Title of Magazine

ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE SHS (STEM 12)
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
TITLE
ASTRONOT L. PADIOAN
FLORIE JANE M. CONGAO
JEZREEL JOHN S. LIBED
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE

TAGUDIN CAMPUS
LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

GRADE 12
May 2020
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ABSTRACT
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APPROVAL SHEET
This research entitled “Photodegradation Of Low-Density
Polyethylene: Efficacy Of Photosensitizers Origanum Vulgare And
Cymbopogon Extract, Citrofortunella Microcarpa And Human Urine In
Reacting With Bioaccelerants” researched and submitted by
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx is a partial fulfillment of the
requirements in Practical Research II.
MARIA DENISE LOU C. AGUILAN, MSE FEMARIE M. CAPISTRANO, MALL

Research Adviser Associate Dean, LHS
Date Signed: __________________ Date Signed: __________________
Accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for Practical
Research II
MARIA DENISE LOU C. AGUILAN, MSE FEMARIE M. CAPISTRANO,

Research Adviser MALL
Associate Dean, LHS
Date Signed: __________________

Date Signed: __________________
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
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The Researche
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DEDICATION
To the future generation who holds the fate of our environment
To the plastics piled up in our academe’s backyard.
To our dying mother earth
To all the people who despise plasticity
The Researcher
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page …………………………………………………………………………………i

Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………….ii
Approval Sheet …………………………………………………………………….…vii
Acknowledgment …………………………………………………………….….…viii
Dedication …………………………..…………………………………………..……..x
Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………....xi
List of Figures ……………………………………………………………….……....xiv
List of Images …………………………………………………………………..……xiv
List of Tables ………………………………………………………………….………xv
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………1
Background of the Study ……………………………………………..…….1
Framework of the Study ………………………………………...…………..7
Statement of the Problem ………………………………………………....21
Scope and Delimitation ……………………………………………….......21
Significance of the Study ……………………………………….………....22
Definition of Terms ………………………………………………………....23
CHAPTER II
METHODOLOGY …………………………………………………………..…..25
Research Design …………………………………………….……………….25
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Flowchart of the Study ……………………………………………………..41
Analysis of Data ……………………………………………………………..43
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CHAPTER III
RESULTS/ FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
……………………………………………………46
Photosensitizers Effect with Bioaccelerants 1 & 2 …………………..46
Bioaccelerants Effect regardless of Photosensitizers ………………..58
Photosensitizers Effect regardless of Bioaccelerants ………………..61
Photosensitizers and Bioaccelerants’ Interaction …………………….66
CHAPTER IV
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS…………………………………………………….70
CONCLUSIONS ………………………………………..………….…………….77
RECOMMENDATIONS …………………………………..…………………….81
BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………………….86
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A ………………………………………………………..……………
LETTERS …………………………………………………………………….
Letter to the Principal ……………………………………….………92
Letter to the Graduate School Dean ………………………….….93
Letter for the Utilization of the Science Laboratory ……….….96
APPENDIX B
PROCEDURAL CALENDAR ………………………………………..……97
December ………………………………………………………………97
January ………………………………………………………..………97
February ………………………………………………..……………..98
March …………………………………………………………………..98
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APPENDIX C
RAW DATA TABLES ……………………………………………………….99
Table 3.22. Percentage of LDPE Degradation in Pure Land Soil……..99
Table 3.23. Percentages of Degradation by the Photosensitizers in FVW…99
Table 3.24. Percentages of Degradation by the Photosensitizers ...100
Table 3.25. Percentages of Degradation by the Bioaccelerants …….100
Table 3.26. Overall Percentages of Degradation………..………101
APPENDIX D
GRUBB’S TESTS SUMMARY …………………………………………102
Table 3.27. Grubb’s Test(SOP1-A) ……………………..………..102
Table 3.28. Grubb’s Test(SOP1-B) ……………………………….102
Table 3.29. Grubb’s Test( SOP2-4) ………………………………103
APPENDIX E
ANOVA SUMMARY ……………………………………………..
Table 3.30. Anova: Single Factor for Pure Land Soil …………...104
Table 3.31. Anova: Single Factor for Fruit and Vegetable Wastes Data…. 104
Table 3.32. Anova: Single Factor for the Photosensitizers …….104

Table 3.33. Anova: Two-Factor With Replication
for the Overall Degradation Data ……….105
APPENDIX F
DOCUMENTATION ……………………………………………………..106
CURRICULUM VITAE ……………………………………………………….114

Padioan, A. ……………………………………………………..…………114
Congao, F. ……………………………………………..………………….115
Libed, J. …………………………………………………..……………….116
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 (Theoretical Framework) ………………………………………………9
Figure 1.2 (Research Paradigm) …………………………….…………..……….20
Figure 2.1 (Experimental Set-up) ………………………………………..………28
Figure 2.2 (Flowchart of the Study) ……………………………………..………42
LIST OF IMAGES
Image 2.1 (Low-Density Polyethylene Structure) ………………………….…30
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLES PAGE
Table 3.1. Percentage of LDPE Degradation in Pure Land Soil…………...47
Table 3.2. Shapiro-Wilk Test for Dependent Variable Data in Pure Land Soil …..... 47
Table 3.3. Grubb’s Test for Outlier Assumption in Pure Land Soil Data …………… 48
Table 3.4. Levene’s Test for Variances in Pure Land Soil Data ……….….48
Table 3.5. Kruskal-Wallis Summary for Pure Land Soil Data ………….…49
Table 3.6. Kruskal-Wallis Test Result for Pure Land Soil Data ……….….52
Table 3.7. One-Factor ANOVA for Pure Land Soil …………………………...52
Table 3.8. Percentages of Degradation by the Photosensitizers in FVW…54
Table 3.9. Shapiro-Wilk Test for Photosensitizers in FVW Data …….……54
Table 3.10. Levene’s Test for the effect of Photosensitizers in FVW Data…..…55
Table 3.11. One-Factor ANOVA for Fruit and Vegetable Wastes Data ….…..55
Table 3.12. Post-hoc test for Photosensitizers in FVW Data ………….…..57
Table 3.13. Percentages of Degradation by the Photosensitizers……….58
Table 3.14. Shapiro-Wilk Test for the Photosensitizers’ Data ………….….58
Table 3.15. Levene’s Test for the Photosensitizers’ Data ……………….….59
Table 3.16. Summary of Kruskal-Wallis Test for the Photosensitizers …………..…...63
Table 3.17. Kruskal-Wallis Test for the Photosensitizers’ Data …….…….64
Table 3.18. One-Factor ANOVA for the Photosensitizers ……………….….66
Table 3.19. Percentages of Degradation by the Bioaccelerants ……..…...68
Table 3.20. Shapiro-Wilk Test for the Bioaccelerants’ Data ……….……..68
Table 3.21. Levene’s Test for the Bioaccelerants’ Data ……………….……69
Table 3.22. Mann-Whitney U Test for the Bioaccelerants’ Data ……….….…….75
Table 3.23. Overall Percentages of Degradation …………………………….77
Table 3.24. Levene’s Test for the Overall Degradation Data ……….………78
Table 3.25. Two-Factor ANOVA for the Overall Degradation Data Table ……..79
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Table 3.26. Scheirer-Ray Hare Test for the Overall Degradation Data ... 80
Table 3.27. Grubb’s Test (Pure Land Soil-A) ………………....…..………..102
Table 3.28. Grubb’s Test (FVW-A) …………………………………………….102
Table 3.29. Grubb’s Test (Over-all) ……………………………………………103
Table 3.30. Anova: Single Factor for Pure Land Soil .........................….104
Table 3.31. Anova: Single Factor for Fruit and Vegetable Wastes Data……..104
Table 3.32. Anova: Single Factor for the Photosensitizers ………..………104
Table 3.33. Anova: Two-Factor With Replication
for the Overall Degradation Data …..............105
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Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
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Framework of the Study
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Ultraviolet Light
Low-density
Bioaccelerants Polyethylene Photosensitizers
Landfill Soil;
Fruit & Plastic Lifetime Ketone Carbonyl;
Vegetable Carboxylic Acid;
Wastes Plastic Mechanical Human Urine
Reduction
Composting Ketone Group

Aldehyde Group
Microorganism Light-Sensitivity
Bacterial Attack Photodegradation
BIOACTIVITY &
PHOTOCHEMISTRY
Figure 1.1. Theoretical Framework

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INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Type of LDPE (30 Immersing the plastics
plastic) in the different
additives
Use of Additives to
induce photosensitivity Integration of
(1000 ml) Bioaccelerants
 Origanum
UV Light Exposure
vulgare
 Cymbopogon  Humidity
 Citrofortunella Monitoring: Everyday
microcarpa  Temperature
 Human Urine Take: 3 times a day
Bioaccelerants Use ANALYSIS ON THE:

(1000 g)
1. Physical; Efficacy, Rate, and
 Fruit Wastes 2. Chemical Differences of Each
 Vegetable Waste Attenuation Treatment in Terms of
 Land Soil (in Attenuation in Plastic
place) a. Tensile strength,
elongation, etc. Photodegradation
 Treatments b. Amount of
Degradation
T0 - Traditional
Treatment 3. Treatment
T1 –Origanum vulgare Differences
extract a. Between
T2 – Cymbopogon Photosensitizers
extract b. Between
T3- Citrofortunella Bioaccelerants
microcarpa juice, pulp c. Between
and seed Photosensitizers and
T4- 100% Urine Bioaccelerants
4. Rate of
Degradation
FEEDBACK
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Figure 1.2. Research paradigm
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the
photosensitizers and bioaccelerants in speeding up plastic
photodegradation.
Specifically, it quests to answer the following problems:
1. What is the level of efficacy and significant difference of the
photosensitizers in degrading the LDPE plastics planted in pure
land soil and within the aid of fruit and vegetable wastes?
2. What is the significant difference in terms of the effects on LDPE
plastics under the aid of:
a. microorganisms from landfill soil; and
b. microorganisms from fruit and vegetable wastes?
3. What is the level of efficacy and significant difference of the LDPE to
the different photosensitizers; namely:
a. Origanum vulgare extract;
b. Cymbopogon extract;
c. Citrofortunella microcarpa; and
d. human urine?
4. What is the interaction of the photosensitizers and bioaccelerants in
the degradation of the LDPEs?

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Scope and Delimitation
xxxxIn
Significance of the Study
In this period of major hazards and disasters caused by many
pollutants, especially from that of polymers, acquiring information on how
to speed up plastic degradation is a very historic and revolutionary act
because it aims to rehabilitate the world ecosystem and make every part
of earth sustain life to the fullest.
With this kind of research, many stakeholders can be benefited as
itemized below.
The community is benefited from the results of this type of
research because its results can help to reduce the plastic wastes in
landfills and oceans which will later result in the decrease of climate
change and global warming. The results of these kinds of researches can
be the bases in mitigating the effects of plastic pollution on soil fertility,
marine life, and atmospheric activity.
The school and academe serve as an avenue to bring and impart
the knowledge to the educators, investigators, and learners that this type
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of research is very vital and timely because the consequences brought by
plastic pollution is detrimental and dangerous to life and environment.
The school and academe act as domicile so that future researchers who
want to help in environmental causes can have access to this type of
research.
The research output will serve as a motivation for other student
investigators to undergo further study on plastic degradation and build
awareness in discovering photodegradation additives as well as the
operationally-defined bioaccelerant.
The researchers and the upcoming will be provided with
information that will be used to undertake further studies related to
plastic degradation. Further, the results of this study will guide them on
how to do and improve the process of photodegradation, or any other type
of degradation, so that they can contribute to the knowledge of speeding
up plastic degradation. Their awareness will also be enhanced by this
research to undergo other studies relating to environmental problems.
Definition of Terms
Some terminologies are fundamentally and repeatedly utilized in
this study. For clarity and understanding, the following terms are
conceptually and operationally defined:

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Plastic. It is a polymeric and flexible material that can be molded and
shaped by the application of heat and pressure.
Low-Density Polyethylene. It is a thermoplastic made from monomer
ethylene; the simplest most common type in the market.
Photosensitizers. It is a chemical, additive, or molecule that produces
chemical changes to a molecule or material in a photochemical process.
Put simply, photosensitizers make materials to be sensitive to UV light or
radiation.
Efficacy. It refers to effectiveness or the capacity to achieve the result
desired.
Attenuation. It refers to the reduction of the tensile strength, modulus of
elasticity, compression, impact, and yield of a polymer.
Photodegradation. It is the alteration and/or degradation of materials by
light.
Chemical Degradation. It is the process of breaking down a molecule
into smaller molecules. This can be done naturally or artificially.
Biodegradation. It is a type of degradation wherein the decomposition is
caused by organic material and microorganisms.

