Common UK Standards For Joining and Surfacing - TWI

12/9/2020 Common UK Standards for Joining and Surfacing - TWI
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COMMON UK STANDARDS FOR JOINING AND

SURFACING

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Brazing and Soldering
Spraying and Surfacing
Welding Processes and Welded Products
Allied Processes (Cutting, Gouging, Heating)
Brazing and Soldering
AWS B2.2/B2.2M: 2010

Speci cation for brazing procedure and performance quali cation
Requirements for the quali cation of brazing procedure speci cations, brazers, and brazing operators for manual, mechanised, and
automatic brazing are speci ed. The brazing processes covered are torch ( ame), furnace, induction, resistance, dip, and infrared.
Parent metals, brazing ller metals, brazing uxes, brazing atmospheres, and brazing joint clearances are also included.
AWS B2.3/B2.3M: 2012

Speci cation for soldering procedure and performance quali cation
Requirements for quali cation of soldering procedure speci cations, solderers, and soldering operators for manual, mechanised, and
automatic soldering are speci ed. The soldering processes covered are torch ( ame), furnace, resistance, dip, infrared and induction.
Parent metals, soldering ller metals, soldering uxes, soldering atmospheres, and soldering joint clearances are also included.
AWS C3.4M/C3.4: 2016

Speci cation for torch brazing
This speci cation provides minimum fabrication, equipment, material, process procedure requirements, and defect limits for the torch
( ame) brazing of steels, copper alloys, and heat and corrosion resistant alloys. Topics include: classi cation of brazed joints (Class A, B
or C, or unspeci ed); applicable documents; process requirements (equipment; ller materials; uxes; cleaning; joint clearance;
accessibility; application of ller metal, ux and stop-o ; brazing cycle; safety and health; post brazing operations; quali cation); quality
assurance and NDT provisions; and de nitions.
AWS C3.5M/C3.5: 2016

Speci cation for induction brazing
Minimum joint fabrication and quality requirements are speci ed for induction brazing of steels, stainless steels, copper, copper alloys
and other heat and corrosion resistant metals. Equipment, consumables, procedures (for surface preparation, joint gap, application of
ller, ux and stop-o , brazing cycle and post brazing operations) and quality assurance (inspection and NDT) are covered.
AWS C3.6M/C3.6: 2016

Speci cation for furnace brazing
Minimum joint fabrication and quality requirements are speci ed for furnace brazing of steels, nickel, nickel alloys, copper, copper
alloys and heat and corrosion resistant alloys. The speci cation allows standardisation of furnace brazing requirements for all
applications where furnace brazed joints of assured quality are required. It provides criteria for classifying furnace brazed joints based
on loading, the consequences of failure, and quality assurance criteria de ning the limits of acceptability of each class. The speci cation
de nes acceptable furnace brazing equipment, materials and procedures, as well as the required inspection for each class of joint.
AWS C3.7/C3.7M: 2011

Speci cation for aluminum brazing
Requirements for the brazing of aluminium and aluminium alloys are presented. Requirements cover: equipment (furnaces,
atmosphere and temperature control, operating procedures; for ame, induction, molten ux bath, and furnace brazing), materials
( ller metals, uxes, cleaning materials, braze stop-o ), procedures (preparation, assembly, brazing), and quality control (inspection
procedures, nondestructive testing).
AWS C3.9M/C3.9: 2009

Speci cation for resistance brazing
The minimum fabrication, equipment, material, and process procedure requirements, as well as discontinuity limits for the resistance
brazing of steels, copper, copper alloys, heat- and corrosion-resistant alloys, and other materials that can be adequately resistance
brazed (the resistance brazing of aluminium alloys is addressed in AWS C3.7M/C3.7, Speci cation for Aluminum Brazing) are speci ed.
Also provided are criteria for classifying resistance brazed joints based on loading and the consequences of failure and quality
assurance criteria de ning the limits of acceptability in each class, and de nes acceptable resistance brazing equipment, materials, and
procedures, as well as the required inspection for each class of joint.
AWS C3.11M/C3.11: 2011

Speci cation for torch soldering
The minimum process and quality requirements for the torch soldering of ceramics, precious metals, and refractory metals, as well as
the alloys of copper, iron, nickel, aluminum, magnesium, tin, lead, and zinc, are speci ed.
AWS D10.13/D10.13M: 2001

Recommended practices for the brazing of copper tubing and ttings for medical gas systems
Guidance is provided for implementation of the requirements of US Standard NFPA 99C (gas and vacuum systems). Aspects covered
include standards for the preparation and cleanliness of materials and equipment, recommended ller materials and their melting
properties, process procedures (purging, joint heating, ller metal application), and test and inspection procedures (visual inspection,
nondestructive and pressure testing).
BS 1723
Brazing
Part 1: 1986 Speci cation for brazing
Superseded by BS EN 14324
Part 2: 1986 Guide to brazing
Superseded by BS EN 14324
BS EN 4632
Aerospace series. Welded and brazed assemblies for aerospace constructions. Weldability and brazeability of
materials
Part 001: 2008 General requirements
Degrees of weldability and brazeability for metallic materials used in aerospace construction, for processes and techniques involving
welding and brazing but excluding soldering are de ned, plus rules to be observed to determine the degree of weldability and
brazeability.
Part 002: 2008 Homogeneous assemblies [of] aluminium and aluminium alloys
Degrees of weldability and brazeability for aluminium and aluminium alloy materials or families of materials used in the aerospace
industry are de ned.
Part 003: 2010 Welding and brazing of homogeneous assemblies of unalloyed and low alloy steels
Degrees of weldability and brazeability for unalloyed and low alloy steel materials or families of materials used in the aerospace
Part 004: 2012 Welding and brazing of homogeneous assemblies of high alloyed steels
The weldability and brazeability of high alloy steels used in the aerospace industry is speci ed.
Part 005: 2009 Homogeneous assemblies of heat resisting Ni or Co base alloys
Degrees of weldability and brazeability for nickel or cobalt based alloy materials or families of materials used in the aerospace industry
are de ned.
Part 006: 2013 Homogenous assemblies of titanium alloys
Degrees of weldability and brazeability for titanium alloys materials or families of materials used in the aerospace industry are de ned.
The standard is applicable without restriction for the manufacturing of new parts or for repair.
BS EN 14324: 2004 (R2009)

Brazing. Guidance on the application of brazed joints
Supersedes BS 1723 Parts 1 and 2
This British Standard gives guidance on the application of brazing and the manufacture of brazed joints. It provides an introduction to
brazing and a basis for understanding and using brazing in di erent applications but does not deal with detailed speci c product
information. It covers joint design and assembly, material aspects for both parent material and ller materials, process and process
variables, pre- and post-braze treatment and inspection. There are informative annexes on examples of brazed assemblies and joint
design and further annexes on characteristics of ller materials and on brazing methods.
BS EN 61192
Workmanship requirements for soldered electronic assemblies
Part 1: 2003 General
Identical to IEC 61192-1
This British Standard speci es general requirements for the manufacture, handling and workmanship of soldered electronic assemblies
on printed boards and similar laminates attached to the surface(s) of organic substrates. It covers requirements for applying the
standard, pre-process activities, component preparation, mounting structure and printed board preparation, surface-mount solder
paste deposition, non-conductive adhesive deposition and curing, surface-mounted component placement, through-hole component
insertion, placement of terminals and press- t pins, re ow soldering, immersion soldering, individual point soldering, cleaning, electrical
testing, rework and repair, conformal coatings, packaging, shipping and training.
Part 2: 2003 Surface mount assemblies
This British Standard speci es general requirements for the manufacture, handling and workmanship of soldered, surface-mounted
electronic assemblies and multichip modules on organic substrates, printed boards and similar laminates attached to the surface(s) of
inorganic substrates. It covers requirements for applying the standard, component preparation, solder paste deposition, non-
conductive adhesive deposition, temporary masking, component placement, post placement rework, adhesive curing, soldering,
cleaning, hand placement and soldering and electrical testing.
Part 3: 2003 Through hole mount assemblies
General requirements for workmanship in through-hole mount soldered assemblies on organic substrates, on printed boards, and on
similar laminates attached to the surface(s) of inorganic substrates are given. It applies to assemblies that are totally through-hole or
mixed assemblies including surface mounting or other related assembly technologies, e.g. terminals, wires.
Part 4: 2003 Terminal assemblies
General requirements for workmanship in terminal soldered assemblies on organic substrates, on printed boards, and on similar
laminates attached to the surface(s) of inorganic substrates are given. It applies to assemblies that are totally terminals or mixed
assemblies including surface mounting or other related assembly technologies, e.g. through-hole, wires.
Part 5: 2007 Rework, modi cation and repair of soldered electronic assemblies
Information and requirements applicable to modi cation, rework and repair procedures for soldered electronic assemblies are
presented. Speci c processes used to manufacture soldered electronic assemblies where components are attached to printed boards
and to the relevant parts of resulting products are covered, as well as activities that can form part of the work in assembling mixed
technology products.
Spraying and Surfacing
AWS D14.7/D14.7M: 2005

Recommended practices for surfacing and reconditioning of industrial mill rolls
This standard provides guidance, based upon experience, for preparing, building up and overlaying by welding, post weld heat treating,
nish machining, inspecting, and record-keeping of new and reconditioned industrial mill rolls.
BS EN 13507: 2010 (+ 2016 draft)

Thermal spraying. Pre-treatment of surfaces of metallic parts and components for thermal spraying
Surface preparation for thermal spraying is speci ed. The standard applies to production of new parts as well as the repair of worn
parts.
BS EN 14616: 2004
Thermal spraying. Recommendations for thermal spraying
Superseded by BS EN ISO 12679: 2015
BS EN 15311: 2007
Thermal spraying. Components with thermally sprayed coatings. Technical supply conditions
Superseded by BS EN ISO 12670: 2015
BS EN 15340: 2007
Thermal spraying. Determination of shear load resistance of thermally sprayed coatings
The procedure for determining shear load resistance of thermally sprayed coatings, provided that a minimum thickness is given is
speci ed. Also the shear load resistance and designation of the fracture's structure on the test specimen, which occurs when the shear
adhesive or adhesive/ cohesive or cohesive strength of the coating or the coating system will be exceeded, are de ned.
BS EN 15648: 2009
Thermal spraying. Component related procedure speci cation
The requirements for quali cation of a spray procedure speci cation are de ned. Conditions for applying the procedure quali cation
and its quali cation for a range of components are indicated. These components should be similar to the tested component in shape,
physical and chemical behaviour, and in properties. This is especially valid in the case of a client's requirement for a quali cation. It can
also be applied in the case of a company's internal quality requirements. Applicable to the manufacture of new parts and repairs of
components made of metallic and non-metallic materials.
BS EN ISO 12670: 2015

Thermal spraying. Components with thermally sprayed coatings. Technical supply conditions
Supersedes BS EN 15311: 2007 and BS ISO 12670: 2011
Technical supply conditions when using thermally sprayed coatings for manufacturing or repair of components are speci ed.
BS EN ISO 12679: 2015

Thermal spraying. Recommendations for thermal spraying
Supersedes BS EN 14616: 2004 and BS ISO 12679: 2011
General guidelines for the workmanlike production of metallic, metal-ceramic, oxide-ceramic and plastic coatings, by means of thermal
spraying on metallic and non-metallic parent materials are presented. Recommendations for an appropriate and practical spray set-up,
fault-free manufacturing, monitoring, quality assurance and for nondestructive and destructive tests on components and accompanying
specimens are provided. Details about negative e ects which can occur and advice on how to prevent such e ects are given.
BS EN ISO 14920: 2015

Thermal spraying. Spraying and fusion of self- uxing alloys
The procedure for thermal spraying of self- uxing alloys that are simultaneously or subsequently fused to create a homogeneous,
di usion bonded coating, is de ned.
BS EN ISO 14921: 2010

Thermal spraying. Procedures for the application of thermally sprayed coatings for engineering components
The standard refers to procedures for the application of thermal sprayed coatings as de ned in EN 657, either for the reclamation of
worn or non-conforming parts, or to enhance the surface properties of components for speci c purposes.
BS ISO 27307:2015
Thermal spraying. Evaluation of adhesion/cohesion of thermal sprayed ceramic coatings by transverse scratch
testing
The test is suitable for thermally sprayed ceramic coatings from 50 to over 1000 microns in thickness, and are suitable for coatings
applied by other processes, such as aerosol deposition and cold spray.
Welding Processes and Welded Products
AWS C1.1M/C1.1: 2012

Recommended practices for resistance welding
Recommendations covering data and procedures for setting up resistance welding equipment to manufacture components, welding
ferrous and non ferrous metals and assessing weld quality are given. There are sections for resistance spot and seam welding,
projection welding, ash welding, upset welding and weld bonding. Another section deals with equipment monitoring and maintenance.
Guidance on health and safety is also given.
AWS C1.4M/C1.4: 2009

Speci cation for resistance welding of carbon and low alloy steels
This standard describes the minimum shear strength and weld button diameter requirements for carbon steel and low alloy steel sheet
resistance and projection welds. The speci cation addresses welding procedure and equipment requirements, materials preparation,
and production requirements (visual inspection, weld inspection) for acceptable welds in coated and uncoated low carbon, medium
carbon and low alloy, high strength steels. Health and safety aspects are also considered.
AWS C5.1: 1973
Recommended practices for plasma arc welding
Withdrawn
AWS C5.4: 1993
Recommended practices for stud welding
Withdrawn
AWS C5.5/C5.5M: 2003

Recommended practices for gas tungsten arc [TIG] welding
A summary of gas tungsten arc (GTA) welding development precedes an in-depth coverage of materials; joint design; shielding gases-
mixtures for various metals; arc voltage; welding speeds; tungsten electrodes (current ranges, preparation etc); ller metal
(composition, quality, identi cation and feeding). Typical welding procedure is tabled for GTA welding of carbon and stainless steels. The
roles of the welder and welding engineer, and quality control are mentioned. Typical equipment for manual, semi-automatic and
automatic GTA welding process applications are detailed. A brief summary of safe practice is included.
AWS C5.6: 1989 (R2004)
Recommended practices for gas metal arc welding
Withdrawn
AWS C5.7: 2000 (R2006)

Recommended practices for electrogas welding
This guide sets standard practices for electrogas welding (EGW) of low-carbon pressure vessel and structural steels. The welding process
is described, including welding with a solid or ux cored electrode and with a consumable guide. Topics covered include: equipment;
electrodes; shielding gas; applications; metallurgical considerations; selection of welding conditions; inspection and repair; training;
quali cation of process, equipment, procedures and operators; troubleshooting; and safety.
AWS C6.1: 1989 (R2009)

Recommended practices for friction welding
Recommendations are given for friction welding procedures and equipment. Topics include: process fundamentals and requirements;
equipment descriptions; joint design basics and material compatibilities (with mention of Al, cast iron, ceramics, Nb, Cu, Ni sintered iron,
Ag, carbon steels, maraging steels, tool steels, and stainless steels, Ti, W, U, V,Zr and alloys of Al, Cu, Ni, Ti and Zr). Suggested
quali cation procedures and inspection methods, a review of present applications, and typical data on mechanical properties and
defects of welded joints are included.
AWS C6.2/C6.2M: 2006

Speci cation for friction welding of metals
This speci cation provides for the quali cation of friction welding machines, procedures, and training of welding operators.
Quali cation of the welding procedure speci cation (WPS) includes the material speci cations involved, weld joint design, destructive
and nondestructive examination requirements, as well as guidelines for di erent categories of quality assurance. Quali cation of
welding equipment includes weld parameter control and weld reproducibility. Welding operators require training in the proper
operation of friction welding equipment. The requirements for requali cation of the WPS and equipment are also given.
AWS C7.1M/C7.1: 2013

Recommended practices for electron beam welding and allied processes
Recommendations for the electron beam welding of a wide range of metals and thicknesses are presented. Topics covered include:
safety, particularly X-ray hazards; fundamentals of the process; equipment; metallurgy (carbon steels, low alloy steels, stainless steels,
nickel and cobalt alloys and copper, aluminium, magnesium and titanium alloys and refractory metals); process procedures; joint
design; process parameters; inspection and nondestructive testing; maintenance procedures; and quali cation of operators and
procedures.
AWS C7.2M: 2010

Recommended practices for laser beam welding, cutting and allied processes
This standard presents recommended practices for laser welding, laser cutting and laser drilling. Prescribed items include process
de nitions, safety considerations, equipment descriptions (CO2 lasers, Nd:YAG lasers, laser systems, xtures), process control and
monitoring, laser welding processes, laser welding metallurgy, laser cutting and laser drilling processes, record keeping, inspection and
testing, speci cations for laser welding, equipment maintenance, and personnel training.
AWS C7.3: 2016

Process speci cation for electron beam welding
Applicable speci cations, safety requirements, fabrication, quality examination, equipment calibration and maintenance, approval and
delivery of work are detailed.
AWS C7.4/C7.4M: 2008

Process speci cation and operator quali cation for laser beam welding
Applicable speci cations, safety requirements, fabrication, quality examination, equipment calibration and maintenance, approval of
work, and delivery of work are detailed.
AWS D1.1/D1.1M: 2015

Structural welding code. Steel
The code covers requirements for welding low alloy steel and carbon steel structures including buildings, bridges and tubular
constructions. It excludes pressure vessels and piping. Areas covered are: design of welded joints including joint preparations;
quali cation of procedures and welders; radiographic and ultrasonic testing; strengthening and repair of existing structures;
construction of new statically loaded, dynamically loaded and tubular structures; allowable stresses; workmanship; weld quality
requirements. "Commentary on Structural Welding Code - Steel" is appended. Other appendices include a glossary, mandatory
requirements and examples of approved forms.
AWS D1.2/D1.2M: 2014

Structural welding code. Aluminum
This code covers the welding requirements for any type of structure made from aluminium structural alloys (except for pressure vessels
and uid-carrying pipelines). Aspects included are: design of welded connections (including two types of structures, statically loaded and
cyclically loaded structures), quali cation (including test methods, quali cation of personnel and performance quali cation), fabrication,
inspection (including radiographic and ultrasonic testing), stud welding (including arc stud welding and capacitor discharge stud
welding), and strengthening and repair of existing structures. Processes covered are GMA, TIG, plasma arc and stud welding. A
commentary on the code is included.
AWS D1.3/D1.3M: 2008

Structural welding code. Sheet steel
This standard covers MMA, GMA (MIG/MAG), FCA, TIG and submerged arc welding of structural sheet steels or strip steels (including hot-
rolled, cold-rolled, hot-dip zinc-coated and HSLA steels), up to 4.8 mm thickness, welded to other structural steel sheets or to supporting
structural steel members. Requirements speci ed include: general requirements (parent materials, processes, weld metal,
consumables); welded joint design (butt welds, spot (puddle) welds, seam welds, llet welds); procedure quali cation; welder
quali cation; fabrication and inspection. Appendices give: sample quali cation forms; guidelines for technical enquiries for the AWS
Structural Welding Committee; a glossary; gauge numbers and equivalent thicknesses; guidance on safety; and a commentary on the
Code.
AWS D1.4/D1.4M: 2011

Structural welding code. Reinforcing steel
This code covers the requirements for welding reinforcing steel to reinforcing steel and reinforcing steel to carbon or low-alloy
structural steel. It contains rules for the regulations of welding reinforcing steel and provides suitable acceptance criteria for such welds.
The prescribed welding processes are MMA, GMA and FCA. The code addresses allowable stresses, structural details, workmanship,
ller metal requirements, tack welds, welding of coated metals, electrodes, welder quali cations, and inspection techniques. Safety
issues are considered.
AWS D1.5M/D1.5: 2015

Bridge welding code
The welding requirements for AASHTO welded highway bridges made from carbon and low alloy constructional steels are speci ed. A
body of rules for the regulation of welding in steel construction is presented.
AWS D1.6/D1.6M: 2007

Structural welding code. Stainless steel
This code covers the requirements for welding stainless steel components subject to design stress. It covers welding procedure
speci cations (WPS's), the design of welded connections (drawings, allowable stresses, weld lengths, plug and slot welds), prequali ed
WPS's (processes, base metals, ller metals, uxes and gases, weld sizes, non-tubular and tubular joints), WPS quali cation
requirements, fabrication, inspection (radiographic testing of butt welds in butt joints, ultrasonic testing of butt welds), and stud
welding. Details are given of pre-approved welding processes including MMA, submerged arc, FCA, GMA, and TIG welding.
AWS D1.7/D1.7M: 2010

Guide for strengthening and repairing existing structures. Supplement
The guide provides information, direction and guidance on weld repairs, weld strengthening, and other procedures necessary to correct
challenging issues faced whilst dealing with existing structures.
AWS D1.8/D1.8M: 2016

Structural welding code. Seismic supplement
This standard applies to welded joints in Seismic Load Resisting systems in accordance with the AISC (American Institute of Steel
Construction) Seismic Provisions and provides additional controls on detailing, materials, workmanship, testing and inspection for
welded steel structures built in earthquake zones. Guidance on interpretation and application is given.
AWS D1.9/D1.9M: 2015

Structural welding code. Titanium
The requirements for design and welding of any type of titanium structure are speci ed (excluding titanium pressure vessels and uid-
carrying pipe lines). A body of rules for the regulation of welding in titanium construction is detailed. A commentary on the code is also
included.
AWS D3.5: 1993 (R2000)

Guide for steel hull welding
Requirements are presented for the design, fabrication and testing of welds in the hulls of steel ships. Topics include: parent and ller
material selection; process capabilities; joint preparation; distortion, heat treatment and mechanical stress relief; procedure and
personnel quali cation; inspection and NDT; principle types of weld defects; stray current protection and other safety aspects; and
procedure for mechanical testing of materials.
AWS D3.6M: 2010

Speci cation for underwater welding
Fabrication and quality assurance procedures are speci ed for underwater welding by the MMA, GMA, TIG, plasma and ux cored arc
processes. Both dry welding (habitat, chamber and one-atmosphere welding) and wet welding are covered. Details are given of: joint
preparation; acceptable llet and butt weld pro les; welding position; procedure quali cation; test pipes; test plates; location and types
of test specimens for mechanical tests; bend test specimens and jigs; welder quali cation; visual weld inspection; radiography;
ultrasonic testing.
AWS D3.7: 2004

Guide for aluminum hull welding
Recommendations are made concerning welded aluminium for marine applications, especially ship hulls. Aspects covered include:
properties of parent materials (particularly the 5000 and 6000 series); selection of ller material; preparation for welding; joint designs;
equipment and procedures for GMA, TIG and stud welding; process parameters; process quali cation; nondestructive testing of welds;
repair welding; safety.
AWS D8.1M: 2013

Speci cation for automotive welding quality. Resistance spot welding of steel
This document contains both visual and measurable acceptance criteria for resistance spot welds in steels. The information may be
used as an aid by designers, resistance welding equipment manufacturers, welded product producers, and others involved in the
automotive industry and resistance spot welding of steels.
AWS D8.8M: 2014

Speci cation for automotive welding quality. Arc welding of steel
This speci cation provides the minimum quality requirements for arc welding of various types of automotive and light truck
components. Arc and hybrid arc welding of coated and uncoated steels are covered.
AWS D8.14M 2008

Speci cation for automotive weld quality - arc welding of aluminum
Minimum standards for the arc welding of aluminium components associated with the body and supporting structural members such
as frames, space frames, cradles, and suspensions are speci ed.
AWS D9.1/D9.1M: 2012

Sheet metal welding code
Quali cation, workmanship and inspection requirements for arc welding and braze welding are speci ed, applying to the fabrication,
manufacture and erection of non-structural sheet metal components and systems. The code applies to MMA, GMA (MIG/MAG), FCA, TIG,
plasma and carbon arc welding, and TIG, GMA (MIG/MAG) and carbon arc brazing. Topics include: procedure quali cation (tests,
limitations, plate thickness); butt, lap and T-joints; visual inspection; and quali cation of welders and workmanship. Appendices detail:
recommended llers (for steels, Al alloys, Cu alloys); terms and de nitions; USA gauge, thickness and SI units, procedure speci cations;
test record sheets; joint designs; welding and braze welding practices; and safety and health.
AWS D10.4: 1986 (R2000)

Recommended practices for welding austenitic chromium nickel stainless steel piping and tubing
Arc welding of austenitic stainless steel pipe is described. Weldability of the main grades is summarised, including 304, 304H, 304L, 305,
309, 309S, 310, 310S, 316, 316H, 316L, 317, 321, 321H, 347, 347H, 348, 348H, HF, HH, HK, HT, HE, HI, HU, HN, CF3, CF8, CF8C, CF8M,
CF3M, CH8, CPK20, CH20 and high carbon versions. The weld metal ferrite content is discussed, covering measurement of ferrite
number (FN), e ects of ferrite level on cracking and corrosion properties, and the control of ferrite level by welding conditions and
composition. Procedures for MMA, TIG, GMA and submerged arc welding are described. Aspects covered include selection of ller
metals, joint design, use of inserts, pipe purging, arc ignition, welding position, weld size and pro le, welding current and speed, arc
extinction, cleaning of welds and repair. Problems associated with austenitic stainless steel welds are discussed, including cracking,
intergranular corrosion, stress corrosion (SCC), concentration cell corrosion, sigma phase and low temperature embrittlement.
Nondestructive test methods for inspection of such welds are described.
AWS D10.6/D10.6M: 2000

Recommended practices for gas tungsten arc welding of titanium piping and tubing
Recommendations for the TIG welding of titanium piping and tubing, applicable to the process conditions, weld quality and health and
safety factors, are given. Process clauses deal with the selection of power sources, electrodes, titanium alloy grades, ller materials, joint
design and preparation, types of gas shielding used, welding parameters and heat treatment. Tests to establish weld quality are
discussed. Guidance on basic health and safety and a list of relevant safety publications, together with an annex on safety
considerations, are given. The standard procedure for handling inquiries by the appropriate AWS Technical Committee is appended.
AWS D10.7M/D10.7: 2008

Guide for gas shielded arc welding of aluminum and aluminum alloy pipe
This standard covers the selection and application of procedures for TIG (AC or electrode negative DC) and MIG welding of aluminium
and aluminium alloy tubes and pipes. The weldability of these materials is reviewed. Selection of ller metal, equipment (nozzles,
tungsten electrodes), shielding gases, welding procedure, process parameters, joint preparations and backing techniques is discussed
and recommendations are made.
AWS D10.8: 1996

Recommended practices for welding of chromium molybdenum steel piping and tubing
Recommendations are made for welding chromium molybdenum steel piping to itself, to dissimilar chromium molybdenum steels, to
austenitic stainless steels and to carbon and carbon molybdenum steels. These cover ller materials, joint design and preparation,
preheating, post weld heat treatment, and repair and maintenance welding.
AWS D10.11M/D10.11: 2007

Guide for for root pass welding of pipe without backing
Recommended practices are given for welding the root pass of metal pipe butt joints with an open root or a consumable insert. Topics
discussed include: cleanliness; preparations for (gas) purging; purging prior to welding; tack welding; welding using TIG without
consumable inserts (joint design, root opening, purge containment, TIG electrode type, arc initiation, welding technique); welding using
TIG with consumable inserts; welding with GMA and MMA processes; intermediate layers; welding aluminium alloys; welding equipment
(TIG torches, gas nozzles and lenses, power supplies, machine and automatic equipment); and safety and health (fumes, UV and IR
radiation, electrical, re and explosive hazards).
AWS D10.12M/D10.12: 2000

Guide for welding mild steel pipe
This standard covers recommended practices and procedures to cover welding of such piping systems as low pressure heating, air
conditioning, refrigeration and water supply as well as some gas and chemical systems. General notes on pipe steels, preheating, t up,
clamps, ttings, etc. are followed by detailed coverage of welding processes, procedures and conditions. Processes described are
downhill MMA welding with E6010 electrodes, uphill MMA welding with E6010 or E6011 electrodes, MMA welding with E7018 electrodes,
oxyacetylene welding, TIG welding and GMA (MIG/MAG) welding of pipe girth welds. Appendices give required ller metal weight for
joints in pipe of a given wall thickness, details of the nick break test and notes on health and safety.
AWS D11.2: 1989 (R2006)

Guide for welding iron castings
Procedures for welding and surfacing of cast iron are presented, covering grey, white, malleable, ductile and compacted graphite
grades. The metallurgy and weldability of cast irons are described. Procedures for cutting, joint preparation and preheating are
recommended. Details are given of the principles, equipment, consumables, techniques and parameters for welding by the oxyfuel,
MMA, GMA, FCA, TIG and submerged arc processes, for braze welding, surfacing by gas and arc processes, and for thermal spraying.
Quali cation of welding procedures, quality control, health and safety considerations, and applications of cast iron welding and
surfacing (illustrated by 19 examples) are also discussed.
AWS D14.1/D14.1M: 2005

Speci cation for welding of industrial and mill cranes and other material handling equipment
This standard applies to the welding of principal structural weldments and primary welds in manufacture of cranes and other overhead
materials handling machinery and equipment and to strengthening or repair of such equipment. It includes speci cations for materials
(parent metals, llers), allowable stresses (static, fatigue), design (joint preparation, weld dimensions), workmanship, heat treatment,
quali cation of procedures and welders, quality and inspection, and repair. Processes covered are MMA, submerged arc, GMA, FCA,
electroslag and electrogas welding.
AWS D14.3/D14.3M: 2010

Speci cation for welding earthmoving, construction and agricultural equipment
Requirements for the manufacture of structural welds in earthmoving and construction equipment are given; these re ect best practice
in industry. Topics include: manufacturers' responsibilities; basic details of welds, parent metals, processes and consumables; welding
procedure quali cation requirements and details of prequali ed procedures (joint preparations and parameters); welder quali cation;
quality and workmanship requirements; inspection; and repair.
AWS D14.4/D14.4M: 2012

Speci cation for welded joints in machinery and equipment
The speci cation establishes common acceptance criteria for classifying and applying carbon and low-alloy steel welded joints used in
the manufacture of machines and equipment. It also covers weld joint design, workmanship, quality control requirements and
procedures, welding operator and welding procedure quali cation, weld joint inspection and repair of weld defects and heat treatment.
AWS D14.5/D14.5M: 2009

Speci cation for welding of presses and press components
This speci cation is aimed at establishing minimum acceptable requirements for weld joint design and the fabrication by welding of
presses and press components. The speci cation covers the classi cation of welded joints and materials (steels), welding processes and
consumables, weld joint design, design stresses, workmanship, procedure quali cations, welder quali cations, welding operator
quali cations, tack welding quali cations, inspection, modi cation or repair, and post-weld treatments.
AWS D14.6/D14.6M: 2012

Speci cation for welding of rotating elements of equipment
This speci cation establishes minimum acceptable requirements for weld joint detail and fabrication by welding of rotating elements in
new equipment. It also applies to the modi cation or repair by welding or rotating elements in existing equipment. Equipment types
include fans, pumps, compressors etc. Topics covered include: parent metals; welding processes; ller materials; welding procedure and
performance quali cation (responsibility for welding, weld orientation, test positions for butt and llet welds, tensile, bend and notch
toughness tests); procedure quali cation; performance and personnel quali cation; welding process variables; fabrication requirements
including weld preparation, assembly and pro les, peening, preheating and post weld heat treatment; inspection and quality control;
modi cation and repair.
AWS D15.1/D15.1M: 2012

Railroad welding. Speci cation for cars and locomotives
Minimum standards are laid down for the manufacture and maintenance of railway equipment. The rst part covers general
requirements for welding in the railway industry and the second part covers speci c requirements for welding of parent metals less
than 3.2 mm (0.125 in) in thickness. Topics of concern include: joint design, structural requirements, consumables, technique and
workmanship, welding procedures, procedure quali cation, welder quali cation and inspection. Appendices cover types of parent
metals and llers, report forms, safety, use of aluminium alloys, etc.
AWS D15.2/D15.2M: 2013

Recommended practices for the welding of rails and related rail components for use by rail vehicles
Recommendations are made for the joining, repair, maintenance and inspection of rail welds and related components such as switch
points, frogs and spacer blocks. Welding procedures are described for carbon steel rail, premium steel rail and austenitic manganese
steel components both generally and for speci c cases e.g. repair of battered rail ends and wheel burns, switch point repairs and
welding of frogs and crossings. Recommended practices are given for the use of thermit welding and ash butt welding.
AWS D17.1/D17.1M: 2010

Speci cation for fusion welding for aerospace applications
General welding requirements for welding aircraft and space hardware are speci ed. Principal joining methods are arc welding and
energy beam processes applied to alloys of Al, Ni, Fe, Co, Mg and Ti. Aspects covered include welding design, procedure and personnel
quali cation, inspection and acceptance criteria, and repair procedures. Detail speci ed for welding includes: selection, identi cation,
storage and use of welding consumables; equipment calibration; surface and joint preparation; tack welding and start/stop procedures;
interpass cleaning; and in-process correction of deviations or defects. An annex provides guidelines for the design, analysis and
fabrication of common types of welded joint.
AWS D17.2/D17.2M: 2013

Speci cation for resistance welding for aerospace applications
Replaces MIL-W-6858D and AMS-W-6858A
This speci cation covers resistance spot and resistance seam welding of aluminium, magnesium, iron, nickel, cobalt and titanium based
alloys. It includes requirements for machine and procedure quali cation, production witness samples, and inspection and acceptance
criteria for aerospace hardware.
AWS D17.3/D17.3M: 2016

Speci cation for friction spot welding of aluminum alloys for aerospace applications
General requirements for the friction stir welding of aluminum alloys for aerospace applications are speci ed. It includes weldment
design, quali cation of personnel and procedures, fabrication, and inspection.
AWS D18.1/D18.1M: 2009

Speci cation for welding of austenitic stainless steel tube and pipe systems in sanitary (hygienic) applications
This speci cation gives the requirements for welds in tubular systems in dairies and other food processing plants. The requirements are
given for TIG welding of austenitic stainless steel tube and pipe. Details are given of procedure quali cation, performance quali cation,
fabrication, visual examination requirements, acceptance criteria, and documentation requirements.
AWS D18.3/D18.3M: 2015

Speci cation for welding of tanks, vessels, and other equipment in sanitary (hygienic) applications
The speci cation applies to fabrication of tanks, vessels and other equipment used for hygiene applications (e.g. the food industry);
materials welded include unalloyed steels, stainless steels and nickel alloys in sheet, plate or bar form, or as pipe and tubing attached to
a vessel. Content includes procedure and performance quali cation protocols and tabulates the welding and test variables for most arc
welding and energy beam welding processes. Visual examination techniques for welds are given and pass/fail weld pro les are
illustrated. Guidance on surface nish of the weld and adjacent zone is appended.
AWS G2.1M/G2.1: 2012

Guide for the joining of wrought nickel based alloys
This document covers the welding requirements and recommendations for solid solution strengthened nickel based alloys and
precipitation hardenable nickel based alloys. Processes covered include: MMA welding, TIG welding, GMA (MIG/MAG) welding, ux cored
arc welding, submerged arc welding, electron beam welding, laser beam welding, brazing, resistance welding (spot, seam and
projection), plasma arc welding and electroslag welding. Aspects covered include parent metal compositions, e ects of heat treatment,
e ects of welding on performance in service (corrosion, elevated temperature, low temperature), weldability, ller selection, joint
preparation, welding parameters, post weld thermal and mechanical treatments, repair welding procedures, NDT, quality control, and
health and safety.
AWS G2.3M/G2.3: 2012

Guide for the joining of solid solution austenitic stainless steels
A description of wrought solid solution austenitic stainless steels and the processes and procedures that can be used for the joining of
these materials is presented. Welding processes and welding parameters, quali cations, inspection and repair methods, cleaning, and
safety considerations are speci ed. Practical information has been included in the form of gures, tables, and graphs to aid in the
determination of capabilities and limitations in the joining of austenitic stainless steels.
AWS G2.4/G2.4M: 2014

Guide for the fusion welding of titanium and titanium alloys
The standard provides instructional guidance for the welding of titanium and titanium alloys. This guide explains processes, equipment,
materials, workshop practices, joint preparation, welding technique, tests, and the repair of defects.
AWS G2.5/G2.5: 2012

Guide for the fusion welding of zirconium and zirconium alloys
The standard gives guidance on the welding of zirconium and zirconium alloys. Processes, equipment, materials, workshop practices,
joint preparation, welding techniques, tests, and the repair of defects are explained.
BS 1140: 1993 (R2007, 2012)

Speci cation for resistance spot welding of uncoated and coated low carbon steel
The requirements for resistance spot welding of sheets and plates of low carbon steel, both uncoated and coated with hot-dip- or
electrolytic zinc, terne plate or aluminium in speci ed ranges of combined thickness are given. Topics covered include: parent metal
preparation; surface and edge condition; weld positioning; electrode material, dimensions and cooling; weld testing and test
requirements including shear, cross-torsion and torsion tests and metallurgical sections; routine weld assessment specifying methods,
test requirements and numbers; routine component inspection and provision of test facilities. Recommendations for welding
equipment and conditions and welding procedure requirements are also given.
BS 1821: 1982
Speci cation for Class 1 oxyacetylene welding of ferritic steel pipework for carrying uids
Withdrawn (Oct.2006) as it is no longer industry practice to use gas welding for pipework. No replacement
BS 2630: 1982 (1991)
Speci cation for resistance projection welding of uncoated low carbon steel sheet and strip using embossed projections
Superseded by BS EN 28167 and BS EN ISO 16432
BS 2633: 1987 (R2006, 2011, 2016)

Speci cation for Class I arc welding of ferritic steel pipework for carrying uids
This standard supersedes BS 2633: 1973 and speci es requirements and documentation for shop and site class 1 manual,
semiautomatic, mechanised and automatic arc welding of ferritic steel seamless, longitudinally or helically welded pipes intended to
carry uids. Processes included are MIG, MAG, TIG, MMA, submerged arc and FCA welding. Materials covered are mild, CMn, CrMo,
CrMoV and Ni steels. Areas covered include: weld metals, shielding gases, equipment, backing techniques, joint preparation, surface
preparation, assembly, preheating, PWHT, transition joints between dissimilar steels, ttings, NDT, repair, and approval of welders and
procedures.
BS 2640: 1982
Speci cation for Class II oxyacetylene welding of carbon steel pipework for carrying uids
Withdrawn (Oct.2006) as it is no longer industry practice to use gas welding for pipework. No replacement
BS 2971: 1991 (R2006, 2011)

Speci cation for Class II arc welding of carbon steel pipework for carrying uids
Requirements are speci ed for shop and site class II arc welding of joints in carbon steel pipework intended to carry uids. Manual,
automatic and semi-automatic processes or combinations are covered, and the production of gas welded root runs made without a
backing ring is catered for. Subjects covered include: equipment, consumables, t up, heat treatment, joint preparation, inspection
requirements and operating conditions. Various joint types and preparations are described, including pipe ends, gusseted bends,
branches and small bore connections, sleeve joints, socket welding and anges.
BS 2996: 1958
Speci cation for the projection welding of low carbon wrought steel studs, basses, bolts, nuts and annular rings
Superseded by BS 7670: Part 2
BS 3019
TIG welding
Part 1: 1984 Speci cation for TIG welding of aluminium, magnesium and their alloys
Superseded by BS EN 1011-4
BS 3571
MIG welding
Part 1: 1985 Speci cation for MIG welding of aluminium and aluminium alloys
BS 4515
Speci cation for welding of steel pipelines on land and o shore
Part 1: 2009 (R2013) Carbon and carbon manganese steels
This standard covers the manual, semi-automatic or mechanised arc welding, testing and acceptance of butt joints, branch connections,
llet welds and socket joints in mild steel, carbon manganese steel and low alloy steel pipelines (excluding longitudinal welds) of
external diameter at least 21.3 mm and minimum thickness 3.2 mm and yield strength not exceeding 500 N/sq mm. Aspects covered
include: selection, storage and handling of electrodes, ller wire, ux and shielding gases; approval of welding processes; testing joints
for procedure approval; quali cation of welders; preparation of surfaces for welding; alignment; tack welds; preheating; post weld heat
treatment; nondestructive testing (radiography, ultrasonics, magnetic particle); defect acceptance criteria; repair.
Part 2: 1999 (R2006, 2011, 2016) Duplex stainless steel pipelines
Requirements for the welding of solution annealed duplex austenitic ferritic stainless steel pipelines with Cr content of 21% - 26% are
speci ed, with design in accordance with BS 8010. The standard applies to on land and o shore transmission pipelines for gases, liquids
or slurries with a minimum OD of 21mm and a minimum [wall] thickness of 3mm. The speci cation covers equipment; welding
processes and consumables; testing, quali cation and approval of welding procedures and welders; inspection and testing of welds; and
acceptance and recti cation of welds. It contains three annexes: a sample welding procedure speci cation; a method for determining
ferrite content in weldments; and a method for pitting corrosion testing of weldments.
BS 4570: 1985
Speci cation for fusion welding of steel castings
Superseded by BS EN 1011-8; this standard has been declared obsolescent as it is still used by some areas of UK industry, but
insu cient support for the preparation of an up-to-date revision is available.
BS 4677: 1984 (R2006, 2011, 2016)

Speci cation for arc welding of austenitic stainless steel pipework for carrying uids
This standard supersedes the edition of 1971. It covers shop and on site arc welding of joints in austenitic stainless steel pipes, by MMA,
MAG, MIG, TIG, FCA and submerged arc welding using manual, semiautomatic, mechanised or automatic methods. Aspects included are
selection of ller materials, shielding gases, backing methods and equipment; design and joint preparation; preparation of pipe,
procedures for welding and post weld heat treatment; visual inspection and NDT; defect acceptance levels; parent metals (pipes and
ttings); joints between dissimilar metals; repair; quali cation of procedures and operators.
BS 5135: 1984
Speci cation for arc welding of carbon and carbon manganese steels
Superseded by BS EN 1011-1 and BS EN 1011-2
BS 5500: 1997
Speci cation for un red fusion welded pressure vessels
Superseded by PD 5500
BS 6265: 1982
Speci cation for resistance seam welding of uncoated and coated low carbon steel
Superseded by BS ISO 16433
BS 7475: 1991
Speci cation for fusion welding of austenitic stainless steels
BS 7670
Steel nuts and bolts for resistance projection welding
Part 2: 1997 (R2006, 2011, 2016) Speci cation for welding of weld nuts and weld bolts
Supersedes BS 2996:1958
The standard refers speci cally to projection welding of nuts and bolts singly to uncoated and coated sheet steel from 0.5 mm to 5.0mm
thick. Annexes to the speci cation give recommendations on appropriate welding equipment and typical welding conditions.
BS EN 1011
Welding. Recommendations for welding of metallic materials
Part 1: 2009 General guidance for arc welding
With Part 2 replaces BS 5135:1984; equivalent to ISO/TR 17671-1
Guidance is given on the arc welding of cast, wrought, extruded and forged metallic materials. Welding processes covered are: MMA
with covered electrode; ux cored wire with or without inert or active gas shield; submerged arc; MIG; MAG; metal cored wire with inert
or active gas shield; TIG; plasma. Topics mentioned include: consumables; equipment; butt and llet welds; joint preparation; assembly;
preheat and interpass temperatures; tack welds; run-on and run-o plates; arcing; inter-run cleaning and treatment; heat input;
procedures; traceability; quality, inspection and testing; remedial action; and post-weld operations. More detailed guidance will be
provided in other parts of the standard.
Part 2: 2001 Arc welding of ferritic steels
With Part 1 replaces BS 5135:1984; equivalent to ISO/TR 17671-2
This standard gives guidance for manual, semi-mechanised and automatic arc welding of ferritic steels, excluding ferritic stainless steels.
Prescribed items include parent metals, handling of welding consumables ( ller materials), joint design (butt welds, llet welds), welds in
holes or slots, the preparation of joint faces, the alignment of butt welds before welding, preheating, tack welds, welding procedures,
identi cation, inspection and testing, correction of non-conforming welds and distortion, and post weld heat treatment. Measures for
avoiding hydrogen induced cracking, the in uence of welding conditions on the temperature/time cycles occurring during welding and
methods for avoiding solidi cation cracking and lamellar tearing are included in the annexes.
Part 3: 2000 (R2007) Arc welding of stainless steels
Supersedes BS 7475:1991; Equivalent to ISO/TR 17671-3
This standard gives recommendations for the fusion welding of stainless steels. Requirements are given for parent metals, storage and
handling, welding consumables ( ller materials), fabrication (surface preparation, welding, weld backing), quality requirements of welds,
methods for minimising distortion, and post-weld cleaning (brushing, blasting, grinding, pickling and electropolishing). Speci c details
for austenitic, austenitic ferritic, ferritic and martensitic stainless steels are given in the annexes.
Part 4: 2000 (R2007) Arc welding of aluminium and aluminium alloys
Supersedes BS 3019-1:1984 and BS 3571-1:1985; Equivalent to ISO/TR 17671-4
This standard gives recommendations for the manual, mechanised and automatic fusion welding of wrought and cast aluminium alloys.
The standard covers parent metals, storage and handling, factors a ecting properties of welded structures and assemblies, fusion
welding processes (MIG, TIG, plasma welding), welding consumables ( ller metals, shielding gases and gas backing), equipment, joint
types (full penetration and partial penetration butt joints), backing materials, branch connections, gouging, joint preparation, joint
alignment, preheating, control of interpass temperatures, and temperature measurement.
Part 5: 2003 (R2009) Welding of clad steel
Equivalent to ISO/TR 17671-5
This standard gives recommendations for welding clad steels, by appropriate arc welding processes, and electroslag welding. It applies
to all clad steels regardless of fabrication type, in addition to any relevant application standard, and covers welding of cladding deposits
and, where existing, of the transition zone(s). It does not apply to non-ferrous claddings and their alloys or to joint design, test methods
or acceptance levels or to corrosion resistance. It covers materials (clad steels, parent material, cladding), welding consumables,
procedures and fabrication, welding conditions and post weld cleaning.
Part 6: 2005 Laser beam welding
General guidance for laser beam welding and associated processes (cutting, drilling, surface treatment and cladding) in all forms of
product (e.g. cast, wrought, extruded, forged) is given.
Part 7: 2004 (R2009) Electron beam welding
This British Standard gives recommendations for the electron beam welding (process no. 51 of EN ISO 4063) of weldable metallic
materials according to grouping system CR ISO 15608. It excludes data on permissible stresses, testing or evaluation of weld seams. It
sets out recommendations on quality requirements, parent metals and consumables storage handling, welding facilities, personnel
quali cation, procedure speci cation and test, joint preparation and design, evacuation holes, tack welds and cosmetic passes, heat
treatment and documentation. Two informative annexes give information on weldability, one annex deals with imperfections causes
and prevention and a further annexe gives examples of circular joint preparation.
Part 8: 2004 (R2014; + 2016 draft) Welding of cast irons
Partially supersedes BS 4570:1985; equivalent to ISO/TR 17671-8
Requirements for the fusion welding of unalloyed and low alloy cast iron castings produced in accordance with EN 1561, EN 1562 and
EN 1563 are given. The standard does not cover the joint welding of cast iron castings to other materials.
BS EN 1708
Welding. Basic welded joint details in steel
Part 1: 2010 Pressurised components
Commonly accepted welded connections in pressure systems are explained. The standard contains examples of connections welded by:
manual metal arc welding with covered electrode; submerged arc welding; gas shielded metal arc welding; tungsten inert gas arc
welding (TIG); and plasma arc welding. Welded joint details in steel are covered, but these can be applied to other metallic materials.
Part 2: 2000 (R2005) Non-internal pressurised components
Commonly accepted, sound, welded connections in pressurised welded components, not internal, are explained. The requirements of
carrying capacity, tness for purpose, fatigue and stress corrosion should be considered if necessary. The standard contains examples
of connections welded by: manual metal arc welding with covered electrode; self-shielded, inert gas shielded and active gas shielded
tubular cored arc welding; MIG welding; MAG welding; tungsten inert gas arc welding (TIG); and submerged arc welding. Other
processes by agreement.
Part 3: 2012 Clad, buttered and lined pressurised components
Established examples on how to construct claddings, linings and dissimilar joints and complex connections relevant to the welding
technology and with regard to pressurized components (e.g. vessels, boilers and piping) are speci ed.
BS EN 4632
Aerospace series. Welded and brazed assemblies for aerospace constructions. Weldability and brazeability of
materials
Degrees of weldability and brazeability for metallic materials used in aerospace construction, for processes and techniques involving
welding and brazing but excluding soldering are de ned, plus rules to be observed to determine the degree of weldability and
brazeability.
Part 002: 2008 Homogeneous assemblies [of] aluminium and aluminium alloys
Degrees of weldability and brazeability for aluminium and aluminium alloy materials or families of materials used in the aerospace
Part 003: 2010 Welding and brazing of homogeneous assemblies of unalloyed and low alloy steels
Degrees of weldability and brazeability for unalloyed and low alloy steel materials or families of materials used in the aerospace
Part 004: 2012 Welding and brazing of homogeneous assemblies of high alloyed steels
The weldability and brazeability of high alloy steels used in the aerospace industry is speci ed. It applies both to the manufacturing of
new parts and repair.
Part 005: 2009 Homogeneous assemblies of heat resisting Ni or Co base alloys
Degrees of weldability and brazeability for nickel or cobalt based alloy materials or families of materials used in the aerospace industry
are de ned.
Part 006: 2013 Homogenous assemblies of titanium alloys
Degrees of weldability and brazeability for titanium alloys materials or families of materials used in the aerospace industry are de ned.
The standard is applicable without restriction for the manufacturing of new parts or for repair.
BS EN 12732: 2013 + A1:Sept.2014

Gas infrastructure. Welding steel pipework. Functional requirements
Requirements for the production and testing of welded joints for the installation and modi cation of onshore steel pipelines and
pipework used in gas infrastructure are speci ed. The standard includes in-service pipelines and all pressure ranges for the carriage of
processed, non-toxic and non-corrosive natural gas (according to EN ISO 13686) and for the carriage of unconventional gases such as
injected biomethane. It applies to unalloyed steel or low alloy carbon steel pipelines; where the pipeline is not located within
commercial or industrial premises as an integral part of the industrial process on those premises except for any pipelines and facilities
delivering gas to the premises; where the pipework is not located within a household (according to EN 1775); and for design
temperatures between -40 and +120 deg.C.
BS EN 13445
Un red pressure vessels
Part 1: 2014 + A1 General
General information and de nes the terms, de nitions, symbols and units used throughout EN 13445 are given in Part 1. Exclusions
from applicability and normative references are also covered.
Part 2: 2014 Materials
Requirements for the selection, inspection, testing and marking of metallic materials for the fabrication of un red pressure vessels and
supports covered by EN 13345-1:2002 are speci ed. Normative references, terms, de nitions and symbols are given. The requirements
for materials in pressure and non pressure bearing parts are speci ed. The normative Annex B covers the requirements for prevention
of brittle fracture and includes welds. Design reference temperatures and impact test temperatures for various thicknesses in the as-
welded (AW) condition and following post weld heat treatment (PWHT) are presented. Reference thicknesses for various construction
details, whether AW or after PWHT, are illustrated.
Part 3: 2014 + A2 Design
The requirements for the design of un red pressure vessels covered by Part 1:2002 and constructed with steels in accordance with Part
2:2002 are presented. Basic design criteria are given including design of welded joints and calculation of weld joint coe cients. Detailed
consideration of various types of joints are presented. The fatigue strength requirements of welded components are detailed. The
normative Annex A gives the design requirements for pressure bearing welds and includes: a gure of the joint; design requirements
based mainly on geometry; list of applicable testing groups referred to in Part 5:2002; fatigue class; recommendations for prevention of
lamellar tearing and corrosion.
Part 4: 2014 + A1 Fabrication
This document speci es requirements for the manufacture of un red pressure vessels and their parts, including their connections to
non-pressure parts. Requirements are given for material traceability, manufacturing tolerances, welding, production tests, forming, heat
treatment, repairs and nishing operations. General welding speci cations are given e.g. procedure, quali cation of operators, joint
preparation. Production testing of welds, forming of pressure parts, post weld heat treatment and repair of weld defects are detailed.
Part 5: 2014 Inspection and testing (See FAQ on quality and testing standards)
Part 6: 2014 Requirements for the design and fabrication of pressure vessels and pressure parts constructed from spheroidal
graphite cast iron
Requirements for the design, materials, manufacturing and testing of pressure vessels and pressure vessel parts for use with a
maximum allowable pressure equal or less than 50 bar and shell wall thicknesses not exceeding 60 mm, constructed of spheroidal
graphite cast iron, are speci ed.
Part 7: 2002 Guidance on the use of the conformity procedures
(PD CR 13445-7)
This Technical Report gives guidance on the use of conformity assessment procedures for un red pressure vessels as covered by Article
1, Section 2.1.1 of the Pressure Equipment Directive (PED). The PED requires all pressure equipment falling within its scope to have its
design and manufacture assessed for conformity in accordance with a series of conformity assessment procedures given in Article 10 of
the PED. These procedures are described in detail in Annex III of the PED to which reference must be made in order to ensure
compliance.
Part 8: 2014 + A1 Additional requirements for pressure vessels of aluminium and aluminium alloys
Requirements for un red pressure vessels and their parts made of aluminium and aluminium alloys are speci ed.
Part 9: 2011 Conformance of the EN 13445 series to ISO 16528
(PD CEN/TR 13445-9)
The conformance of the EN 13445 series to ISO 16528-1 Boilers and pressure vessels. Part 1: Performance requirements is detailed. The
Technical Report applies to vessels of steel construction.
Part 10: 2015 Additional requirements for pressure vessels of nickel and nickel alloys
Requirements for un red pressure vessels and their parts made of nickel and nickel alloys are speci ed, in addition to the general
requirements contained in Parts 1-5. Materials, design, manufacture, inspection and testing are detailed.
Part 101: 2015 Example of application
Each step regarding material choice, calculation and design, fabrication, inspection and testing of a sample un red pressure vessel is
described.
Part 102: 2015 Example of application of vertical vessel with bracket supports
The design, manufacturing, inspection and testing of a steel vessel submitted to pressure cycles are detailed, using the EN 13445 series
for "Un red pressure vessels", to guide the user in sequential decision making. Some alternative choices are included.
BS EN 13480
Metallic and industrial piping
Parts 1-5 together supersede BS 806
Part 1: 2012 General
Requirements for metallic industrial piping systems and supports (above-ground, ducted or buried), including safety systems are
speci ed, with a view to their safe operation. The standard does NOT cover pipelines and accessories; waterway piping (penstocks, etc.);
vehicle piping; nuclear piping in contact with radioactivity; well control piping; blast furnace piping; enclosures for high voltage
equipment; transmission pressure piping; permanent piping for shipping, aerospace and mobile o shore structure use; internal pipes
in medical devices; and internal piping in boilers and pressure vessels.
Part 2: 2012 + A2 Materials
Metallic materials (including metallic clad materials) for industrial piping and supports, as listed in Part 1, are speci ed. The standard is
limited to steels with su cient ductility at present. Part 2 is not applicable to materials in the creep range.
Part 3: 2012 (+ 2016 draft) Design and calculation
The design and calculation of industrial metallic piping systems, including supports, is detailed.
Part 4: 2012 + A2 Fabrication and installation
Requirements for the fabrication and installation of piping systems and supports, designed to Part 3, are listed.
Part 5: 2012 + A1 (+ 2013 draft) Inspection and testing
(See FAQ on quality and NDT standards)
Part 6: 2012 + A1 Additional requirements for buried piping
This document speci es requirements for industrial piping either totally buried or partly buried and partly run in sleeves or similar
protection.
Part 7: 2002 Guidance on the use of conformity assessment procedures
(PD TR 13480-7)
This Technical Report gives guidance on the use of conformity assessment procedures for industrial piping and pipelines as covered by
Article 1, Section 2.1.1 of the Pressure Equipment Directive (PED). The PED requires all pressure equipment falling within its scope to
have its design and manufacture assessed for conformity in accordance with a series of conformity assessment procedures given in
Article 10 of the PED. These procedures are described in detail in Annex III of the PED to which reference must be made in order to
ensure compliance.
Part 8: 2012 + A2 Additional requirements for aluminium and aluminium alloy piping
Requirements for industrial piping systems made of aluminium and aluminium alloys are speci ed.
BS EN 14163: 2001
Petroleum and natural gas industries. Pipeline transportation systems. Welding of pipelines
The requirements for producing and inspecting girth (circumferential), branch and llet welds in the pipelines of transportation systems
in the petroleum and natural gas industries which meet the requirements of ISO 13623 are speci ed. It covers welding procedure
testing and approval, operator approval, production welding, nondestructive examination including acceptance criteria, repair and
removal of defects, and documentation. A series of informative annexes deals with specialist aspects. Information on terms, de nitions,
references and symbols is also given.
BS EN 14587: 2007
Railway applications. Track. Flash butt welding of rails
Part 1: 2007 (+ 2016 draft) New R220, R260, R260Mn and R350HT grade rails in a xed plant.
Requirements of a welding process; procedure approval for a xed plant; approval of other rail pro les or grade; approval of the
welding contractor; and weld production following approval are speci ed.
Part 2: 2009 New R220, R260, R260Mn and R350HT grade rails by mobile welding machines at sites other than a xed plant
Requirements for the approval of a welding process by a MFBW machine (static but temporary) at sites other than xed plant, as well as
the welding contractor together with the requirements for subsequent welding production are speci ed. The standard covers new
Vignole R220, R260, R260Mn and R350HT grade rails of 46 kg/m and above, as contained in EN 13674-1, and applies to the welding of
rails into welded strings.
Part 3: 2012 Welding in association with crossing construction
Requirements for the approval of a welding process in a xed plant, together with the requirements for subsequent welding production
are speci ed. The standard applies to new Vignole rails welded by ash butt welding to crossing components in a xed plant which are
intended for use on railway infrastructures.
BS EN 14730
Railway applications. Track. Aluminothermic welding of rails
Part 1: 2006 + A1 Approval of welding processes
This standard de nes the laboratory tests and requirements for approval of an aluminothermic welding process using welds produced
in workshop conditions. It applies to the joining of new Vignole rails as described in EN 13674-1 of the same pro le and steel grade.
Compliance with the standard's requirements does not of itself ensure the suitability of a welding process for speci c conditions of track
and tra c. The standard does not cover welds made between di erent rail sections, di erently worn rails and di erent rail grades.
Part 2: 2006 Quali cation of aluminothermic welders, approval of contractors and acceptance of welds
(See FAQ on quali cation and approval standards)
BS EN 15085
Railway applications. Welding of railway vehicles and components
Part 1: 2007 + A1 General
General recommendations and de nitions for welding railway vehicles and associated component are given. The standard applies to all
assemblies, sub-assemblies or parts welded by any welding process, either manual, partly mechanised, fully mechanised or automatic
welding as de ned in EN ISO 4063.
Part 2: 2007 Quality requirements and certi cation of welding manufacturer
Certi cation levels and requirements for welding manufacturers are de ned and the procedure for the recognition of welding
manufacturers is described.
Part 3: 2007 Design requirements
Design and classi cation rules applicable to the manufacture and maintenance of railway vehicles and their parts are speci ed
Part 4: 2007 Production requirements
The production requirements (i.e. preparation and execution) of the welding work are described.
Part 5: 2007 Inspection, testing and documentation
(See FAQ on quality and testing standards)
BS EN 15594: 2009
Railway applications. Track. Restoration of rails by electric arc welding
Approval systems for consumables and procedures used in rail repair welding are described. The standard includes the quality-related
tasks and responsibilities of personnel involved in the electric arc repair welding of rails and applies to plain rail, and switches and
crossings manufactured from new Vignole railway rails R200, R220, R260, R260Mn, R260Cr and R350HT grade rails of 46 kg/m and
above as contained in EN 13674-1 and EN 13674-2. Permitted welding processes are limited to electric arc, manual metal arc and ux
cored arc welding for application in situ, at line side or at out of track locations. The ash welded leg ends of austenitic manganese steel
crossings are included, except when located within 500 mm of manganese crossings.
BS EN 28167: 1992 (R2007, 2010)

Speci cation for projections for resistance welding
Together with BS ISO 16432, supersedes BS 2630
The characteristics and dimensions of projections for resistance welding of hot-rolled or cold-rolled uncoated mild steel are de ned.
Appendices cover the relationship between sheet thickness and projection diameter, and tools for forming projections.
BS EN 29692: 1994
Speci cation for metal arc welding with covered electrode, gas shielded metal arc welding and gas welding. Joint preparations for steel
Superseded by BS EN ISO 9692-1
BS EN ISO 9692
Welding and allied processes. Joint preparation
Part 1: 2013 Manual metal arc welding, gas shielded metal arc welding, gas welding, TIG welding and electron beam welding of
steels
With Part 2 supersedes BS EN 29692
This standard recommends types of joint preparation for manual metal-arc (MMA) welding, gas-shielded metal-arc (MIG/MAG) welding,
gas welding, TIG welding and beam welding (electron and laser) suitable for all kinds of steel. It applies to joint preparation for full
penetration welds. Recommendations are given in a series of tables covering preparation for butt welds, welded from one side and
from both sides and similarly for llet welds. The information set out includes material thickness, type of preparation, welding symbol,
dimensions and process.
Part 2: 1998 (R2004, 2009) Submerged arc welding of steels
With Part 1 supersedes BS EN 29692
This part applies to joint preparation for submerged arc welding with one wire electrode on steel. It applies to fully penetrated welds.
Tables are presented showing the recommended types of joint preparation for butt welds welded from one or both sides according to
dimensions and joint con guration.
Part 3: 2016 Metal inert gas welding and tungsten inert gas welding of aluminium and its alloys
This standard speci es joint preparation and nishing for MIG and TIG welding of aluminium and aluminium alloys. Tables are
presented that give workpiece thicknesses, designations, symbols, illustrations, cross sections, speci cations for the angle, gap and
thickness of root face, and recommended welding process for butt welds welded from one side and from both sides and for T-joints.
Part 4: 2003 (R2008) Clad steels
This standard gives recommendations for types of joint preparation for the welding of clad steels. It speci es, in tabular form,
preparation details and dimensions for clad steels welded from both sides with and without cladding removal, welded from one side
and welded incorporating a backing, insert or cover strip. Reference is made to information on welding clad steels.
BS EN ISO 11970: 2016

Speci cation and approval of welding procedures for production welding of steel castings
The means by which a welding procedure speci cation (WPS) for production welding of steel castings is speci ed and the conditions for
the execution of welding procedure approval tests and the limits of validity of an approved welding procedure for all practical welding
operations within the range of essential variables are de ned.
BS EN ISO 14373: 2015

Resistance welding. Procedure for spot welding of uncoated and coated low carbon steels
Requirements for resistance spot welding in the fabrication of assemblies of uncoated and metallic coated low carbon steel, comprising
two or three sheets of metal, where the maximum single sheet thickness of components to be welded is within the range 0,4 mm to 3
mm are speci ed. Materials included are uncoated steels; hot-dip zinc or iron-zinc alloy (galvannealed) coated steel; electrolytic zinc,
zinc-iron, or zinc-nickel coated steel; aluminium coated steel; and zinc-aluminium coated steel.
BS EN ISO 14555: 2014

Welding. Arc stud welding of metallic materials
Arc stud welding of metallic materials subject to static and dynamic loading is speci ed. The standard covers welding knowledge
(processes, parent materials, studs, stud/parent combinations, defects, process equipment, process parameters), quality requirements,
welding procedure speci cation (WPS), welding procedure approval, approval testing of welders and testing (nondestructive and
destructive) of production welds.
BS EN ISO 16432: 2007 + A1

Resistance welding. Procedure for projection welding of uncoated and coated low carbon steels using embossed
projection(s)
Implementation of EN ISO 16432 by amendment to BS ISO 16432:2006
Together with BS EN 28167, supersedes BS 2630
Requirements are speci ed for embossed resistance projection welding in the fabrication of assemblies of uncoated and metallic coated
low carbon steel comprising two thicknesses of metal, where the maximum single sheet thickness of components to be welded is within
the range 0.4 - 3 mm. The standard covers uncoated steels; hot dip zinc or iron zinc alloy (galvannealed) coated steel; electrolytic zinc,
zinc iron or zinc nickel coated steel; aluminium coated steel; and zinc aluminium coated steel.
BS EN ISO 16433: 2007 + A1

Resistance welding. Procedure for seam welding of uncoated and coated low carbon steels
Implementation of EN ISO 16433 by amendment to BS ISO 16433:2005
Supersedes BS 6265
Requirements are speci ed for resistance seam welding in the fabrication of assemblies of uncoated and metallic coated low carbon
steel comprising two thicknesses of metal, where the maximum single sheet thickness of components to be welded is within the range
0.4 - 3 mm. The standard covers uncoated steels; hot dip zinc or iron zinc alloy (galvannealed) coated steel; electrolytic zinc, zinc iron or
zinc nickel coated steel; aluminium coated steel; and zinc aluminium coated steel.
BS EN ISO 17652
Welding. Test for shop primers in relation to welding and allied processes
This standard speci es standardised conditions for an assessment of the weldability of shop primers on steel materials. The standard is
intended to be used by suppliers in the development of new primers, in production as part of a quality control scheme and in declaring
the properties of primers. It can also by used by suppliers and customers as a reference in contracts for deliveries and as a basis for
acceptance testing by customers. It gives guidance on application and on health, safety and the environment.
Part 2: 2003 Welding properties of shop primers
This standard speci es two tests to assess the in uence of shop primers on the weldability of mild steel plate. The rating test provides a
method for assessing the relative weldability of a primer of speci ed thickness by making a weld and evaluating the severity of the
resulting porosity. The weldability test gives a method for evaluating the weldability of welding consumables and shop primer
combinations using various arc welding processes to produce a standard size llet weld which enables assessment and comparison of
the resultant weld quality.
Part 3: 2003 Thermal cutting
See Allied Processes (Cutting, Gouging, Heating)
Part 4: 2003 Emission of fumes and gases
(See FAQ on health and safety standards)
BS EN ISO 17660
Welding. Welding of reinforcing steel
Part 1: 2006 Load bearing welded joints
Applicable to the welding of weldable reinforcing steel and stainless reinforcing steel of load-bearing joints, in workshops or on site.
Requirements for materials, design and execution of welded joints, welding personnel, quality requirements, examination and testing
are speci ed. It also covers welded joints between reinforcing steel bars and other steel components, such as connection devices and
insert anchors, including prefabricated assemblies. The standard is not applicable to factory production of welding fabric and lattice
girders using multiple spot welding machines or multiple projection welding machines. Requirements are only applicable to static
loaded structures.
Part 2: 2006 Non-load bearing welded joints
Applicable to the welding of weldable reinforcing steel and stainless reinforcing steel of non load-bearing welded joints, in workshops or
on site. It speci es requirements for materials, design and execution of welded joints, welding personnel, quality requirements,
examination and testing.
BS EN ISO 18594: 2007 (R2010)

Resistance spot, projection and seam welding. Method for determining the transition resistance on aluminium
and steel material
The procedure and the experimental set-up for determining the transition resistance of a single sheet or two overlapping sheets of
aluminium or steel, with or without surface treatment, and with or without surface coating are speci ed.
BS EN ISO 18595: 2007 (R2010)

Resistance welding. Spot welding of aluminium and aluminium alloys. Weldability, welding and testing
Requirements for resistance spot welding in the fabrication of assemblies of aluminium sheet, extrusions (both work- and age-
hardening alloys) and/or cast material comprising two or three thicknesses of metal, where the maximum single (sheet) thickness of
components to be welded is within the range 0,6 mm to 6 mm are speci ed.
BS EN ISO 25239
Friction stir welding. Aluminium
Part 2: 2011 Design of weld joints
Design requirements for friction stir weld joints are speci ed. The term, aluminium, includes aluminium alloys. Friction stir spot welding
is not covered.
BS EN ISO 28319: 2010 (+ 2016 draft)

Dentistry. Laser welding
Requirements and test methods for laser welding, in the dental laboratory, of materials suitable for use in metallic restorations and
appliances, are speci ed.
BS ISO 14347: 2008

Fatigue. Design procedure for welded hollow section joints. Recommendations
Recommendations for the design and analysis of unsti ened, welded, nodal joints in braced structures composed of hollow sections of
circular or square shape (with or without rectangular chord) under fatigue loading are given. The standard applies to both hot- nished
and cold-formed steel structural hollow sections that ful l speci ed quality requirements, and joints consisting of circular hollow
sections (CHS) or rectangular hollow sections (RHS) as used in uniplanar or multiplanar trusses or girders, such as T-, Y-, X-, K-, XX-, and
KK.
BS ISO 21307: 2011

Plastics pipes and ttings. Butt fusion jointing procedures for polyethylene (PE) pipes and ttings used in the
construction of gas and water distribution systems
Butt fusion jointing procedures for pipes and ttings, wall thicknesses up to and including 70 mm, intended for gas and water
distribution systems are established. Pipes are made from PE 80 and PE 100 materials with a melt ow rate at 190 °C/5 kg of between
0,3 g/10 min and 1,7 g/10 min, and equipment complies with ISO 12176-1 and is installed in accordance with ISO/TS 10839.
ISO 13847: 2013

Petroleum and natural gas industries. Pipeline transportation systems. Welding of pipelines
Requirements for producing and inspecting girth, branch and llet welds in the pipeline part of carbon and low alloy steel pipeline
transportation systems fabricated to ISO 13623 are speci ed. Application is restricted to pipes with a diameter of 20 mm and larger and
wall thickness of 3 mm or more, and a speci ed minimum yield strength of 555 MPa or less. It is also applicable to welding items such as
spools, risers, launchers/receivers, ttings, anges and 'pups' to pipeline valves into pipelines. Manual metal arc welding [shielded metal
arc welding], gas tungsten arc welding, gas metal arc welding, ux cored arc welding with or without shielding gas, and submerged arc
welding are covered.
PD 5500: 2015 + A1 (+ A2 draft)

Speci cation for un red fusion welded pressure vessels
This published document speci es requirements for the design, construction, inspection, testing and certi cation of un red fusion
welded pressure vessels manufactured from aluminium, and carbon, ferritic alloy and austenitic steels. Topics covered include: design
of vessel shells, ends, anges, tubes and pipes etc. and design against corrosion and wear; manufacture and workmanship in steel and
aluminium; inspection and testing of aluminium and steel, including choice of NDT methods to assess weld aws. Appendices cover
design according to loading, recommended practices for use of the steels, welded connections, fatigue failure, design for varying
pressures and stresses, post weld heat treatment etc. Enquiry cases are issued periodically and are led in a separate section, as
adjuncts to the standard until the text is amended to incorporate them.
PD CEN ISO/TR 14745: 2015

Welding. Post-weld heat treatment parameters for steels
Recommendations for post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) of steels with advice for holding temperatures and holding times for di erent
materials and material thicknesses are provided. The recommendations are limited to stress relieving for non-alloy steels (groups 1, 2, 3,
4, and 11) and to tempering for Cr-Mo-(Ni) steels (groups 5 and 6) and martensitic stainless steels (group 7.2), and are independent of
type of product or location. They do not supersede any guidance given in material supplier speci cations, e. g. thermo-mechanically
treated ne-grain steels, and do not specify when PWHT is required.
PD CEN ISO/TR 15608:2013

Welding. Guidelines for a metallic materials grouping system
A uniform system for grouping materials for welding, forming, heat treating and nondestructive testing purposes is presented. The
grouping systems cover steels, aluminium and its alloys, copper and its alloys, nickel and its alloys, titanium and its alloys, zirconium and
its alloys, and cast irons.
PD CEN/TS 16892: 2015

Plastics. Welding of thermoplastics. Speci cation of welding procedures
The speci cation gives guidance on the minimum content for hot gas, extrusion, heated tool, solvent and electrofusion welding
procedures. It applies to sheet, pipe, ttings and lining membrane products and semi- nished products.

Welding. Comparison of standardised methods for the avoidance of cold cracks
This Published Document implements the equivalent European and International Technical Reports (CEN ISO/TR 17844:2004 and ISO/TR
17844:2004) in the UK and gives further methods for avoiding cold cracking for manual, semi-mechanised, mechanised and automatic
arc welding of ferritic steels, excluding ferritic stainless steels, in all product forms. Methods selected were: CE and CET, CEN, and PCM,
using the following main input parameters: steel composition, welding heat input, joint geometry and material thickness, weld hydrogen
level, preheat and data format. Detailed requirements are given for each method and a comparison made of the di erent techniques.

Welding. Grouping systems for materials. European materials
A European grouping system for materials for welding purposes, classi ed in accordance with the grouping system of ISO/TR 15608, is
established. The standard is also relevant to other purposes such as heat treatment, forming and non-destructive testing. Grouping
systems for the following materials are included: steel; aluminium and its alloys; copper and its alloys; cast irons.

Welding. Grouping systems for materials. American materials
An American grouping system for materials for welding purposes, classi ed in accordance with the grouping system of ISO/TR 15608, is
established. The standard is also relevant to other purposes such as heat treatment, forming and non-destructive testing. Grouping
systems for the following materials are included: steel; aluminium and its alloys; nickel and its alloys; copper and its alloys; titanium and
its alloys; zirconium and its alloys; cast irons.
PD ISO/TR 10809
Cast irons
Part 2: 2011 Welding
This part of ISO/TR 10809 gives design engineers knowledge as to whether or not it is possible to weld the many types and grades of
cast iron standardised in a number of international cast iron material standards. How each type of cast iron material can be welded and
with the most appropriate technique, for production (including nishing and joint welding) and repair welding are considered.
PD ISO/TR 18491: 2015

Welding and allied processes. Guidelines for measurement of welding energies
Guidelines for the measurement of parameters for calculating arc energies required for arc welding are presented.
London Underground Ltd
LUL G3209: 2014

Welding track
Issue A1 (Supersedes LUL TE-HBS-0009)
A handbook covering all current welding practices used on London Underground for joining and repairing of running and conductor
rails.
LUL T0431: 2012

Flash butt welding of rails
Issue A1
Requirements for ash butt welded rail joints for installation in the LU infrastructure are speci ed. The standard covers welding
contractor approval; welding procedure and equipment approval; rail pro le and steel grade approval; production welding; weld testing,
acceptance criteria, identi cation and recording.
LUL T0432: 2014

Installation, inspection and reporting of alumino-thermic welding - Issue A3; Written Notice 11/12/2014,
12/05/2014
The training and certi cation of welding personnel; process approval; weld installation, inspection and recording are speci ed for use
with 95RBH and 56E1 (113A) rail pro les (BS 11 and EN 13674-1 respectively), with rail steel grades R220 and R260 (EN 13674-1).
LUL T0433: 2016

Conductor rail arc welding. Issue A2
Joining conductor rails to conductor rails and conductor rail ramps by on-site arc-welding process is speci ed.
Network Rail
NR NR/L2/TRK/0032: 2010
Joining of rails by aluminothermic welding
Issue 5. Compliance date:4 June 2011; contains NR/BS/LI/305
NR NR/L2/TRK/0132: 2010
Maintenance arc welding of rails, switches and crossings
Issue 6. Compliance date:4 June 2011; contains NR/BS/LI/305
Allied Processes (Cutting, Gouging, Heating)
AWS C4.2/C4.2M: 2009

Recommended practices for safe oxyfuel gas cutting torch operation
The oxyfuel gas cutting process is described and the latest procedures and safety requirements, using terminology and practices
compatible with ISO documents, are presented. Torch and nozzle con gurations are illustrated, and examples of production-cut
surfaces are given.
AWS C4.4/C4.4M: 2007

Recommended practice for heat shaping and straightening with oxyfuel gas heating torches
Recommendations are presented for the use of an oxyfuel ame in order to apply heat locally when shaping metal either to form a
product or to correct distorted or damaged parts. The theory behind the technique is explained. Causes of distortion are described.
Guidance on the safe use of equipment and gases (oxygen, acetylene, methylacetylene-propadiene (MPS), polypropylene, propane),
including pressure regulators, hoses and ttings, torches and heating heads is presented. Start-up and shut-down procedures are
described. General heating patterns and heating techniques are described and procedures for several speci c tasks are shown.
AWS C4.6M: 2006 (R2012)

Thermal cutting. Classi cation of thermal cuts. Geometric product speci cation and quality tolerances
U.S. national adoption of ISO 9013:2002. The speci cation includes three national annexes (Criteria for Describing Oxygen-Cut Surfaces
with a photograph of a Surface Roughness Guide, a list of reference documents available for individuals involved with Oxyfuel Gas
Welding and Cutting, and a guide for the preparation of technical inquiries to AWS) as well as a list of published AWS documents on
Oxyfuel Gas Welding and Cutting.
AWS C5.2: 2001 (Historical)
Recommended practices for plasma arc cutting and gouging
Recommendations are presented covering the use of plasma cutting equipment and procedures. Following introductions to the general
plasma cutting process and individual processes, plasma cutting methods of operation are outlined including manual, mechanised and
deep water plasma cutting and plasma arc gouging. Equipment, consumables and gases are described. System installations,
optimisation of cut quality and cost considerations are covered. Health and safety aspects are also discussed.
AWS C5.3: 2000 (R2011)

Recommended practices for air carbon arc gouging and cutting
Air carbon arc cutting is described and recommendations are presented concerning: consumables; torches; techniques for gouging,
cutting, washing and bevelling; equipment selection; process variables; advantages; limitations; applications; and safety. A trouble-
shooting guide to the process is given.
AWS C7.2M: 2010

Recommended practices for laser beam welding, cutting and allied processes
This standard presents recommended practices for laser welding, laser cutting and laser drilling. Prescribed items include process
de nitions, safety considerations, equipment descriptions (CO2 lasers, Nd:YAG lasers, laser systems, xtures), process control and
monitoring, laser welding processes, laser welding metallurgy, laser cutting and laser drilling processes, record keeping, inspection and
testing, speci cations for laser welding, equipment maintenance, and personnel training.
AWS D10.10/D10.10M: 1999 (R2009)

Recommended practices for local heating of welds in piping and tubing
Guidance is given on the application of heat to welds in pipes and tubes where the component cannot be placed in an oven or a
furnace. Topics covered are: reference documents; purposes for local heating; terminology; local 360 degree band heating; local spot
PWHT; temperature measurement; insulation; thermal cycles; responses to deviations; service environment considerations; quality
assurance; and health and safety. Heating methods included are: induction heating; electric resistance heating; ame heating;
exothermic heating; gas- ame generated heating; and radiant heating by quartz lamps.
BS EN ISO 17652
Welding. Test for shop primers in relation to welding and allied processes
Part 3: 2003 Thermal cutting
This standard speci es a test method for determining the in uence of a shop primer on the maximum usable speed for thermal cutting.
Details of experimental procedure are given, including preparation of test pieces from hot rolled steel plate (grade S275, EN10025),
cutting data and acceptance criteria. Tests for cutting test plate both with and without shop primer are speci ed and cutting test
parameters for oxygen-fuel, laser and plasma cutting are listed. Requirements for assessment and reporting of results are given.
Copyright © October 2016, TWI Ltd
For more information please email:
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Home > Technical Knowledge > FAQs >

COMMON UK STANDARDS FOR JOINING AND

Frequently Asked Questions

Brazing and Soldering

Spraying and Surfacing

Welding Processes and Welded Products

Allied Processes (Cutting, Gouging, Heating)

Brazing and Soldering

AWS B2.2/B2.2M: 2010

AWS B2.3/B2.3M: 2012

AWS C3.4M/C3.4: 2016

assurance and NDT provisions; and de nitions.

AWS C3.5M/C3.5: 2016

AWS C3.6M/C3.6: 2016

AWS C3.7/C3.7M: 2011

procedures, nondestructive testing).

AWS C3.9M/C3.9: 2009

procedures, as well as the required inspection for each class of joint.

AWS C3.11M/C3.11: 2011

AWS D10.13/D10.13M: 2001

nondestructive and pressure testing).

Part 1: 1986 Speci cation for brazing

Part 2: 1986 Guide to brazing

Part 001: 2008 General requirements

industry are de ned.

industry are de ned.

Part 005: 2009 Homogeneous assemblies of heat resisting Ni or Co base alloys

Part 006: 2013 Homogenous assemblies of titanium alloys

BS EN 14324: 2004 (R2009)

Supersedes BS 1723 Parts 1 and 2

Part 1: 2003 General

Identical to IEC 61192-1

Part 2: 2003 Surface mount assemblies

Identical to IEC 61192-2

cleaning, hand placement and soldering and electrical testing.

Part 3: 2003 Through hole mount assemblies

Identical to IEC 61192-3

Part 4: 2003 Terminal assemblies

Identical to IEC 61192-4

Spraying and Surfacing

AWS D14.7/D14.7M: 2005

BS EN 13507: 2010 (+ 2016 draft)

Thermal spraying. Recommendations for thermal spraying

Superseded by BS EN ISO 12679: 2015

Superseded by BS EN ISO 12670: 2015

components made of metallic and non-metallic materials.

BS EN ISO 12670: 2015

Supersedes BS EN 15311: 2007 and BS ISO 12670: 2011

BS EN ISO 12679: 2015

Supersedes BS EN 14616: 2004 and BS ISO 12679: 2011

BS EN ISO 14920: 2015

di usion bonded coating, is de ned.

BS EN ISO 14921: 2010

applied by other processes, such as aerosol deposition and cold spray.

Welding Processes and Welded Products

AWS C1.1M/C1.1: 2012

Guidance on health and safety is also given.

AWS C1.4M/C1.4: 2009

AWS C5.1: 1973

Recommended practices for plasma arc welding

AWS C5.4: 1993

Recommended practices for stud welding