ein os a ine Ce =a RUN RTNS sat = y 9 SHR Ole ls SPACE GAR Parke, P Disney Volume 2est Lg lee SPACES | RUCTURES © Edited by Gerard Parke and Peter Disney, University of Surrey Seo a RMR este eo nu Coe odo Pec eure cea coco ee ure eet mcs hom resco pau N eM caer React ule Roun eee esta aa Conference was held at the University of Surrey, Guildford, UK in tee aeRO Mute eee ue reac Reus Reena ee oT lch treat Ker) Dene Mun UR UMN ASE UPke Coe umes eee tome We lie) from skeletal towers, grids and domes through to tension and Peneecime tats Bie lee MR ROR oe eeu melee LUE ale) innovative and will be of real value to engineers, architects and others engaged in the analysis, design and construction of these Li exciting structures. MU rtonirerwRoteycerThis volume contains the proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Space Structures, held at the University of Surrey, Guildford, UK on 19-21 August 2002 Published for the conference organizers by “Thomas Telford Publishing, Thomas Telford Lid, 1 Heron Quay, London E14 45D. ‘URL: hutp:/www.thomastelford.com Distributors for Thomas Telford books are USA: ASCE Press, 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191-4400, USA. Japan; Maruzen Co. Ltd, Book Department, 3-10 Nihonbashi 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103, ‘Australia: DA Books and Journals, 648 Whitehorse Road, Mitcham 3132, Victoria First published 2002 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 07277 3173.4 © Authors, 2002 Al rights, including translation, reserved. Except as permitted by the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, ‘mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publishing Director, Thomas Telford Publishing, Thomas Telford Ltd, 1 Heron Quay, London E14 4D. ‘This book is published on the understanding that the authors are solely sponsible forthe statements made and opinions ‘expressed in it and that its publication does not necessarily imply that such statements and/or opinions are or reflect the ‘opinions of the editors or publishers. While every effort has been made to ensure thatthe statements made and inions expressed in this publication provide a safe and accurate guide, no liability or responsibility can be accepted in this respect by the editors or publishers. Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books, Bodmin, ComwallContents 95 6 100 101 102 104 105 Buckling experiment of single layer two-way grid cylindrical shell roof under centrally concentrated loading Fujimoto M., Imai K., Furukawa T., Okamoto K., Musunoki M., Kinoshita R. Co-rotational finite element formulation for thin-walled beams with generic open section Wen Yi Lin, Hsiao K. Column strength curves for reticular shells Kato S., Kim J., Matsushita F., Ueki T., Yamashita T. Investigation into the dynamic instability behaviour of three- dimensional industrial space structures subjected to the finite duration and step impulsive loading ‘Abedi K., Habashizadeh M. Application of stability concepts to structural design of single- layer reticulated cylindrical shells LiY¥.Q Decomposition of space structures for parallel computing Kaveh A., Rahimi Bondarabady H.A. Geometrically nonlinear stability performances for partial double layer reticulated steel shell structures Chen W., Fu G., He Y. Effect of aspect ratio of double layer latticed wall and roof plate structure on dynamic buckling behaviour Ishikawa K., Okubo S., Hiyama Y. Dynamic stability analysis of dome structures with homoclinie orbit Ario L, Kaita T. Networks composed of reciprocal frame modules Chilton J.C., ArizaRuiz J.0. A group of spherical tessellations having edges of equal length Clinton J.D 399 909 919 929 939 949 957 967 977 985 995iv CONTENTS, 106 107 108 109 110 ut 112 113 116 17 118 ng 120 121 Configuration processing and the force density method Dansik F., Nooshin H. Symmetry in graphs and structures Kaveh A, Sayarinejad M.A. ‘The geometrical processing of the free-formed envelopes for the Esplanade Theatres in Singapore Sanchez-Alvarez J. Seismic response of large-span shell-like structures Sokol M., Sumee J. ‘Three components versus single component excitation in the study of the seismic behaviour of a triple layer grid Maalek S., Mohyeddin Kermani AR. A new system of intermediate isolation for space structures against earthquakes Kato S., Nakazawa S., Matsushita F., Ohya T, Okamoto T. Estimation of the statically equivalent earthquake loading on double layer barrel vaults Sadeghi A. Dynamic behaviour of rigidly jointed single-layer lattice domes subjected to vertical earthquake motions Ogawa T., Takemoto Y., Kumagai T. Elastic ultimate load-carrying capacity of a Ki Cui X.Q, Guo ¥.L. Retensioning optimization of membrane structures considering static and dynamic stiffness properties Fujiwara J., Ohsaki M. t suspen-dome A simple procedure for shape finding and analysis of fabrie structures: Arcaro V.F. al form finding and coupling wi membrane structures Zhang H., Li L-T., Shan J. Searching for a geodesic line using a genetic algorithm for the cutting pattern generation of membrane structures YeX. induced response study of Performance of curved space structures El-Sheikh A., El-Kassas E. Stable and unstable response of two way hyperbolic-paraboloid suspension structure Fukusumi T., Uchida N., Kitsumoto M. Are space frames sway sensitive? Kubik L.A. 1015 1025 1037 1043 1053 1063 1073 1081 1089 1099 Hu 1121 1129 1139 1149122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 CONTENTS Convertible car hoods ~ the problem of form-finding and related aero-structure problems Lewis W.J., Choong L.W. Some remarks on the influence of design solutions on the mechanical behaviour of space bar structures Obrebski J.B. New structural proposals of tension-strut systems for lightweight roofs Rebielak J. ‘The virtual world of ‘tensional integrity’ Wagner R. AP & ATP grids — bridging tensegrity to cable-strut Wang B.B., Li Y. Loading behaviour of some types of tension-strut domes Kardysz M., Rebielak J., Tarczewski R. Parameters studies of cable-truss structure Wang L., Guo Y. Analysis of various types of tensegrity steel roof structures Zhang L., Wardenier J., Bekhout A-C.J.M. ARIES, a demountable canopy Baglin P.S., Wilkinson K., Smith F.W., Burford N.K, Static structural behaviour of Guangzhou new Baiyun International Airport Chen G.D., Guo Y.L., Liang Z. Design and research on a thin-walled aqueduct bridge supported by non-prismatic arch ribs Fang G.J., Tang G., Wu J.K. Light windmill mast with cocked guys Samyn Ph., Vilquin Th. Deployable integral lifting construction technology for cylindrical latticed shells Yaozhi L., Ning H., Xiaoguang C., Yanbin S Steel frame folded plate roofs - a viable alternative to steel trusses Subramanian N. The static and dynamic behaviour of the support structure for the feed cabin of a spherical telescope Wang Hi., Guo Y., Ren G. Steel carrying structures of the roof over the Lokomotiv Mocow stadium stands Yeremeyev P., Kiselev D., Savelyev V. Study of the key issues on the interaction between elements of a sheet-space structure Yin L.F., Guo X.M., Zhao C.Q., Ma J., Zhao H.L. 1159 1169 1179 1189 1199 1209 1247 1257 1265 1275 1281 1291 1303 1313vi CONTENTS 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 Research on the application of a sheet-space structure system for single-layer factory buildings Zhao C., Cao X., Yin L., Ma J., Zhao H., Tang G The single-layer space frame dome on top of the Friesland Bank in Leeuwarden, the Netherlands Eekhout M. Naturally ventilated and energy producing structures for arid regions Heristchian M. Shape optimization of single-layer latticed shells for maximum linear buckling loads Ogawa T., Ohsaki M., Tateishi R., Kumagai T. ‘The application of a sheet-space structure system used to support a giant statue Zhao H.L., Ma J., Yin LF. Wang H.H., Zhang QL. PDCA approach in the design of telecommunication towers Uppal J.Y. ‘The design and use of a modular space frame of varying height, for use in suspended access White A.N. Engineering methods of analysis in nonlinear theory of limit equilibrium of shells Shugaev V.V. Development of space structures in China during last decade and planning of stadiums and gymnasiums for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games Liu X.L., Chen Z.H. The Roman oval Escrig F., Sanchez J., Valcarcel J.P., Compan V. Zhao C.Q., She Y.H., Shan J., Guo X.M., Space structures in timber: from simple techniques to high tech construction Natterer J.K. Structural design of Geumjeong gymnasium for 2002 Busan Asian Games Kim J.S., Kim D.H., Shin CH. Vibration of laminated circular arches subjected to axial stress Matsunaga H. Numerical model, buckling analysis and ultimate load capacity of the single-double-layer reticulated dome Han Q.H., Yang Z., Liu X.L. Analysis and design of cable-stayed spatial lattice structure — tollgate in Tangshan Huang L.J., Guo Y.L., Deng K., Shao L.M., Zhang G.T. 1321 1327 1337 1345 1355 1365 1375 1383 1393 1405 1415 1427 1435 1455156 157 158 159 160 161 162 165 166 167 168 169 CONTENTS Dynamic and stability analysis of suspen-dome structural system Liu X,, Tian G., Yin ¥., Chen Z. Experimental behaviour of transitions junctions in elevated steel silos Zhao Y., Teng JG. A one-step method for buckling analysis of single layer lattice structures with semi-rigid connections Loureiro A., Goni R., Bayo E. Response of semi-rigidly jointed space structures Chenaghlou M.R., Nooshin H. Actively adaptable structures Tarezewski R. Application of a space truss as the skeleton structure of a huge statue Dong S.L., Zhao Y., Gao B.Q. ‘Numerical multiple statistic analysis method to study the effect of random imperfections on the stability of space structures Ma J,, Zhao H.L., Zhao C.Q., She Y.H., Shan J., Guo X.M., Wang H.H. Nonlinear analysis of multilayered composite shells using finite difference energy method ‘Trushin S.1., Zhavoronok $.1 Snap through study of the J.W. Marriot Hotel space structure dome Zeinoddini M., Parke G.A.R, Keyvani J., Disney P. Regularity vs. uniform loading state Stefanescu B.C. Research on the evaluation of vibration characteristics of an existing reinforced concrete shell roof by vibration tests and analyses Mutoh A. Numerical models and analysis methods for beam-cable- membrane structures Zhang Q--L., Luo X.-Q., Nie Y. Nonlinear dynamic analysis of space structures Wei J.G., He H.M., Wang S.L., Li HM. Pattern optimization of stiffness matrices for finite element meshes using graphs and formices Rahimi Bondarabady H.A., Kaveh A., Nooshin H. Computer design of expandable structures Valcarcel J.P., Escrig F., Vazquez J.A., Dominguez E. ‘The analysis of modular structures Maalek S. 1465 1471 1481 1491 1501 1511 1519) 1527 1535 1545 1553 1559 1567 1583 1593 viiviii CONTENTS 170 Geometry of modular space frame assemblies Cimadevila F.J.E., Rodriguez J.A.V., Santos 8.C. 1605 IndexA New System of Intermediate Isolation for Space Structures Against Earthquakes S KATO, Toyohashi University of Technology, JAPAN S NAKAZAWA, Toyohashi University of Technology, JAPAN F MATSUSHITA, Tomoe Corporation, JAPAN TOHYA, Tomoe Corporation, JAPAN TOKAMOTO, Tomoe Corporation, JAPAN INTRODUCTION Both of the vertical accelerations and stress responses of domes subjected to horizontal earthquake motions are found to be severely large and different from ordinary tall buildings. In the design process of large space structures, it is important to consider a spatial variation in input seismic motions at ground surfaces since the dynamic responses of such structures seem to be much influenced by the spatial variation probably caused by (a) wave passive effect due to delay of the wave being transmitted to their supports, (b) local or site response effect due to the local site irregularities of soil layers. The previous studies, Refs 1-2, imply that the structural responses are amplified by the wave passive effect and the site response effect. To ensure the safety of such structures against strong earthquakes, vibration control, passive or active, is effective. For investigation to suppress the responses of space frame structures against earthquakes, studies on the application of control system have been carried out. One of them is a base isolation combined with fuzzy control system, Ref 3, for shell structures subjected to vertical earthquake motions. One of the most effective ways to reduce the responses is a seismic isolation system together with a hysteresis damper system, Refs 4-7, These systems have another advantage of releasing thermal stresses in the dome due to temperature changes. From the investigation for a large reticular dome of about 300meters span, Ref 4, the seismic isolation system is found to effectively suppress both the vertical and horizontal acceleration responses, leading to a great reduction in axial forces in the domes. However, few investigations on the effects of the spatial variation of earthquake motions on ground surfaces on the responses of dome structures installed by a seismic isolation system. The present paper will discuss on the effectiveness of the system of steel hysteresis dampers, newly developed for cost effective light-weight space structures, which are installed at the supports of space structures and expected to work in regions with severe seismic activity. The seismic energy into a structure will be absorbed with the dampers leading a result in the reduction of earthquake responses. First, the mechanical characteristics of the device of steel hysteresis dampers which consists of a set of four steel plates curved as an alphabet J, called here as J damper, is explained. Second, a series of dynamic analysis of a dome structure is performed to show the effectiveness of the devices. The devices are assumed at shoes between the roof and its substructure. This pattern may be called an intermediate isolation for space structures. The yield shear coefficient of the dampers is varied to investigate the optimum range of the coefficient, under an assumption that the structure is to be built in a Space Structures 5, Thomas Telford, London, 20021054 SPACE STRUCTURES 5 region where a design magnitude for input acceleration is given around 500cm/s” at ground revel for ultimate limit state. Third, the wave passive effect is taken into account in the numerical simulation of the dome structure carried out to investigate the effects of the spatial variation on the responses of domes with steel hysteresis dampers installed at every shoe under the tension ring. Yt Tabel 1 Size of members “Type of member Section Hoop member of the dome | A=69.13 ex (355.6% 6.3 mm) Other internal member of the dome (9355.6 8 mm) “Tension ring (4700 14.0 mm) Ring girder (RC) (@S0em x 60em) 14.5 x 10% emt 1p78.1x 10cm! Columns (100 em) (RO) | A=15000 ent Iln4.91 10%! A Foundation beam (RC) (250em Xx 100em) L sa) Dame Z 4, ne acTension ring WC Stel hysteresis damager system a COP st Reinforced coneret ring girder r fe Reinforced conerete columns “ Xp, | fReintorces foundation bean ‘i fe ly D D OGL ig CS Scround surtace ke-60.0 kNien E t i V/ 20m a E Poe [ |] piesetsox2 Fig.1. Analytical model ANALYTICAL MODELS An analytical model consists of a dome, an isolation system and a reinforced concrete substructure as shown in Fig.l. Totally sixty pair of reinforced concrete columns are placed beneath the dome. The devices of hysteresis dampers are assumed at shoes of the dome connecting with the substructure. ‘The geometry and material for the dome structure The dome is a spherical cap on circular plan with 100meters span, 18.2meters rise and 77.8meters radius of curvature. The half open angle is 40° and the half-subtended angle for members @=2°. The number of division for the ridge lines as AOA’ is n=20, and the member length /, along the ridges is 5.4317m and member slenderess ratio Ao is assigned as 40 for the members on the ridges as AOA’. The height of columns in substructure is h=10meters. The roof is composed of steel members, and Table.1 lists the material properties of constitutive members. The first natural period of the dome is 0.62sec under a pin-supported boundary condition at the tension ring level.KATO ET AL. 1055 ‘The geometry and material for the substructure and foundation The substructure is made of reinforced concrete, and composed of columns, top ring girders and foundation ring beams. The section of columns is of solid cylinder and that of beams is of solid rectangle, respectively. The sizes of members are given in Table.1. The Young’s modulus is assumed 2100kN/cm* and 21000kN/cm* for reinforced concrete and steel, respectively. And the analysis is performed under an assumption that both the dome and substructures remain elastic. Each footing supported by two PC pile is considered as shown in Fig.1. The size of high strength reinforced concrete pile is 450mm. The two piles at each footing are replaced by an equivalent shear spring, and the shear spring constant, ks, considering soil-pile system is assumed as 60,0kN/cm at each node. ‘The masses of the dome are assumed 150kg/m”, and the total mass of the dome, M,, equals 1334x10°kg excluding the tension ring. The total mass of the tension ring, M,, is 314 x10°kg. ‘The weight is assumed as 24kN/m’ for reinforced concrete elements, and the total mass of the substructure is 1958x10°kg including the ring girder, columns, walls, and the foundation beam is 2331x10°kg. The total mass of the dome and the substructure is 3937x10°kg. STEEL HYSTERESIS DAMPER SYSTEM In this study, we assume the isolation system as steel hysteresis dampers and/or sliding friction dampers. The fundamental composition of the steel damper is illustrated in Fig.2, where a set of four steel plates curved as an alphabet J assumed to be connected with the upper structure. Each hysteresis damper is assumed active against the horizontal displacement parallel to the wall axe in the circumferential direction, and free or frictional against the displacement normal to the wall axe, meaning that the roof is supported as free or by frictional rollers in the normal direction, The sliding friction dampers, if installed, are assumed active against both of the horizontal movements parallel to and normal to the wall axe. In this system, the vertical forces from roof are reacted by the vertical supports where the sliding friction dampers are instrumented, ye 39KN —_... sooo, 7 kxe0.005 kere fiction damper - ger 343KN 2) view of shoe with hysteresis ad friction dampers ) model as a bi-tnear system Fig.2. The composition of J damper (Ref.7] _ Fig. 3. Hysteresis loop of J damper [Ref.7] The characteristics of the J damper [Ref.7] Among several kinds of sizes developed for different capacities that can correspond to1056 SPACE STRUCTURES 5 required magnitudes for design, an example is illustrated in Fig.3. For this size of 40cm by 120cm, the hysteresis loop between the restoring force and displacement was experimentally given as shown in Fig.4a, The hysteresis is approximately modeled as a bi-linear spring as shown in Fig.3 with the parameters of kio, kao and qyo. As an average for each device, the stiffness kyo is 39KN/om for the liner range, with the stiffness 420=0.00Ski0 for the strain hardening range and yield strength qyj=34.3KN. The range of movement in the normal direction is limited 17.5cm due to the geometry of the device The numerical modeling of the friction dampers ‘The characteristics of friction dampers are assumed as shown in. .2, where the reaction due to friction is expressed by Ry; where Ryand sy mean a normal reacting force on the sliding surface and the friction coefficient, respectively. In this study, friction coefficient is constant, 4-0.1. A multiple shear spring model, Ref 8, which is here called MSS Model, is used for numerical modeling of the friction dampers to take into account their biaxial vibration characteristics. The MSS element is composed of eight shear springs, and each spring has bilinear characteristics. The value of the yield coefficient of the proposed hysteresis damper is varied to investigate an optimum range of the coefficient and to know the effectiveness of the proposed hysteresis damper system. The analysis cases and the value of yield shear coefficient, a, are given in Table.2. The case of OR means an ordinary case in which the roof is connected rigidly with the substructure without hysteresis damper. The case of HD1 means that the J damper shown in Fig.2 installed at shoes between the roof and substructure. The case of HD2 means that the capacity of the J damper is double the HDI case. ‘Table.2. Analysis case and yield coefficients of the hysteresis damper system ‘Analysis Capacity of the J damper Yield Shear coefficient dy case hy 4 Tamper | Friction damper [Total OR ‘Rigid conection without damper 2 HDL kyo 4 0.081 Ol 0.181 HD2 2 ko 240 0.162 O.1 0.262. ‘HDS 3k 3 qo 0.243 OL 0.343 Hib4 thy 44, 0.324 OL 0.424 INPUT SEISMIC MOTION Fig.4 shows the model to consider the spatial variation in the surface motion. The time delay, AT, due to the wave passive effect is represented by an input angle, ¢. In this study, the model of the dome subjected to the SH-wave motions propagating in ~ the Y direction is adopted, and a local site irregularity of soil layers is not taken into account. aN A sobs The observed earthquake motion, El Centro © SW (1940 ) NS, is used as an input seismic motion on _Fig.4. Model of the dome subjected to the ground surface in the X direction. The peak, a traveling wave in the Y direction Ams is normalized as 500cm/s? for an ultimate limit level, to judge the effectiveness of the hysteresis damper system against a severe intensity.PAL. 1057 RESPONSE ANALYSIS Numerical method Average acceleration method of Newmark-B scheme with B=1/4 is used for numerical integration, and the time interval for response calculation, Af, is 0.00Ssec. The mass matrix is formulated as lumped masses at nodes that are derived based on the dead load distribution. The total damping matrix of the structure consists of the contributions from three types of structural elements. Rayleigh damping matrix is respectively assumed to the dome and the substructure of reinforced conerete, while the stiffness - proportional damping matrix for the shear springs considering soil-pile system of is assumed. In the former two structural elements, damping factor of 2% is adopted for the two predominant vibration modes with largest participation factors in the horizontal directions but with no damping to the hysteresis, dampers, and 15% is assumed to the shear springs for the soil-pile system. EFFECTIVENESS OF THE DAMPER SYSTEM UNDER NO PASSIVE EFFECTS Responses of accelerations Figs.5.a and b show the distributions of the maximum horizontal acceleration along the ridgeline AOA’ under an input earthquake motion of 500cm/s? as a peak intensity. In case of no spatial variation in the seismic motions, input angle g=Odeg. in other words, the maximum horizontal and vertical response accelerations of the OR model using no hysteresis dampers are very large about 2000cmv/s* and 1900cm/s’, respectively. The maximum horizontal and vertical accelerations of the dome with hysteresis dampers installed are reduced to about 600cm/s? and 1000cm/s?, respectively. It is confirmed that the proposed steel hysteresis damper system effectively suppresses both the vertical and horizontal acceleration responses of the dome subjected to horizontal earthquakes. With decrease in ay, the horizontal accelerations of the dome are decreased, however, horizontal accelerations of the substructure are hardly decreased. -O-HDI--HD2—-HD3- 2000 © HDA -*-OR (ems*} 1500 1000 00 (a) Horizontal acceleration (b) Vertical acceleration Fig.5. Distribution of the maximum horizontal and vertical accelerations of the dome along the AOA’ line when the input ground acceleration is 500cm/s” and ¢=Odeg. 1300 a —sdead oad -8-OR Oe dead load OR a) DT De “HDS “uD (a) Hoop members (b) Ridge members Fig.6. Distributions of the maximum axial forces of the hoop and ridge members along the AOA line in case that Amar is 500cm/s* and gOdeg...1058 SPACE STRUCTURES 5 Responses of axial forces Figs.6.a and b illustrate the effect of yield shear coefficient of the damper, ay, on the distributions of the maximum axial forces induced in both the hoop and the ridge members of dome under the input ground acceleration Amax = 500cm/s*. The responses of the axial forces exclude the axial forces due to dead load. As observed in Fig.6, the maximum axial forces of the hoop members without dampers due to horizontal earthquake motion is quite large, and the maximum values are amplified about five times the maximum axial forces only due to dead load. The maximum axial forces of the dome are much suppressed by the hysteresis damper system. Responses of shear coefficients Fig.7.a shows the response of shear coefficients which are calculated based on a dynamic response analysis in case of Ama=500m/s* and ¢=Odeg.. The response shear coefficients of the structure with hysteresis dampers are much reduced in comparison with those of the structure without hysteresis dampers. The response shear coefficients of the dome and hysteresis dampers are increased with an increase in shear yielding coefficient, a. However, the reduction of the response shear coefficients of the substructure is not expected as much as expected in the response of domes. Accordingly the introduction of the damping devices in the substructure will be required to effectively reduce the responses of substructure, Ref 5. Maximum deformation of the hysteresis dampers Fig.7.b shows the relationship between the maximum deformation of hysteresis dampers and the yield shear coefficients, a, in case of Ama=500m/s* and g-Odeg.. The maximum axial forces of the dome are also given in Fig.7.c. The maximum deformation of the hysteresis damper is decreased with an increase in a, contrary to the response of the dome. Judging from the results in Figs.7.b, a value of yield shear coefficient larger than that in case of HD2 Type will be required and the value will be enough to satisfy the condition that the deformation should be less than the limited value of 17.5cm under 500cm/s* as a peak acceleration. However, maximum deformations are greatly influenced generally by the kind of the earthquake waves, accordingly more investigation is necessary for other types of accelerations. 2 500 lem] IN] 2 400 -* bnax is u om “© Dome 0 7 1 pile ‘ 100 te hysteresis damper’ ° yor woz abs wpe = MDL D2 HDS Hd ©] ap? DS He (2) Shear coefficients (b) Maximum deformation (©) Maximum axial force of the damper of the dome Fig.7. Relationship between the maximum responses and yield shear coefficients of hysteresis damper (Ama:=500cm/s” )KATO ET AL. 1059 INFLUENCE OF WAVE PASSVE EFFECT ON THE RESPONSES OF THE DOME STRUCTURE WITH HYSTERESIS DAMPERS INSTALLED Numerical simulation of the dome structure carried out to investigate the influence of the spatial variation of ground motion due to delay of the wave being transmitted to the supports on the responses of domes with steel hysteresis damper system. ‘Maximum responses of the dome structure Fig.8 illustrates the effect of a spatial variation of seismic motions on the responses of the dome with hysteresis damper system installed against Apa,=500cm/s*, Figs.8.a, b and ¢ show the distributions of the maximum response acceleration in the X, Y and Z direction of the dome located on ridgeline AOA’, respectively. The case of input angle ¢-Odeg. indicates no consideration of spatial variation of seismic motions. From the results of numerical simulation considering the wave passive effect, the maximum response accelerations in the X and Z direction show a tendency of decreasing with an increase in input angle, ¢. Because of the filtering effect of rigid foundation beam, horizontal seismic motion is reduced at the foundation beam level, and the vertical and horizontal response accelerations due to horizontal earthquake motions are suppressed. On the other hands, response acceleration in the Y direction increases. The increase in the accelerations is due to an extensional vibration caused by the wave passive effect. Fig.8.c displays the distributions of the maximum axial forces of the hoop members and the ridge members of domes under Ama=500cm/s*. The maximum response axial forces of hoop members along AOA’ line is decreased with an increase in g, because of the filtering effect of foundation beam. The hysteresis damper system effectively suppresses both the responses of accelerations and axial forces of the dome in spite of considering wave passive effect. 750 (b) Maximum acceleration (Y direction) 300 DN] dead toad 0 6-0 dee eee deg 2 9080 des 6 eos (©) Maximum acceleration (Z direction) (4) Maximum axial force (hoop member) Fig.8. Maximum response distributions of acceleration and axial forces of the dome along ridgeline AOA’ ( HD2 Model, 4max=500cm/s")1060 SPACE STRUCTURES 5 Maximum response of the substructures Figs.9 illustrates the distributions of the maximum axial forces for the foundation beam ofa dome, respectively, in case of dampers installed and no dampers. The maximum axial forces of the foundation beam are increased with an increase of input angle, ¢ however, the hysteresis damper system is still effective to reduce the maximum axial forces of the foundation beam, som 90 deg, head z Sonn,” g an See Zan : aie 7 bmw be te to | fm bien (a) OR Model (b) HD2 Model Fig.9 Distributions of the maximum axial forces of the foundation beam ( 4,,., = 500cm/s*) Maximum deformation of the hysteresis dampers Fig.10.a shows the distributions of the maximum deformation of the hysteresis dampers in the cases of input angle g-0 and 30degree. dya(X) and éya4(¥) in Fig.10 express the maximum deformations in the X and Y direction, respectively. Fig.10.b illustrates the relationship between the maximum deformations and With an increase in ¢, the maximum deformation in the Y direction is increased especially on the dampers with numbers 1 and 3 due to the torsional vibration, However, maximum deformation of damper, dea» defined by Si = \8ux(X) + 5zq,(0)° is almost constant at every location of the dampers, though dx increases a little concerning with the deformation in the Y direction 200 160 z M40 3 150 20 a 100 & 100 80 3 so Ez so so £ 20 2 oo oo a 1 2 3 4 1 o 1s 0 45 (a) Distributions of the maximum deformation (6) Maximum deformations Fig.10. Relationship between the maximum deformations of the hysteresis dampers of HD2 and the input angle, ¢, under Ama:=500cm/s* Maximum responses of the substructures Fig.11.a illustrates the relationship between the maximum shear coefficient and the input angle. Figs.11.b and c illustrate the relationship between both of the maximum axial force and bending moment of foundation beam and the input angle ¢ The shear coefficient of the substructure, maximum axial force and bending moment of foundation beam are greatly decreased by introducing steel hysteresis damper system.KATO ET AL, 1061 With the increase in @, the shear coefficient of the substructure is decreased in the same way as the responses of the dome, while the maximum responses of both axial force and bending ‘moment of foundation beam are increased with the increase in @ Though a relatively large increase in axial force and moment of foundation beam is caused due to the wave passive effect, the introduction of the system is confirmed still effective to reduce the responses. 000 ry 1500 12 4000 1200 10 a8 ae m0 06 2000 600 ot 1000 300 02 oo ° ° os mH as 0 6 MOH 0 8 Oe as (@) Maximum shear coefficients (b) Maximum axial force (c) Maximum bending moment of the foundation beam of the foundation beam Fig.11. Relationship between the maximum responses and the input angle, 4, under Aya=500envs* OR Model and HD2 Model ) CONCLUSION The present paper investigated the effectiveness of the system of steel hysteresis dampers, newly developed for lightweight space structures. The system is assumed to be installed at the supports of space structures. It is confirmed that the proposed steel hysteresis damper system effectively suppresses the responses of the domes studied in the present study. Especially the vertical and horizontal acceleration responses of the dome can be much decreased, leading to great reduction in axial forces and shear coefficients of the dome. This effectiveness is confirmed to hold irrespective of a condition that there is a spatial variation of input earthquake motions or not. The yield coefficient of the dampers was varied to investigate the optimum range of the coefficient, under an assumption that the structure is to be built ina region where a design magnitude for input acceleration is given around 500cmy/s* at ground revel for an ultimate limit state. The capacity of around 0.25 for the yield coefficient of the dampers, HD2 Type in the present study, will be required and the value will be enough for condition that the deformation should be less than the limited value of 17.5cm under 500cm/s* as peak acceleration, However, maximum deformation is greatly influenced by the kind of earthquake waves, more investigation is necessary. The wave passive effect was taken into account, and a series of numerical simulation of the dome structure were carried out to investigate the effects of the spatial variation of earthquake motions on the responses of domes with a steel hysteresis damper system installed. From the results of numerical simulation, the maximum response accelerations of the dome in the X and Z direction and the axial forces were shown to have a tendency of decreasing with an increase in input angle, ¢, because of the filtering effect of foundation beam. On the other1062 SPACE STRUCTURES 5 hands, the responses of acceleration in the Y direction and the maximum deformations of the dampers in the ¥ direction are amplified a little due to tensional vibration caused by the effect of spatial variation of input earthquake motions. And the maximum axial forces and bending moments of foundation beam are also increased with the increase in ¢, and a conclusion is drawn that the system of the hysteresis dampers is confirmed to work still to reduce their responses even under the effect of spatial variation of input earthquake motions. REFERENCES 1. YAMADA M, JUNG C and ISHIKAWA B, The Dynamic Response in Higher Modes of Single-Layer Latticed Spherical Shells Subjected to Seismic Motion, IASS Symposium 2001, Nagoya, Oct. 2001, TP126 (CD-ROM). 2. FUKUSUMI T, and NOZOE H, Earthquake Response of Cylindrical Shell Structures on Elastic Ground Supported at Comers, IASS Symposium 2001, Nagoya, Oct. 2001, TP126 (CD-ROM), 3. SHINGU K and FUKUSHIMA K, Study on Base Isolation and Vibration Control of a Rotational Shell Subjected to Vertical Seismic Forces, SEIKEN-IASS Symposium on Nonlinear Analysis and Design for Shell and Spatial Structure, Tokyo, Japan, 1993, pp.471-424. 4, KATO S, NAKAZAWA S, UEKI T, UCHIKOSHI M and OSUGI F, Earthquake Response of Domes Implemented by Hysteresis Dampers for Earthquake Isolation, LSA 98, Sydney, Australia, 1998, pp.451-459. 5. KATO 8, NAKAZAWA S, and UCHIKOSHI M, How Does the Assumption of Damping Matrix Influence on the Earthquake Response of Large Reticulated Domes with Seismic Isolation System, IASS 40 Anniversary Congress, Madrid, Vol.2, 1999, pp.E2.33-E2.40. 6. KATO 8, NAKAZAWA S, UCHIKOSHI M and MUKAIYAMA Y, Response Reducing Effect of Seismic Isolation System Installed between Large Dome and Lower Structure, APCS2000, Seoul, Korea, 2000, pp.323-330. 7. OHYAT, OKAMOTO T, TAKAYAMA H, KATO S, KONISHI Y, A New Anti- Earthquake System to Reduce the Response of Spatial Structures, Journal of Constructional Steel, Vol.9, November 2001, pp.365-372. (in Japanese) 8. WADA A and HIROSE K, Elasto-Plastic Dynamic Behaviors of the Building Frames Subjected to Bi-directional Earthquake Motion, J. Struct. Constr. Eng., AI, No.399, 1989, pp.37-47. (in Japanese)Estimation of the statically equivalent earthquake loading on double layer barrel vaults A. SADEGHI University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK INTRODUCTION Double layer barrel vaults are popular in practice and are constructed in a variety of forms. In spite of this popularity, there is no specific code of practice for loading and design of these structures. Specifying the environmental loadings especially earthquake loading for barrel vaults is complex and case dependent. The published research in this subject is also very rare and scattered. However, there have been a few attempts to bridge this gap. A specification for the design and construction of space trusses [2001] is released in china, which specifies equivalent static loading for earthquake. However, this is restricted to vertical effects of earthquakes on double layer grids and has no requirements for horizontal and vertical effects of earthquakes on other categories of space structures. Kato et al [1997], have considered four configurations of single layer domes and introduced formulas for the vertical and horizontal distributions of earthquake loading on domes. In their work the acclerograms of 3 strong motion earthquakes are utilised to extract the results. ‘The main object of the present paper is to determine the values and distribution patterns of the horizontal and vertical shears produced by the horizontal action of the earthquakes. For this purpose, a frequently used pattern of the double layer barrel vaults is selected. Initially the general static and dynamic characteristics of the chosen barrel vaults are discussed. Discussion is followed by estimation of the statically equivalent earthquake forces on the barrel vaults. CONFIGURATION AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS For the evaluation of the equivalent static loading of earthquake for the double layer barrel vaults, the square-on-square offset pattem is selected. This pattern is chosen because it is frequently used in practice. Fig 1 shows the configuration of the selected pattern for the barrel vaults. Four barrel vaults with rise to span ratios of 0.20, 0.30, 0.40 and 0.50 are chosen. Fig 2 shows the side views of the barrel vaults with different rise to span ratios and configurations. The spans and the lengths for all of the barrel vaults are 20 m. The radial distance of two layers of the barrel vaults are chosen to be 1.0 m. The connections are taken as pin-joints. All the edge joints of the bottom layers of the barrel vaults are supported. The supports constrain the movements of the structure in 3 Cartesian directions. The cross-sections of the elements are chosen as tubular steel hollow sections. The areas of the cross-sections of the barrel vaults are sized so that the structures withstand the combination of the dead and snow loadings. The dead load is taken as 0.5 kN/m’, and snow loading is taken as 1.5 KN/m?, The slenderness ratios of the elements are taken to be 100. The modulus of the Elasticity of the material of the elements is 2.06 x 10!’ N/m’. For calculation Space Structures 5. Thomas Telford, London, 20021064 SPACE STRUCTURES 5 of the strengths of the elements, the requirements of the ‘AISC 1989:ASD Specifications’ are used. | | PK k] a I SSBb4 KK] SERS: PSISSASZANANZNER A BSSEETEREK] S| SKE BBS K] SEXP RRIK) S| ISISTSZSZNZNZN RT kK] CAN EN-NENANSSSS 2m S| PSISSIESERENCN AI K} CAN ENANEARALSESISS, S| ISISNIESEZNZNCII kK] SEPT RIRKK) S ISISTSIEBSZNZNZNA AST kK] SEPP) iS NISRA II K] LTAVAAAWANANANIANIASS I | ) The arrangement of the supports (only the front elements are shown} a) Plan of the double layer barrel vault Fig. 1. Configuration and geometrical peculiarities of the double layer barrel. H 1 ir | ma — a) Barrel vault with rise to span ratio of 0.20 b) Barre] vault with rise to span ratio of 0.30 ‘ t i da - f —, d) Barrel vault with rise to span ratio of 0.40 c) Barrel vault with rise to span ratio of 0.50 Fig. 2. Elevations of the double layer barrel vaults (supports are not shown in gable ends). Earthquakes characteris For evaluating the equivalent static loading of earthquake for a barrel vault, eight strong motion earthquakes are selected. The peak ground accelerations of the selected earthquakesSADEGHI /065 are more than 0.3g. Only the horizontal components of the earthquakes are considered. The selected earthquakes and related PGA’s are shown in Table 1. The response spectra of the earthquakes with 2% damping are shown in Fig 3a to 3h. Fig 3i illustrates the spectra of the earthquakes in a same graph. As one may see from Fig 3i, the periods of the first modes of the barrel vaults, sce Table 4, stand in resonance region for most of these earthquakes. Table 1. Selected earthquakes and their PGA’s. No _| Horizontal accelerogram PGA 1__| El Centro, USA 0.330g 2 | Gazli, RUSSIA 0.775g z Kobe, JAPAN 0.349g 4 | Manjil, IRAN 0.5282 3__| Naghan, IRAN 0.7232 6 | Northridge, USA 0.590; 7__| Parkfield, USA. 0.630; [8 | Tabas, IRAN _ 0933 _—| DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BARREL VAULTS Dynamic analyses of the barrel vaults are carried out assuming that the masses are concentrated in the joints. It is assumed that for all the barrel vaults, the mass is the same. The damping ratios of the barrel vaults are assumed to be 0.02. a) At first the effect of the distribution of the mass of a barrel vault in the joints of top layer or both the top and bottom layers on the general dynamic characteristics of the barrel vaults are studied. The masses of the barrel vaults are distributed in two ways among the joints of the structures, as follows: © Masses of the barrel vaults are distributed among all of the joints of the top and the bottom layers of the barrel vaults, These cases are referred to as DLBVO.2 and DLBV0.5 in Table 2 for barrel vaults with rise to span ratios of 0.2 and 0.5, respectively, and ‘* Masses of the barrel vaults are distributed among the top layer joint. These cases are referred to as DLBV0.2CM and DLBV0.SCM in Table 2 for barrel vaults with rise to span ratios of 0.2 and 0.5, respectively. ‘The eigenvalue analysis shows that the difference in modal periods of the two mass arrangements is negligible. So for the convenience, the mass can be distributed in the top layer joints without considerable approximation. For instance, as shown in Table 2, the variation of the periods of the first modes for the barrel vault with the rise to span ratio of 0.20 for different mass distributions is about 1.7% and for the barrel vault with the rise to span ratio of 0.50 is less than 0.1%. As a result, in the present paper the mass is distributed on the top layer of a barrel vaults. b) The eigenvalue analysis reveals that the mass participation factor of the first modes of the barre] vaults increase with the increase of the rise to span ratios of the barrel vaults. Table 3 shows the mass participation factors of initial effective modes. The periods of the first mode, too, increase with the increase of the rise to span ratios. This may be interpreted, as, when the rise to span ratio of the barrel vault increases, the lateral stiffness of the barrel vault tends to decrease. Furthermore, as is shown in Table 3 for modes of Z direction, that is vertical modes, the effectiveness of the vertical mode decreases and the period of the dominant vertical mode, namely mode 2 decreases as well. The meaning of the decrease of period while the mass is constant is that the relative vertical stiffness of the structure has increased.1066 SPACE STRUCTURES 5 Therefore, one may conclude that, with increase of the rise to span ratio of the barrel vaults, while their lateral stiffness decrease their vertical stiffness increase. So the barrel vaults with higher rise to span ratios resemble more or less conventional vertical buildings, while the barrel vaults with lower rise to span ratios behave differently. Table 2. Comparison of the periods of the barrel vault with two mass patterns. MODE PERIOD (SEC) PERIOD (SEC) NUMBER DLBVO2 | DLBVO.2CM | DLBVOS | DLBVO.5CM 7 Oi24te2 [0121968 | 0.476307 _| 0.476074 2 10,070046 | 0,068085 | 0.145586 _| 0.14101 3 10,063638 | 0,05042 | 0,077167_| 0,074405 4 (0.058022 | 0,05395 | 0,072849_| 0,067406 5 (0.042368 | 0,041122 | 0,069787__| 0,064366 6 (0.03984 | 0,036862 | 0,053371_| 0,051093 7 0.036697 | 0,036347 | 0.05011 _| 0.046834 6 0.033476 | 0,031076 | 0.047948 _| 0.043777, 9 0.028339 | 0,025802__| 0.03875 _| 0.037472 10 0.028288 | 0.025788 | 0.037708 _| 0.036222 14 0.026273 | 0.024777 __| 0,035844_| 0,032923, 12 0.025549 | 0,024401 | 0.035156 _| 0,031934 13 0.024081 | 0,023315 | 0,031603_| 0,028313, 14 0.023894 | 0.022981 | 0.031576 _| 0,028155 15 '0,023084 | 0.021564 | 0.029846 _| 0,027917 16 0.022263 [0.021499 | 0.02904 | 0,027365 17 0.02077 [0.021058 | 0.028709 _| 0.02648 18 0.02008 _[0,019735 | 0.028143 _| 0,025721 19 (0.019672 | 0,019159 | 0.027163 _| 0,025275 20 0.019627 | 0,0185 0.026456 _| 0.024775 Table 3. Mass participation factors (ppf's) of effective modes in percent for the barrel vaults Double layer |Axis | Mode | Mass ppf ] Mode | Mass ppf | Mod | Mass ppt barrel vaults % % e % Rise to” span | X 1 53,538 7 [24.729 | 11_| 18.009 ratioof0.20 fy [4 1.337 6 1.745 15 | 62.787 Z 2 34.634 5 38.497 [12 | 1.916 Rise to span | X 1 73.084 |S 16.597 |13__| 4.520 ratio of 0.30 Ty 9 30.211 | 7.723 15 [12.108 Zz B 24.130 6 44.138 15 [1.04 | Rise to span |X 1 82.468 5 [10505 [10 | 2.869 ratio of0.40 Ty 8 4.579 12 13.766 14 | 40.178 z 2 25.377 6 37.169 9 [8731 Rise to span |X 1 85.912 3 6.714 9 [1133 | ratio of 0.50 Fy [ii 3.779 17__ [32.003 [20 | 24.138 l Zz 2 [20808 [6 [24.801 [10 | 19.961SADEGHI 1067 i -Response spectra of the earthquakes psa peiod sec Fig. 3. Response spectra of the horizontal component of earthquakes with 2% damping.1068 SPACE STRUCTURES 5 ‘Table 4. Periods of the first mode versus the rise to span ratio of the barrel vault. Rise/Span 2, 03 of 05 he of the first mode | 9 11968 0.193388, 0.299449 | 0.416074 HORIZONTAL SHEAR DISTRIBUTION The barrel vaults are analysed dynamically using the horizontal accelerograms of the earthquakes named in Table 1. The analyses are carried out using the SAP90 package. In the present paper, only the linear behaviour of the material is considered. ‘The maximum response accelerations of the masses of the nodes a,,,,, are determined. The maximum accelerations are multiplied by the corresponding masses of the nodes to calculate the equivalent forces in the nodes F, as shown in Eq. 1. The equivalent forces in the nodes with the same height h are combined to produce the equivalent force Fi, Eq 2, see Fig 4. The equivalent forces of all the masses top of each level of nodes are combined and are divided to the total weight of that level, Eq 3. Therefore, for each level of masses of the nodes, a shear coefficient CH; is calculated. The resulted shear coefficients are normalised according to the ground level shear coefficient CH, Fy=m, XGjnax 1 Fade 2 CH, Ww. 3 =e, 4 where F, is the earthquake equivalent force in joint j of level i, m; is the mass of joint j, Fis the sum of the equivalent forces in joints of height h, CH, is the shear coefficient of the level iand V;, is the base shear for earthquake loading. Tor level iall weights and inertial forces in this region is considered Fig. 4. Illustration of the acceleration and equivalent forces and shear in a barrel vault.SADEGHI 1069 ‘The base shear at the foundation level of a barrel vault V,, relating to the total weight of the barrel vault is as follows: Vy, = CH, xW, 5 where CH, is the horizontal base shear. The horizontal base shear in double layer barrel vaults, on the other hand, is being related to the response of the acceleration spectrum of the first natural period, T,, as follows: CH, = (HS) x[S,(2))/g] 6 where S,(T,) is the response acceleration for period of the first mode for design earthquake, g is the acceleration of the gravity, H/S is the rise to span ratio of the barrel vault and a(H/S) isa coefficient. For determining a@(H/S) the calculated values of the horizontal base shears are divided by the scaled acceleration response of the structure for the period of the first mode. a(ws)=© 1. (7,)/ 8] The values of @(H/S) for the response accelerations of the earthquakes are illustrated in Fig 8. The mean plus one sigma regression of these values are as follows: a (H/S) = -1.2562(W/S)’ +1.3439(H/S) + 0.5278 8 It may be seen from Fig 5 that it is possible to consider a conservative and, at the same time simple constant value for @(H/S) as: a(H/S) = 0.95 9 12 1 2! « Pol. (Mean) Poly. (Mean+s) + Poly. (Mean-s) Alpha values 8 | f | = S 02 04 06 Rise / Span ratio (HIS) Fig. 5. @(h/H) versus rise to span ratio of the barrel vaults. For every barrel vault 8 series of these results have been built up according to 8 aforementioned earthquakes. Then the results are depicted in graphs versus the ratios of the level height h, to overall height of the structure H, i.e. h/H. The resulting graphs are shown in Fig 6a to 6d for the barrel vaults with rise to span ratios of 0.20 to 0.50, respectively. The distribution of the equivalent static earthquake loading in terms of the base shear coefficient, CH,1070 SPACE STRUCTURES 5 CH,=B(WH)*CH, 10 For each of the barrel vaults the best regression for mean value is carried out and the following relations are concluded: For the rise to span ratio of 0.20: B(WH) =-0.3444(h/H)’ +0.4748(W/H) + 0.0587 i For the rise to span ratio of 0.30: BWI) = -0,3008(h/H)* +0.4342(W/H) + 0.0336 12 For the rise to span ratio of 0.40: B( WH) = -0.2767 (WH) +0.4147(h/H) +0.0141 13 For the rise to span ratio of 0.50: B(WH) =-0.2611(W/H)’ + 0.3999(W/H) + 0.0184 14 oo | oo | - 7 | ar | or | Ee | 3s os | oe | 2 | ta yy | a rT) CHi/CHO CHi/CHO ) Double layer barrel vault with ») Double layer barrel vault with rise to span ratio of 0.20 rise to span ratio of 0.30 02 a os _ oa i Eos Eos SL Lo a © 02 04 06 ae 14 “0 02 oe a6 08 CHY/CHO CHi/CHO c) Double layer barrel vault with d) Double layer barrel vault with ‘rise to span ratio of 0.40 rise to span ratio of 0.50 Fig. 6. Vertical distribution of the horizontal shear for the barrel vaults. To consider the barrel vaults totally, another regression of the mean values plus one o is carried out for horizontal shear distribution over the height of the barrel vaults as follows: cH =-0.3(WHY +0.4(W/H) +0.05 15SADEGHI 107! The reason for using the meants is for that the results to be conservative. VERTICAL SHEAR DISTRIBUTION To obtain the distribution pattern of the vertical shear for the earthquake loading on the joints of the top layer of a barrel vault, a procedure similar to the horizontal one is followed. The vertical response accelerations of the top layer joints are multiplied by their masses. Because of the antisymmetry of the predominant vertical mode, in this case only one half of the structure is considered. The forces occurring in the height h and upper are combined as Fy; and total vertical force in one half is taken as Vy. LT TTT Forloval all weights sd inralforcs in this om is considered es ke yf pl Dia Fig. 7. Illustration of the acceleration and equivalent vertical forces and shears in a barrel vault. Total vertical shear is normalized to the total weight of the structure, WV, to get total vertical shear coefficient, Cyo CV,=24,/W, 16 ‘This coefficient is related to the horizontal base shear coefficient CH,, as follows CV, =2y(H/S)xCH, 7 03 2% ba ee § 015 sow s Fant © orf = Tatas 005 | — ‘iene o oa ° o1 02 03 os 0s 08 Rise to span ratio Fig. 8. Relationship between the y(H/S) and the rise to span ratio of the barrel vaults.1072 SPACE STRUCTURES 5 To find the parameter gamma the following relation is calculated for each earthquake and structure. HIS) -Vy/Vp 18 Where Vis the calculated horizontal base shear and Vv is the calculated total vertical shear in half span of the structure. Figure 8 illustrates the relationship of vertical base shear Vy the rise to span ratio of the barrel vaults. It can be suggested that a conservative value for 7(H/S) will be 0.2. The distribution of vertical shear in each level is dependant on the total vertical shear through the following relation: FylVy=n(ne 19 For the selected earthquakes, the values of / and Fy, are calculated and then the amounts of 1H) are evaluated using Eq 10. The mean value regression of n(h/H) versus h/H for each barrel vault is established as follows: For the barrel vault with rise to span ratio of 0.20 1(0.2)=-5.6416(h/H)3+9.3343(h/H)2-4.1566(W/H)+0,5932 20 For the barrel vault with rise to span ratio of 0.30 19(0.3)=-3.8788(h/H)3+ 5.963 7(h/H)2-2.1536(W/H) +0.2027 a For the barrel vault with rise to span ratio of 0.40 1(0.4) =-2.4486(R/H)3-+3.3728(WH)2-0.7787(W/H)-0.0110 22 For the barrel vault with rise to span ratio of 0.50 10.5) =-3.3676(h/H)3++5.624 I (WH)2-2.3946(W/H) + 0.2887 23 CONCLUSION Four double layer barrel vaults with different rise to span ratios are studied and some relations are presented to calculate the equivalent static vertical and horizontal shears for earthquakes on the barrel vaults. There is also a recommendation for the pattern of distribution of the equivalent static vertical and horizontal earthquake loading on the barrel vaults. REFERENCES 1. Specifications for the Design and Construction of Space Trusses, Int. Journal of Space Structures, Vol 16, No 3, 2001,pp 177-205. 2. AISC, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings-Allowable stress design and Plastic design’, AISC, USA, 1989. 3. Kato S, Ueki T and Mukaiyama Y, Study of Dynamic Collapse of Single Layer Reticulated Domes Subjected to Earthquake Motion and the Estimation of Statically Equivalent Seismic Forces, Int. Jor. of Space Structures, Vol 12, Nos 3 & 4, 1997, pp 191-203.Dynamic behavior of rigidly jointed single-layer lattice domes subjected to vertical earthquake motions T. OGAWA, Y. TAKEMOTO, and T. KUMAGAI Department of Architecture and Building Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to study the response characteristics of rigidly jointed single- layer lattice domes under the vertical earthquake motions. These characteristics are investigated to elucidate how the damping factors influence the responses of the domes. The analysis model has a hexagonal plan. The dynamic eigenvalue analysis is carried out in order to characterize the fundamental vibration behavior (such as participation factors) of the domes. Also, the dynamic response analysis is applied to the domes, considering the geometrical and material nonlinearities. Four earthquake motions are inputted in the vertical direction: El-Centro-UD (1940), Taft-UD (1952), Hachinohe-UD (1968) and Kobe-UD (1995). The maximum acceleration of these motions is assumed to be 100cm/sec’. The mass corresponding to the dead load is given to each node as a lumped mass. The Rayleigh damping matrix is used for the domes and the damping factors for primary and secondary modes are assumed to be 1,2 or 3%. In this analysis, we examine the acceleration responses under the vertical earthquake motions, the Fourier amplitude spectra of the response (such as acceleration, velocity, or displacement) and so on. The results of the study lead to the conclusion that the correlation between the acceleration response spectrum of each earthquake motion and the participation factor of the domes determines the response of these domes under the vertical earthquake motion and how the damping factors influence on the responses. INTRODUCTION The dynamic behavior of single-layer lattice domes has been studied by several researches [1,2]. However, the works for the influence of input vertical earthquake motions that have different characteristics are few to be applied to the domes. A number of previous studies [3] analyzed the influence on the earthquake response characteristics of the dome, regarding the assumption for damping matrix, Rayleigh damping or stiffness-proportional damping. However, the works for the influence of the assumption for the damping factor are few to be applied to rigidly jointed single-layer lattice domes. One of the aims of the present study is to examine the response of rigidly jointed single-layer lattice domes under the vertical earthquake motions. Another one is to examine the influences of the input vertical earthquake motions and the assumption for the damping factor. Space Structures 5, Thomas Telford, Lendon, 20021074 SPACE STRUCTURES 5 METHOD OF ANALYSIS ‘Analysis Model Figure 1 shows the analysis model and Table 1 shows the dimensions of dome. The analysis model is a rigidly jointed single-layer lattice dome with a hexagonal plan, The half meridian are is divided into six members. The half subtended member angles is 3.0 (deg.). For the boundary condition, the nodes of the outer ring are pin-supported. Table 2 shows the member properties of the steel tubular sections. The member slendemess ratio X is used as one of the geometrical parameters, and 2. is assigned as either 41, 67 or 104 in this study. The model with 4 =67 is referred to as 67 Model. The stress-strain relationship is assumed to be a bi- linear type, as shown in Figure 2. A member is composed of two finite elements. Taking advantage of symmetry, a half part of the dome is analyzed BBS PDS KANNAN, DASA, DOOD A ee CYA 7h OX VAVAVAVAVAVA 4 RN OOS OO? (© pin-supported analysis aren Fig.1. Analysis model. Table 1. Dimensions of domes [ Dome radius R (em) 4777 | Dome span L (em) 5616 | Rise of Dome H (em) 912 | Half subtended member angle (deg.)|__ 3.0 Member length | (cm) 500] Fig.2. Stress-strain relation: Table 2. Member properties. Slenderness ratio x 41 67 104 (Tube diameter D (m | 356 21.6 13.9 [Tube thickness t (cm) ill 0.45 0.35 |Tube sectional area A (cm’) 120 29.9 15.0 Moment of inertia 1_(cm’) |_17840_| 1680 348 'Yield stress oy (tf/ em’), 3.0 [Young's modulus E (tf/cm’) 2100 [Modulus of strain hardening E, (tf / cm?) 21.0 Method of Analysis Methods of the analysis are the static elasto-plastic buckling analysis and the dynamic response analysis, considering the geometrical and material nonlinearities. Average acceleration method of Newmark scheme with # =1/4 is used for dynamic responseOGAWA, TAKEMOTO AND KUMAGAI 1075 analysis. Rayleigh damping is applied as the dome damping. The damping factors are chosen to be 1, 2 or 3% for primary and secondary modes. The dead load Ps is equal to 1/3 of the static elasto-plastic buckling load P,... The mass corresponding to the dead load Ps is given to each node as a lumped mass and distributed load is vertically applied to each node as the dynamic load. Earthquake Motions Applied to Domes The vertical earthquake motions chosen for the study are El-Centro-UD (1940), Taft-UD (1952), Hachinohe-UD (1968) and Kobe-UD (1995). The maximum vertical acceleration Amex is standardized to be 100cm/sec*. Figure 3 shows the acceleration response spectra of the current motions. El-Centro-UD has predominant frequency contents centered around the short period, Taft-UD and Kobe-UD have predominant frequency contents ranging widely and Hachinohe-UD has predominant frequency contents centered around the long period. This shows that each acceleration response has distinctive characteristics. ‘T(sec) (b) Hachinohe-UD 0 1 T(see) 1 Tisec) wo (©) Kobe-UD (d) El-Centro-UD Fig.3. Acceleration response spectra of input earthquake motions. NATURAL VIBRATION CHARACTARISTICS ‘The dynamic eigenvalue analysis is performed to investigate the natural vibration behavior of each model. Figure 4 shows the participation factors in the vertical direction and the natural1076 SPACE STRUCTURES $ Vibration modes with the maximum participation factor for each model. As the member slendemess ratio 2. increases, the relative value of the larger participation factor decreases and the modes with the maximum participation factor for each model transfer to the higher order one. The natural vibration modes with the maximum participation factor are symmetrical shapes, transforming at the apex of the dome. 5 0.8 [High Order Mode E a6 [17th Mode, 4) 12lth Mode L | + | 21th Mode p02) y © laid Ly 0.0 Ol 02 03 04 ‘Natural Period(sec) (a) 41 Model igh Order Mode | Low Order Mode 5 os 4 od remote asin § t | $ 362th Mode | po 1“ tst Mode Period £02 2 190th Mode || 9,440(sec) © lll a 9. 0 «Ol OSC Natural Period(see) (b) 67 Model .8 [High Onder Mode | Low Order Mode th Mode — 5 Mode Period | s62th Mode a a Natural Period(sec) (c) 104 Model (c) 46" Mode Fig.4. Participation factors and natural vibration modes with maximum participation factor. RESPONSE OF DOMES SUBJECTED TO VERTICAL EARTHQUAKE MOTIONS Influence of Earthquake Motions Dynamic response analysis is carried out, taking into account the geometrical and material nonlinearities. 67 Model is focused on in this chapter. Figure 5 shows the time histories of response accelerations for Node 1 under each vertical earthquake motion. Node I is at the apex of the dome. The triangle mark indicates the maximum response acceleration.z 3 [712.7 ems? (11.6365) ‘Acceleration (emis?) 3 2 1000 1015 20-25 ‘Time (see) T 500 “7 584.9 ems" (5.1648) —he1% 1 5 2500 ol | Acceleration (cmvs") 2 1000 g Acceleration (emis) 3s 8 1900 3 3 3 i 1000 os Figs. i015 2025 30 01 ‘Time (see) Period (sec.) (4) El-Centro-UD . Time histories of Fig.6. Fourier amplitude spectra of response accelerations. response accelerations1078 SPACE STRUCTURES $ This shows that the largest response acceleration is obtained under Taft-UD, the second largest response acceleration is obtained under Hachinohe-UD, Kobe-UD and El-Centro-UD, respectively. The maximum response acceleration under Taft-UD is about 2.3 times as large as that under El-Centro-UD. Figure 6 shows the Fourier amplitude spectra of the response accelerations for Node 1 under each vertical earthquake motion. The shapes of the Fourier amplitude spectra are nearly the same and each peak nearly corresponds to the natural period of the dome under each damping factor. Figure 7 shows the response acceleration of the ridges when the dome at Node 1 causes the maximum Fig.7. Response acceleration response accelerations. The shapes are of the ridges (67 Model, #=2%). approximately the same. For 67 Model with 4=2%, a similar response is observed in each earthquake motion. These reveal that the predominant response of 67 Model is almost 29" mode with the maximum participation factor, although each earthquake motion has different characteristics. Acceleration (emis?) 838 25888 From several observations in the last few paragraphs, it seems reasonable to suppose that as predominant period of each earthquake motion approaches to the natural period of 67 Model (29" mode), the response accelerations increase. In summary, the response accelerations of 67 Model depend on the correlation between the acceleration response spectra of the vertical earthquake motions (Figure 3) and the participation factors in the vertical direction (Figure 4). Vibration Characteristics of Each Model Figure 8 shows the vibration shapes under Taft-UD when the dome at Node 1 causes the maximum accelerations. The vibration shape of 41 Model resembles 17" mode. The vibration shape of 67 Model resembles 29" mode. However, the vibration shape of 104 Model differs slightly with 46" mode. This is because the distribution of the participation factor spreads and the some predominant modes are superposed. In brief, each shape resembles the natural vibration modes with the predominant participation factors for each model except that the shapes as a whole sink down by the lumped mass. The same observation applies to other earthquake motions. This reveals that the predominant responses of each model are similar to the modes with the predominant participation factor, although each earthquake motion has different characteristics. (a) 41Model (b) 67 Model (©) 104 Model Fig.8. Vibration shapes (under Taft-UD, h=2%).