CE F231

Fluid Mechanics

Prof K.Srinivasa Raju

ksraju@hyderabad.bits-pilani.ac.in

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

• Why I am measuring pressure? Pressure in pipe, Blood
pressure
• Pascal’s law: Pressure at any point in a fluid at rest has
the same magnitude in all directions

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

• Our Laboratory

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

• Single U-tube Manometer: Pressure at any given point
• Manometric/Gauge liquids: Water, Mercury, Oil, Carbon
Tetrachloride
• Flowing liquid in pipes or measuring point
• Steps for measuring pressure
• Start at point where you know the pressure with the focus that
required point can be reached (where pressure is required)
• Move Vertically downward to each level (increase in pressure)
and upward (decrease in pressure)
• Intensity of pressure across same continuous liquid remains
same

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

• Intensity of pressure p
• Pressure head in terms of Oil= p/gamma of oil

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Variation of pressure
 Measurement of gauge pressure

• Piezometer
 Why we should go for manometric
liquid
• Manometer: Pressure for a fluid flowing in the
pipe [Low specific weight]
• High pressure = Very high length/height of the
tube
• Manometric fluid: Reduces the required height to
measure the same pressure
• Mercury; Specific gravity 13.6
• P= GammaL x height; if gammaL is high, height is
smaller or vice versa
 How to measure gauge pressure
• Guidelines: Moving downward, increase in
pressure +
• Moving upward: Decrease pressure -
• Start from free surface: if it single U-tube
manometer;
• From any side, if it is differential manometer
• Pressure across two limbs will be same if liquid is
continuous in the manometer [Pressure gradient
is zero]
Left leg (LL) of a U-tube manometer is coupled to pipeline X transmitting liquid L1 (specific
gravity 1). Level of manometric liquid (Hg in this problem) in the LL is 0.90 m below centre
of pipeline. Right leg (RL) is exposed to atmosphere. Level of manometric liquid in RL is
0.94 m above that in LL. Level of liquid L2 (specific gravity 0.94) in RL above manometric
liquid surface is 1 m. Determine gauge and absolute pressure head in meter of liquid L1 in the
pipe. Atmospheric pressure head in meter of liquid L1 is 10.1 m. Specific gravity of Hg is
13.6. Specific weight of water = 9810 N/m3.

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Given and Expected
Solution
 II SG L1= 0.9, Hg= 13.6
• Compute Pressure at X.
Given Data and Expected
III Visualize the problem with figure
A closed reservoir consists four compartments. Compartment C1: 1.0 m of Hg of specific
gravity 13.6; C2: 4.0 m of liquid L2 of specific gravity 1.0; C3: 8.0 m of liquid L1 of specific
gravity 0.8. C4: air exists above liquid L1. Compute pressure of air at top of the reservoir
when gauge pressure at bottom of the reservoir is 500 kPa.? Mass density of water and
acceleration due to gravity are 1000 kg/m3 and 9.81 m/s2
 IV
Two pipes X and Y are at an elevation of 1 m and 0.9 m respectively above datum D. Pipe X
carries liquid L1 (specific gravity 1) and pipe Y carries liquid L2 (specific gravity 0.85).
Manometric liquid (Hg in this problem) levels in the limbs connected to pipes X and Y are
0.7 m and 0.8 m above datum D respectively. Specific gravity of manometric liquid is 13.6.
Specific weight of water is 9810 N/m3. Measurement of difference in pressure is with
differential manometer. Find the difference of pressure between X and Y.
 V
Two horizontal pipes X and Y carrying liquids L1 and L2 of specific gravity 2 and 1.3 are
connected by differential manometer having liquid of specific gravity 0.85. Manometric
liquid shows a deflection of 0.26 m towards the pipe Y containing the liquid L2. Inverted
type of manometer is used. Height of liquid L1 over pipe X is 0.5 m. Specific weight of water
is 9810 N/m3. Determine pressure anomaly between pipes X and Y
Required: Difference of pressures between X and Y

Solution:

p x +1.75 x 9810-1.12 x 13.6 x 9810 +0.75 x 9810-0.88 x 13.6 x 9810- 0.62 x 9810= py

p x +17167.5-149425.92+7357.5- 117406 – 6082.2= py

p x -248389.12 = py

px - py = 248389.12 N/m2

p x p y
 25.31 m of water
w

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

 Micromanometer
A single column manometer is attached to a pipe X containing liquid L1 (specific gravity 0.9)
with manometric liquid of specific gravity 13.6 (Hg in this problem). Height of liquid L1 in
the left limb (LL) above interface (upto centre of pipe X) is 0.4 m. Height of manometric
liquid in the right limb (RL) above interface is 0.6 m. Ratio of area of reservoir to that of RL
is 120. Specific weight of water is 9810 N/m3. Find pressure in pipe X
 T1.1
Liquid A of volume and specifc gravity 0.025 m3 and 1.92 is blended with liquid B of volume
and specifc gravity 0.018 m3 and 1.26 and reduced by 6.3 % after blending. Calculate specific
gravity and mass density after blending. Specific weight of water is 10.23 kN/m3. g = 9.81
m/s2. ][
Volume of liquid A and B: V1 ,V2 = 0.025 m3 , 0.018 m3

Specific gravity of liquid A and B: S1 , S 2 = 1.92, 1.26

Percentage reduction of liquid after blending sh = 6.3% = 0.063

Specific weight of water  w = 10230 N/m3

Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.81 m/s2

Expected: Specific gravity and mass density after blending

Solution

Weight of liquid A, W1  V1S1 w = 0.025 × 1.92 × 10230 = 491.04 N

Weight of liquid B, W2  V2 S 2 w = 0.018 × 1.26 × 10230 = 232.02 N

Total volume of liquids before blending V  V1  V2 = 0.025 + 0.018 = 0.043 m3

Net volume of liquid after blending Vb  (1  sh)V = (1 – 0.063) × 0.043 = 0.0403 m3

Weight of liquid after blending W b W1  W2 = 491.04 + 232.02 = 723.06 N

Wb 723.06
Specific weight after blending     17941.94 N/m3
Vb 0.0403

 17941.94
 1.754
Specific gravity of liquid after blending S  
w 10230

Mass density of liquid after blending  = S   w  = 1.754 × 

10230  3
 = 1829.09 kg/m
 g   9.81 
 T1.2
A piston, 0.92 m diameter is placed equidistant from both the ends of cylinder of diameter 1
m. Lubricating liquid of viscosity 0.0062 N-s/m2 is placed between piston and cylinder.
Weight of piston including axial load and length of cylinder are 16 N and 2.4 m. Work out
sliding velocity of piston in vertical position ][

Diameter of piston and cylinder d, D = 0.92 m, 1.0 m

Length of cylinder L = 2.4 m

Weight of piston and axial load F (or W ) = 16 N

Viscosity of lubricating liquid   0.0062 N-s/m2

Expected: Sliding velocity of piston in vertical position

Solution

D  d 1  0.92
Space between piston and cylinder dy   = 0.04 m [piston is placed
2 2
equidistant from both the ends of cylinder]
Circumferential area of piston A  dL   × 0.92 × 2.4 = 6.9367 m2

Shear stresss   F  16 = 2.3066 N/m2

A 6.9367

from which dV p   dy = 2.3066  

dV p 0.04 
   = 14.8813 m/s
dy   0.0062 

Sliding velocity of piston in vertical position dV p = 14.8813 m/s

 T1.3
What is increase in rise of liquid in the glass tube due to capillary effect for the following
data: diameter of glass tube, surface tension @ two mediums of interface, specific weight of
o
liquid, angle of contact respectively as 6.4 ×10–3 m, 0.088 N/m, 9900 N/m3, 18
Diameter of glass tube d = 6.4 ×10–3 m

Angle of contact  = 18o

Surface tension @ two mediums of interface  = 0.088 N/m

Specific weight of liquid  = 9900 N/m3

Expected: Increase in rise of liquid in the glass tube due to capillary effect

Solution

4  0.088  cos(18O )
Increase in rise of liquid due to capillary effect h  4 cos = = 0.0053
d 9900  6.4 ×103
m
 T1.4
Point velocity V p (m/s) and distance y (m) from bottom plate are related as
V p  1.82 y  1.96 y 2  y 6.84 . Viscosity of the liquid is 14 × 10–4 N-s/m2. Compute shear stress at
y1 = 0.12 m and y2 = 0.24 m. Comment on the shear stress pattern from 0.12 m to 0.24m.
Relation between point velocity V p (m/s) and distance y (m) from bottom plate
Vp  1.82 y  1.96 y 2  y 6.84

Viscosity of the liquid  = 14 × 10–4 N-s/m2

Expected: Shear stress at y1 = 0.12 m and y2 = 0.24 m from bottom plate, shear stress pattern
Solution

Vp  1.82 y  1.96 y 2  y 6.84

V p
 1.82  3.92 y  6.84 y 5.84
y

V p
Shear stress   
y
At y1 = 0.12 m; V p = 1.82 + 3.92 × 0.12 – 6.84 × 0.125.84 = 2.2903 s–1; Shear stress = (14 ×
y
10–4) × 2.2903 = 3.207 × 10–3 N/m2

At y2 = 0.24 m; V p = 1.82 + 3.92 × 0.24 – 6.84 × 0.245.84 = 2.7592 s–1; Shear stress = (14 ×
y
10–4) ×2.7592 = 3.863 × 10–3 N/m2

Shear stress pattern: Increase in shear stress is observed from y1 = 0.12 m to y2 = 0.24 m
 T1.5
Two pipes X and Y are at an elevation of 1.2 m and 0.98 m respectively above datum D. Pipe
X carries liquid L1 (specific gravity 1.2) and pipe Y carries liquid L2 (specific gravity 0.98).
Manometric liquid (Hg in this problem) levels in the limbs connected to pipes X and Y are
0.78 m and 0.88 m above datum D respectively. Specific gravity of manometric liquid is
13.62. Specific weight of water is 9810 N/m3.Measurement of difference in pressure is with
differential manometer. Find the difference of pressure between X and Y.
Manometric liquid is Hg

Elevation of pipes X and Y above datum D = 1.2 m and 0.98 m

Manometric liquid levels in the limbs connected to pipes X and Y above datum D = 0.78 m,
0.88 m

Specific gravity of liquid L1 in pipe X, S1 = 1.2

Specific gravity of liquid L2 in pipe Y, S 2 = 0.98

Specific gravity of manometric liquid Hg, S m = 13.62

Specific weight of water  w = 9810 N/m3

Measurement of difference in pressure is with differential manometer.

Expected: Difference of pressure between X and Y
Solution

Specific weight of liquid L1  L1  S1 W = 1.2 × 9810 = 11772 N/m3

Specific weight of liquid L2  L 2  S 2 W = 0.98 × 9810 = 9613.8 N/m3

Specific weight of manometric liquid  sm  S m W = 13.62 × 9810 = 133612.2 N/m3

p X + (1.2 – 0.78) × 11772 – (0.88 – 0.78) × 133612.2 – (0.98 – 0.88) × 9613.8 – pY = 0

p X + 4944.24 – 13361.22 – 961.38 – pY = 0

Difference of gauge pressure between X and Y, p X – pY = 9378 N/m2 (or 9.378 kN/m2)
 Mechanical gauges
• High pressures & high precision is not
required
• Elastic element
• Deflects under the action of applied pressure
• Bourdon, diaphragm, bellows and dead
weight….
 Hydrostatics
• Fluid is at rest; exerting pressure force on the
surface which it is in contact
• Vertical surface, horizontal surface and
inclined surface
• Curved surfaces
• Useful mainly to design hydraulic structures
such as dams, …
• Terminology
• Centre of gravity xbar
• Intensity of pressure p
• Pressure force F
• Centre of Pressure hbar
• Moment of inertia I
Vertical surface
 Regarding first moment of area
• The first moment of area of a shape, about a
certain axis, equals the sum over all the
infinitesimal parts of the shape of the area of
that part times its distance from the axis [Σ(a ×
d)= product of area and centroid.
Source: Reference Book-1
• A triangular gate which has a base of 1.5 m and an
altitude of 2 m lies in a vertical plane. The vertex of the
gate is 1 m below the surface of a tank which contains oil
of specific gravity 0.8. Find the force exerted by the oil
on the gate and position of center of pressure.

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Width and altitude of triangular gate= 1.5m, 2m

Vertex of the gate below the surface of a tank = 1 m

•Specific gravity of oil = 0.8
Required: Force exerted by the oil on the gate and position of center of pressure

Solution:

1
Area of triangular gate A = (1.5)(2) = 1.5 m2
2
_
4
Centre of gravity = x = (1  ) = 2.33 m
3

Force acting on triangular gate = F= A x  0.8(9810 )(1.5)( 2.33)  27468 N

1
 (1.5)(23 )
Centre of Pressure = h  2.33  36 =2.428 m from surface of water
1.5(2.33)

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

• A square plate of negligible thickness and 1.2 m sides has a
central circular hole of 0.8 m diameter. Plate is vertically hold
with one edge along floor of a tank containing petrol of
relative density of 0.8 up to such a depth that petrol level is 2
m above the top of the plate. Find total pressure and position
of centre of pressure

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

•

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Dimensions of the square plate = 1.2 m x 1.2 m

Diameter of central circular hole = 0.8 m

Relative density of petrol = 0.8

•
Location of petrol level = 2 m above the top of the plate

Required: Total pressure and position of centre of pressure

Solution:
_
P1  A x 1 =0.8 (9810) (1.44) (2.6) = 29382.9 N

_

P2  A x 2 =0.8 (9810) (0.82 ) (2+0.2+0.4) = 10255.2N
4

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

 P  P1  P2  19127.7N

1
Moment of Inertia for part 1= I G1  (1.2) 3 (1.2) = 0.1728 m4
12

IG2 = 
Moment of Inertia for part 2=  (0.8) 3 (0.8) = 0.0064 m4
64
•
_ _
I G1 0.1728
h1  x 1  _ = 2.6  = 2.646 m
A1 x1 1.44(2.6)

_
_ IG2 0.0064
h2  x 2  = 2.6  = 2.615 m
_
 2
A2 x2 (0.8 )(2.6)
4
_ _
_
P1 h1  P2 h2 29382.9(2.646)  10255.2(2.615)
Resultant centre of pressure = h  = =2.6626m
P1  P2 29382.9  10255.2

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus