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Habitat International 29 (2005) 269–284

Eco-Industrial Park Design: a Daedeok Technovalley

case study$
Deog-Seong Oh, Kyung-Bae Kim*, Sook-Young Jeong
Department of Architecture, Chungnam National University, 220 Kung-dong, Yusong-ku, Taejon 305-764, South Korea
Received 28 January 2003; received in revised form 16 May 2003; accepted 23 September 2003

Abstract

This research attempts to draw out transferable lessons for future Eco-Industrial Park (EIP) development
by analyzing the Daedok Technovalley (DTV) Development Project, the first Korean attempt to design EIP
by restructuring a conventional industrial estate development plan. This paper discusses the definitions and
key concepts of EIP development and analyses the DTV development plan’s progress towards
sustainability through in-depth analysis of the planning and design strategies, and technologies adopted.
The results indicate that the DTV development could achieve a higher level of sustainability progress in
most of the evaluation criteria when compared to conventional industrial estate development practices in
Korea. However, some limitations are still apparent in the aspect of ‘symbiotic industrial network
construction’, ‘cultural identity creation’ and ‘material flow planning’.
r 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Industrial estates; Eco-Industrial Park; Daedok Technovalley; Korea

1. Introduction

The rapid population increase and expansion of resource–consumption, combined with

industrialization, urbanization, mobilization, agricultural intensification and resource intensive
life styles are contributing to worldwide environmental, social and economic crisis (UNEP, 2000).
The list of environmental damage is endless (Van der Ryn & Calthorpe, 1986), from climate
changes causing life threatening natural disasters (e.g. floods, droughts, etc.) to species extinction
and the destruction of natural ecosystems. Social and economic problems (i.e. inequity in resource
$
An earlier draft of this paper was presented at the 2002 International Symposium on the Sustainable Management
Mechanism for Industrial Parks, China.
*Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: ds oh@cnu.ac.kr (D.-S. Oh), Kimkb@sdi.re.kr (K.-B. Kim).

0197-3975/$ - see front matter r 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2003.09.006
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distribution and access to health care) are also threatening the survival of human beings. In this
context, we need to consider development more carefully and adopt a holistic response to
minimize harmful social, economic and environmental effects in order to maintain the health of
the ecosystem to which human beings are part of the cycle.
The worldwide ‘sustainable development’ movement is a comprehensive approach to overcome
social, environmental and economic problems and to ensure a better quality of life for everyone,
both today and for generations to come. Local Agenda 21 (LA21), a Global Action Plan for
Sustainable Development, addresses the critical needs to involve all sections of society in all
countries of the world, e.g. indigenous people, local authorities, business and industry, the
scientific and technological communities, schools and colleges, in decision-making for sustainable
development. LA21 initiatives are now in place to encourage central or local authorities to
develop policies for sustainable development. These are concerned with public health, safety and
environmental protection. Industry and its impact on public health, safety, economic and social
development and the environment has been at the center of the debate on sustainable
development. Many experimental urban or rural Eco-Industrial Park (EIP) development projects
have been encouraged worldwide and at least four EIP are in the final planning or early
development stages in the USA: Brownsville, Texas; Chattanooga, Tennessee; Cape Charles,
Virginia; and Baltimore, Maryland (Grant, 2000). In Asia (e.g. Japan, China, Thailand and
Philippines), over 100 EIPs are operating or under development, including those that are still in
the planning and consideration phases (Morikawa, 2000; Lowe, 2001).
However, there are very few signs of actual change on the ground. Most new industrial park
developments repeat the patterns of the recent past, i.e. facilitate car use, disenfranchise non-car-
users, and provide essential services of water, sewage treatment, gas and electricity on demand
rather than attempt to manage or to achieve local autonomy in basic facilities and services.
This research attempts to draw out transferable lessons for future development and assist
sustainable industrial parks development in Korea by analyzing the Daedok Technovalley
Development Project, Daejon Metropolitan City, Korea.
This paper begins by identifying key definition and principles of an EIP development through
literature review. It then explains the key research methodology and evaluation framework
adopted. After this, it explains briefly the ