Engg Maths - Book

Page |1
UNIT-I
MATRICES
PART-A
1. Define eigen values and eigen vectors.

Solution:
The roots λ1,λ2…λn of the characteristic equation | A- λI|= 0 are called
Characteristic roots or Eigen values .
Corresponding to each characteristic root λ there corresponds non-zero vector X
which satisfies the equation(A- λ I)X=0.The non-zero vectors X are called characteristic
vectors or Eigen vectors.
2. Define Cayley Hamilton theorem and give its two uses.

Solution:
Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.
Uses:
To calculate 1.The positive integral powers
2. The inverse of a square matrix.
1 1 1
3. If λ1, λ2, …λn are eigen values of a matrix A then show that , ,… are eigen values of
 1 2 n
A-1
Solution:
If  i and Xi are corresponding eigen value and eigen vector of A,
where i=1,2...n.
Then AXi =  iXi
A-1 (AXi) = A-1(λiXi)
IXi = λi A-1 Xi
Xi = λi A-1 Xi
A-1Xi = 1/λi Xi
 A-1 = 1/λi
 1/ λi is an eigen values of A-1 .
1
4. If  is an Eigen value of a matrix A then is an eigen value of A-1.

Solution:
If  and X are corresponding eigen value and eigen vector of A,
Page |2
Then AX =  X
A-1 (AX) = A-1(λX)
IX = λ A-1 X
X = λ A-1 X
 A-1 = 1/λ
 1/ λ is an eigen values of A-1 .
| A|
5. If  is an Eigen value of a non singular matrix A prove that is an

eigen value of adj A.
Solution:
A-λI=[AI-λAA-1]
=A[I-λA-1]
I
=λA [ - A-1]

I adjA
= λA [ - ]
 A
 A
= A | adj A- I|
A 
 A
|A-λI | = |A| | adj A- I|
A 
If λ is a characteristic root of A then |A-λI | =0
A
 |adj A- | =0 (Since |A|≠0 andλ ≠ 0)

A
 is a characteristic root of adj A.

 2 1 0
 
6. Find the eigen values of A=  0 2 1  without using the characteristic equation idea.
 0 0 2
 
Solution:
Let λ1, λ2 ,λ3 be eigen values of A.
We know sum of eigen values = sum of diagonal elements
 λ1 + λ2 + λ3 = 2 + 2 + 2
. =6
Page |3
We know product of eigen values=│A│.

 λ1λ2λ3 = 8.
7. If λ1,λ2,… λn are eigen values of an n x n matrix A then show that

λ13, λ23… λn3 are eigen values of A3.
Solution:
Let λ be eigen value of A and let X be eigen vector of A
Then AX = λ X
 A2X = AλX
= λ (AX)
= λ (λX)
= λ2X
 A2 = λ
Similarly,
A3X = λ3X
A3 = λ3
 λ3 is an eigen value of A3.
2 2 1
  1
8. Two eigen values of A=  1 3 1  are equal and are times to the third. Find them.
1 2 2 5
 
Solution:
1
Given λ1 = λ2 = λ3
5
λ1 + λ2 + λ3 = 7
1 1
λ3 + λ3 + λ3 = 7
5 5
7
λ3 = 7
5
 λ3 = 5
 λ1 = λ2 = 1
Page |4
 2 3 1
9. Find the eigen value of   corresponding to eigen vector  
 0 4  0
Solution:
 2 3
Let A=  
 0 4
Let λ be eigen value of A
1
Let X=   be eigen vector of A.
 0
We know | A- λI|X = 0
2   3  1
   = 0
 0 4  0
 2–λ=0
 λ = 2.
 The eigen value corresponding to eigen vector is 2.
1 2
10. Prove that the eigen values of (-3A-1) are the same as those of A=  
2 1
Solution:
λ1 + λ2 = 2
We know product of eigen values=│A│.
λ1λ2 = -3.
From the above we get λ1 = -1,3 and corresponding λ2 =3,-1
1
 The eigen values of A-1 are -1 ,
3
The eigen values of 3A-1 are -1 ,3
 The eigen values of (-3A-1) are the same as those of A.
 1  2
11. Find the eigen values of matrix   hence form the matrix whose eigen
 5 4 
1
values are and -1.
6
Solution:
 1  2
Let A=  
 5 4 
Page |5
The characteristic equation is A-λI = 0
1   2 
 = 0
 5 4   
i.e. λ2 - 5λ – 6 = 0
 λ = -1 or 6
 The eigen values are -1 and 6.Now the matrix whose eigen values are
the reciprocals of A is given by A-1.
AdjA
Now, A-1=
A
1 2
│A│=
5 4
 4 2
Adj A=  
5 1
1  4 2
 A-1 = -  
6  5 1 
1 2 3 
 
12. Find the eigen values of A2 given A=  0 2  7  .Also find A3, A-1, 2A2.
0 0 3 
 
Solution:
We know the eigen values of a triangular matrix are just the diagonal elements.
Here given matrix is a upper triangular matrix
 eigen values of A are 1,2,3.
We know that if λ1, λ2, …λn are eigen values of a matrix A
then 1m , m2 ,...mn are eigen values of Am.
 eigen values of A2 are 1,4,9.
 eigen values of A3 are 1,8,27.
We know that if λ1, λ2, …λn are eigen values of A then k λ1, kλ2, …kλn
are eigen values of KA
 eigen values of 2A2 are 2(1), 2(4), 2(9).

Page |6
 3  1
13. If  and  are eigen values of   form the matrix whose eigen values are  3 and
  1 5 
 3.
Solution:
We know that if λ1, λ2, …λn are eigen values of a matrix A then
λ1m, λ2m …λnm are eigen values of Am.
 3  1
Let A=   ,  ,  be eigen values of the given matrix A.
 1 5 
 10  8 
A2=  
  8 26 
 38  50 
A3=  
  50 138 
 38  50 
Hence the resulting matrix is  
  50 138 
14. If sum of 2 eigen values and trace of 3 x 3 matrix are equal find |A|.
Solution:
Let λ1, λ2, λ3 be eigen values of matrix A.
Given sum of 2 eigen values = trace of 3 x 3 matrix A
i.e. λ1 + λ2 = sum of eigen values of 3 x 3 matrix A
λ1 + λ2 = λ1 + λ2 + λ3
λ3 = 0.
We know product of eigen values = |A|
λ1 λ2 λ3=|A|
 |A| = 0.
15. Form the matrix whose eigen values are  -5,  -5,   5 where  ,  ,  are eigen values of
  1  2  3
 
A=  4 5  6 .
 7 8 9 
 
Solution:
We know that if λ1, λ2, …λn are eigen values of a matrix A, then
λ1-k, λ2-k…λn-k are eigen values of A - KI .
Page |7
  6  2  3
 
Hence the matrix A - 5I =  4 0  6
 7 8 4 
 
16. Define orthogonal matrix.

Solution:
A square matrix A is said to be an orthogonal matrix if AA’=A’A=I or
AAT =ATA=I.
17. If A is an orthogonal matrix Show that A-1 is also orthogonal

Solution:
Let A be orthogonal matrix
i.e. AT = A-1
Let AT = A-1 = B
BT = (A-1)T = (AT)-1
=B-1
Therefore B is orthogonal.
i.e. A-1 is an orthogonal matrix.
18. Prove that the product of 2 orthogonal matrices is an orthogonal matrix.

Solution:
Let A be an nth order orthogonal matrix.
 AA’ = A’A = I
Let B be an nth order orthogonal matrix.
BB’ = B’B = I
Now (AB) (AB)’ = AB B’A’
= AIA’
= AA’
=I
Now (AB)’ (AB) = B’A’AB
= B’IB
= B’B
=I
Since (AB) (AB)’ = (AB)’ (AB) = I.
AB is orthogonal matrix.
Page |8
 1  2
19. Show that the matrix   satisfies its own characteristic equation and Solution:
2 1 
 1  2
Let A=  
2 1 
The characteristic equation of the given matrix is |A-λI|=0
i.e. λ2 - S1λ + S2 = 0; Where S1= 2;S2 = 5
 The characteristic equation is λ2 - 2λ + 5 = 0
To Prove A2 - 2A + 5I = 0
 3  4 1  2 1 0
A2 - 2A + 5I =   -2   +5  
 4  3   2 1  0 1 
0 0 
= 
0 0 
Therefore the given matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.
1 2  3
 
20. If A=  0 3 2  , then find the eigen values of 3A3 + 5A2 - 6A + 2I.
0 0  2
 
Solution:
Given is a upper triangular matrix
 The eigen values of A are 1,3,-2
Let the eigen values of 3A3 + 5A2 - 6A + 2I be k1, k2, k3.
When λ =1,
k1 = 3(1)3+5(1)2-6(1)+2=4
When λ = 3,
k2 =110
When λ = 1,
k3 =10.
The required eigen values are 4, 110, 10.
21. Define the Characteristic Root and Characteristic Equation of a Matrix

Let A be a square matrix of order n and  be any scalar. Then the equation | A   I | 0 is
called characteristic equation of A with degree n. The roots of this equation are called characteristic
roots or latent roots or eigen values of A .
Page |9
Let A be a square matrix. If there exists a non zero column vector X and a scalar  such that
AX   X , then X is called the eigen vector corresponding to the eigen value .
22. Write any two prpperties of eigen values
1. Sum of the eigen values of a square matrix A is the sum of diagonal elements of A .
2. Product of eigen values of a square matrix A is the value of determinant of A .
 cos  sin  
23. Show that the matrix A    is orthogonal.
  sin  cos  
 cos  sin    cos   sin  

Solution: A  AT     
  sin  cos    sin  cos  
 cos 2   sin 2   cos  sin   sin  cos  

 
  sin  cos   cos  sin  sin 2   cos 2  
1 0
 
0 1
= I Hence A is orthogonal
1
24. If A is an orthogonal matrix, prove that is also an eigen value of A

Solution: Since A is an orthogonal matrix, AT  A1 …..(1)

1
Let  be the eigen value of A .  is an eigen value of A1

1
From (1), is an eigen value of AT .

1
Since A and AT have the same eigen value, is an eigen value of A .

3 1 4
 
25. If A   0 2 6  , what are the eigen values of A2
0 0 5
 
Solution:
Since A is an upper triangular matrix, the eigen values of A are the diagonal elements, say 3, 2, 5.
P a g e | 10
 the eigen values of A2 are 32 , 22 ,52 i.e. 9, 4, 25
 a 4
26. Find a and b such that the matrix   has 3 and 2 as its eigen values.
1 b
Solution: By property of eigen values,
1  2  a  b and 1 2  ab  4
3 2  a b 6  ab  4
a  b 1 ab  2
(a  b)2  (a  b)2  4ab  1  8  9
a  b  3
Solving a  b  1 and a  b  3 , we get a  2, b  1
27. If the sum of two eigen values and trace of a 3  3 matrix A are equal, find |A|.
Solution: Given 1  2 = 1  2  3
3  0
 1  2  3  | A |
i.e. | A |  0
1  2 4
28. If A1    , find the eigen values of A.
24  2 8 
Adj ( A) 1  2 4
Solution: We know that A1  . Given that A1   
| A| 24  2 8 
 2 4
Comparing these two, we have Adj ( A)   
 2 8 
 8 4 
Hence A   
2 2 
8 4
The characteristic equation is 0
2 2
(8   )(2   )  8  0
 2  10  24  0
P a g e | 11
(  6)(  4)  0
 the eigen values of A are   4,6 .
 7 4 4 
 
29. One of the eigen value of A   4 8 1  is 9 . Find the other two eigen values.
 4 1 8 
 
Solution: Let 1 , 2 , 3 are the eigen values of A.
Then 1  2  3  sum of diagonal elements of A = 9
9  2  3  9
2   3 ……..(1)
Also 1 2 3  | A |  7(64  1)  4(32  4)  4(4  32)  441
23 441
  49
1 9
32   49
3  7
 2  7, 3   7
1 0 0
 
30. Find the eigen values of A if A   2 3 0 
3
 4 5 6
 
Solution: Since A is a lower triangular matrix, the eigen values are the diagonal
elements. i.e.   1,3,6
 the eigen values of A3 are 13 , 33 , 63.
 1 1 3
 
31. Find the sum and product of eigen values of the matrix A   1 5 1 
3 1 1
 
without actually finding the eigen values.
Solution: By a property, sum of all eigen values of A = Trace of A

= 1+5+1
= 7
Product of eigen value = | A |
P a g e | 12
1 1 3
= 1 5 1
3 1 1
= 1 ( 5  1 ) 1 ( 1  3 ) + 3 ( 1  15 )
= 4 + 2  42
=  36
 1 1 3
 
32. One of the eigen values of A   1 5 1  is 6. Find the other two eigen values.
3 1 1
 
Solution: Let x, y, 6 are the eigen values of A .

By properties of eigen values, x  y  6  1  5  1 and 6 xy | A |
i.e., x  y  1 .....(1) and xy  6 .....(2)
6 6
From (2), y   . Using this in (1), we get x   1
x x
x2  x  6  0
( x  2)( x  3)  0
x  2,3
 the other two eigen values are 2, 3.
 0 1 1
 
33. If 1 and 2 are the eigen values of  1 0 1  , find the value of ‘a’.
 a 1 0
 
Solution: We know that, Sum of eigen values = sum of diagonal elements of the matrix
1  2  3  0  0  0
1  2  3  0
3  1
Product of the eigen value = determinant value of the matrix
0 1 1
1  2  3  1 0 1
a 1 0
(1)  (2)  (1)  1(0  a)  1(1  0)

2  a 1
a 1
P a g e | 13
 4 1 
34. .Find the eigen values of 2A  I if the the matrix A   
 3 2 
4   1
Solution: The characteristic equation is 0
3 2  
 2  6  5  0
(  1)(  5)  0
 the eigen values of A are   1,  5 and hence the eigen values of 2A are 2,  10
The eigen values of the identity matrix I are 1, 1
 the eigen values of 2AI are 21, 101 i.e. 3, 11
35. State cayley Hamilton Theorem

Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.
36. If 2, 3 are eigen values of a square matrix A of order 2, express A2 in terms of A and I.
Solution:
Since 2, 3 are the eigen values, the characteristic equation is of the form
(  2)(  3)  0
 2  5  6  0
 By Caley Hamilton theorem, A2  5 A  6I  0 .  A2  5 A  6I
 0 2
37. Verify Caley Hamilton Theorem for A   .
 4 0
Solution: The characteristic equation of A is | A   I | 0
0 2
0
4 0
2  8  0
 By Caley Hamilton Theorem, A2  8I  0
 0 2  0 2 8 0
A2  A  A      
 4 0  4 0 0 8
P a g e | 14
8 0 1 0
A2  8I     8 
0 8 0 1
0 0
 
0 0
Hence the theorem is verified
38. Determine the nature of the quadratic form x 2 + 3 y 2 + 6 z 2 + 2 x y + 2 y z + 4 x z without

reducing into canonical form.
 1 1 2 
 
Solution: Let the matrix of the quadratic form be A =  1 3 1 
 2 1 6 
 
Now, D 1 = | 1 | = 1 > 0
1 1
D 2=
1 3
=3–1
=2>0
1 1 2
D 3= 1 3 1
2 1 6
= 1 ( 18 – 1 ) – 1 ( 6 – 2 ) + 2 ( 1 – 6 )
= 17 – 4 + 2 ( - 5 )
= 13 – 10 = 3 > 0
Since all D 1 , D 2 , D 3 are positive, the given quadratic form is positive definite.
39. Expalin the nature of quadratic form

i. Positive definite if all the eigen values of A are positive
ii. Positive semi definite if all the eigen values of A 0 and at least one eigen value is zero
iii. Negative definite if all the eigen values of A are negative
iv. Negative semi definite if all the eigen values of A  0 and at least one eigen value is zero
v. Indefinite if A has positive as well as negative eigen values.
40. Find the index and signature of the quadratic form x12  2 x22  3x32
Solution: Rank of the quadratic form r  3

Index of the quadratic form p  2
Signature of the quadratic form s  2 p  r  1
P a g e | 15
PART B
5 0 1
 
1. Find all the eigen values and eigen vectors of A   0 2 0  .
1 0 5
 
i.e.  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0 where
S1  sum of diagonal values of A  5  2  5  8

S2  sum of minors of leading diagonal of A
2 0 5 1 5 0
    10  24  10  4
0 5 1 5 0 2
S3 | A | 5(10)  1(2)  48
  3  8 2  4  48  0
By inspection   2 is a root. By synthetic division, we have
 2  10  24  0
(  6)(  4)  0
  4,6
 The eigen values of A are   2, 4,6
 x
 
Consider the equation ( A   I ) X  0 where X   y 
z
 
(5   ) x  0 y  z  0
0 x  (2   ) y  0 z  0
x  0 y  (5   ) z  0
Case (i): When   2 , the simultaneous equations ( A   I ) X  0 becomes
7x  z  0
(0) y  0
x  7z  0
x y z x y z
Solving first and third equation, we get   i.e.  
0 48 0 0 1 0
P a g e | 16
0
 
 the eigen vector is X 1   1 
0
 
Case (ii): When   4 , the simultaneous equations ( A   I ) X  0 becomes
xz 0
y0
xz 0
x y z
Solving first and second equation, we get  
1 0 1
1
 
 1
 
Case (iii): When   6 , the simultaneous equations ( A   I ) X  0 becomes
x  z  0
8y  0
xz 0
x y z x y z
Solving first and second equation, we get   i.e.  
8 0 8 1 0 1
1
 
1
 
 1 0 0 
 
2. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix  0 3 -1 
 0 -1 3 

Solution : The characteristic equation of A is given by A- I =0
1- 0 0
0 3- -1 =0
0 -1 3-
 1-    3-   3-  -1  - 0 + 0 = 0
 1-   9 - 3  - 3  +  2
- 1  = 0
 1-   8 - 6  +  2
 = 0
 1-    - 2    - 4  =0
Hence the eigen values are  = 1 , 2 , 4 .
P a g e | 17
 x 
 