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Chapter II
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research design, materials, locale of the
experimentation, procedure of the experiment, experimental set-up, and
statistical treatments used in data analysis.
Research Design
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Below is the experimental set-up to show how the plot was
arranged and how the treated plastics were positioned. The treatments
were scattered and were not beside a treatment the same with it. This is
to avoid confusion during sampling.
Landfill Fruit & Landfill Fruit & Landfill Fruit &

Vegetabl Soil Vegetable Soil Vegetable
Soil e Wastes Wastes Wastes
T0 T1 T2 T4 T2 T4
Traditional OVE CE HE CE HE
T1 T2 T0 T2 T4 T2
OVE CE Traditional CE HE CE
T2 T3 T4 T3 T0 T1
CE CFMC HE CFMC Traditional OVE
T3 T4 T1 T0 T1 T3
CFMC HE OVE Traditio- OVE CFMC

nal
T4 T0 T3 T1 T3 T0
HE Traditio- CFMC OVE CFMC Traditio-

nal nal
Figure 2.1. Experimental Set-Up
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Figure 3 Legend:
 OVE – Origanum vulgare extract
 CE – Cymbopogon extract
 CFMC – Citrofortunella Microcarpa pulp, juice and seeds
 HE – Human urine
Materials and Procedures
This section discusses the materials that were used prior, during,
and post processes of the procedure, as well as the in-depth explanation
on how each step has been conducted.
Materials
The materials play a vital role in the completion of the study. The
materials used in the study were divided into three groups: the materials
in preparation, the materials in experimentation proper, and the
materials after the experimentation
All materials should be prepared for the procedure to be done.
These should also be prepared carefully to get the most accurate results
in the allotted time of experimentation.
Materials in Preparation
The first part is the materials in preparation. It was stated herein
the different materials needed in preparation for the experiment. They are
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as follows: a.) preparation of the LDPEs and for the amount of each
photosensitizers and bioaccelerants including the cultivation of land soil.
Low-Density Polyethylene (LPDE)
xxxxx
Materials in experimentation proper
xxxxxxxx
Materials used after the experimentation
xxxxxxxx
Procedure
These procedures were conducted systematically by the researchers
to acquire the data needed. The data were also subjected to analysis to
answer the given problems or questions.

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xxxxxxxx
Permission to conduct the experiment
xxxxxxxx
Preparation of the Experimentation Site
xxxxxxxx
Preparation of the Low-Density Polyethylene
xxxxxxxx
The Photosensitizers in Beakers
xxxxxxxx
Exposing to Ultraviolet Light

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Experimental Set-up Proper
xxxxxxxx
Flowchart of the Study
The research flow chart shows the flow of the study. In the flow
chart, it states the steps the researchers must do to come up with the aim
of the study. It contains the independent and dependent variables and the
sequence of events to be executed during experimentation. It is a
summary of the methodology of the study as it also summarizes the
procedure. Namely, the flowchart of the study contains the process and
the means to perform the process.

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Photodegradation of Low-Density Polyethylene: Efficacy of

Photosensitizers Origanum vulgar and Cymbopogon extract,
Citrofortunella microcarpa and Human Urine in Reacting with
Bioaccelerants
Experimental Quantitative
Research
Phase 1: Preparation and Procurement of Raw Materials
Construction of the Acquisition &

Acquiring Photosensitizers
Set-up Boxes and Preparing 30 LDPE
& Bioaccelerants
Collection of Soil Plastics
Phase 2: Experimentation and Data

Gathering
Immersing the LDPE Plastic Soil Burial/Cover with the

with the Photosentisizers Bioaccelerants
Replicates
Monitoring Temperature and
Exposing to Ultraviolet Light
Humidity
Phase 3: Sampling and Polymeric Filming of the

Degraded LDPE Plastic
Determining the Physical and Chemical Changes
Data Analysis Kruskal-Wallis,

ANOVA, SRH,
Treatment-Effect Size
Results & Discussion
` Summary, Conclusion &

Recommendation
Figure 2.2. Research Flow Chart

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Analysis of Data
This study entitled “Photodegradation of Low-Density
Polyethylene: Efficacy of Photosensitizers Origanum vulgare and
Cymbopogon Extract, Citrofortunella microcarpa and Human Urine in
Reacting with Bioaccelerants” was conducted using the Split-Plot Design
with five treatments in two categories repeated thrice.
The gathered data was tabulated, computed, and analyzed
according to the requirements of the sub-problems. These were
statistically treated.
1. To find out the level of efficacy of the photosensitizers in
degrading the LDPE plastics planted in pure land soil and within
the aid of fruit and vegetable wastes, the non-parametric
Kruskal-Wallis test was used. This type of statistical treatment is
used to determine whether there are any differences between
independent variables on one continuous dependent variable in
terms of the medians of each group. The dependent variables
will be the physical and chemical reactions of the LDPEs and the
independent variables will be the four photosensitizers
(statistics.laerd.com). An effect size is a statistical figure that is
used to describe the comparison of the efficacy of different
independent variables by quantifying the size of their differences.

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Eta-squared and omega-squared were used to compute the effect
size of the photosensitizers in the two bioaccelerants.
2. To determine the significant differences in terms of the effects on
LDPE plastics under the aid of the two different bioaccelerants,
one-factor ANOVA was used. As a statistical tool, ANOVA or
analysis of variance is used to find out of there is a statistically
significant difference between the impacts of one or more
independent factors, units, or variables to a single dependent
variable (statistics.laerd.com). In this research problem, the
independent variables are the microorganisms from pure land
soil and the soil with fruit and vegetable wastes. On the other
hand, the dependent variables are the amount of degradation in
the LDPEs. Eta-squared and omega-squared are also used to
compute the effect size of the two bioaccelerants.
3. To determine the significant differences of the LDPE to the
different photosensitizers, both the Kruskal-Wallis test and one-
factor ANOVA were used as the data conforms both with
parametric and non-parametric route of statistical treatment
(statistics.laerd.com). Similarly, eta-squared and omega-squared
are computed to find the effect size of the photosensitizers
regardless of the bioacccelerant.

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4. To analyze the interaction between the photosensitizers and
bioaccelerants in the degradation of the LDPEs, two-way ANOVA
and Scheirer-Ray Hare test were used. Two-way ANOVA have
two categorical independent variables measuring by one
dependent variable. Scheirer-Ray Hare test is the non-
parametric counterpart of the two-way ANOVA.

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CHAPTER III
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the paramount and momentous results of the
experimental procedures. The results in tables were presented and
discussed to liaise with the research problems.
Significant Difference and Level of Efficacy of the Photosensitizers in
Pure Land soil

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aldas M. (2018). Effects of the Prodegradant-Additives Plastics

Incorporated on the Polyethylene Recycling. Retrieved from
https://hindawi.com/journals/ijps/2018/24744176
Allen, M. (2017). The sage encyclopedia of communication research

methods (Vols. 1-4). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc
doi: 10.4135/9781483381411 Copy to Clipboard
Andrady, A. (1988). Experimental Demonstration of Controlled

Photodegradation of Relevant Plastic Compositions under Marine
Environmental Conditions. Retrieved from
https://www.afsc.noaa.gov/Publications/ProcRpt/PR1988-19.pdf
Andrady, A. L., & Neal, M. A. (2009). Applications and societal benefits of

plastics. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London.
Series B, Biological sciences, 364(1526), 1977–1984.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0304
Angioni A., et al. (2004). Effect of the epicuticular waxes of fruits and
vegetables on the photodegradation of rotenone. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/15161214
Anonymous. (2015). What is Plastic Photodegradation? Retrieved from

https://www.pollutionsolutionsonline.com/news/wastemanagement
/21/breaking-news/what-is-plasticphotodegradation/35801
Anonymous. (2019). Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation. Retrieved from

https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/radiation-
exposure/uv-radiation.html
Anonymous. (n.d). Urine. Retrieved from

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/urine/
Brookshire B. (2016). Tiny Particles Help Plastic Breakdown in the Sun.

Retrieved from
https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/blog/eureka-lab/tiny-
particles -help-plastic-breakdown-sun
Brown W. & March J. (n.d). Carboxylic Acid. Retrieved from

https://www.britannica.com/science/carboxylic-acid
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APPENDIX A
Letters
Letter ¿ the Principal ¿ ¿
November 4, 2019
FEMARIE M. CAPISTRANO, MALL

LHS Principal
ISPSC, Tagudin Campus
Ma’am:
We have the honor to request permission from your good office to allow us
in conducting our quantitative experiment at Suyo, Ilocos Sur. This is in
connection with our research entitled Photodegradation Of Low-Density
Cymbopogon Extract, Citrofortunella Microcarpa And Human Urine
In Reacting With Bioaccelerants
Your kind approval of this request would be very much appreciated.

Thank you very much!
Sincerely Yours,
ASTRONOT L. PADIOAN
FLORIE JANE CONGAO
JEZREEL JOHN LIBED
Researchers
Noted:
MARIA DENISE LOU C. AGUILAN
Research Adviser
Approved:
FEMARIE M. CAPISTRANO, MALL

LHS Principal
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Letter ¿ theGraduate School Dean ¿¿
November 4, 2019
IMELDA N. BINAY-AN, Ph.D

Graduate School Dean
Ma’am:
We are writing this letter with a sincere request to allow our utilization of
the books in the Graduate School’s library as our additional resources in
writing our research paper entitled Photodegradation Of Low-Density
Cymbopogon Extract, Citrofortunella Microcarpa And Human Urine
In Reacting With Bioaccelerants.
We hope you will pay heed to our request and provide us with an
affirmative response. We promise that we will use the books appropriately
and follow the library’s guidelines.
Sincerely Yours,
ASTRONOT L. PADIOAN
FLORIE JANE CONGAO
JEZREEL JOHN LIBED
Researchers
Noted: Approved:
MARIA DENISE LOU C.AGUILAN
IMELDA N. BINAY-AN, Ph.D
Research Adviser
Graduate School Dean
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Letter for the Utilization of the Science Laboratory¿
November 4, 2019
GEMMALYN TENOC, MSE

Instructor
Ma’am:
We are writing this letter with a sincere request to allow our utilization of
the facilities and equipment in the Science Laboratory for carrying out our
experiment for our research paper entitled Photodegradation Of Low-
Density Polyethylene: Efficacy Of Photosensitizers Origanum
Vulgare And Cymbopogon Extract, Citrofortunella Microcarpa And
Human Urine In Reacting With Bioaccelerants.
We hope you will pay heed to our request and provide us with an
affirmative response. We promise that we will use the facilities and
equipment and follow the laboratory’s protocols.
Sincerely Yours,
ASTRONOT L. PADIOAN
FLORIE JANE CONGAO
JEZREEL JOHN LIBED
Researchers
Noted: MARIA DENISE LOU

C.AGUILAN
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Research Adviser GEMMALYN TENOC

Instructor, CTE
Approved: Department
APPENDIX B
PROCEDURAL CALENDAR
DECEMBER
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
PRE-EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
BURIAL WITH BIOACCELERANTS
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30 31
Table 1. Sampling Calendar for December
JANUARY
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
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12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30 31
Table 2. Sampling Calendar for January

FEBRUARY
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30 31
Table 2. Sampling Calendar for February
MARCH
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
HARVESTING PLASTIC ANALYSIS

OF THE
LDPEs
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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POLYMERIC FILMING
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
ANALYSIS OF DATA
Table 3. Sampling Calendar for March
APPENDIX C
TABLES OF RAW DATA
Ranked Total Sample
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4
.02 .02 .02 .02 .02
.02 .02
.04 .04 .04 .04
.06
.08
.10
.19
Table 3.22. Percentage of Degradation of LDPEs in Pure Land Soil(SOP1)
Ranked Total Sample
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4
.15
.19
.20
.25 .25
.27
.29
.31 .31 .31
.33
.35
.42
.48
.52
Table 3.23. Percentages of Degradation by the Photosensitizers in
FVW(SOP1)
28
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
Pure Land Soil Soil with Fruit and Vegetable Wastes

0.1875 0.2917
0.02083 0.417
0.0417 0.35417
0.02083 0.33
0.10417 0.3125
0.0625 0.27083
0.02083 0.3125
0.02083 0.0417
0.0417 0.14583
0.02083 0.47917
0.0417 0.3125
0.083 0.52083
0.02083 0.25
0.25 0.2083
0.0417 0.1875
Figure 3.25. Percentages of Degradation by the Bioaccelerants(SOP2)
Ranked Total Sample
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4
.02 .02 .02 .02 .02
.02 .02
.04 .04 .04 .04
.06
.08
.10
.15
.19 .19
.2
.25 .25
.27
.29
.31 .31 .31
.33
.35
.4
.48
.52
Table 3.24. Percentages of Degradation by the Photosensitizers(SOP3)
REPLICATE 1 REPLICATE 2 REPLICATE 3

PL FVW PL FVW PL FVW
T0 .1875 .2917 .02083 .417 .0417 .25
T1 .02083 .35417 .10417 .33 .0625 .3125
T2 .02083 .27083 .02083 .3125 .0417 .14583
T3 .02083 .47917 .0417 .3125 .083 .52083
T4 .02083 .25 .02083 .2083 .0417 .1875
Figure 3.26. Overall Percentages of Degradation(SOP4)
29
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
Observa. Value Grubbs
1 0.1875 3.005027
2 0.02083 0.637114
3 0.02083 0.637114
4 0.02083 0.637114
5 0.02083 0.637114
6
APPENDIX D
0.02083 0.637114
7 GRUBB’S
0.10417 TESTS SUMMARY
1.184065
8 0.02083 0.637114
9 0.0417 0.181054
Value Grubbs
10 0.02083 0.637114
11 0.0417 0.181054
12 0.0625 0.273476
13 0.0417 0.181054
14 0.083 0.72145
15 0.0417 0.181054
Average 0.049985 0
Std Dev 0.045762

30
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
Observa
.
1 0.2917 0.173188
2 0.35417 0.433874
3 0.27083 0.375996
4 0.47917 1.648583
5 0.25 0.578415
6 0.417 1.044435
7 0.33 0.198998
8 0.3125 0.028939
9 0.3125 0.028939
10 0.2083 0.983642
11 0.25 0.578415
12 0.3125 0.028939
13 0.14583 1.590704
14 0.52083 2.053421
15 0.1875 1.185769
Average 0.309522 0
Std Dev 0.102905

TABLE 31. Grubb’s Test(SOP1-A) TABLE 32. Grubb’s Test(SOP1-B)
Observa. Value Grubbs
31
1 0.1875 0.050485
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
2 0.02083 1.035743
3 0.02083 1.035743
4 0.02083 1.035743
5 0.02083 1.035743
6 0.02083 1.035743
7 0.10417 0.492596
8 0.02083 1.035743
9 0.0417 0.899728
10 0.02083 1.035743
11 0.0417 0.899728
12 0.0625 0.764169
13 0.0417 0.899728
14 0.083 0.630566
15 0.0417 0.899728
16 0.2917 0.72958
17 0.35417 1.136712
18 0.27083 0.593566
19 0.47917 1.951366
20 0.25 0.457812
21 0.417 1.54619
22 0.33 0.97919
23 0.3125 0.865139
24 0.3125 0.865139
25 0.2083 0.186043
26 0.25 0.457812
27 0.3125 0.865139
32
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
TABLE 33. Grubb’s Test(SOP2-4)
APPENDIX E
ANOVA SUMMARY
TABLE 3.27. Anova: Single Factor for Pure Land Soil
SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
T0 3 0.3 0.083343333 0.008245348
T1 3 0.2 0.0625 0.001736389
T2 3 0.1 0.027786667 0.000145186
T3 3 0.1 0.04851 0.001001059
T4 3 0.1 0.027786667 0.000145186
TABLE 3.28. Anova: Single Factor for Fruit and Vegetable Wastes Data
SUMMARY
T0 3 0.9587 0.319567 0.007555
T1 3 0.99667 0.332223 0.000438

33
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
T2 3 0.72916 0.243053 0.007523
T3 3 1.3125 0.4375 0.012153
T4 3 0.6458 0.215267 0.001013
TABLE 3.29. Anova: Single Factor for the Photosensitizers
SUMMARY
T0 6 1.2 0.201455 0.023060443
T1 6 1.2 0.197361667 0.02269488
T2 6 0.8 0.13542 0.016969347
T3 6 1.5 0.243005 0.050655445
T4 6 0.7 0.121526667 0.011007885
TABLE 3.30. Anova: Two-Factor With Replication for the Overall Degradation Data
SUMMARY B1 B2 Total
T0
Count 3 3 6
Sum 0.25003 0.9587 1.20873
Average 0.083343 0.319567 0.201455
Variance 0.008245 0.007555 0.02306

34
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
T1
Count 3 3 6
Sum 0.1875 0.99667 1.18417
Average 0.0625 0.332223 0.197362
Variance 0.001736 0.000438 0.022695
T2
Count 3 3 6
Sum 0.08336 0.72916 0.81252
Average 0.027787 0.243053 0.13542
Variance 0.000145 0.007523 0.016969
T3
Count 3 3 6
Sum 0.14553 1.3125 1.45803
Average 0.04851 0.4375 0.243005
Variance 0.001001 0.012153 0.050655
T4
Count 3 3 6
Sum 0.08336 0.6458 0.72916
Average 0.027787 0.215267 0.121527

35
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
Variance 0.000145 0.001013 0.011008
Total
Count 15 15
Sum 0.74978 4.64283
Average 0.049985 0.309522
Variance 0.002094 0.01059
APPENDIX F
DOCUMENTATION
I. PREPARATION OF THE PHOTOSENSITIZERS
a. ) A 2500 mg of oregano (Origanum Vulgare) and lemon grass

