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(t - 2.5)

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S(jw).

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 LTI Systems Described by
Linear Constant Coefficient Differential Equations
• The general form of these equations

Where N is the order of differential equation, ak is the coefficients of the

derivatives of y(t) , and bk is the coefficients of the derivatives of x(t).

• Given these type of LTI systems, our goal is to find the frequency
response H(jw).
• There are two main ways to find H(jw)

1. Assume and , then substitute into the

differential equation and solve to find H(jw).

2. Alternatively, use the convolution and differentiation properties of

Fourier transform to find H(jw).
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 Alternative Way: Use the convolution and differentiation
properties of C-T Fourier transform to find H(𝑗𝜔).

• Convolution Property: y(t) = x(t)*h(t) ⇔ 𝑋 𝑗𝑤 𝐻(𝑗𝑤) = 𝑌 𝑗𝑤

𝑌 𝑗𝑤
=> 𝐻(𝑗𝑤) =
𝑋 𝑗𝑤
𝑑𝑥(𝑡) 𝑑 𝑘 𝑥(𝑡)
• Differentiation Property: ⇔ jwX(jw) and 𝑑𝑡 𝑘
⇔ (𝑗𝑤)𝑘 X(jw)
𝑑(𝑡)

• Apply the C-T FT to both sides of the general equation using the linearity
and differentiationproperties:

𝑁 𝑑 𝑘 𝑦(𝑡) 𝑀 𝑑 𝑘 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑁 𝑘 𝑀 𝑘
𝑘=0 𝑎𝑘 𝑑𝑡 𝑘 = 𝑘=0 𝑏𝑘 𝑑𝑡 𝑘 ⇔ 𝑘=0 𝑎𝑘 (𝑗𝑤) Y(jw) = 𝑘=0 𝑏𝑘 (𝑗𝑤) X(jw)

𝑀 𝑘
𝑌 𝑗𝑤 𝑘=0 𝑏𝑘 (𝑗𝑤)
Then using the convolution property => 𝐻(𝑗𝑤) = 𝑋 𝑗𝑤
= 𝑁 𝑎 (𝑗𝑤)𝑘
𝑘=0 𝑘

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 LTI Systems Described by
Linear Constant Coefficient Differential Equations
• Given the equation compare with the general form given below, and find
the parameters N, M, 𝑎𝑘 and 𝑏𝑘 .

• Then substitute these parameters into the following formula to find H(jw)

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The general formula =>
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Discrete Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)

j
X (e )   x[n]e
n  
 jn , DTFT

  X (e
j jn
x[n ]  1
2 )e d , Inverse-DTFT
2

X(ej) is a continuous function of w, and it is periodic with 2π.

Since ej = ej(+2π) , X(ej)= X(ej(+2π))

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Discrete Time Fourier Transform converges when the
signal is absolutely summable



n  
| x[ n ] | 

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