Now consider the system of equations  A- I  X = 0 where X =  y 
 z 
 
(1-)x=0
(3-)y–z=0
–y+(3-)z=0
Case 1 : When  = 1 the simultaneous equations  A- I  X=0 becomes
(0)x=0
2y–z=0
–y+2z=0
x y z x y z
Solving second and third equations, we have = = i.e. = =
4+1 0-0 0-0 1 0 0
 1 
 
 The eigen vector is X1 =  0 
 0 
 
Case 2: When  = 2 the simultaneous equations  A- I  X=0 becomes
x=0
y–z=0
–y+z=0
 0 
 
Take y = 1 . Then z = 1.  The eigen vector is X 2 =  1 
 1 
 
-3x=0
y–z=0
–y–z=0
 0 
 
Take y = 1 . Then z =  1.  The eigen vector is X 3 =  1 
 -1 
 
 6 2 2 
 
3. Find all the eigen values and eigen vectors of A   2 3 1 .
 2 1 3 
 
P a g e | 18
i.e.  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0 where
S1  sum of diagonal values of A  6  3  3  12

3 1 6 2 6 2
    8  14  14  36
1 3 2 3 2 3
S3 | A | 6(9  1)  2(6  2)  2(2  6)  48  8  8  32
  3  12 2  36  32  0
By inspection   2 is a root. By synthetic division, we have
 2  10  16  0
(  2)(  8)  0
  2,8
 The eigen values of A are   8, 2, 2
 x
 
z
 
(6   ) x  2 y  2 z  0
2 x  (3   ) y  z  0
2 x  y  (3   ) z  0
Case (i): When   8 , the simultaneous equations ( A   I ) X  0 becomes
2 x  2 y  2 z  0
2 x  5 y  z  0
2 x  y  5z  0
x y z x y z
12 6 6 2 1 1
P a g e | 19
2
 
 the eigen vector is X 1   1
1
 
4x  2 y  2z  0
2 x  y  z  0
2x  y  z  0
All the three equations are identical and same as to 2 x  y  z  0

 two unknowns may be treated as parameters. Taking x  1, y  2 , we get z  0
Also taking x  3, y  4, we get z  2
1  3
   
 two independent eigen vectors corresponding to   2 are X 2   2  , X 3   4 
0  2 
   
1 1 3
 
4. Verify Caley Hamilton Theorem for A   1 3 3  . Also find
 2 4 4 
 
adj( A ) and A1 .
i.e.  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0 where
S1  sum of diagonal values of A  1  3  4  0

3 3 1 3 1 1
    24  2  2  20
4 4 2 4 1 3
S3 | A | 1(12  12)  1(4  6)  3(4  6)  24  10  6  8
  3  20  8  0
P a g e | 20
 By Caley Hamilton theorem, we have to prove A3  20 A  8I  0 ……….(1)
 1 1 3   1 1 3   4 8 12 
     
A   1 3 3    1 3 3  =  10 22 6 
2
 2 4 4   2 4 4   2 2 22 
     
A3  A2  A
 4 8 12   1 1 3   12 20 60 
     
  10 22 6    1 3 3  =  20 52 60 
 2 2 22   2 4 4   40 80 88 
     
 12 20 60  1 1 3 1 0 0
     
A  20 A  8I   20 52 60   20  1 3 3   8  0 1 0 
3
 40 80 88   2 4 4  0 0 1

     
 12 20 60   20 20 60   8 0 0 

     
  20 52 60    20 60 60    0 8 0 
 40 80 88   40 80 80   0 0 8 
     
0 0 0
 
 0 0 0
0 0 0
 
Hence the theorem is verified.
From (1), Adj A   A2  20I
 4 8 12   20 0 0   24 8 12 
     
  10 22 6    0 20 0  =  10 2 6 
 2 2 22   0 0 20   2 2 2 
     
Pre multiply (1) by A1 , we get A2  20I  8 A1  0
1
A1  ( A2  20 I )
8
P a g e | 21
 1 0 -2 
  1 4
5. Verify Cayley Hamilton theorem for A =  2 2 4  and hence find A & A
 0 0 2 
 
Solution: The characteristic equation of A is given by A- I =0
1- 0 -2
2 2- 4 =0
0 0 2-
 1-    2-   2-  -0  - 0 - 2 0-0  =0

 1-   4 - 2  - 2  +  2
 - 0 -0 = 0
 1-   4 - 4  +  2
 = 0
4-4 + 2
-4 +4 2
- 3
=0
- 3
+5 2
-8 +4=0
 3 -5 2
+8 -4=0
By Caley Hamilton Theorem we have to prove A 3 - 5 A 2 + 8 A - 4 I = 0 ……..(1)
Now, A 2 = A . A
 1 0 -2   1 0 -2 
   
= 2 2 4   2 2 4 
 0 0 2   0 0 2 
   
 1 0 -6 
 
=  6 4 12 
 0 0 4 
 
Now, A 3 = A 2 . A
 1 0 -6   1 0 -2 
   
=  6 4 12   2 2 4 
 0 0 4   0 0 2 
   
 1 0 - 14 
 
=  14 8 28 
 0 0 8 
 
Now, A 3 - 5 A 2 + 8 A - 4 I
P a g e | 22
 1 0 - 14   1 0 -6   1 0 -2   1 0 0 
       
=  14 8 28  -5  6 4 12  +8  2 2 4  -4  0 1 0 
 0 0 8   0 0 4   0 0 2   0 0 1 
       
 1 0 - 14   5 0 - 30   8 0 - 16   4 0 0 
       
=  14 8 28  -  30 20 60  +  16 16 32 - 0 4 0 
 0 0 8   0 0 20   0 0 16   0 0 4 
       
 0 0 0 
 
= 0 0 0 
 0 0 
 0
Hence the Cayley Hamilton theorem is verified.

Now, pre multiplying ( 1 ) by A– 1 on both sides, we have
A 2 - 5 A + 8 I - 4 A -1 = 0
A -1 =
1
4
A 2
-5A+8I 
  1 0 -6   1 0 -2   1 0 0  
1        
=  6 4 12  -5  2 2 4  +8  0 1 0  
4     0 0 2   0 0 1  
  0 0 4      
  1 0 -6   5 0 - 10   8 0 0  
1        
=  6 4 12  -  10 10 20 +  0 8 0  
4     0 0 10   0 0 8  
  0 0 4      
 4 0 4 
1  
= -4 2 -8
4  

 0 0 2 
Now, pre multiplying ( 1 ) by A on both sides, we have
A 4 -5A3 +8A 2 -4A=0
A4 =5A3 -8A2 +4A
 1 0 - 14   1 0 -6   1 0 -2 
     
= 5  14 8 28  -8  6 4 12  +4  2 2 4 
 0 0 8   0 0 4   0 0 2 
     
 5 0 - 70   8 0 - 48   4 0 -8 
     
=  70 40 140  -  48 32 96  +  8 8 16 
 0 0 40   0 0 32   0 0 8 
     
 1 0 - 30 
 
=  30 16 60 
 0 0 16 

P a g e | 23
6. Use cayley Hamilton theorem to find the value of the matrix given by (i)
2 1 1 
A8  5 A7  7 A6  3 A5  A4  5 A3  8 A2  2 A  I if the matrix A   0 1 0 
1 1 2 
Solution:
The characteristic equation of A is | A   I | 0
i.e.  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0 where

1 0 2 1 2 1
    2  3 2  7
1 2 1 2 0 1
S3 | A | 2(2  0)  1(0  0)  1(0  1)  4  1  3
  3  5 2  7  3  0
By Caley Hamilton Theorem we have to prove A 3 - 5 A 2 + 7 A -3 I = 0 ………..(1)
Let f(A) = A8  5 A7  7 A6  3 A5  A4  5 A3  8 A2  2 A  I
 8  5 7  7 6  3 5   4  5 3  8 2  2  1
 8  5 7  7 6  3 5
 4  5 3  8 2  2
 4  5 3  7 2  3
 2   1
f(A) = ( A 3 - 5 A 2 + 7 A -3 I ) ( A5  A)  A2  A  I
= 0 + A2  A  I ……………… (2)
A 2= A . A
P a g e | 24
 2 1 1   2 1 1 
   
= 0 1 0   0 1 0 
 1 1 2   1 1 2 
   
 5 4 4 
 
= 0 1 0 
 4 4 2 
 
 5 4 4   2 1 1  1 0 0 
     
f(A) =  0 1 0 + 0 1 0  + 0 1 0 
 4 4 2   1 1 2  0 0 1 
   
8 5 5 
= 0 3 0 
5 5 8 
 3 1 1 
 
7. Diagonalise A   1 5 1 by orthogonal reduction and hence find A2 .
 1 1 3 
 
i.e.  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0 where

5 1 3 1 3 1
    14  8  14  36
1 3 1 3 1 5
S3 | A | 3(15  1)  1(3  1)  1(1  5)  42  2  4  36
  3  11 2  36  36  0
 2  9  18  0
P a g e | 25
(  3)(  6)  0
  3,6
 The eigen values of A are   2,3,6
 x
 
z
 
(3   ) x  y  z  0
 x  (5   ) y  z  0
x  y  (3   ) z  0
x yz 0
x  3y  z  0
x yz 0
x y z x y z
2 0 2 1 0 1
 1
 
1
 
y  z  0
x  2 y  z  0
x y 0
x y z
Solving first and third equation, we get  
1 1 1
1
 
 the eigen vector is X 2  1
1
 
3x  y  z  0
x  y  z  0
x  y  3z  0
x y z x y z
2 4 2 1 2 1
P a g e | 26
1
 
 the eigen vector is X 3   2 
1
 
Now X1 , X 2 , X 3 are pairwise orthogonal.
 1 1 1 
 
Consider the modal matrix M   0 1 2 
1 1 1
 
 1 1 1 
 
 2 3 6 
 1 2 
Then the normalized modal matrix N   0  
 3 6
 1 1 1 
 
 2 3 6 
The required orthogonal transformation that diagonalises A is N T AN  D
 1 1 1   2 3 6 
   
 2 3 6   2 3 6 
 3 1 1 
 2   12 
A  N   1 5 1   0
1 3
  =  0  
 1 1 3   3 6  3 6
   1 1 1   2 3 6 
   
 2 3 6   2 3 6 
 1 1   2 3 6 
 0   
 2 2  2 3 6 
 1 1 1   3 12 
NT  A N      0  
 3 3 3  3 6
 1 2 1   2 3 6 
    
 6 6 6  2 3 6 
 2 0 0
 
 0 3 0
0 0 6
 
 D(2,3,6)
We know that A2  N D2 N T
P a g e | 27
 1 1 1   1 1 
   0 
 2 3 6   2 2
4 0 0 
 1 2     1 1 1 
 0    0 9 0    
 3 6  0 0 36   3 3 3
 1 1 1     1 2 1 
    
 2 3 6   6 6 6
 4 9 36   1 1 
   0 
 2 3 6   2 2
 9 72   1 1 1 
  0     
 3 6  3 3 3
 4 9 36   1 2 1 
    
 2 3 6   6 6 6
 11 9 7 
 
  9 27 9 
 7 9 11
 
 2 0 4
 
8. Diagonalise the matrix A   0 6 0  by orthogonal reduction.
 4 0 2
 
i.e.  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0 where

6 0 2 4 2 0
    12  12  12  12
0 2 4 2 0 6
S3 | A | 2(12)  4(24)  24  96  72
  3  10 2  12  72  0
By inspection   2 is a root. By synthetic division, we have

P a g e | 28
 2  12  36  0
(  6)2  0
  6,6
 The eigen values of A are   2,6,6
 x
 
z
 
(2   ) x  4 z  0
(6   ) y  0
4 x  (2   ) z  0
Case (i): When   2 , the simultaneous equations ( A   I ) X  0 becomes

4x  4z  0
8y  0
4x  4z  0
x y z x y z
32 0 32 1 0 1
1
 
 1
 
4 x  4 z  0
(0) y  0
4x  4z  0
1
i.e. we have only one equation x  z  0 . Solving we get X 2   0 
1
 
a
 
Case (iii): Let X 3   b  be the third eigen vector corresponding to   6 such that
c
 
X 2 . X 3T  0 and X1 . X 3T  0
 a  c  0 and a  c  0
P a g e | 29
a b c a b c
Solving the equations, we get   i.e.  
0 2 0 0 1 0
0
 
 the third eigen vector is X 3   1 
0
 
 1 1 0
 
Consider the modal matrix M   0 0 1 
 1 1 0 
 
 1 1 
 0
 2 2 
Then the normalized modal matrix N   0 0 1
 1 1 
 0 

 2 2 
The required orthogonal transformation that diagonalises A is N T AN  D

 1 1   2 6 
 2 0 4  2
0  0
 2   2 2 
A  N   0 6 0    0 0 1 =  0 0 6
 4 0 2  1   2 
   1 
0  6
0 
 
 2 2   2 2 
 1 1 
 0    2 6 
 2 2  0
 2 2 
 1 1 
N  A N  
T
0    0 0 6
 2 2   2 6 
 0   0 
0 1 
   2 2 
 
 2 0 0 
 
  0 6 0
 0 0 6
 
 D(  2,6,6)
 2 2 1 
 
9. Diagonalize the matrix A =  1 3 1  by orthogonal transformation.
 1 2 2 
 
P a g e | 30
Solution : The characteristic equation of A is given by A- I =0
2- 2 1
1 3- 1 =0
1 2 2-
 2-    3-   2-  -2  - 2   2 -   - 1  +1[2-(3- )]=0
 2-   6 - 3  - 2  +  2
- 2  - 2  1-  +  2-3+  =0
 2-   4 - 5  +  2
 - 2 + 2  - 1 +  = 0
8 - 10  + 2  2
-4 +5 2
- 3
-3+3 =0
- 3
+7 2
- 11  + 5 = 0
 3 -7 2
+ 11  - 5 = 0
By inspection, we have   1 is a root. Now, by synthetic division, we have

1 - 7 11  5
1
0 1 6 5
1 -6 5 0
 2
-6 +5=0
(-1)(-5)=0
=1,=5
Hence the eigen values are  = 1 , 1 , 5 .
 x 
 
Now consider the system of equations  A- I  X=0 where X =  y 
 z 
 
(2)x+2y+z=0
x+(3)y+z=0
x+2y+(2)z=0
Case 1 : When   1 the simultaneous equations ( A   I ) X  0 becomes

x+2y+z=0
x+2y+z=0
x+2y+z=0
Since all the equations are equal, we may assume x = 1 , y = 1.  we get z =  3 .
P a g e | 31
 1 
 
 -3 
 
x + 2 y + z = 0.
Also consider x + y – 3 z = 0 { since this eigen vector is orthogonal to X1 }
Solving these equations by cross multiplication rule , we have
x y z x y z x y z
= = i.e. = = i.e. = =
-6-1 1+3 1-2 -7 4 -1 7 -4 1
 7 
 
 The eigen vector is X2 =  - 4 
 1 
 
3x+2y+z=0
x-2y+z=0
x+2y–3z=0
Solving the first two equations by cross multiplication rule , we have
x y z x y z x y z
= = i.e. = = i.e. = =
-2-2 -1-3 -6+2 -4 -4 -4 1 1 1
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 7 1
 
 the Modal matrix is M   1 4 1
 3 1 1
 
 1 7 1 
 
 11 66 3 
 1 -4 1 
Now, the normalized modal matrix is given by N =  
 11 66 3 
 -3 1 1 
 
 11 66 3 
Consider the transformation D = N TA N
P a g e | 32
 1 1 -3   1 7 1 
   
 11 11 11   11 66 3 
 2 2 1 
 7 -4 1     1 -4 1 
=    1 3 1   
 66 66 66   1 2 2   11 66 3 
 1 1 1     -3 1 1 
   
 3 3 3   11 66 3 
 -1 -4   1 7 1 
 0   
 11 11   11 66 3 
 11 4 5   1 -4 1 
=   
 66 66 66   11 66 3 
 4 7 4   -3 1 1 
   
 3 3 3   11 66 3 
 -2 0 0 
 
= 0 3 0 
 0 0 6 
 
10. Reduce the quadratic form 2 xy  2 yz  2 xz to canonical form by orthogonal reduction. Also
find its nature.
 x
 
Solution: Given quadratic form can be expressed as X AX .....(1) where X   y 
T
z
 
0 1 1
 
and the matrix of the quadratic form is A   1 0 1 
1 1 0
 
i.e.  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0 where
S1  sum of diagonal values of A  0

0 1 0 1 0 1
    1  1  1  3
1 0 1 0 1 0
S3 | A | 1(0  1)  1(1  0)  1  1  2
  3  3  2  0
 2  2  1  0
(  1)2  0
P a g e | 33
   1,  1
 The eigen values of A are   2,  1,  1
 x
 
z
 
(0   ) x  y  z  0
x  (0   ) y  z  0
x  y  (0   ) z  0
2 x  y  z  0
x  2y  z  0
x  y  2z  0
x y z x y z
3 3 3 1 1 1
 1
 
 the eigen vector is X 1   1
 1
 
Case (ii): When   1, the simultaneous equations ( A   I ) X  0 becomes
x yz 0
x yz 0
x yz 0
i.e. we have only one equation x  y  z  0.
1
 
Taking x  1, z  0 we get y  1 . Hence X 2   1
0
 
a
 
Case (iii): Let X 3   b  be the third eigen vector corresponding to   1 such that
c
 
X 2 . X 3T  0 and X1 . X 3T  0
 a  b  0 and a  b  c  0
P a g e | 34
1
a b c a b c  
Solving, we get   i.e.   and hence X3   1 
1 1 2 1 1 2  2 
 
1 1 1 
 
Consider the modal matrix M  1 1 1 
1 0 2 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 3 2 6 
 1 1 1 
Then the normalized modal matrix N    
 3 2 6 
 1 2 
 0  
 3 6
Now N is orthogonal matrix and hence N 1  N T

 y1 
 
Consider the orthogonal transformation X  NY .....(2) where Y   y2 
y 
 3
 1 1 1   2 1 1 
     
3 2 6   3 2 6
0 1 1 
   1 1 1   2 1 1 
Consider A  N   1 0 1      =   
1 1 0  3 2 6   3 2 6
   1 2   2 2 
 0    0 
 3 6  3 6 
 1 1 1   2 1 1 
     
 3 3 3   3 2 6
 1 1   2 1 1 
NT  A N    0     
 2 2   3 2 6
 1 1 1   2 2 
    0 
 6 6 6  3 6 
2 0 0 
 
  0 1 0 
 0 0 1
 
P a g e | 35
Substitute (2) in (1) , we get
X T AX  ( NY )T A( NY )
 Y T ( N T AN ) Y
 Y T ( D) Y {by diagonalisation}
2 0 0   y1 
   
 ( y1 y2 y3 )  0 1 0   y2 
 0 0 1 y 
   3
 2y12  y22  y32
Since the sign of the eigen values are positive and negative, the given quadratic form is
indefinite in nature.
11. Reduce the quadratic form 10 x2  2 y 2  5z 2 6 yz  10 xz  4 xy to canonical form by orthogonal

reduction. Also find its nature.
 x
 
Solution: Given quadratic form can be expressed as X AX .....(1) where X   y 
T
z
 
 10 2 5 
 
and the matrix of the quadratic form is A   2 2 3 
 5 3 5 
 
i.e.  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0 where
S1  sum of diagonal values of A 10  2  5  17

10 2 10 5 2 3
    16  25  1  42
2 2 5 5 3 5
P a g e | 36
S3 | A | 10(10  9)  2(10  15)  5(6  10)  10  10  20  0
  3  17 2  42  0
 ( 2  17  42)  0
 (  3)(  14)  0
 The eigen values of A are   0, 3, 14
 x
 
z
 
(10   ) x  2 y  5 z  0
2 x  (2   ) y  3z  0
5 x  3 y  (5   ) z  0
10 x  2 y  5 z  0
2 x  2 y  3z  0
5 x  3 y  5 z  0
x y z x y z
4 20 16 1 5 4
1
 
 the eigen vector is X 1   5 
 4
 
7 x  2 y  5z  0
2 x  y  3z  0
5 x  3 y  2 z  0
x y z x y z
11 11 11 1 1 1
1
 
Hence X 2  1
1
 
P a g e | 37
4 x  2 y  5 z  0
2 x  12 y  3z  0
5 x  3 y  9 z  0
x y z x y z
66 22 44 3 1 2
 3 
 
Hence X 3   1 
2
 
 1 1 3 
 
Consider the modal matrix M   5 1 1 
4 1 2
 
 1 1 3 
  
 42 3 14 
 5 1 1 
Then the normalized modal matrix N    
 42 3 14 
 4 1 2 
 
 42 3 14 
Now N is orthogonal matrix and hence N 1  N T

 y1 
 
Consider the orthogonal transformation X  NY .....(2) where Y   y2 
y 
 3
 1 1 3   3 42 
   0  
42 3 14  3 14 
 10 2 5   
   5 1 1   3 14 
Now A  N   2 2 3      = 0 
 5 3 5   42 3 14   3 14 
   4 1 2   3 28 
  0 
 42 3 14   3 14 
P a g e | 38
 1 5 4   3 42 
   0  
 42 42 42   3 14 
 1 1 1   3 14 
N  A N  
T
  0 
 3 3 3   3 14 
 3 1 2   3 28 
  0 
 14 14 14   3 14 
0 0 0 
 
 0 3 0 
 0 0 14 
 
Substitute (2) in (1) , we get
X T AX  ( NY )T A( NY )
 Y T ( N T AN ) Y
 Y T ( D) Y {by diagonalisation}
0 0 0   y1 
   
 ( y1 y2 y3 )  0 3 0   y2 
 0 0 14  y 
   3
 0 y12  3 y22  14 y32
Since the sign of the eigen values are positive and zero, the given quadratic form is positive
semi definite in nature.
12. Reduce the quadratic form x 2 + 5 y 2

+z 2
+ 2 x y + 2 y z + 6 x z to the canonical form by
orthogonal reduction and find the orthogonal transformation. Also discuss its nature.
 1 1 3 
 
Solution : The matrix form of the quadratic form is given by A =  1 5 1 
 3 1 1 
 
Then the characteristic equation of A is given by A- I =0
P a g e | 39
1- 1 3
1 5- 1 =0
3 1 1-
 1-    5-   1-  -1  - 1  1  1 -   - 3  +3[1-3(5- )]=0
 1-  5 - 5 -  +  2 - 1 - - 2 -   + 3  1 - 15+3  = 0

 1-   4 - 6  +  2
 +  + 2 + 3  - 14 + 3   = 0
4-6 + 2
-4 +6 2
- 3
+  + 2 - 42 + 9  = 0
- 3
+7 2
- 36 = 0
 3 -7 2
+ 36 = 0
By inspection, we have  = 3 is a root. Now, by synthetic division, we have
1 -7 0 36
3
0 3  12  36
1 -4 - 12 0
 2
- 4  - 12 = 0
(-6)(+2)=0
=6,=2
Hence the eigen values are  = 3 , 6 , - 2 .
 x 
 
Now consider the system of equations  A- I  X=0 where X =  y 
 z 
 
(1- ) x + y + 3 z = 0
x+(5-)y+z=0
3x+y+(1-)z=0
2x+y+3z=0
x+2y+z=0
3x+y–2z=0
x y z x y z x y z
= = i.e. = = i.e. = =
1- 6 3+2 -4 - 1 -5 5 -5 1 -1 1
P a g e | 40
 1 
 
 The eigen vector is X1 =  - 1 
 1 
 
Case 2 : When  = 6 the simultaneous equations  A- I  X=0 becomes
5x+y+3z=0
xy+z=0
3x+y–5z=0
x y z x y z x y z
= = i.e = = i.e. = =
1+3 3+5 5-1 4 8 4 1 2 1
 1 
 
 1 
 
Case 3 : When  = 2 the simultaneous equations  A- I  X=0 becomes
3x+y+3z=0
x+7y+z=0
3x+y+3z=0
x y z x y z x y z
= = i.e. = = i.e. = =
1 - 21 3 - 3 21 - 1 - 20 0 20 1 0 -1
 1 
 
 -1 
 
1 1 1
 
 the modal matrix is given by M   1 2 0 
 1 1 1
 
 1 1 1 
 
 3 6 2 
 -1 2 
Now, the normalized modal matrix is given by N =  0 
 3 6 
 1 1 -1 
 
 3 6 2 
Consider the transformation
D = N TA N
P a g e | 41
 1 -1 1   1 1 1 
   
 3 3 3   3 6 2 
 1 1 3 
 1 2 1     -1 2 
=    1 5 1   0 
 6 6 6   3 1 1   3 6 
   1 -1 
 1 -1  1
 0   
 2 2   3 6 2 
 3 -3 3   1 1 1 
   
 3 3 3  3 6 2 
 6 12 6   -1 2 
=   0 
 6 6 6  3 6 
 -2 2   1 1 -1 
 0   
 2 2  3 6 2 
 3 0 0 
 
= 0 6 0 
 0 0 -2 
 
 y1 
 
Consider the orthogonal transformation X  NY where Y =  y 2 
 y 
 3 
Then the canonical form of the given quadratic form is given by
Q  X T AX
 ( NY )T A( NY )
 Y T N T ANY
 Y T ( N T AN ) Y
 Y T ( D) Y
 3 0 0   y1 
   
=  y1 y2 y3   0 6 0   y2 
 0 0 -2   y 
   3 
2 2 2
= 3y1 +6y 2 -2y 3
2 2 2
Hence the required canonical form of the quadratic form is given by Q = 3 y 1 + 6 y 2 - 2 y 3
Now, the orthogonal transformation is X = N Y
 1 1 1 
 
3 6 2 
 x    y1 
   -1 2   
 y = 0   y2 
 z   3 6   y 
   1 1 -1   3 
 
 3 6 2 
P a g e | 42
1 1 1
x= y1 + y2 + y3
3 6 2
-1 2
y= y1 + y2
3 6
1 1 1
z= y1 + y2 - y3
3 6 2
1 1 3
Now, | A | = 1 5 1
3 1 1
=1  5 - 1  - 1  1 - 3  + 3  1 - 15 
= 1 ( 4 ) - ( - 2 ) + 3 ( - 14 )
= 4 + 2 – 42
= - 36  0
Therefore, the rank of the quadratic form r = 3
Index = number of positive terms = p = 2
Number of variables n = 3.
Therefore, r = n , but p  0 and r  p.
Hence the quadratic form is indefinite. Signature s = 2 p – r = 4 – 3 = 1
P a g e | 43
UNIT 2
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
PART A
1. Define D’ Alembert’s Ratio test
2. Define Comparison test
3. Define Absolute and conditional convergence
4. Define alternating series

P a g e | 44
6. Define Bounded sequence

A Sequence is said to be Bounded if it is Bounded above and Bounded Below.
7. Define unbounded sequence

A Sequence which is not bounded is called as Unbounded Sequence.
8. State nth root test or Cauchy’s Criterion
Define r as follows:
where "lim sup" denotes the limit superior (possibly ∞; if the limit exists)
If r < 1, then the series converges. If r > 1, then the series diverges. If r = 1, the root test is
inconclusive, and the series may converge or diverge
9. State Integral test
The series can be compared to an integral to establish convergence or divergence. Let
be a non-negative and monotone decreasing function
such that . If
then the series converges. But if the integral diverges, then the series does so as well.
In other words, the series converges iff the integral converges.
10. Define Leibnitz test

This is also known as the Leibniz criterion. If a n is a series whose terms alternate
from positive to negative, and if the limit as n approaches infinity of is zero and the absolute
value of each term is less than the absolute value of the previous term, then a n is convergent.
P a g e | 45
PART B
P a g e | 46
P a g e | 47
6. Test the convergence of the series

1 1 1
1   
2 3 4
Solution:
1 1 1
Given u n  1
2

3

4
 -------------------------- (i)
1 1 1
Consider v n  1   
2 3 4
-------------------------- (ii)
1 1 1 1
= p
 p  p  p  where p = 1
1 2 3 4
= a ( p – series)
= divergent
From (i) and (ii)
u1  1 v1  1
1 1
u2  v2 
2 2
1 1
u3  v3 
3 3
1 1
u4  v4 
4 4
1 1
u5  v5 
5 5
1 1
u6  v6 
6 6
--------- ---------
Here un  vn , for all values of n.

By the comparison test
 v is divergent.
n
  u is also divergent.
n
Hence
1 1 1
1         is divergent
2 3 4
P a g e | 48
P a g e | 49
P a g e | 50
P a g e | 51
1
The nth term of the series is un 
n(n  1)
Here the Ratio test do not work.
So, we use the Integral test to check for its convergence.
The condition for Integral test is
. Let be a non-negative and monotone decreasing function
such that . If
P a g e | 52
then the series converges.

P a g e | 53
P a g e | 54
P a g e | 55
P a g e | 56
UNIT 3
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
PART A
1. Define Circle of curvature of a curve

The circle of curvature of a curve is a circle with center at centre of curvature and radius as
radius of curvature. Therefore, the equation of circle of curvature is ( x -  ) 2 + ( y – β ) 2 =  2.
2. What is the radius of curvature at (3,4) on the curve x 2  y 2  25?

Solution: Radius of curvature at any point on a circle is the radius itself.
 Radius of curvature = 5
3. Find the curvature of x2  y 2  4 x  6 y  1  0

Solution:
Given curve is a circle with 2u = 4, 2v = 6, d = 1
 u = 2, v = 3
 the radius r  u 2  v 2  d = 4  9  1 = 14
1 1
 curvature  
r 14
4. Write the formula for the radius of curvature.
Solution:
3
(1  y )
2 2
dy d2y
ρ  1
, where y1 = & y2 = 2
y2 dx dx
5. Write the formula for centre of curvature.

Solution:
X =x–
1  y  y 2
1
1
y2
Y=y+
1  y 2
1
y2
6. Write the equation of the circle of curvature
Solution:
( x - x )² +( y - y )² =ρ²
P a g e | 57
7. Find the radius of curvature at (x, y) for the curve a² y = x³ - a³.

Solution:
Given a² y = x³ - a³.
Diff . w. r . to x
dy
a² + 0 =3x²
dx
dy
 a² = 3x²
dx
dy 3x 2
 = 2
dx a
Again diff .w. r. to x
d2y 6x
=
dx 2 a2
 The radius of curvature is
3
ρ=
1  y 
2
1
2
y2
3
 3x 2  2
 1  ( )
 a2 
=
6x
a2
3
ρ=
 a4  9 x4  2
6a 4 x
8. For the curve x² = 2c (y-c) find radius of curvature at (0, c).

Solution:
Given curve is x² = 2c (y –c )
Diff .w. r .to x
x² = 2cy -2c²
dy
2x = 2c
dx
dy x
 =
dx c
dy
(0, c) = 0
dx
Again diff .w. r. to x
P a g e | 58
d2y 1
=
dx 2 c
d2y 1
2
(0 ,c ) =
dx c
3
ρ=
1  y  2
1
2
= c.
y2
9. Find the curvature at x = 0, on y = ex.

Solution:
Given y = ex
Diff . w .r . to x
y′ = ex
At x = 0,
y′ = e0 = 1
y″ = ex
At x =0,
y″ = e0 = 1
1 y' ' 1
Curvature = = =
 3
1  y '2 2
2 2
 x
10. Find the radius of curvature at any point on y = c log sec   .
c
Solution:
 x
Given y = c log sec   .
c
Diff w. r. to x
dy  x
= tan  
dx c
d2y  x 1
= sec²    
dx 2 c c
3
 2  x 
2
1  tan  c  
3
ρ=
1  y  2
1
2
= 
 
y2 1 2 x
sec  
c c
P a g e | 59
3
 2  x 2
 sec  c  
 
=  c
2  x
sec  
c
 x
= c sec  
c
1
11. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y = mx +
m
Solution:
1
Given y = mx +
m
 my = m²x + 1
 m²x – my + 1 = 0
This is quadratic in the parameter m and the envelope is B² -4AC = 0
Here A = x , B = - y , C = 1.
 y² - 4x = 0
12. Find the envelope of x coxα + y sinα = 1 where α is the parameter.

Solution:
Given x cosα + y sinα = 1 → (1)
p.diff .w. r .to x
-x sinα + y cosα =0 → (2)
Adding (1)² +(2)² 
(x cosα + y sinα )² + ( y cosα – x sinα)² = 1
 x² cos²α + y² sin²α + 2xy sinα cosα + y² cos²α + x² sin²α - 2xy sinα cosα = 1
 x² ( sin²α + cos²α ) +y² ( sin²α + cos²α ) = 1
 x² + y² = 1
13 Find the radius of curvature at (c, c) on xy = c²

Solution:
Given xy = c²
Diff .w .r . to x
dy
x. +y=0
dx
dy y
 =-
dx x
P a g e | 60
dy
 at (c, c ) = -1
dx
Again diff w. r .to x
 dy 
2 x   y
= -  2
d y dx
2
dx x
d2y 2
2
at ( c, c) =
dx c
3
ρ =
1  y12  2
y2
3
1  1 2
=
2
c
=c 2
 x
14. Find the radius of curvature of the curve y = a cosh   at any point on it
a
Solution:
 x
Given y = a cosh  
a
 x 1  x
y1 = a sinh   . = sinh  
a a a
 x 1
y2 = cosh  
a a
3
ρ =
1  y 
2
1
2
y2
3
 2 x
2
1  sinh 
= 
a
1  x
  cosh  
a a
3
 2  x 
2
 cosh  
 a 
=  .a
 x
cosh  
a
= a y2.
P a g e | 61
15. Find the envelope of y  mx  a 2 m2  b2 where m is a parameter

Solution:
y  mx  a 2 m2  b2
y – mx = a 2 m2  b 2
Squaring on both side
( y – mx )² = ( a²m² + b² )
 y²+ m²x² - 2xym = a²m² + b²
 y²+ m²x² - 2xym - a²m² + b² = 0
 ( x² - a²) m² - 2xym + ( y² – b²) = 0
This is quadratic in m with
A = x² - a ² , B = -2xy , C = y² - b²
 B² -4AC =0
4x²y² - 4( x ²– a²) ( y² – b² ) = 0
 4x²y² - 4 [x²y ²– x² b ²– a² y ²+ a² b² ] = 0
 x²y² – [ x² y ²– x² b² – a²y ²+ a ²b²] = 0
 b² x² + a²y ² = a ²b²
x2 y 2
   1.
a 2 b2
16. Find the Curvature of x² + y² - 4x – 6y +10 = 0.

Solution:
Given Curve is a Circle with radius.
r = 4  9  10  3
But ,
1
Curvature of a circle at any point = .
radius of the circle
1
=
r
1
=
3
1
 Curvature = .
3
P a g e | 62
17. What is the radius of curvature at (4,3) on the Curve x² + y² = 25.

Solution:
The Curve is a Circle of radius 5. Radius of curvature is same at all points and equals to
radius of the circle.
∴ Radius of curvature ρ = 5
18. What is the curvature of a circle of radius ‘3’?

Solution:
Radius of the Circle = 3
1 1
Curvature of a circle = =
radius of the circle 3
19. Find the radius of the curves of y  e x at the points where the curve cuts the
y – axis.
Solution:
Given y  e x .
The curve cuts the y-axis (i.e) x = 0
 y  e0 =1
 The points is (0, 1).
3
  dy  2  2
1    
  dx  
 = 
d2 y
dx 2
 y  e x , Diff.w.r.to x ,we get
dy  dy 
 ex ,    e0  1
dx  dx at (0,1)
Again Diff.w.r.to x ,we get
 d2 y   d2 y 
 2 e ,  e0  1
x
 2
 dx   dx at (0,1)
3
(1  1) 2 3
 = 2 2
2 2
1
P a g e | 63
20. Find the envelope of ( x   )2  y 2  4 where  is the parameter.

Solution:
Given ( x   )2  y 2  4
x 2   2  2 x  y 2  4  0
  2   (2 x  4)  x 2  y 2  0
It is a quadratic equation in 
B2 – 4AC = 0
Here A = 1, B = (2 x  4) , C = x2  y 2
 (2 x  4) 2  4(1)( x 2  y 2 )  0
 4 x 2  16  16 x  4 x 2  4 y 2  0
 16  16 x  4 y 2  0
 4 y 2  16  16 x
 y2  4  4x  y 2  4(1  x)
This is the envelope of the family of the curves.
21. Define evolute and involute.

Solution:
The locus of the centre of curvature of the given curve is called the evolute of curve.
The given curve is caller the involute of its evolute.
x y
22. Find the envelope of the family of the lines cos  sin   1 where  is the parameter.
a b
Solution:
x y
Given cos  sin   1 ------------(1)
a b
Partially diff.w.r.to  in equation(1), we get
x y
 sin   cos  0 ---------(2)
a b
Adding (1)2 + (2)2, we get
2 2
x y   x y 
 cos  sin      sin   cos   (1)  0
2 2
 a b   a b 
x2 y2 2 xy x2 y2 2 xy
2
cos 2
  2
sin 2
  cos  sin   2
sin 2
  2
cos2   cos sin   1
a b ab a b ab
P a g e | 64
x2 y2
 2
(cos 2
  sin 2
 )  2
(cos 2   sin 2  )  1
a b
2 2
x y
 2  2 1 [ cos 2   sin 2   1]
a b
23. Find the radius of curvature to the curve x 4 + y 4 = 2 at the point ( 1 , 1 )

Solution :
Let x 4 + y 4 = 2 ………………………( 1 )
Differentiating ( 1 ) w.r. to x , we get
 dy 
4 x 3+ 4 y 3  d x = 0
 
 dy 
 4 y 3  d x = - 4 x 3
 
dy -4x3 -x 3
 dx =
4 y 3 = y 3 ………………………..( 2 )
-1 3
Hence y 1 at ( 1 , 1 ) = 1 3 = - 1
Differentiating ( 2 ) w.r.to x , we get

 3  d y 
 y  3x  -x  3y 
2 3 2
 
 d x 
y 2=  
 y6 
 
-3x 2 y3 +3x 3 y2 y1
= y6
-3(1) 2 (1) 3 +3(1) 3 (1) 2 (-1)

Hence y 2 at ( 1 , 1 ) = (1)6
-3-3
= 1 = - 6.
3
 1 + y 21  2
Now, the radius of curvature is  = y2

3 3 3 1
 1 + ( - 1 ) 
2 2
 1+1  2
22 22
= -6 = -6 = -6 = -3
Since the radius of curvature is always positive , we have the radius of curvature is
2
= 3
P a g e | 65
24. Find the envelope of the family of curves x cos θ + y sin θ = a where  is the parameter.
Solution: Let x cos θ + y sin θ = a …………… ( 1 )
Differentiating ( 1 ) w. r. to  , we get - x sin θ + y cos θ = 0 …………..(2)
Squaring and adding ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) , we have
( x cos θ + y sin θ )2 + ( - x sin θ + y cos θ )2 = a 2  0
 x 2 cos2 θ + y2 sin 2 θ + 2xy sin cos θ + x 2 sin 2 θ + y2 cos2 θ - 2xy sin θ cos θ = a 2
 x 2  cos 2
θ + sin 2
θ  + y  sin
2 2
θ + cos 2
θ  =a 2
 x 2
+ y 2 = a2
This is the required envelope.
P a g e | 66
PART B
 1 1 
1. Find the radius of curvature to the curve x+ y = 1 at the point  , 
 4 4 
Solution: Let x+ y =1
1 1
x 2
+y 2
= 1 ………………………( 1 )
1  1
-1   1  1
-1  dy 
x + y  = 0
2 2
2    2   dx 
 1   1  2  dy 
1 1

 x +   = 0
2
y
 2   2   dx 
 1  2  dy   1 
1 1

 y  = -  x
2
 2   dx   2 
  2
1
1
 x
  2 
y 1=
  2
1
1
 y
 2 
1
2
y
y 1=  1 ………………………..( 2 )
2
x
1
1 2
- 
4
Hence y 1 at 
1 1 
, = 1 = - 1
 4 4   2
1
 
4

 1    dy  
2 
1 
1 1 1 1
-1 -1
 x 2
  y
2
   - y  x
2 
 2    dx   2  
y 2=   2 
  12  
 x  
   
 1
1   2   d y 
1
2 
1
1  
1

 x 2
   y    - y  x
2

 2    d x   2  
=  x 
 
 
P a g e | 67
 1

1 1

1

 1  2  1  1  2
        1  2  1  1 
- 1  -      
2
1 1     4   2  4   4   2  4  
Hence y2 at  , =  1 
 4 4     
 4 
 
 1  1    
 - 2 -  2    -1 
      
=    =  = 4.
 1    1 
      4  
4
3
 1 + y 21  2
Now, the radius of curvature is  =

y2
3 3 3
 1 + ( - 1 ) 2  2
 1+1  2
2 2
1
= 4 = 4 = 2 2 = 1
2
2
1
Therefore, the radius of curvature is  = 2
 x 
2. Find the radius of curvature to the catenary y = c cosh   at any point on it.
 c 
 x 
Solution: Let y = c cosh   ……………………( 1 )
 c 
dy  1   x 
=c   sinh  
dx  c   c 
 x 
 y 1 = sinh   ……………………..( 2 )
 c 
 1   x 
y 2=   cosh   ………………..( 3 )
 c   c 
3
 1 + y 21  2

3
   x  
22 3
 1 +  sinh    2  x  2

   c     1 + sinh 


c  
=  1  = c 
 x   x 
  cosh   cosh  
 c   c   c 
P a g e | 68
3
 2  x  2  x 
 cosh  c  cosh 3  
    c  c cosh 2  x 
=c = c  
 x   x  =  c 
cosh   cosh  
 c   c 
2
  x 
 c cosh  
2  x 
2 2
c   c  y
= c cosh  = = c
 c  c
2
y
Therefore, the radius of curvature is  = c
 3a 3a 
3. Find the radius of curvature for the curve x3  y3  3axy at  , 
 2 2 
Solution: Given x3  y3  3axy
dy  dy 
Differentiate w.r.t x, 3x 2  3 y 2  3a  x  y 
dx  dx 
dy 2
( y  ax)  ay  x 2 …………(1)
dx
dy ay  x 2

dx y 2  ax
3a 2 9a 2

 3a 3a  dy
At  ,  ,  22 2  1
 2 2  dx 9 a

3a2
2 2
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. x,
dy  dy  d2y dy
 2 y  a   ( y 2
 ax )  a  2 x ………..(2)
dx  dx  dx 2
dx
 3a 3a   3a   9a 3a  d y
2 2 2
3a
At  ,  , equation (2) becomes   2  a      2  a  2
 2 2   2   4 2  dx 2
3a 2 d 2 y
4a   4a
4 dx 2
d2 y 32
2

dx 3a
3
 1 + y 21  2
 = y2
P a g e | 69

1  1 2
 32 
 
 3a 
2 2 3a

32
3a

8 2
4. Find the radius of curvature of x y = c 2 at x = c.
Solution: Let x y = c 2 ………………. ( 1 )
Then x = c  c y = c 2
 y = c.
Now, Differentiating ( 1 ) w.r. to x , we get
 dy 
x  +y(1)=0
 dx 
 xy1 +y=0
 xy1 =-y
-y
 y1 = ……………..( 2 )
x
-c
 y 1 at ( c , c ) = =-1
c
  dy  
- x  -y(1) 
 dx 
y2 =  
x2
-  xy1 -y
 y2 = 2
x
y-xy1
 y2 =
x2
c-c(-1) c+c 2c 2
 y 2 at ( c , c ) = = = 2=
c2 c2 c c
2
 y 2 at ( c , c ) = …………….. ( 3 )
c
3
 1 + y 21  2

P a g e | 70
3
 1+  -1   2 2
 1 + 1  2 = 
   c  3
c  32 3
-1
= 2  
2
= 2 = c 2
 2     2 
 
 c 
3- 2 1
2
= c2
2
= c2
Therefore, the radius of curvature is  = c 2

2
5. Show that the radius of curvature at any point on the cardioid r=a(1  cos ) is 3 2ar .
Solution : Let r = a ( 1  cos  ) ………… ( 1 )

Diffrentiating w.r. to , we get
r = a ( 0 + sin  ) = a sin  ,
r = a cos 
3 3
r 2
 r 2  2   r 2  a 2 sin 2   2
3
=  a 2 (1  cos  )2  a 2 sin 2   2
3
=  a 2  a 2 cos2   2a 2 cos   a 2 sin 2   2
 3

=  2a 2 (1  cos  ) 2 
 
r 2  2r 2  r r  r 2  2a2 sin 2   ar cos
 a2  a2 cos2   2a2 cos  2a2 sin 2   a2 cos  a 2 cos2  { using (1) }
 3a 2  3a 2 cos 
 3a 2 (1  cos  )

= 6a 2 cos 2
2

r 2
+ r2 2
r2 - r r + 2 r2
3 3
2 2 a 3 (1  cos  ) 2

3a 2 (1  cos  )
2
= a 2 1  cos 
3
P a g e | 71
2
 2ar
3
6. Find the radius of curvature of the curve x = a (  - sin  ), y = a ( 1 – cos  ).

Solution:
Let x = a (  - sin  ) , y = a ( 1 – cos  ) ………………… ( 1 )
Then x = a ( 1 - cos θ ) and y = a  0 - ( - sin θ )  = a sin θ
x = a ( 0 + sin θ ) = a sin θ and y = a cos θ

3
 x 2 + y 2  2
xy-yx
3
  a ( 1 - cos θ )  2 + ( a sin θ ) 2  2
=
a ( 1 - cos θ ) ( a cos θ ) - a sin θ ( a sin θ )
3
 a ( 1 - cos θ ) + a sin θ 
2 2 2 2 2
= 2
a ( 1 - cos θ ) cos θ - sin 2 θ 
3
 a  ( 1 - cos θ ) + sin θ  
2 2 2 2
= 2 
a ( 1 - cos θ ) cos θ - sin θ 
2
3
a 3  1 + cos 2 θ - 2 cos θ + sin 2 θ  2
=
a 2 cos θ - cos 2 θ - sin 2 θ 
3
a  1 + 1 - 2 cos θ 2
=
cos θ -  cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ  
 
3
- a  2  1 - cos θ   2
=
1 - cos θ
3
- a2 2  1 - cos θ  2
=
1 - cos θ
= - a2 2  1 - cos θ 
 θ
= - a2 2 1 - cos 2   
  2  

 θ
= - a2 2 2 sin 2   
  2  

P a g e | 72
θ
= - 4 a sin  
2
7. Find the radius of curvature of the curve x = et cos t , y = et sin t at ( 1 , 0 )

Solution
Let x = et cos t , y = et sin t
Differentiating w.r. to t , we get
x = et ( - sin t ) + cos t e  t t
, y = e ( cos t ) +sin t e 
t
 x = et ( - sin t + cos t ) , y = et ( cos t +sin t )
Differentiating w.r. to t , we get

x = et ( - cos t  sin t ) + ( - sin t  cos t ) et ,
y = et ( - sin t  cos t ) + ( sin t  cos t ) et
x = et ( - cos t  sin t - sin t  cos t ) , y = et ( - sin t  cos t + sin t  cos t )
x = et (  2sin t ) , y = et ( 2cos t )
Now, At ( 1 , 0 ) , 1 = et cos t , 0 = et sin t

0 e t sin t
 = = tan t  t = 0
1 e t cos t
0
Therefore, x = e ( - sin 0 + cos 0 ) = 1 ( 0 + 1 ) = 1
y = e0 ( cos 0 +sin 0 ) = 1 ( 1 + 0 ) = 1
x = e0 (  2sin 0 ) = 1 ( 0 ) = 0
y = e0 ( 2cos 0 ) = 1 ( 2 ) = 2
3
 x 2 + y 2  2
xy-yx
3 3
=
 1 2 + 1 2  2
=
 2 2 = 2
1(2)-1(0) 2
8. Show that if  is the radius of curvature at P on the parabola y 2  4ax
and S is the focus then 2 varies as (SP)3

Solution: The parametric equations of the parabola y 2  4ax are x  at 2 , y  2at .
dx dy
Then  2at ,  2a
dt dt
dy
dy 1
  dt 
dx dx t
dt
P a g e | 73
d 2 y d  dy  d  1  dt 1 1 1
      2 
dx 2
dx  dx  dt  t  dx t 2at 2at 3
3
  dy  
2 2
1+   

  d x  
 = d2 y
dx2
3
 1 2
 1  2  (2at 3 )
 t 
3
 2a(1  t 2 ) 2
3
 x 2
 2a 1  
 a
3
2
 ( x  a) 2
a
Now the distance between s(a,0) and p(x,y) is
SP = ( x  a) 2  y 2
 ( x  a)2  4ax
 ( x  a)2
4
 2  ( x  a )3
a
4
 ( SP)3
a
ax
9. Show that for y  the radius of curvature at (x,y) is related as
ax
2
 2  3 x
2
y2
   
 a  y2 x2
ax
Solution: Given y  …………(1)
ax
dy (a  x)a  ax
Differentiating w.r.t. x, 
dx (a  x) 2
a2
 ……….(2)
(a  x) 2
P a g e | 74
dy y 2
Using (1) in (2), we get 
dx x 2
d2y a 2 2(a  x)
Differentiating (2) w.r.t. x,  
dx 2 (a  x) 4
2a 2

( a  x )3
2 y3
 { using (1) }
a x3
3
  dy  
2 2
1+   

  d x  
 = d2 y
dx2
3
 y  ax3
4 2
  1  4  3
 x  2y
3
 
2 2
a  y 4  x3  3 
  1  4  3 
2  x  y  
 
3
a  x2 y 2  2
  2  2
2y x 
3
2  x2 y 2  2
  2  2 
a y x 
2
 2  3  x y2 
2
    2  
 a  y x2 
10. Find  at any point of the asteroid x  a cos3  , y  a sin3 

Solution:
Given x  a cos3  , y  a sin3 
dx dy
 3a cos 2  sin  ,  3a sin 2  cos 
d d
dy 3a sin 2  cos 
 =  tan 
dx 3a cos 2  sin 
P a g e | 75
d 2 y d  dy  d d 1 1
   ( tan  ) =  sec2  
dx 2
dx  dx  d dx 3a cos  sin  3a cos  sin 
2 4
3
  dy  
2 2
1+   

  d x  
 = d2 y
dx2
3
 (1  tan 2  ) 2 (3a sin  cos 4  )
3
 (sec2  ) 2 (3a sin  cos 4  )
 (3a sin  cos )
11. Find the radius of curvature at the point  on x  3a cos  a cos3 ,
y  3a sin   a sin 3
Solution:
Given x  3a cos  a cos3 and y  3a sin   a sin 3
dx dy
 3a sin  3a sin 3 ,  3a cos   3a cos 3
d d
dy 3a cos   3a cos 3

dx 3a sin   3a sin 3
dy cos   cos 3

dx  sin   sin 3
dy 2sin 2 sin 

dx 2cos 2 sin 
 tan 2
d 2 y d  dy  d d
   (tan 2 )
dx 2
dx  dx  d dx
2sec 2 2
=
3a sin   3a sin 3
2 sec2 2
=
3a 2cos 2 sin 
1 sec3 2
=
3a sin 
P a g e | 76
3
  dy  
2 2
1+   
  d x  
 = d2 y
dx2
3
3a sin 
 (1  tan 2 2 ) 2
sec3 2
= 3a sin
12. Find the radius of curvature given by x3  2 x2  3xy 2  4 y 2  5x 2  6 xy  7 y 2  8 y  0 at (0,0)
Solution:
Let f(x,y) = x3  2 x2  3xy 2  4 y 2  5x 2  6 xy  7 y 2  8 y At (0,0)
f x = 3x2  4 xy  3 y 2  10 x  6 y fx = 0
f y = 2 x2  6 xy  12 y 2  6 x  14 y  8 f y = -8
f xx = 6x - 4y +10 f xx = 10
f xy = -4x + 6y – 6 f xy = -6
f yy = 6x - 24y + 14 f yy =14

f x
2
 f y2  2
f xx f y2  2 f xy f x f y  f yy f x2
[0  (8) 2 ]3/2
=
(10)( 8) 2  2( 6)(0)( 8)  (14)(0)
(82 )3/2 (8)3

= 
(10)(8) (10)(8)
4
=
5
13. Find the radius of curvature of the curve given by x3  2 x2  3xy 2  5x2  7 y 2  6 x  0 at (0,0)
Solution:
Let f(x,y) = x3  2 x2  3xy 2  5x2  7 y 2  6 x  0 At (0,0)
f x = 3x2  3 y 2  10 x  6 f x = -6
P a g e | 77
f y = 6 xy  14 y fy = 0
f xx = 6x + 10 f xx = 10
f xy = + 6y f xy = 0
f yy = 6x + 14 f yy =14

 f x2  f y2  2
f xx f y2  2 f xy f x f y  f yy f x2
[(6) 2  (0) 2 ]3/2

=
(10)(0) 2  2(0)(6)(0)  (14)( 6)
(62 )3/2 (6)3

= 
(14)(62 ) (14)(62 )
3
=
7
14. Find the equation of circle of curvature of the parabola y 2  12 x at (3,6).
Solution: Given y 2  12 x
dy
Differentiating w.r.t. x, 2 y  12
dx
dy 6

dx y
d2 y 6 dy
Again differentiating, 2
 2
dx y dx
dy d2 y 1
At (3,1),  1 and 2

dx dx 6
3
  dy  
2 2
1+    3
  d x   22
 = d2 y

1
 12 2 (in magnitude)

dx2 6
y1 1
 =x-  1 + y 12   3  (1  1)  15
y2  1
 
 6
P a g e | 78
1
 =y+  1 + y 12   6  (6)(1  1)   6
y2
 the circle of curvature is  x  15  ( y  6)2  (12 2)2

2
 3a 3a 
15. Determine the circle of curvature of x3  y3  3axy at the point  , 
 2 2 
Solution: Given x3  y3  3axy ………….(1)
dy  dy 
Differentiating w.r.t x, 3x 2  3 y 2  3a  x  y  ……………(2)
dx  dx 
dy
( y 2  ax)  ay  x 2
dx
dy ay  x 2

dx y 2  ax
 d2 y dy 
2
d2 y  dy 
Differentiating (2) w.r.t. x, 2 x  y 2  2 y    a x 2 2 
 dx 
2
dx  dx dx 
2
dy  dy 
2a  2x  2 y  
d2y dx  dx 

dx 2 y  ax
2
3a 2 9a 2

 3a 3a  dy 2 4  1 d2 y 32
At  ,  ,  2 and 
 
2
2 2 dx 9 a 3a2 dx 3a

4 2
3
  dy  
2 2
1+   

  d x    3a  3a 2
3
 =  (1  1)   
2
d2 y  32  16
dx2
y1 3a 3a 21
 =x-  1 + y 12    (1  1) 
y2 2 32 16
1 3a 3a 21a
 =y+  1 + y 12    (1  1) 
y2 2 32 16
2
21a   3a 2 
2 2
 21a  
 the circle of curvature is  x    y    
 16   16   16 
P a g e | 79
16. Find the centre of curvature and evolute of the curve x 2 = 4 a y .
Solution: Let x 2 = 4 a y ………………… ( 1 )
The parametric form of ( 1 ) is given by
x = 2at , y = a t2 ………………. ( 2 )
dx dy
Then = 2 a and =2at
dt dt
 dy 
d y  dt

 = 2 at = t ………..(3)
Therefore, y 1 = =
dx  dx  2a
 
 dt 
d2 y d dt  1 
y 2= = (t) =   ……….(4)
 2a 
2
dx dt dx
Now, the centre of curvature is (  ,  ) where
y1
Now,  = x -  1 + y 12 
y2
t
= 2a t -  1 + t 2 
 1 
 
 2a 
= 2a t - 2at - 2at 3
= - 2at 3
………(5)
1
Now,  = y +  1 + y 12 
y2 
= a t 2 + 2a  1 + t 2 
= 3 a t 2 +2a ……………(6)
Therefore, the centre of curvature is  3at 2

+2a,- 2at 3

3 
Now, ( 5 ) t =-
2a
2
 t 6
= ……….(7)
4a 2
P a g e | 80
2   2a
Now, ( 6 ) t =
3a
  -2a 
3
t 6
= …………(8)
27a 3
From ( 7 ) and ( 8 ) , we have
 - 2 a
3
2
2

4a 27 a 3
27 a  2  4  - 2 a
3
27 a x 2  4  y - 2 a
3
Therefore, the locus of centre of curvature is
This is the required evolute.

x2 y2
17. Find the centre of curvature and evolute of the curve + = 1.
a2 b2
Solution:
x2 y2
Let + = 1 ………………… ( 1 )
a2 b2
x = a cos  , y = b sin  ………………. ( 2 )
dx dy
Then = a ( - sin θ ) and = b ( cos θ )
dθ dθ
 dy 
d y  d

 = b cos  = - b cot θ
Therefore, y 1 = =
dx  dx  - a sin  a
 
 d 
dy -b
 y 1= = cot θ …………………. ( 3 )
dx a
y 2=
d2y
dx 2
=
-b
a
 - cosec 2
θ  dd xθ
b cosec 2
θ  1 
 y 2=  
a  - a sin θ 
-b  1 
 y 2=  
a sin θ  sin θ 
2 2
-b
 y 2= …………….. ( 4 )
a sin 3 θ
2
P a g e | 81
Now, the centre of curvature is (  ,  ) where

y1 1
 =x-  1 + y 12  ,  = y +  1 + y 12 
y2 y2 
y1
Now,  = x -  1 + y 12 
y2
 - b cos θ 
 
a sin θ    - b cos θ  
2
= a cos θ - 
1+   
 -b    a sin θ  
 2 
 a sin θ 
3
 b cos θ   a sin θ   b 2 cos 2 θ 

2 3
= a cos θ -      1 +
 a sin θ   b   a 2 sin 2 θ 
 a 2 sin 2 θ + b 2 cos 2 θ 
= a cos θ -  cos θ   a sin 2
θ   a 2 sin 2 θ 
 
 a 2 sin 2
θ + b 2 cos 2 θ 
= a cos θ -  cos θ   
 a 
a 2 cos θ - a 2 cos θ sin 2 θ - b 2 cos 3 θ

=
a
=
a 2 cos θ - a 2 cos θ  1 - cos 2
θ +b 2
co s 3 θ
a
a 2 cos θ - a 2 cos θ + a 2 cos 3 θ - b 2 cos 3
θ
=
a
a 2 cos 3 θ - b 2 cos 3 θ  a 2 - b 2

 cos θ
3
= =
a  a 
 a 2 -b 2

=   cos θ …………………. ( 5 )
3
 a 
1
Now,  = y +  1 + y 12 
y2
1   - b cos θ 
2

= b sin θ + 1+   
 -b    a sin θ  
 2 
 a sin θ 
3
 a 2 sin 3 θ   b 2 cos 2 θ 
= b sin θ -    1 +
 b   a 2 sin 2 θ 
 a 2 sin 3 θ   a 2 sin 2 θ + b 2 cos 2 θ 

= b sin θ -    
 b   a 2 sin 2 θ 
P a g e | 82
 a 2 sin 2
θ + b 2 cos 2 θ 
= b sin θ -  sin θ   
 b 
b 2 sin θ - a 2 sin 3 θ - b 2 sin θ cos 2 θ

=
b
=
b 2 sin θ - a 2 sin 3 θ - b 2 sin θ  1 - sin 2
θ 
b
b 2 sin θ - a 2 sin 3 θ - b 2 sin θ + b 2 sin 3
θ
=
b
- a 2 sin 3 θ + b 2 sin 3 θ
=
a
 a 2 -b 2

=   sin θ
3
 b 
 a 2 -b 2

=    sin θ …………………. ( 6 )
3
 b 
Therefore, the centre of curvature is
  a 2 -b 2
  a 2 -b 2
 
   cos 3
θ ,    sin θ 
3
  a   b  
 a 2 -b 2

Now, ( 5 )   =   cos θ
3
 a 
aα
 cos 3 θ = 2 2
a -b
1
 aα 3
 cos θ =  2 
 a -b 
2
2
 aα 3
 cos 2 θ =  2 
 a -b 
2
2
 aα 3
 cos θ =2
2
……………. ( 7 )
a 2
-b 2
 3
 a 2 -b 2

Now, ( 6 )   = -   sin θ
3
 b 
-b
 sin 3 θ =
a 2 -b 2
1
 -b 3
 sin θ =  2 
 a -b 
2
P a g e | 83
2
 -b 3
 sin θ =  2
2

 a -b 
2
 sin 2 θ =
 b 3 ……………. ( 8 )
2
a 2
-b 2
 3
We know that cos 2  + sin 2  = 1

2 2

 a 3 +
 b 3 =1
2 2
a 2
-b 2
 3
a 2
-b 2
 3
2 2

 a 3 +  b 3 =1
2
a 2
-b 2
 3
 
2 2
  a 3 +  b 3 = a 2 -b 2 3
Therefore, the locus of centre of curvature is

2
a 
2 2
 ax  3 +  by 3 = 2
-b 2 3
This is the required evolute.
`18. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y = m x + a 2 m2 +b 2

where m is the
parameter.
Solution :
Let y = m x + a 2 m2 +b 2
……………….. ( 1 )
 y-mx= a 2 m2 +b 2
  y-mx 
2
=a 2 m2 +b 2
 y2 + m 2 x 2 -2 ymx = a 2 m 2 + b 2
 y2 + m 2 x 2 -2 ymx -a 2 m 2 -b 2 = 0
 m2 x 2
-a 2
 -2ymx+  y 2
-b 2  = 0 ……….. ( 2 )
Clearly this is the quadratic equation in the parameter m and A = x2 –a2, B = 2xy and C = y2 – b 2
Therefore, the envelope is given by
B 2– 4 A C = 0
  -2xy 
2
-4 x 2
-a 2  y 2
-b 2  =0
 4x2 y 2 -4 x 2
y2 - x 2 b 2 - a 2 y2 - a 2 b 2  =0
P a g e | 84
 x2 y 2 - x 2
y2 -x 2
b 2 - a 2 y2 + a 2 b 2  =0
 x2 y 2 - x 2 y2 + x 2 b 2 + a 2 y2 - a 2 b 2 = 0
 x 2 b 2 + a 2 y2 = a 2 b 2
x2b2 a 2 y2
 + =1
a2b2 a2b2
x2 y2
 + =1
a2 b2
.
19. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines x cos  + y sin  = a sec  where  is the
parameter.
Solution :
Let x cos  + y sin  = a sec  ……………….. ( 1 )
a
 x cos  + y sin  =
cos 
cos  sin  a
 x +y =
cos  cos  cos 2 
 x + y tan  = a sec 2 
 x + y tan  = a  1 + tan 2
 
 x + y tan  = a + a tan 2 
 a t 2 - y t + a - x = 0 ……….. ( 2 ) where t = tan 
Clearly this is the quadratic equation in the parameter t = tan  and A = a , B = - y and C = a – x .
Therefore, the envelope is given by
B 2– 4 A C = 0
  -y   a-x  =0
2
-4a
 y2 -4 a  a-x  =0
 y2 = 4 a  a-x 
x y
20. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines + = 1 where the parameters
a b
a and b connected by the relations
(i) a + b = c, c is a constant.
P a g e | 85
(ii) a2 + b2 = c2 , c is a constant.
(iii) an + bn = cn , c is a constant.
(iv) ab = c2 , c is a constant.
Solution:
x y
(i) Given + = 1 ………(1)
a b
Assume that ‘b’ be a function of ‘a’
x y db
Differentiate (1) w.r.t ‘a’, we get  2
 2 0
a b da
db xb 2
  2 ………..(2)
da a y
Also given that a + b = c ………..(3)
db
Differentiating (3) w.r.t. ‘a’, we get 1  0
da
db
 1 ………..(4)
da
xb 2
Equating (3) and (4) 1
a2 y
x y
2
 2
a b
x y x y

a  b  a b 1
a b ab c
x 1 y 1
 and 
a2 c b2 c
a 2  cx and b2  cy
a  cx and b  cy
Using this in (3), we get cx  cy  c
x  y  c , which is the required envelope.
(ii) Given that a2 + b2 = c2 ………..(5)

db
Differentiating (5) w.r.t. ‘a’, we get 2a  2b 0
da
db a
  ………..(6)
da b
P a g e | 86
xb 2 a
Equating (2) and (6) 
a2 y b
x y
3
 3
a b
x y x y

a  b  a b  1
a 2 b2 a 2  b2 c 2
x 1 y 1
3
 2 and 3
 2
a c b c
a3  c 2 x and b3  c 2 y
1 1
a   xc 
2 3
and b   yc 2 3

2 2
Using this in (5), we get  xc    yc 
2 3 2 3
 c2
2 2 2
 x 3   y  c
3 3
, which is the required envelope.
(iii) Given that an + bn = cn ………..(7)
db
Differentiating (7) w.r.t. ‘a’, we get na n 1  nbn 1 0
da
db a n 1
  n 1 ………..(8)
da b
xb 2 a n 1
Equating (2) and (8) 2  n 1
a y b
x y
n 1
 n 1
a b
x y x y

a  b  a b  1
a n bn a n  bn c n
x 1 y 1
n 1
 and n 1

a cn b cn
a n1  c n x and bn1  c n y
1 1
a   xc n  n 1 and b   yc n  n 1
n n
Using this in (7), we get  xcn  n1   ycn  n1  cn
n n n
 x n 1   y n 1 c n 1
, which is the required envelope.
P a g e | 87
(iv) Given that a b = c2 ………..(9)

db
Differentiating (3) w.r.t. ‘a’, we get b  a 0
da
db b
  ………..(10)
da a
xb 2 b
Equating (2) and (10) 
a2 y a
xb
1
ya
x y

a b
x y x y

a  b  a b 1
1 1 11 2
a  2x and b  2y
Using this in (9), we get 4xy  c 2 , which is the required envelope.
x2 y2
21. Find the envelope of the family of curves + = 1 where the parameters a
a2 b2
and b connected by the relation a2 + b2 = c2 , c is a constant.
x2 y2
Solution : Let + = 1 ……………….. ( 1 )
a2 b2
Assume that ‘b’ be a function of ‘a’
2 x 2 2 y 2 db
Differentiate (1) w.r.t ‘a’, we get   3 0
a3 b da
db x 2 b3
  3 2 ………..(2)
da a y
Given that a2 + b2 = c2 ………..(3)
db
Differentiating (5) w.r.t. ‘a’, we get 2a  2b 0
da
db a
  ………..(4)
da b
x 2 b3 a
Equating (2) and (4) 3 2

a y b
P a g e | 88
x2 y 2

a 4 b4
x y x2 y 2

a 2  b2  a 2 b2  1
a 2 b2 a 2  b2 c2
x2 1 y2 1
4
 2 and 4
 2
a c b c
a4  c2 x2 and b4  c 2 y 2
a 2  cx and b2  cy
Using this in (3), we get cx  cy  c 2

x y c,
which is the required envelope.
22. Find the evoute of y 2 = 4 a x by considering it as the envelope of the normals.

Solution :
Let y 2 = 4 a x ………………… ( 1 )
x = a t 2 , y = 2 a t ………………. ( 2 )
dx dy
Then = a ( 2 t ) and =2a(1)=2a
dt dt
 dy 
d y  dt

 = 2a = 1
Therefore, y 1 = =
dx  dx  2at t
 
 dt 
dy 1
 y 1= = …………………. ( 3 )
dx t
Now, the equation of the normal is given by
-1
y-y1 =  x-x1 
m
 y-2at=
-1
 1 
 x-at  2
 
 t 
 y-2at=-t  x-at  2
 y-2at=-xt+at 3
 x t + y = 2 a t + a t 3 …………. ( 4 )
P a g e | 89
Differentiating ( 4 ) partially w. r. to t , we get

x(1)+0=2a(1)+a  3t  2
 x =2a+3at 2
 x-2a=3at 2
x-2a
 = t 2 …………… ( 5 )
3a
Now ( 4 )  x t + y = 2 a t + a t 3
 y=2at-xt+at t  2
 x-2a 
 y=2at-xt+at  
 3a 
 x-2a 
 y=-t  x-2a  +t  
 3 
 1 
 y=-t  x-2a   1- 
 3 
 3-1 
 y=-t  x-2a   
 3 
 2 
 y=-t  x-2a   
 3 
2
 2 
 y =t
2 2
 x-2a  2
 
 3 
 x-2a   4 
 y2 =    x-2a  2
 
 3a   9 
 4 
 y2 =    x-2a  3
 27 a 
 27 a y 2 = 4  x-2a  3
This is the required envelope of the normals.

Therefore, the evolute of the given parabola y 2 = 4 a x is
27 a y 2 = 4  x-2a  3
23. Considering the evolute as the envelope of its normal, find the evolute of
x  a(cos   sin  ), y  a(sin    cos )
Solution:
Given x  a(cos   sin  ), y  a(sin    cos )
Differentiating given curve w.r.t , we get
P a g e | 90
dx
 a( sin    cos   sin  )  a cos 
d
dy
 a(cos    sin   cos  )  a sin 
d
dy a sin  sin 
m  
dx a cos  cos 
1
 the equation of normal is  y  y1     x  x1 
m
cos 
y  a(sin    cos  )   [ x  a(cos    sin  )]
sin 
y sin   a sin 2   a sin  cos   x cos  a cos2   a sin  cos
x cos  y sin   a …………….(1)
Now we have to find the envelope of (1), which is the evolute of the given curve.
Differentiating (1) w.r.t , we have  x sin   y cos   0 ………….(2)
Squaring and adding (1) and (2), we get x 2  y 2  a 2
24. Find the evolute of xy  c 2 treating the evolute as the envelope of normals.
Solution:
c
Any point on xy  c 2 ………(1) can be taken as x  ct , y 
t
c
 2
dy 1
 m  t  2
dx c t
1
 the equation of normal is  y  y1     x  x1 
m
 c 2
 y    t  x  ct  
 t
ty  c  t 3 ( x  ct )
c
y  xt 2  ct 3  ……………(2)
t
Now we have to find envelope of (2) which is the evolute of (1).
c
Differentiate (2) w.r.t. t, we get 0  2tx  3ct 2 
t2
1 c 
x  3  3ct  ………(3)
2t 
t2  c  c
Substitute (3) in (2), we get y   3  3ct   ct 
3
2 t  t
P a g e | 91
c 3ct 3 c
   ct 3 
2t 2 t
1  3c 3
   ct 
2 t 
3
c 3 1  c  1
x  y   t 3  3t   3    t  
2 t t  2 t 
3
c 3 1 c  1
x  y    t 3  3t   3     t  
2 t t  2 t 
2
 c  3  1   1  
2 2 2 2
 x  y 3  ( x  y )     t     t  
3

 2   t   t  
2
 c 3
   (4)
2
2
 (4c) 3
x2 y2
25. Find the evolute of the curve 2 + 2 = 1 by considering is as the envelope of the normals.
a b
x2 y2
Solution: Let 2 + 2 = 1 ………………… ( 1 )
a b
x = a cos  , y = b sin  ………………. ( 2 )
dx dy
Then = a ( - sin θ ) and = b ( cos θ )
dθ dθ
 dy 
d y  d

 = b cos  = - b cot θ
Therefore, y 1 = =
dx  dx  - a sin  a
 
 d 
dy -b
 y 1= = cot θ …………………. ( 3 )
dx a
Now, the equation of the normal is given by
-1
y-y1 =  x-x1 
m
-1
 y - b sin θ =  x - a cos θ 
 - b cos θ 
 
 a sin θ 
P a g e | 92
 a sin θ 
 y - b sin θ =    x - a cos θ 
 b cos θ 
 b cos θ  y - b sin θ  =  a sin θ   x - a cos θ 
 b y cos θ - b 2 cos θ sin θ = a x sin θ - a 2 cos θ sin θ
 a x sin θ - b y cos θ = a 2 cos θ sin θ - b 2 cos θ sin θ
 a x sin θ - b y cos θ = a 2
-b 2
 cos θ sin θ
a x sin θ b y cos θ
 -
cos θ sin θ cos θ sin θ
= a 2
-b 2


ax
-
by
cos θ sin θ
= a 2
-b 2
 ………….(4)
ax by
Given   a 2  b2 ……..(1)
cos  sin 
sin  cos 
Differentiating (1) w.r.t , we get ax  by 2  0 ………(2)
cos 
2
sin 
sin  cos 
ax   by 2
cos 
2
sin 
ax by ax by

cos    sin   cos  sin   a  b
2 2
cos 2  sin 2  sin 2   cos 2  1
ax by
  3  a 2  b2
cos 
3
sin 
 ax  cos3   a 2  b2  and by   sin 3   a 2  b2 
ax by
cos3   and sin 3   
a  b2
2
a  b2
2
2 2
 ax  3  by  3
cos    2
2
2 
and sin    2
2
2 
 a b  a b 
2 2
 ax  3  by  3
cos 2   sin 2    2 2 
 2 2 
 a b   a b 
P a g e | 93
2 2
 ax  3  by  3
 2 2 
 2 2 
1
 a b   a b 
2 2
 ax  3  by  3
 2 2 
 2 2 
1
 a b   a b 
2
  a 2  b2  3
2 2
 ax  3   by  3
x2 y 2
26. Find the evolute of   1 by considering the evolute as the envelope of normals.
a 2 b2
Solution:
Any point on the hyperbola can be taken as x  a sec , y  b tan 
dy
b sec2  b sec 
 d 
dy
m 
dx dx a sec  tan  a tan 
d
-1
 The equation of normal is y - y 1 =  x-x1 
m
 -a tan θ 
 y - b tan θ =    x - a sec θ 
 b sec θ 
 b y sec θ - b 2 tan θ sec θ = -a x tan θ + a 2 tan θ sec θ

ax
sec θ
+
by
tan θ
= a 2
+b 2
 ………….(1) {dividing by tansec }
sec tan  sec2 
Differentiating (1) w.r.t , we get ax  by 0
sec2  tan 2 
ax by
 
sec 
3
tan 3 
ax by ax by

sec    ta n   sec  ta n   a  b
2 2
sec2  tan 2  sec2   tan 2  1

ax by
 a 2  b2 and   a 2  b2
sec3  ta n 3 
ax by
sec3   and ta n 3   
a  b2
2
a  b2
2
1 1
 ax  3  by  3
sec    2 2 
and tan     2 2 
a b  a b 
P a g e | 94
2 2
 ax  3  by  3
sec   ta n    2
2 2
2 
 2 2 
a b  a b 
2 2
 ax  3  by  3
 2 2 
 2 2 
1
a b  a b 
2
  a 2  b2  3
2 2
 ax  3   by  3
2 2 2
27. Show that the equation of normal to the curve x 3  y 3  a 3 can be written as
x cos  y sin   a cos 2 . Hence show that the evolute of the curve is
2 2 2
 x  y 3   x  y   2a
3 3
Solution:
2 2 2
Any point on the curve x  y  a can be taken as
3 3 3
x  a cos3  , y  a sin3  ……….(1)

dx dy
 3a cos 2  sin  ,  3a sin 2  cos 
d d
dy 3a sin 2  cos 
 =  tan 
dx 3a cos 2  sin 
-1
 The equation of normal is y - y 1 =  x-x1 
m
 cos θ 
 y - a sin 3 θ =  
 sin θ 
 x - a cos θ 
3
 y sin θ - a sin 4 θ = x cos θ - a cos4 θ
y sin θ - x cos θ = a sin 4 θ - a cos4 θ
 (sin 2   cos2  )(sin 2   cos2  )

  a cos 2
x cos  y sin   a cos 2 …………..(2)
Differentiating ( 2 ) w. r. to  , we get
 - xsin θ  -  ycos θ  =  -2a sin 2 θ  ……….(3)
( 2 )  cos   -y cos θ sin θ + x cos 2

θ = a cos θ cos 2 θ
-y cos θ sin θ + x cos 2 θ = a cos θ (cos2 θ - sin 2 θ)
-y cos θ sin θ + x cos 2 θ = (acos3 θ - a cos sin 2 θ) ………….(4)
( 3 )  sin   -y sin θ cos θ - x sin 2 θ = -2a sin θ sin 2 θ

P a g e | 95
-y sin θ cos θ - x sin 2 θ = -2a sin θ (2sin θcos )
-y sin θ cos θ - x sin 2 θ = -4a sin 2θ cos ) .............(5)

(4)-(5)
x  cos 2
θ + sin 2
θ = a (cos 3θ + 3 cos θ sin 2 θ)
x = a (cos3 θ + 3 sin 2 θ cosθ) ………….. ( 6 )
( 2 )  sin   -y sin 2 θ + x sin θ cos θ = a sin θ cos 2 θ
x cos θ sin θ -y sin 2 θ = a sin θ (cos2 θ - sin 2 θ)
x cos θ sin θ -y sin 2 θ = (a sin θ cos2 θ- a sin3 θ) ………….(7)
( 3 )  cos   -y cos 2
θ - x cos θ sin θ = -2a cos θ sin 2 θ
-y cos 2
θ - x cos θ sin θ = -2a cos θ (2sin θ cos )
-y cos 2
θ - x cos θ sin θ = -4a cos2 θ sin θ …………(8)
( 7 ) + ( 8 )  -y cos 2
θ - x cos θ sin θ - y sin 2
θ + x sin θ cos θ
= a sin θ cos θ -a sin θ  4 a cos 2 θ sin θ
2 3
 -y  cos 2
θ + sin 2
θ  = -a sin 3
θ - 3a cos2 θ sin θ
 y = a (3cos 2 θ sin θ + sin 3 θ) ………….. ( 9)
Now, x + y = a  sin 3
θ + 3 sin 2
θ cos θ + 3 cos 2
θ sin θ + cos 3 θ 
 sin θ + cos θ 
3
=a
1 1
  x+y 3 =a 3
 sin θ + cos θ 
2 2
  x+y   sin θ + cos θ 
3 2
3 =a
2
 sin 
2
  x+y  3 =a 3 2
θ + cos 2 θ + 2 sin θ cos θ
2 2
  x+y  3 =a 3
 1 + 2 sin θ cos θ  …………….. ( 10 )
Now, x-y = a  cos 3
θ - 3 cos 2
θ sin θ + 3 cosθ sin 2 θ - sin3 θ 
 cos θ - sin θ 
3
=a
 x-y=a  cos θ - sin θ 

3
1 1
  x-y  3 =a 3
 cos θ - sin θ 
2 2
  x-y   cos θ - sin θ 

3 2
3 =a
P a g e | 96
 sin 
2
  x-y 3 =a 3 2
θ + cos 2 θ - 2 sin θ cos θ
2 2
  x-y 3 =a 3
 1 - 2 sin θ cos θ  …………….. ( 11 )
2 2 2 2
(10)+ ( 11)   x+y  +  x-y  =a 1+2 sin θ cos θ  +a 1-2 sin θ cos θ 
3 3 3 3
2 2 2
  x+y  3 +  x-y  3 =a 3
 1 + 2 sin θ cos θ + 1 - 2 sin θ cos θ 
2 2 2
  x+y  3 +  x-y  3 =2a 3

 
28. Find the evolute of the tractrix x  a  cos   log tan  , y  a sin  treating it as the envelope
 2
of normals.
Solution:
dy sin 
For the given curve m  
dx cos 
-1
The equation of normal is y - y 1 =  x-x1 
m
cos     
y  a sin     x  a  cos   log tan 2  
sin    
 
y  a sin    cot  x  a cos   a log tan  ……….(1)
 2
Now we have to find the envelope of (1) which is the evolute of the given curve.
Differentiate (1) w.r.t. 
 
 sec2 
  a
a cos   cos ec 2  x  a cos   a log tan   cot   a sin   2

 2 
2 tan 

 2 
x a cos  a  a cos 
a cos     2 log tan  a cos  
sin  sin  sin 
2 2
2 sin 2 
x a 
 log tan
sin  sin 
2 2
2

x  a log tan ……….(2)
2
a cos 2  
Now (1) can be written as y  a sin   x cot    a cot  log tan
sin  2
P a g e | 97
 a cos 2  
Substituting x, we get y  a sin   a cot  log tan   a cot  log tan
2 sin  2
 sin 2   cos 2  
y  
 sin  
  
a 1  tan 2 
= 
a
y 2
sin  
2 tan
2
 
a 1 
   tan 
2  tan  2
 2 
 x 
a 1 
  x  ea 
2 a 
e 
a
 a  
a 
x x
  e  e 

2 

x
y  a cosh , which is the required evolute.
a
29. Find the envelope of the straight line x cosn   y sin n   a,  being the parameter.
Solution:
Given x cosn   y sin n   a ………(1)
Differentiating the given curve w.r.t. 
 xn cosn1  sin   yn sin n1  cos   0
x sin n 2 

y cos n 2 
x
 ta n n  2 
y
1
 x  n2
tan     ………….(2)
 y
Dividing (1) by cosn  , we have x  y tan n   a secn 
n
n
 2
2
x n2   n2 n
 a 1    
x
x  y  { using (2) and secn   (1  tan 2  ) 2 }
 y   y 
 
P a g e | 98
n
 2
  2
2
  n2   n2
x 1      a 1    
x x
  y    y 
   
n2
 2
 2
x  x n2

 1  
a   y 
 
2  n 2 2 2

 x  n2  y  x n2

    
 
2
a
 y n2 
2
 xy  n  2
2 2
   y n2
 x n2
 a 
UNIT 4
FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES
Part A
 ( x, y )
1. Find , if x=rcosθ , y=rsinθ.
 (r , )
Solution:
P a g e | 99
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑟 𝜕
= |𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 |
𝜕(𝑟,)
𝜕𝑟 𝜕
= 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2  + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ) = 𝑟.
2. State the conditions for maxima and minima of f(x,y).
Solution:
If f(x, y) has a maximum or minimum value at (a, b),
Then its partial derivatives vanish
That is fx (a , b) = 0
fy (a, b ) = 0
Ifxx < 0 and fxx fyy – f2xy > 0 (a, b) = minimum
Ifxx > 0 and fxx fyy – f2xy < 0 (a, b) = maximum.
y z x xu yu zu

3. If u    , then find the value of  
z x y x y z
Solution:
y z x
Let u(x, y, z) = z + x + y
ty tz tx
u(tx, ty, tz) = tz + tx + ty
= 𝑡 0 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
u is a homogeneous function of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 in degree 0.
By, Eulers theorem, we get
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = 𝑛𝑢 = 0. 𝑢 = 0.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
u u u
4. If u  f ( x  y, y  z, z  x) , then show that    0.
x y z
Solution:
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝑦, 𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝑧, 𝑤 =𝑧−𝑥
𝑈 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
P a g e | 100
∂U ∂f ∂u 𝜕f ∂v ∂f ∂w
= + +
∂x ∂u ∂x ∂v ∂x ∂w ∂x
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
= 𝜕𝑢 (1) + 𝜕𝑣 (0) + 𝜕𝑤 (−1) = 𝜕𝑢 − 𝜕𝑤
𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
Similarly, 𝜕𝑦 = − 𝜕𝑢 + 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑈 −𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝜕𝑧
= 𝜕𝑣
+ 𝜕𝑤
𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈
Adding 𝜕𝑥
+ 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 = 0.
dy
5. If x y  y x  c, then find .
dx
Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑐 = 0
∂f
dy yxy−1 +yx logy d
dx
= − ∂x
∂f = − xy logx+xyx−1 . Since (dx (ax ) = ax loga)
∂y
yz xz  ( x, y )
6. If u  and v  , find .
x y  (u, v)
Solution:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= |𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 |
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕y
y2 x2
u v
x y
∂u −y2 ∂v 2x
= , =
∂x x2 ∂x y
∂u 2y ∂v −x2
∂y
= x
, ∂y
= y2
−y2 2y
∂(u,v) x2 x x2 y2 4xy
∂(x,y)
= |2x −x2 | = x2 y2 − xy
= 1 − 4 = −3.
y y2
7. Given u ( x, y)  x 2 tan 1 ( y ) , find the value of x 2uxx  2 xyuxy  y 2u yy .

x
Solution:
𝑦
Given 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 )
P a g e | 101
𝑡𝑦
𝑢(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦) = (𝑡𝑥)2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑡𝑥
=𝑡 2 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)
u is a homogeneous function of 𝑥, 𝑦 in degree 2.
By, Eulers theorem, we get
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
+ 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦2 = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑢 = 2(2 − 1)𝑢 = 2𝑢.
xy  5
8. Evaluate: lim .
x  x  2 y 2
2
y 2
Solution:
xy+5 xy+5
lim
x→∞ x+2y
= lim [lim x+2y]
x→∞ y→2
y→2
2x+5
= lim [x2+8]
x→∞
5
x( 2+ )
= lim [ x
8 ]
x→∞ x(x+ )
x
5
2+ 2
= lim x
8 = ∞
= 0.
x→∞ x+
x
 ( x, y )
9. If x  u(1  v) and y  v(1  u) find .
 (u, v)
Solution:
x  u(1  v) y  v(1  u)
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑥 =𝑣
=1+𝑣 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑥 =1+𝑢
=𝑢 𝜕v
𝜕𝑣
∂x ∂x
∂u ∂v 1+v u
∂(x,y)
∂(u,v)
= |∂y ∂y | = |v 1+u|
∂u ∂v
= (1 + 𝑣)(1 + 𝑢) − 𝑢𝑣 = 1 + 𝑢 + 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑢𝑣
P a g e | 102
= 1 + 𝑢 + 𝑣.
 (u, v)
10. If u  2 xy, v  x2  y 2 , x  r cos  , y  r sin  then compute .
 (r , )
Solution:
u = 2xy v = x2 − y2
𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑢 = 2𝑥
= 2𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑢 = −𝑦
= 2𝑥 𝜕y
𝜕𝑦
∂u ∂u
∂x ∂y 2y 2x
∂(u,v)
∂(x,y)
= |∂v ∂v | = |2x − y |= 4(x 2 + y 2 ) = 4r 2 since (x 2 + y 2 ) = r 2
∂x ∂y
∂(u,v) ∂(u,v) ∂(x,y)

∂(r,θ)
= ∂(x,y) ∂(r,θ)
2y 2x cosθ − rsinθ
= |2x || |
− 2y sinθ rcosθ
= −4 (x 2 + y 2 ). r = −4r3 .
du
11. If u  x 2 y and x2  xy  y 2  1 , then find .
dx
Solution:
du ∂u ∂u dy
= + ∂y dx → (1)
dx ∂x
Given : 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = −(2𝑥 + 𝑦) ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 2𝑦) =
−(2𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑦 −(2𝑥+𝑦)
⇒ = (𝑥+2𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 −(2𝑥+𝑦)
(1) ⇒ 𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 (𝑥+2𝑦)
.
u u
12. Find and if u  y x .
x y
P a g e | 103
Solution:
Given: u  y x
𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑥
= 𝑦 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦
𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑦
= 𝑦𝑥 𝑦−1
du
13. Find if u  sin( x / y) , where x  et , y  t 2 .
dt
Solution:
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 1 𝑥 −𝑥
= + = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) ( ) × 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) ( 2 ) × 2𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑥 𝑒𝑡 2𝑥𝑡
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑦) [ 𝑦 − 𝑦2
].
du
14. If u  x3 y 2  x 2 y 3 , where x= at2 and y=2at then find .
dt
Solution:
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
= + = (3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 3 ) × 2𝑎𝑡 + (2𝑥 3 𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 ) × 2𝑎
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡
= 2a[(3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 3 )𝑡 + (2𝑥 3 𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )]
u u u
15. If u  ( x  y)4  ( y  z )4  ( z  x)4 , prove that    0.
x y z
Solution:
𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑥
= 4(𝑥 − 𝑦)3 − 4(𝑧 − 𝑥)3
𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑦
= −4(𝑥 − 𝑦)3 + 4(𝑦 − 𝑧)3
𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑧
= −4(𝑦 − 𝑧)3 + 4(𝑧 − 𝑥)3
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑥
+ 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 = 0
 (r , )
16. If x=rcosθ , y=rsinθ, find .
 ( x, y )
Solution:
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑟 𝜕
= |𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 |
𝜕(𝑟,)
𝜕𝑟 𝜕
P a g e | 104
= 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2  + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ) = 𝑟.
𝜕(𝑟,) 1 1
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦)
= 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) =𝑟
𝜕(𝑟,)
PART B
1. Use Taylor’s formula to expand the function defined by f ( x, y)  x3  y3  xy 2 in powers of

(x-1) and (y-2).
Solution:
1 1
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) + (ℎ𝑓𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 𝑘𝑓𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) + (ℎ2 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 2ℎ𝑘𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 𝑘 2 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)
1! 2!
1 3
+ (ℎ 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 3ℎ2 𝑘𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 3ℎ𝑘 2 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 𝑘 3 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) + ⋯
3!
1 1
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 13 + [(𝑥 − 1)7 + (𝑦 − 2)16] + [(𝑥 − 1)2 6 + 2(𝑥 − 1)(𝑦 − 2)4 + (𝑦 − 2)2 14]
1! 2!
1
+ [(𝑥 − 1)3 6 + 3(𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑦 − 2)0 + 3(𝑥 − 1)(𝑦 − 2)2 2 + (𝑦 − 2)3 6] + ⋯
3!
1 1
=13 + 1! [(𝑥 − 1)7 + (𝑦 − 2)16] + 2! [(𝑥 − 1)2 6 + 2(𝑥 − 1)(𝑦 − 2)4 + (𝑦 − 2)2 14] +
1
[(𝑥 − 1)3 6 + 3(𝑥 − 1)(𝑦 − 2)2 2 + (𝑦 − 2)3 6] + ⋯
3!
 x2  y 2  u u
2. If u  sin 1   , find x y .
 x y  x y
Solution:
 x2  y 2 
u  sin 1  
 x y 
P a g e | 105
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 = 𝑥+𝑦
(𝑡𝑥)2 +(𝑡𝑦)2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝑓(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦) = 𝑡𝑥+𝑡𝑦
= 𝑥+𝑦
= 𝑡𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 is a homogeneous of degree 1 in x and y.

By Euler’s theorem , we get
u u
x y = 𝑛𝑓 → (1)
x y
Here, 𝑓 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 𝜕𝑥 ,
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑦
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
(1)→ 𝑥 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢
𝜕𝑥
]+ 𝑦 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢
𝜕𝑦
] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢
u u
x y = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢.
x y
𝒚 𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖
3. If 𝒖 = (𝒙 − 𝒚)𝒇 (𝒙) find 𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
+ 𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐
Solution:
y
Let u(x, y) = (x − y)f (x)
ty
u(tx, ty) = (tx − ty)f (tx)
=𝑡1 u(x, y)
‘u’ is a homogeneous function of degree 1 in x and y.
By Euler’s theorem, we get
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2 = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
=1(1 − 1)𝑢 = 0.
𝒚𝒛 𝒛𝒙 𝒙𝒚 𝝏(𝒖,𝒗,𝒘)
4. If 𝒖 = ,𝒗= ,𝒘= 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 .
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛 𝝏(𝒙,𝒚,𝒛)
Solution:
P a g e | 106
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
| 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 |
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
=
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
| 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
−𝑦𝑧 𝑧 𝑦
𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑥
|𝑧 −𝑧𝑥 𝑥|
=
|𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦|
𝑦 𝑥 −𝑥𝑦
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧2
−𝑦𝑧 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 𝑥2 𝑧 −𝑥 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥
= [𝑦 2 𝑧 2 − 𝑦𝑧] − 𝑥 [ 𝑧 − 𝑦𝑧 ] + 𝑥 [𝑦 + 𝑦]
𝑥2
= -1+1+1+1+1
= 4
 ( x, y , z )
5. If x  y  z  u, y  z  uv, z  uvw, prove that  u 2v .
(u, v, w)
Solution: Given
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =𝑢
𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑢𝑣
𝑧 = 𝑢𝑣
X y Z
𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣(1 − 𝑤) 𝑧 = 𝑢𝑣𝑤
𝑥 = 𝑢(1 − 𝑣)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑥 = 𝑣(1 − 𝑤) = 𝑣𝑤
= (1 − 𝑣) 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑥 = 𝑢(1 − 𝑤) = 𝑢𝑤
= −𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑥 = −𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣
=0 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝜕𝑤
P a g e | 107
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 |
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) |𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
=
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤)
|𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 |
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
(1 − 𝑣) −𝑢 0
= |𝑣(1 − 𝑤) 𝑢(1 − 𝑤) − 𝑢𝑣 |
𝑣𝑤 𝑢𝑤 𝑢𝑣
(1 − 𝑣) −1 0
2 ,
= 𝑢 𝑣 |𝑣(1 − 𝑤) (1 − 𝑤) − 1 | = (𝑅2 ⇒ 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 )
𝑣𝑤 𝑤 1
(1 − 𝑣) −1 0
2
= 𝑢 𝑣 | 𝑣(1 − 𝑤) 1 0|
𝑣𝑤 𝑤 1
= 𝑢2 𝑣.
6. Find the Jacobian of 𝒖 = 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛, 𝒗 = 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝒙, 𝒘 = x2 y2 z2
Solution:
Given 𝒖 = 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛, 𝒗 = 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝒙, 𝒘 = x2 y2 z2
𝑢 = 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 𝑣 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 𝑤 = x2 y2 z2
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
𝜕𝑢 = 𝑦+𝑧 = 2𝑥
=1 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
𝜕𝑢 =𝑧+𝑥 = 2𝑦
=1 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
𝜕𝑢 =𝑥+𝑦 = 2𝑧
=1 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
| 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 |
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
=
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
| 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
P a g e | 108
1 1 1
= |𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑧+𝑥 𝑥+𝑦|
2𝑥 2𝑦 2𝑧
1 1 1
= 2 |𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑧+𝑥 𝑥+𝑦|
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
= 1[[(𝑧 + 𝑥)𝑧 − 𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦)] − 1[(𝑧(𝑦 + 𝑧) − 𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦)] + 1[(𝑦(𝑦 + 𝑧) − 𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑧)]]
=𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑧 2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑧.
=0
7. Find the jacobian of y1,y2,y3 with to x1,x2,x3.

x 2 x3 x x xx
y1  , y 2  3 1 , y3  1 2
x1 x2 x3
Solution:
y1 y1 y1
x1 x2 x3
y2 y2 y2
Solution: The Jacobian of y1, y2, y3 w.r.to x1,x2,x3 J  y1 , y2 , y3  
x1 x2 x3
y3 y3 y3
x1 x2 x3
x 2 x3
y1 
x1
y1  x 2 x3 y1 x y x
  ,  3, 1  2
x1 x1
2
x 2 x1 x3 x1
x3 x1
y2 
x2
y 2 x y  x3 x1 y 2 x
  3, 2  ,  1
x1 x 2 x 2 x2
2
x 2 x2
x1 x 2
y3 
x3
y 3 x y x y  x1 x 2
  2, 3  1, 3 
x1 x3 x 2 x3 x3 x3
3
- x 2 , x3 x3 x2
2 2
x1 x2 x1
  y1 , y 2 , y 3  x  x3 x1 x1
  3
 x1 , x 2 , x3  x2 x2
2
x2
x2 x1  x1 x 2
2
x3 x3 x3
P a g e | 109
- x 2 , x3   x3 x1   x1 x 2   x1 x1  x1   x3 x1 x 2 x1 x 2  x1  x1 x3 x1 x 2 x3 
    -    -      
x1  x 2  x3
2 2 2  x x  2
x3 x 2  x 2  x 2 x3 x 2 2 x3 
  3  x3  x3 x 2
2 
- x 2 , x3  x1 x1  x1   x1 x1  x1  x1 x1 
2 2
 2   -      
x1  x 2 x3 x 2 x3  x3  x3 x3  x 2  x 2 x 2 
- x2 ,  x  x x
 0- 2 
  2 1   2  2 1
x1  x3  x1 x2
0 2 2
4
  x, y , z 
8. If x  r cos  cos  y  r cos  sin  z  r sin  evaluate
r ,  ,  
Solution:
x x x
r  
  x, y , z  y y y

 r ,  ,   r  
z z z
r  
x  r cos  cos 
x x x
 r cos  cos   - r sin  cos   - r cos  sin 
r  
y  r cos  sin 
y y y
 cos  cos   - r sin  sin   r cos  cos
r  
z  r sin 
z z z
 sin   rcos 0
r  
cos  cos  - r sin  cos  - r cos  sin 
 cos  cos  - r sin  sin  r cos  cos
sin  rcos 0

 cos  cos  0 - r 2 cos 2  cos   r sin  cos  0 - r cos  sin  cos 

- r cos  sin  r cos 2  sin   r 2 sin  sin  
 - r cos  cos  - r sin  cos  cos  - r cos 3  sin 2  r 2 cos  sin 2  sin 2 
2 3 2 2 2 3
 -r 2 cos 3  cos 2   sin 2   r 2 sin 2  cos  sin 2  cos 2  

 -r 3 cos 3   r 2 sin 2  cos 
 -r 2 cos  cos 2   sin 2  
  r 2 cos 
P a g e | 110
9. Find the extreme value of 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 subject to the condition 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟑𝒂.
Solution:
Given : 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
Subject to the condition , 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3𝑎. → (𝐴)
Let the auxiliary function be, 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) + 𝜆(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 3𝑎) → (1)
𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹
𝐹𝑥 = 𝜕𝑥 𝐹𝑦 = 𝜕𝑦 𝐹𝑧 = 𝜕𝑧
=2𝑥 + 𝜆 =2𝑦 + 𝜆 =2𝑧 + 𝜆

To find the stationary values
𝐹𝑥 =0 𝐹𝑦 = 0 𝐹𝑧 = 0
2𝑥 + 𝜆 = 0 2𝑦 + 𝜆 = 0 2𝑧 + 𝜆 = 0
−𝜆 −𝜆 −𝜆
𝑥= 2
→ (2) 𝑦= 2
→ (3) 𝑧= 2
→ (4)
From 2,3 &4, we get

𝑥=𝑦=𝑧
(A) ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3𝑎.
𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 3𝑎.
3𝑥 = 3𝑎 → 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 𝑎, 𝑧 = 𝑎
Therefore ( a,a,a) is the minimum value occur.
The minimum value is 𝑎2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎2 = 3𝑎2 .
10. Find the extreme values f ( x, y)  x3  y3  3x  12 y  20 of the function
f ( x, y)  x3  y3  3x  12 y  20 .
Solution:
Given 𝑓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 − 3 𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑦 2 − 12.
𝐴 = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 6𝑥 𝐵 = 𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 𝑐 = 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 6𝑦
To find the stationary points 𝑓𝑥 = 0 3𝑥 2 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±1
𝑓𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 31𝑦 2 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 2 − 4 = 0 𝑦 = ±2
The stationary points are (1,2), (1, −2), (−1,2), (−1, −2)
(1,2) (1, −2) (−1,2) (−1, −2)

P a g e | 111
6>0 6>0 6>0 -6< 0

𝐴 = 6𝑥
0 0 0 0
𝑩 =0
72 > 0 -72 < 0 -72 < 0 72 > 0
𝐴𝐶 − 𝐵2
Min. point Saddle point Saddle point Max. point
conclusion
Maximum value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is
𝑓(−1, −2) = (−1)3 + (−2)3 − 3(−1) − 12(−2) + 20 = 38
Minimum value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is
𝑓(1, 2) = (1)3 + (2)3 − 3(1) − 12(2) + 20 = 2.
11. Obtain the volume of the largest rectangular parallelepiped that can be inscribed in the ellipsoid
x2 y 2 z 2
   1.
a 2 b2 c 2
Solution:
Let (x,y z) be a vertex points.
Then all other vertices will be (± 𝑥, ±𝑦, ±𝑧)

Then, the sides of the solid are 2x, 2y, and 2z.
Hence, the volume V= (2x) (2y) (2z) = 8xyz
Now, we have to maximize V subject to the condition
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 − 1 = 0
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
Let 𝐹 = 𝑓 + 𝜆𝜙 = 8𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝜆 (𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 − 1)
𝜕𝐹 2𝑥𝜆 𝜕𝐹 2𝑦𝜆 𝜕𝐹 2𝑧𝜆

𝐹𝑥 = = 8𝑦𝑧 + 2 𝐹𝑦 = = 8𝑥𝑧 + 2 𝐹𝑧 = = 8𝑥𝑦 + 2
𝜕𝑥 𝑎 𝜕𝑦 𝑏 𝜕𝑧 𝑐
To find the stationary value
𝐹𝑥 = 0 𝐹𝑦 = 0 𝐹𝑧 = 0
P a g e | 112
2𝑥𝜆 2𝑦𝜆 2𝑧𝜆

8𝑦𝑧 + =0 8𝑥𝑧 + =0 8𝑥𝑦 +
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
=0
2𝑥𝜆 2𝑦𝜆 2𝑧𝜆

8𝑦𝑧 = − 8𝑥𝑧 = − 8𝑥𝑦 = −
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑥 4𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑥2 𝑦 4𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑦2 𝑧 4𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑧2
𝑋𝑙𝑦 ⇒ = → (1) 𝑋𝑙𝑦 ⇒ = 𝑏2 → (2) 𝑋𝑙𝑦 ⇒ = 𝑐 2 → (3)
2 −𝜆 𝑎2 2 −𝜆 2 −𝜆
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
From (1) ,(2), (3) we get, 𝑎2
= 𝑏2 = 𝑐 2 → (4)
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
Given 𝑎2
+ 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 = 1
3𝑥 2
⟹ =1 by (4)
𝑎2
𝑎2 𝑎
⟹ 𝑥2 = 3
⟹𝑥=
√3
𝑏 𝑐
Similarly 𝑦 = and 𝑧 =
√3 √3
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
The extreme point is ( 3 , , )
√ √3 √3
This will not give minimum V because when x=0, V=0 when the solid becomes a rectangular
sheet.
𝑎𝑏𝑐
Hence, this gives only maximum value. Maximum value V= 8 (3 3).
√
25
12. Find the length of the shortest line from the point (0, 0, ) , to the surface z = xy.
9
Solution: Let (x,y,z) be a point on the surface z = xy.
25 25
The distance between (x,y,z) and (0,0, 9 ) is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + (𝑧 − 9 )2
25
The auxiliary function is 𝑉(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + (𝑧 − 9 )2 + 𝜆(𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦)
Differentiate partially with respect to x, y and z, we have
𝜕𝑉 2𝑥
= 2𝑥 − 𝜆𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝜆 = → (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝑦
𝜕𝑉 2𝑦
= 2𝑦 − 𝜆𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝜆 = → (2)
𝜕𝑦 𝑥
𝜕𝑉 25 25
𝜕𝑧
= 2(𝑧 − 9
)+ 𝜆=0 ⇒ 𝜆 = −2( 𝑧 − 9
) → ( 3)
From (1) and (2) we get 𝑥 = ±𝑦

16
Substitute x=yin (3) we get 𝑧 = 9
34
When 𝑥 = −𝑦, we get 𝑧 = 9
When x=y.
P a g e | 113
34
But x= -y is absurd because 𝑧 = −𝑦 2 = 9
gives a complex value.
16 4
Therefore 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 = 9
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = ± 3
25 2 4 2 4 2 16 25 2
Therefore the distance is √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + (𝑧 − 9 ) = √ (3) + (3) + [ 9 − 9 ]
√41
= .
3
13. Find the dimensions of the rectangular box, open at the top of maximum capacity whose surface
area is 432 square meter.
Solution:
Let x,y,z be the length, breadth and height.
Surface area = 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑥 = 432. → (𝐴)
Volume = xyz.
The auxiliary function is 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝜆(𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑥 − 432)
𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑧 = 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= 𝑧𝑥 + 𝜆(𝑥 + 2𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝜆(2𝑦 + 2𝑦)

= 𝑦𝑧 + 𝜆(𝑦 + 2𝑧)
To find the stationary value
𝐹𝑥 = 0 𝐹𝑦 = 0 𝐹𝑧 = 0
𝑦𝑧 + 𝜆(𝑦 + 2𝑧) = 0 𝑧𝑥 + 𝜆(𝑥 + 2𝑧) = 0 𝑥𝑦 + 𝜆(2𝑦 + 2𝑦) = 0
⇒ 𝑦𝑧 = −𝜆(𝑦 + 2𝑧) ⇒ 𝑧𝑥 = −𝜆(𝑥 + 2𝑧) ⇒ 𝑥𝑦 = −𝜆(2𝑦 + 2𝑦)
𝑦 + 2𝑧 −1 𝑥 + 2𝑧 −1 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 −1
= = =
𝑦𝑧 𝜆 𝑧𝑥 𝜆 𝑦𝑥 𝜆
1 2 −1 1 2 −1 2 2 −1
+ = → (1) + = → (2) + = → (3)
𝑧 𝑦 𝜆 𝑧 𝑥 𝜆 𝑥 𝑦 𝜆
From (1) and (2) we get
1 2 1 2 2 2
+ = + = ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑦. → (4)
𝑧 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥
From (2) and (3) we get

P a g e | 114
1 2 2 2
+ = +
𝑧 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦
1 2
= ⇒ 𝑦 = 2𝑧. (5)
𝑧 𝑦
From (4) and (5) we get 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 2𝑧 → (6)
(A) ⇒ 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑥 = 432

(2𝑧)(2𝑧) + 2(2𝑧) + 2𝑧(2𝑧) = 432
4𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 2 =432
𝑧 2 = 36 ⇒ 𝑧 = 6
𝑥 = 12, 𝑦 = 12, 𝑧 = 6 𝑏𝑦 (6)
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 12 × 12 × 12 = 864 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠.
du
14. Find , if u  sin  x 2  y 2  , where a 2 x 2  b2 y 2  c 2 .
dx
Solution:
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
= 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥 → (1)
𝑑𝑥
Given: a 2 x 2  b2 y 2  c 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 −2𝑎2 𝑥 −𝑎2 𝑥
2𝑎2 𝑥 + 2𝑏 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0 ⇒ = =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑏 2 𝑦 𝑏2 𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= cos(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 2𝑥 & = cos(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 2𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑑𝑢 −𝑎 2 𝑥
(1) ⇒ 𝑑𝑥
= cos(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 2𝑥 + cos(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 2𝑦 × 𝑏2 𝑦
𝑎2 𝑥
= 2cos(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) [𝑥 − ]
𝑏2
𝑏2 𝑥−𝑎 2 𝑥
= 2cos(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) [ 𝑏2
]
𝑏2 −𝑎2
= 2xcos(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) [ 𝑏2
] .
u
15. If u  log(tan x  tan y  tan z ) , find  sin 2 x. x .
Solution:
P a g e | 115
Given u  log(tan x  tan y  tan z )
𝜕𝑢 1
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝜕𝑥 tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 + tan 𝑧
𝜕𝑢 1
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 + tan 𝑧
𝜕𝑢 1
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑧
𝜕𝑧 tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 + tan 𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= sin 2𝑥 + sin 2𝑦 + sin 2𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
1
= [𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 sin 2𝑦 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑧 sin 2𝑧 ]
tan 𝑥+tan 𝑦+tan 𝑧
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑧

= [ + + ]
tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 + tan 𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑧
1 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑥 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 cos 𝑦 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 cos 𝑧

= tan 𝑥+tan 𝑦+tan 𝑧 [ + + ]
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑧
1 2 sin 𝑥 2 sin 𝑦 2 sin 𝑧

= [ + + ]
tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 + tan 𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧
2
= [tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 + tan 𝑧]
tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 + tan 𝑧
=2
UNIT-V
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
PART - A
P a g e | 116
 
2 2
1. Evaluate   sin(   )d d .
0 0
Solution:
  
2 2 2 
  sin(   )d d =
0 0
   cos(   )02
0
d

2
 
=    cos(   )  cos   d
0  
2

2
=   sin   cos   d
0
[ cos(90   )   sin  ]

= [ cos   sin  ]02
  
=  cos  sin    cos 0  sin 0
 2 2
=0+1+1–0 =2
a b
dy dx
2. Evaluate 
1 1
xy
a b
dy dx
a b
 dy   dx 
Solution: 1 1 xy =   
1 1
 
y  x 
b  dx 
a
=   log y 1  
1  x 
 dx 
a
=   log b  log1  
1  x 
a
dx
= log b  [ log1  0]
1
x
= log b [log x]1a

= log b [log a  log1]
= log b log a
= log a log b .
 cos 
3. Evaluate 
0 0
r dr d
Solution:
P a g e | 117
 cos   cos 
 r2 

0 0
r dr d =  
0 
2 0
d

 cos 2  
= d
0 
2 

1 1  cos 2 
=   d
20 2

1 sin 2 
=  
4 2  0
1  sin 2   sin 0  
=      0  
4  2   2 

= [ sin 0  sin 2  0] .
4
1 x y
4. Evaluate e
0 0
x
dy dx
Solution:
x
 y 
1 x y 1
ex 
e x
dy dx = 0  1  dx
0 0  
 x  0
x
1
 xy 
= 0  xe  dx
0
 xx
1

=   xe  xe0  dx
0 
1
=  x  e1  1 dx
0
1
=  e  1  xdx
0
1
 x2 
=  e  1  
 2 0
1 
=  e  1   0 
2 
1
=  e  1 .
2
P a g e | 118
 (4  x  y 2 )dx dy if the region R is bounded by R the

2
5. Evaluate the double integral
R
straight lines x=0, x =1, y = 0 and y = 3/2.

Solution:
The limits for x 0 to 1 and the limits for y is from 0 to 3/2.
3/ 2 1 3/ 2
1 
   (4  x  y )dx dy    (4  x  y )dx  dy
2 2 2 2
=
0 0 0 0 
First we have to integrate the inner integral w.r.t. x, keeping y as a constant.
1 
1
 x3 
3/ 2 3/ 2
   (4  x  y )dx  dy   4 x  y x  3  dy
2 2 2
i.e. =
0 0  0  0
 1
3/ 2
  4  y   dy
2
=
0
3
3
 y3 1  2
= 4 y   y
 3 3  0
3
 3
 
 3  2 1 3
= 4     
 2 3 3 2
35
=
8
6. Find the area bounded by y = x and y = x2.

Solution:
Given area y = x and y = x2.
From the above equation we get x =0 and 1.Then the area intersect at (0, 0) and (1, 1).
1 yx
Area =  
0 y  x2
dy dx
1
=   y x2 dx
x
1
=  ( x  x 2 )dx
0
1
 x 2 x3 
=  
2 3 0
P a g e | 119
1 1
= 
2 3
1
= sq.units.
6
a a2  x2
7. Evaluate  
a 0
( x 2  y 2 )dx dy by changing into polar coordinates.
Solution:
The limits for y is y = 0 to y  a 2  x 2
i.e. y = 0 to x2 + y2 = a2 (circle) and x = -a to x = a
 The region of integration is the upper semicircle of the circle
x2 + y2 = a2 ( in Cartesian form).
In polar form, put x = r cosθ, y = r sinθ
 dx dy = r dr dθ.
In this region the limits for r and θ are r = 0 to r = a and θ = 0 to θ = 
a a2  x2  a
  
a 0
( x 2  y 2 )dx dy =   r 2 rdrd .
0 0
 a
 r4 
=    d
0 
4 0

1 
=   a 4 d 
4 0 
a 4
=
4
 a4
=
4
8. Evaluate  xy dx dy where A is the region bounded by x- axis, coordinate

A
x =2a and curve x2 = 4ay
Solution:
The point A is (2a, a). The shaded portion is the region of integration.
x2
Limits of y is y = 0 to y =
4a
P a g e | 120
Limits of x is x = 0 to x = 2a.

 xy dx dy
A
x2
2a 4a
=   xy dy dx
0 0
x2
2a
y  2 4a
=  x  2 
0
dx
0
2a
1 x5
2 0 16a 2
= dx
2a
1
 x dx
5
=
32a 2 0
2a
1  x6 
=  
32a 2  6  0
64a 6
=
32  6a 2
a4
=
3
1 1
9. Change the order of integration in   dy dx .
0 x
Solution:
1 1
Given I =   dy dx
0 x
The limits are y = x and y = 1 and x = 0 and x = 1
Changing the order, we get the limits
x= 0 to x = y and y = 0 to y = 1.
1 y
Then I =   dx dy
0 0
x2 y 2
10. Find the area of ellipse   1.
a 2 b2
Solution:
P a g e | 121
Area of ellipse = 4 x area of Quadrant.
Divide the area into the horizontal strips of width δy.
a 2
x varies from x = 0 to x = b  y2
b
y varies from y = 0 to y = b.
a 2 2
b y
b b
 The required area = 4  dx dy

0 0
a 2 2
b b y b
= 4  x 
b 4a
0
dy =
b 0 b 2  y 2 dy
0
b
4a  b 2 y y 2 
=  sin 1  b  y2 
b 2 b 2 0
4a  b 2   
=   0    0  0 
b  2 2  
=  ab sq.units.
3 1 xy
11. Evaluate  
1 1 0
xyz dz dy dx
x
Solution:
xy
3 1 xy 3 1
 z2 
  xyz dz dy dx =   xy   dy dx
1 1 0 1 1  2 0
x x
3 1
xy
=   xy
1 1
2
dy dx
x
1
1
3
 y3 
=  x 2   dx
2 1  3 1
x
 1
3
1
=  x 2 1  3  dx
61  x 
P a g e | 122
3
1  x3 
=   log x 
6 3 1
1  26 
=   log 3
6 3 
2 3 2
   xy
2
12. Evaluate z dz dy dx .
0 1 1
Solution:
2
2 3 2 2 3
 z2 
   xy =   xy   dy dx
2 2
z dz dy dx
0 1 1 0 1  2 1
4 1
2 3
=   xy 2    dy dx
0 1 2 2
3
3  y3 
2
=  x   dx
2 0  3 1
3  27 1 
2
=  x    dx
2 0  3 3
2
26  x 2 
2  2  0
=
=2
a b c
   (x  y 2  z 2 )dx dy dz
2
13. Evaluate
0 0 0
Solution:
c
a b c
 x3 a b
2 
0 0 0   0 0  3  y x  z x  dy dz
2 2 2 2
( x y z ) dx dy dz =
0
a b
 c3 
=     y 2 c  z 2 c  dy dz
0 0 
3
b
a
 c3 y cy 3 
=    z 2 cy  dz
0  0
3 3
P a g e | 123
a
 bc3 cb3 
0  3  3  z cb dz
2
=
a
 bc3 z cb3 z z 3 cb 
=  
 3 3 3  0
 abc 3 ab3c a 3bc 

=   
 3 3 3 
abc 2
=  a  b2  c 2 
3
a a2  x2
14. Change the order of integration I =  

a 0
f ( x, y )dy dx
Solution:
Given integral limits are
y =0 to y = a 2  x 2 and
x = -a to x = a.
Now y = a2  x2  y 2  a2  x2
 x2  y 2  a2
The region for integration is upper semi-circle.
After changing the order, we get
a a2  y2
=  
0  a2  y2
f ( x, y )dx dy
15. Find the area of a circle of radius ’a’ by double integration in polar coordinates.
Solution:
Equation of the circle is x 2  y 2  a 2
Put x = r cosθ, y = r sinθ
 dx dy = r dr dθ.
θ varies from 0 to 2  and r varies from 0 to a.

2 a
Area of circle =   rdr d
0 0
P a g e | 124
2 a
 r2 
= 
0
 2  d
 0
a2
= [ ]02
2
=  a 2 sq.units.
1 2 3
16. Evaluate  dx  dy  xyz dz .
0 0 0
Solution:
1 2 3 1 2 3
 dx  dy  xyz dz
0 0 0
=    xyz dz dy dx
0 0 0
3
1 2
 z2 
=   xy   dy dx
0 0  2 0
1 2
9
=   xy dy dx
200
2
9  y2 
1
=  x   dy dx
2 0  2 0
1
1
 x2  9
= 9 x dx = 9   = .
0  2 0 2
 y
17. Transform the integration   dx dy to polar coordinates.
0 0
Solution:
Using polar coordinates we get x  r cos , y  r sin 
 dxdy  r drd
Also, x 2  y 2  r 2  r  x 2  y 2

Since y  , r   y  , r   and  
4

 y 2 
   dx dy =   rdr d
0 0  0
4
1 1 x x  y
   e dx dy dz .
z
18. Evaluate
0 0 0
Solution:
P a g e | 125
1 1 x x  y 1 1 x x  y
  e z dx dy dz =    e dz dy dx
z
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 x
x y
  e 
z
= dy dx
0
0 0
1 1 x
  e  1 dy dx
x y
=
0 0
1
1 x
 e  y 
x y
= dx
0
0
1
=  e x 1 x  (1  x)  e x  dx
0
1
 x2 
= ex  x   ex 
 2 0
 1 
= e  1   e  1
 2 
1
=
2
1 2 e
19. Evaluate    dy dx dz .
0 0 0
Solution:
1 2 e 1 2 e
   dy dx dz =
0 0 0
   dx dy dz
0 0 0
1 2
=    x 0 dy dz
e
0 0
1
= e   y 0 dz
2
= 2e  z 0
1
= 2e.
PART B
Problem 1
1 2 x
Change the order of integration and hence evaluate 
0 x2
xydydx
Solution:
Given x varies from x = 0 to x = 1
P a g e | 126
Y varies from y = x2 to y = 2-x

I  I1  I 2
1 1 1 2 x
=   xydydx +  
0 x2 0 1
xydydx
By changing the order

In OAC0 , x = 0 to y
Y = 0 to 1
1 y
I1 =   xydydx
0 0
1
x2 y
= [ y ]0 dy
0
2
1
y2
= (  0) dy
0
2
1
1  y3 
=  
2  3 0
1
=
6
In ABC , x varies from x= 0 to x = 2 – y
Y varies from y = 1 to 2
2 2 y
I1 = 
1 0
xydydx
1
x 2 2 y
=  [ y ]0 dy
0
2
y (2  y) 2
2
= (  0) dy
1
2
P a g e | 127
1  4 y  y3  4 y 2 
2
2 1   dy
=
3 
5
=
24
Therefore
I  I1  I 2
1 5 3
= + =
6 24 8
Problem 2

e y
Change the order of integration and hence evaluate 0 x y dydx
Solution:
Given y varies from y = x to 
x varies from x = 0 to 
By change the order of integration
x varies from x = 0 to y
y varies from y = 0 to 
  y
e y e y
0 x y dydx = 0 0 y dxdy
 y
 e y 
=  x  dy
0  0
y
 y
 (e  0)  dy
y
=
0 0
y
 e y 
=  
 1  0
P a g e | 128
=1
Problem 3
4 a 2 ax
Change the order of integration and hence evaluate   xydydx
0 x2
4a
Solution:
x2
Given y varies from y = to 2 ax
4a
X varies from x = 0 to 4a
By changing the order of integration
Y varies from y = o to 4a
y2
X varies from x= to 2 ay
4a
4 a 2 ax 4 a 2 ay
  xydydx =   xydxdy
0 x2 0 y2
4a 4a
2 ay
 x2
4a

=  y dy
0   y2
2
4a
 4ay
4a
y4 
=  y y dy
0 
2 32a 2 
4a
 y3 y6 
=  2a 
 3 192a 2  0
64 4
= a
3
Problem 4
P a g e | 129
Find by double integration , the area lying between the parabola y = 4x  x 2 and the line y=x
Solution:
Given y = x
x 0 1 2 -1 -2 3 -3
Y=x 0 1 2 -1 -2 3 -3
y = 4x  x 2
X 0 1 2 -1 -2 3 -3
Y= 4x  x 2 0 3 4 -5 -12 3 -21
The point of intersection is (0 , 0) and (3 , 3)

X varies from x = 0 to x = 3
Y varies from y = x to y = 4x  x 2
3 4 x  x2
Area =  
0 x
dydx
  y
4 x  x2
= x
dx
0
3
=  (4 x  x 2 )  x  dx
0
3
 x 2 x3 
= 3  
 2 3 0
9
=
2
P a g e | 130
Problem 5
Find the area of the cardioid r = a(1+cos  )
Solution
 a (1 cos  )
Area = 2  rdrd
0 0

a (1 cos  )
= 2  r 2  d
0
0

= 2  a 2 (1  cos  ) 2  0  d
0

= a 2  1  cos 2   2cos   d
0

 1  cos 2 
= a 2  1   2cos   d
0  
2

a2
=
2  3  cos 2  4cos   d
0

a2  sin 2 
=
2 3  2  4sin  
0
3 2
= a
2
Problem 6
 r drd over the area included between the circles r =2 sin  and r = 4sin 
3
Calculate
Solution :
Given
r =2 sin  and r = 4sin 
P a g e | 131
 4sin 
 4sin 
 r4 
Area =    r drd
3
=   d
0 2sin 0  4  2sin 
 64sin   4sin 4  d

4
=
0

 2
= 60 sin 4  d = 120  sin 4  d
0 0
 3  1    45
= 120     = 
 4  2  2  2
Problem 7
x y z
Find the volume of the tetrahedron    1 bounded by the coordinate planes.
a b c
Solution:
x y z
Given the tetrahedron is   1
a b c
Also given the tetrahedron is bounded by the coordinate planes.
The limits are

P a g e | 132
Problem 8
P a g e | 133
Problem 9:

Engg Maths - Book

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Engg Maths - Book

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Page |1

1. Define eigen values and eigen vectors.

2. Define Cayley Hamilton theorem and give its two uses.

We know sum of eigen values = sum of diagonal elements

We know product of eigen values=│A│.

7. If λ1,λ2,… λn are eigen values of an n x n matrix A then show that

We know sum of eigen values = sum of diagonal elements

The characteristic equation is A-λI = 0

Here given matrix is a upper triangular matrix

 eigen values of A are 1,2,3.

We know that if λ1, λ2, …λn are eigen values of a matrix A

then 1m , m2 ,...mn are eigen values of Am.

 eigen values of A2 are 1,4,9.

 eigen values of A3 are 1,8,27.

are eigen values of KA

 eigen values of 2A2 are 2(1), 2(4), 2(9).

16. Define orthogonal matrix.

17. If A is an orthogonal matrix Show that A-1 is also orthogonal

18. Prove that the product of 2 orthogonal matrices is an orthogonal matrix.

21. Define the Characteristic Root and Characteristic Equation of a Matrix

22. Write any two prpperties of eigen values

 cos  sin    cos   sin  

 cos 2   sin 2   cos  sin   sin  cos  

Solution: Since A is an orthogonal matrix, AT  A1 …..(1)

 the eigen values of A2 are 32 , 22 ,52 i.e. 9, 4, 25

Solution: Let 1 , 2 , 3 are the eigen values of A.

Then 1  2  3  sum of diagonal elements of A = 9

 the eigen values of A3 are 13 , 33 , 63.

Solution: By a property, sum of all eigen values of A = Trace of A

Solution: Let x, y, 6 are the eigen values of A .

(1)  (2)  (1)  1(0  a)  1(1  0)

35. State cayley Hamilton Theorem

Solution: The characteristic equation of A is | A   I | 0

38. Determine the nature of the quadratic form x 2 + 3 y 2 + 6 z 2 + 2 x y + 2 y z + 4 x z without

39. Expalin the nature of quadratic form

Solution: Rank of the quadratic form r  3

i.e.  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0 where

S1  sum of diagonal values of A  5  2  5  8

S3 | A | 5(10)  1(2)  48

 1-    3-   3-  -1  - 0 + 0 = 0

Case 2: When  = 2 the simultaneous equations  A- I  X=0 becomes

Case 3: When  = 4 the simultaneous equations  A- I  X=0 becomes

i.e.  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0 where

S1  sum of diagonal values of A  6  3  3  12

S2  sum of minors of leading diagonal of A

S3 | A | 6(9  1)  2(6  2)  2(2  6)  48  8  8  32

By inspection   2 is a root. By synthetic division, we have

Case (i): When   8 , the simultaneous equations ( A   I ) X  0 becomes

All the three equations are identical and same as to 2 x  y  z  0

Solution: The characteristic equation of A is | A   I | 0

i.e.  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0 where

S1  sum of diagonal values of A  1  3  4  0

S2  sum of minors of leading diagonal of A

S3 | A | 1(12  12)  1(4  6)  3(4  6)  24  10  6  8

 By Caley Hamilton theorem, we have to prove A3  20 A  8I  0 ……….(1)

 40 80 88   2 4 4  0 0 1

 12 20 60   20 20 60   8 0 0 

Hence the theorem is verified.

From (1), Adj A   A2  20I

Pre multiply (1) by A1 , we get A2  20I  8 A1  0

 1-    2-   2-  -0  - 0 - 2 0-0  =0

Hence the Cayley Hamilton theorem is verified.