(Cymbopogon) were gathered and extracted through boiling method
in a 1200 ml of water.
36
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
b.) The male researchers gathered their own urine for the study.
c.) Packs of calamansi were bought to use its juice as another

photosensitizer.
37
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
II. IMMERSION OF PLASTICS TO THE PHOTOSENSITIZERS
a.) The researchers had an orientation regarding on the proper

materials and procedure. The researchers, then, took charged in
measuring each photosensitizers inside the laboratory.
b.) 1000 ml for each photosensitizer was measured, placed and labeled
in each designated bottle.
38
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
c.) 30 pieces of 9 x 5 inches LDPE were immersed into the different

treaments for two weeks.
39
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
III. EMBEDDING THE LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE
a.) The researchers chose a location suited for the

implementation of the experiment. Thirty (30) wholes were
dug up for the treatments and replicates.
b.) Each LDPEs was placed into their designated whole before
they were buried by their respective bioaccelerant.
40
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
*This is the
view of the experimentation site before all spots were covered by an inch
deep of soil. Security from animals and anthropogenic effects was strictly
employed.
IV. INGATHERING/HARVESTING AND POST-EXPERIMENTAL

ATTESTATION
41
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
a. The ingathered plastics were transferred from ziplocks to icebags

b. A glimpse of the velocity of a microorganism thrived after ingathering
42
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
c. Random sample view of the manipulated LDPEs by photosensitizers

and bioaccelerants under the photo-succor of ultraviolet light
43
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
CURRICULUM VITAE
ASTRONOT L. PADIOAN
Poblacion, Suyo, Ilocos Sur
astronotpadioan@gmail.com | 09493328011
PERSONAL DATA
Date of Birth: June 9, 2001
Sex: Male
Age: 18 years old
Religion: Iglesia Ni Cristo
Language Spoken: Iloco, Filipino, English
Civil Status: Single
Year and Section: 12/STEM
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Senior High School: Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
Junior High School: Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
Elementary: Suyo Central School

44
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
“Introducing research to junior students initiates them from

being knowledge-consumers to progress-producers.”

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ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE SHS (STEM 12)

Tagudin Ilocos Sur

ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

This research entitled “Photodegradation Of Low-Density

Polyethylene: Efficacy Of Photosensitizers Origanum Vulgare And

Cymbopogon Extract, Citrofortunella Microcarpa And Human Urine In

Reacting With Bioaccelerants” researched and submitted by

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx is a partial fulfillment of the

requirements in Practical Research II.

MARIA DENISE LOU C. AGUILAN, MSE FEMARIE M. CAPISTRANO, MALL

Date Signed: __________________ Date Signed: __________________

Accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for Practical

MARIA DENISE LOU C. AGUILAN, MSE FEMARIE M. CAPISTRANO,

Date Signed: __________________

To the future generation who holds the fate of our environment

To the plastics piled up in our academe’s backyard.

To our dying mother earth

To all the people who despise plasticity

Title Page …………………………………………………………………………………i

Table 3.32. Anova: Single Factor for the Photosensitizers …….104

CURRICULUM VITAE ……………………………………………………….114

Background of the Study

Framework of the Study

Start typing here for first level text

Second Level Heading (Boldface, indented 5 spaces from left margin)

Start typing text here for second level text

Composting Ketone Group

Figure 1.1. Theoretical Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Bioaccelerants Use ANALYSIS ON THE:

Figure 1.2. Research paradigm

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the

photosensitizers and bioaccelerants in speeding up plastic

Specifically, it quests to answer the following problems:

1. What is the level of efficacy and significant difference of the

photosensitizers in degrading the LDPE plastics planted in pure

2. What is the significant difference in terms of the effects on LDPE

plastics under the aid of:

a. microorganisms from landfill soil; and

b. microorganisms from fruit and vegetable wastes?

3. What is the level of efficacy and significant difference of the LDPE to

the different photosensitizers; namely:

a. Origanum vulgare extract;

c. Citrofortunella microcarpa; and

4. What is the interaction of the photosensitizers and bioaccelerants in

the degradation of the LDPEs?

Scope and Delimitation

Significance of the Study

In this period of major hazards and disasters caused by many

pollutants, especially from that of polymers, acquiring information on how

to speed up plastic degradation is a very historic and revolutionary act

of earth sustain life to the fullest.

With this kind of research, many stakeholders can be benefited as

The community is benefited from the results of this type of

be the bases in mitigating the effects of plastic pollution on soil fertility,

marine life, and atmospheric activity.

The school and academe serve as an avenue to bring and impart

of research is very vital and timely because the consequences brought by

plastic pollution is detrimental and dangerous to life and environment.

want to help in environmental causes can have access to this type of

The research output will serve as a motivation for other student

Date Signed: Date Signed: