracted from a pavement or after demoulding, for specimens
manufactured in-house, the unmounted test specimens shall be stored with the test surface horizontal
and kept at a temperature of not more than 25 °C.
7.5 Sample preparation
7.5.1 Laboratory-prepared specimen

The test specimen shall preferably be tested in the mould in which it was prepared.
If the specimen needs to be transferred to another mould, ensure satisfactory contact between
specimen and mould. Prepare the specimen to a size that leaves a gap which is big enough for the
holding medium to be filled in.
7.5.2 Specimen extracted from pavements

7.5.2.1 Cut specimen

Wedge each specimen into a mould without distortion so that the specimen cannot move relative to the
mould. Ensure that there is satisfactory contact between the material and the bottom of the mould and
the side walls by bedding in with plaster of Paris.
7.5.2.2 Core specimen

Place the core specimen on a glass or steel plate with the surface to be tested at the bottom. Put two
clamping blocks face downwards around the core specimen orientated so that the wheel-tracking path
can be aligned with the marked direction of road traffic flow.
Fill the space above and around the core specimen to slightly overflowing with some freshly mixed
holding medium.
Slide a second glass or steel plate on top using sufficient pressure to expel most of the excess holding
medium.
When the holding medium has set, remove the mounted core from between the plates and trim off any
remaining excess holding medium using the steel straightedge.
Using the straightedge and a feeler gauge, check that the surface of the core specimen is level and that
there is no deviation greater than 2 mm from the plane of the clamping block surfaces. If the core
specimen is incorrectly aligned, dismantle the assembly and repeat the core specimen mounting
procedure until a satisfactory result is achieved.
7.6 Storage

Prior to the start of testing, the specimens shall be stored on a flat surface at a temperature of not more
than 25 °C for between 48 h and 42 days from the time of their manufacture. Manufacture in relation to
core specimens refers to the procedure described in 7.5.2.2.
All specimens belonging to the same series of tests shall be of the same order of age, i.e. within ± 10 %.
7.7 Temperature probes

For specimen to be used on large size devices, the temperature sensors shall be inserted into the test
specimen, as shown in Figure 1.

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For specimens to be used on extra-large size devices, insert one temperature sensor into the test
specimen, as shown in Figure 2.

8 Procedure for carrying out a single measurement

8.1 Large size devices
8.1.1 Pneumatic tyre

Ensure that the pneumatic tyre is clean and that material from the specimen does not adhere to the
pneumatic tyre during the test. The pressure in the tyre shall be (600 ± 30) kPa and shall be monitored
at the beginning and end of each test.
8.1.2 Conditioning run

With the enclosure at a temperature between 15 °C and 25 °C, set the machine in motion until the test
specimen has undergone 1 000 load cycles.
8.1.3 Initial readings

Take initial measurements of the profile of each test specimen at the 15 predetermined locations shown
in Figure 3, where d0j is the initial measurement at the j location.
8.1.4 Temperature conditioning

Set the specimen at the test temperature. The air temperature measured using the air temperature
probe installed on the side wall of the mould (see Figure 1) shall never exceed 75 °C if the test
temperature is 60 °C or less, and not exceed the test temperature plus 15 °C if the test temperature is
higher than 60 °C. The test specimen shall be conditioned under these conditions for a period of 12 h
to 18 h prior to testing including the time for setting the temperature.
8.1.5 Execution of test

Set the machine in motion. Stop the machine and measure the rut depth at the 15 predetermined
locations shown in Figure 3 after the test specimen has undergone the specified load cycles, 1 000,
3 000, 10 000, 30 000 and, if appropriate, at 30, 100, 300, and 100 000 load cycles, excluding the
conditioning cycles. Maintain the temperature within the specimen at the specified value ± 2 °C
throughout the testing regime. The test on a specimen is completed after the required number of load
cycles or if the mean rut depth,
15
(d ij − d0j )
ri = ∑ 15
j =1

exceeds 10 mm or 20 mm in the case of 50 mm or 100 mm specimen nominal thicknesses, respectively.

If the test is not completed, restart the machine after allowing sufficient time for the test specimen to
return to the set temperature unless the rut depth measurement has been made automatically without
opening the temperature controlled enclosure.
8.1.6 Temperature monitoring

Prior to measuring the rut depth at the 15 locations, measure the temperature of the test specimen.

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8.2 Extra-large size device

8.2.1 Pneumatic tyre

Ensure that the pneumatic tyre is clean and that material from the specimen does not adhere to the
pneumatic tyre during the test to prevent any spurious heating. Maintain the pressure in the tyre at
(600 ± 30) kPa during the test either by an appropriate device or by monitoring and adjusting at the
beginning and the end of each test.
8.2.2 Temperature conditioning

Set the specimen at the test temperature. The test specimen shall be conditioned under these conditions
for a period of 14 h to 18 h prior to testing.
8.2.3 Execution of test

Set the machine in motion. Then, the first measurement of slab profile (reference level) is made by laser
at minimum three cross-sections. Lasers are set at the predetermined locations, as shown in Figure 2.
After that, the load cycles and measurements of profile are made automatically. The profile is measured
after 100, 200, 500, 1 000, 2 000, 3 000, 4 000, 6 000, 8 000, 10 000, 12 000, 14 000 and, if appropriate,
up to 30 000 load cycles. Maintain the temperature within the specimen at the specified value ± 3 °C
throughout the testing regime. The test on a specimen is completed after the required number of load
cycles or if the mean rut depth, ri, exceeds 20 mm.
8.2.4 Temperature monitoring

Prior to measuring the rut depth, measure the temperature of the test specimen.
8.2.5 Repeat runs

The test shall be carried out on at least two specimens.

8.3 Small size devices
8.3.1 Temperature conditioning

If the specimens are to be tested in air (Procedure A or B), they are to be conditioned at the specified
test temperature ± 1 °C for a period prior to testing of:
— a minimum of 4 h for specimens with a nominal thickness equal to or less than 60 mm;

— a minimum of 6 h for specimens with a nominal thickness larger than 60 mm;

— a maximum of 24 h.

If the specimens are to be tested in water (Procedure B only), place the test specimen in water at the
specified test temperature ± 1 °C until the temperature equilibrium is reached within the specimen, and
for not less than 1 h.
8.3.2 Specimen fixing

Place the test specimen, mounted in the clamping assembly if a core, in the wheel-tracking machine, fix
it rigidly to the table of the machine and attach a thermocouple in the specimen approximately 20 mm
under the surface for specimens conditioned in air. Maintain the temperature within the specimen or
the temperature of the water bath in the vicinity of the specimen at the specified test
temperature ± 1 °C. If the surface is sticky, lightly dust with talc or steatite.

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8.3.3 Conditioning runs

Allow five cycles of the wheel before the test is commenced.

8.3.4 Procedure A

Monitor the rut development with either an automatic displacement measuring device or a dial gauge.
— Measurement by automatic displacement measuring device: Set the machine in motion and take
readings of the vertical displacement initially, d0, and then after every (25 ± 1) load cycles, dn, with
the centre of the test specimen within 10 mm of the centre point of the loaded area at the mid-point
of traverse.

— Measurement by dial gauge: Set the centre of the test specimen within 10 mm of the centre point of
the loaded area at the mid-point of traverse. Take an initial reading of the vertical position of the
loaded wheel, d0. Set the machine in motion and take readings of the vertical displacement every
(25 ± 1) load cycles dn. For each reading, centre the specimen as for the initial reading.

Continue tracking for 1 000 load cycles or until a rut depth of 15 mm is reached, whichever is the
shorter.
8.3.5 Procedure B

Set the machine in motion and take readings at the vertical displacement of the wheel, initially, then at
least 6 or 7 times in the first hour, and at least one reading every 500 load cycles thereafter. The vertical
position of the wheel is defined as the mean value of the profile of the specimen on a length of ± 50 mm
about the centre of the loading area at the midpoint of traverse, measured in at least 25 points
approximately equally spaced. The vertical position of the wheel shall be measured without bringing it
to a stop. Continue tracking until 10 000 load cycles are applied or until a rut depth of 20 mm is reached
whichever is the shorter.

9 Calculation and expression of results

9.1 Large size devices
9.1.1 Calculation of the proportional rut depth

For each specimen, calculate the proportional rut depth, Pi, for each test sequence, i, from the 15 values
of local rut depth, dij, and specimen thickness, h, using the formula:

15
(dij − d0j )
Pi 100 ×
= ∑ (15 × h) (1)
j =1

where
Pi is the measured proportional rut depth, in percent (%);
dij is the local distance between the reference plane and the j location, in millimetres (mm) at the
i measurement sequence;
d0j is the initial measurement of dij, in millimetres (mm);
h is the specimen thickness, in millimetres (mm).

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9.1.2 Graph

Plot a graph ln(Pi), against ln(n) for each specimen tested of the same composition. Exclude values of
proportion rut depth at i measurement sequence if any value of rut depth is greater than 15 % of the
specimen thickness after i measurement sequence.
9.1.3 Calculation of the mean value PiLD

For each measurement sequence i, calculate the mean value PiLD of Pi of the two or more specimens
tested of the same composition at the same level of air voids content.
9.1.4 Calculation of the test temperature

Calculate the test temperature as the average of the temperatures recorded for each set of
measurements.
9.2 Extra-large size device
9.2.1 Calculation of the measured proportional rut depth

The program calculates the measured rut depth in each measured cross-section as a mean value of
measured rut depth at not less than 30 points which are located within 60 mm in the centre of loaded
area. The rut depth in each cross-section is the difference between the mean value of rut depth and the
reference level measured at the beginning of the test.
The measured proportional rut depth of specimen, PiXL, is the mean value of proportional rut depth in
each measured cross-section:

Pi = 100 ×
(d i, 1 + ... + d i, s ) (2)
s×h

where
PiXL is the measured proportional rut depth, in percent (%);
di,s is the measured rut depth in the measured cross-section, in millimetres (mm) at the i
measurement sequence;
s number of measured cross-sections;
h is the specimen thickness, in millimetres (mm).
9.2.2 Calculation of the mean value PiXL

Calculate the mean value PiXL of Pi of the two or more specimens tested of the same composition at the
same level of air voids content and for the same number i measurement sequence.
9.2.3 Calculation of the test temperature

Calculate the test temperature as the average of the temperatures recorded for each set of
measurements.

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9.3 Small size devices

9.3.1 Procedure A

9.3.1.1 Wheel-tracking rate

For each test specimen, determine the mean rate of increase of track depth, TR, in micrometers per load
cycle (µm/cycle), from the following summation provided that the test continued for at least 5 min:
— At least 8 readings

TR =3ri + ri −1 − ri − 2 − 3ri −3 (3)

— 5 to 7 readings

TR
= 5ri − 5ri − 2 (4)

— 3 or 4 readings

TR 10ri − 10ri −1
= (5)

— 1 or 2 readings

15 000
TR = (6)
n15

where
n is the total number of readings taken at 100 load cycle interval for up to 1 000 load cycles,
excluding the initial reading;
ri is the mean rut depth at the i-th measurement sequence;
n15 is the number of load cycles for rut depth to reach 15 mm.
If the range of values from the six tests exceeds 1,1 times their mean, then the value with the greatest
difference from the mean shall be discarded. If the range is still greater than 1,1 times the mean, then
the whole test shall be regarded as void.
9.3.1.2 Mean wheel-tracking rate

The wheel-tracking rate of the material under test, WTR, in micrometres per cycle, shall be calculated
from:
w
WTR =14 × TR m × (7)
L

where
WTR is the wheel-tracking rate, in micrometres per load cycle (µm/cycle);
TRm is the mean value of the determinations of TR, in micrometres per load cycle (µm/cycle);
w is the width of the tyre applying the load, in millimetres (mm);
L is the load applied, in newtons (N).

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The wheel-tracking rate shall be reported to the nearest 0,1 µm/cycle as the wheel-tracking rate of the
material under test. If a determination has been discarded, that determination shall be reported as an
outlier.
9.3.1.3 Mean rut depth

For each test specimen for which the depth of wheel-track deformation is less than 15 mm after
1 000 load cycles, the rut depth is the change in vertical displacement from the initial value, d0, to the
tenth reading, r10.
For each test specimen for which the depth of wheel-track deformation reaches 15 mm before
1 000 load cycles, the rut depth shall be calculated as:
15 000
RD = mm (8)
n15

where
RD is the rut depth of the specimen i (mm);
n15 is the number of load cycles for rut depth to reach 15 mm.
The rut depth RD for the material under test is the mean rut depth of the specimens to ± 0,1 mm.
9.3.2 Procedure B in air

9.3.2.1 Wheel-tracking slope in air

The wheel-tracking slope for each test specimen, in mm per 1 000 load cycles, is calculated as:

WTS AIR =
( d10 000 - d5 000 ) (9)
5

where
WTSAIR is the wheel-tracking slope, in millimetres per 1 000 load cycles;
d5 000, d10 000 is the vertical displacementafter 5 000 load cycles and 10 000 load cycles, in
millimetres (mm).
9.3.2.2 Mean wheel-tracking slope in air

The result of the test is the average WTSAIR of the two specimens.
If the test is terminated before 10 000 load cycles are reached, the wheel-tracking slope shall be
calculated on the linear part of the rut depth curve, provided it covers a range of 2 000 load cycles at
least.
The wheel-tracking slope shall be reported to the nearest 0,01 mm/1 000 load cycles.
9.3.2.3 Proportional rut depth, PRDAIR, in air

The proportional rut depth for each test specimen under test at n cycles, in %, is calculated as:
d n - d0
PRD AIR = 100 % (10)
h

where
PRDAIR is the proportional rut depth of ith replicate, in percent (%);

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dn is the vertical displacement after n load cycles, in millimetre (mm);

d0 is the vertical displacement initially, in millimetre (mm);
h is the specimen thickness, in millimetre (mm).
9.3.2.4 Mean proportional rut depth, PRDAIR, in air

The proportional rut depth for the material under test at n cycles is the mean proportional rut depth of
the two (or more) specimens to ± 0,1 %.
9.3.2.5 Mean rut depth, RDAIR, in air

The rut depth for the material under test at n cycles is the mean rut depth of the two (or more)
specimens to ± 0,1 mm.
9.3.3 Procedure B in water

9.3.3.1 Wheel-tracking slope in water

The wheel-tracking slope in water, in mm per 1 000 load cycles, is calculated as:
d 10 000 - d 5 000
WTS W = (11)
5

where
WTSW is the wheel-tracking slope, in millimetres per 1 000 load cycles;
d5 000, d10 000 is the vertical displacementafter 5 000 load cycles and 10 000 load cycles, in
millimetres (mm).
9.3.3.2 Mean wheel-tracking slope in water

The result of the test is the average WTSW of the two specimens.
If the test is terminated before 10 000 load cycles are reached, the wheel-tracking rate shall be
calculated on the linear part of the rut depth curve, provided it covers a range of 2 000 load cycles at
least.
The wheel-tracking slope shall be reported to the nearest 0,01 mm/1 000 load cycles.
9.3.3.3 Mean proportional rut depth, PRDW

The proportional rut depth in water for the material under test at n cycles is the mean proportional rut
depth of the two (or more) specimens to ± 0,1 %.
9.3.3.4 Mean rut depth, RDW

The rut depth in water for the material under test at n cycles is the mean rut depth of the two (or more)
specimens to ± 0,1 mm.

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10 Test report
10.1 Obligatory information
10.1.1 Obligatory information for each test specimen

The test report shall include the following information for each test specimen:
a) sample identification;

b) bulk density of the test specimen prior to testing, and the method used for its determination;

c) temperature at which the test was carried out;

d) mean thickness of test specimen including thickness of any separately identifiable layers within the
test specimen;

e) number and date of this standard;

f) whether the sample was tested on large-size, extra-large size or small-size devices and, for small-
sizes devices, whether it was to Procedure A, Procedure B in air or Procedure B in water;

g) any test conditions and operational details not provided in this standard, and anomalies, if any,
likely to have affected the results.

10.1.2 Obligatory information for laboratory prepared test specimens

For laboratory-prepared test specimens, the test report shall also include the following information:
a) method of manufacture of the bituminous mixture, and the type of roller used;

b) method of compaction of the test specimen;

c) date of manufacture of the bituminous mixture;

d) date of compaction of the specimen;

e) age of test specimen at test and storage conditions under which it was kept;

f) number of specimens of the same composition tested.

10.1.3 Obligatory information for test specimens taken from a pavement by coring

For test specimens taken from a pavement by coring, the test report shall also include the following
information:
a) date, time and place of sampling where known;

b) date of compaction where known;

c) whether or not a certificate of sampling is available and, if available, a copy of the certificate shall be
provided if required.

10.1.4 Obligatory information for test specimens tested on large or extra large devices

For test specimens tested on large or extra large size devices, the test report shall also include the

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following information:
a) proportional rut depth, PiLD or PiXL, at the required number of cycles n;

b) mean proportional rut depth, PLD or PXL, at the required number of cycles;

c) the type of compactor (pneumatic tyres, sliding plates or steel wheel).

10.1.5 Obligatory information for test specimens tested on small size devices

For test specimens tested on small size devices, the test report shall also include the following
information:
Procedure A:
a) wheel-tracking rates of individual test specimens;

b) mean wheel-tracking rate, WTR, of each group of six test specimens;

c) mean rut depth, RD, after 1 000 load cycles or the number of load cycles to reach 15 mm if less
than 1 000.

Procedure B in air:
d) wheel-tracking slope, WTSAIR, of individual test specimens;

e) mean wheel-tracking slope, WTSAIR, of each group of two (or more) test specimens, if required;

f) proportional rut depth, PRDAIR, at 10 000 cycles or at the number of cycles reached if less
than 10 000 of individual specimens;

g) mean proportional rut depth, PRDAIR, at 10 000 cycles or at the number of cycles reached by both
specimens if less than 10 000;

h) rut depth, RDAIR, at 10 000 cycles or at the number of cycles reached if less than 10 000 of
individual specimens;

i) mean rut depth, RDAIR, at 10 000 cycles or at the number of cycles reached by both specimens if
less than 10 000.

Procedure B in water:
j) mean wheel-tracking slope, WTSW, of each group of two (or more) test specimens, if required;

k) mean proportional rut depth, PRDW, at 10 000 cycles or at the number of cycles reached by both
specimens if less than 10 000;

l) mean rut depth, RDW, at 10 000 cycles or at the number of cycles reached by both specimens if less
than 10 000.

10.2 Complementary information

a) Copies of graphs.

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11 Precision
11.1 General

The repeatability and reproducibility of the test will depend on whether test samples are prepared in a
laboratory or extracted from a pavement, and whether large-size or small-size devices are used. Limited
data from national trials are available for some of these conditions.
11.2 Laboratory prepared samples, proportional rut depth, large size devices

The precision values are given in Table 3.

Table 3 — Precision values for proportional rut depth from laboratory prepared specimen
(large size device)
Repeatability Reproducibility
Number of load cycles Test result level
conditions, r conditions, R
% % %
100 3,5 0,76 0,97
1 000 4,8 1,05 1,32
10 000 6,4 1,08 1,20
30 000 7,0 1,11 1,16

NOTE The precision data was determined from an experiment conducted in France in accordance with
ISO 5725 in 1992 involving twelve laboratories using specimen supplied by the organizing laboratory. The results
are the average of the rut depth on two specimens. The data from one laboratory was excluded from the analysis
at 10 000 load cycles and from two laboratories at each of the other load cycles. The test temperature was 60 °C.

11.3 Samples cored from a pavement and laboratory prepared samples, wheel-tracking
rate, small-size devices, conditioning in air

The precision values are given in Table 4.

Table 4 — Precision values for wheel-tracking rate from cores (Procedure A)

Repeatability Reproducibility
Samples Test result level
conditions, r conditions, R
micrometres per cycle micrometres per cycle micrometres per cycle
Laboratory made 2,1 0,5 1,0
1,7 0,6 1,1
From site 6,4 2,5 4,7
10,7 3,2 4,5

NOTE The precision data were determined from experiments conducted in the UK in accordance
with ISO 5725. The first (site samples) experiment in 1992 involved eleven laboratories using cores supplied by
the organizing laboratory. The data from one laboratory was excluded from the analysis because of the number of
outliers included. The second (laboratory-made samples) experiment in 1994 involved seven laboratories using
cores supplied by the organizing laboratory. For both experiments, the test temperature was 45 °C and the results
are the average of the wheel-tracking rate on six specimens. The results have been converted from mm/h.

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11.4 Samples cored from a pavement and laboratory prepared samples, wheel-tracking
rate, small-size devices, conditioning in air, procedure B

The precision values are:

— for the mean rut depth RDAIR:

— Repeatability: r = 20 % of the resulting mean rut depth;

— Reproducibility: R = 40 % of the resulting mean rut depth;

— for the Wheel tracking slope WTSAIR:

— Repeatability: r = 40 % of the resulting mean wheel tracking slope;

— Reproducibility: R = 65 % of the resulting mean wheel tracking slope.

NOTE The precision data were determined from experiments conducted in the Germany in 2004 and 2008 on
laboratory-compacted asphalt slabs from SMA and AC mixtures.

Precision values for proportional rut depth from laboratory prepared specimen (small size devices)
Table 5.
Table 5 — Coefficient of variation under reproducibility conditions for intra-laboratory and
inter-laboratory tests

% CVR(PRD) % CVR(WTS)

Intra-laboratory 18 25
Inter-laboratory 23 39
http://www.asefma.es/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/19_ccalvo.pdf
http://www.asefma.es/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/13_ccalvo.pdf

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Dimensions in millimetres

Key
1 air temperature, measurement probe
2 test temperature, measurement probe
3 sensitive element of test, temperature measurement probe

Figure 1 — Large size device location of temperature measurement

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Dimensions in millimetres

Key
1 700 mm × 500 mm × 70 mm mould
2 transverse profile measured by laser (3)
3 rut
4 sample temperature, measurement probe
5 air temperature, measurement probe
6 turning place of the wheel

Figure 2 — Extra large device

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Dimensions in millimetres

Key
1 transisting of wheel

Figure 3 — Location of measuring points for large size devices

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Bibliography

[1] ISO 5725, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results

29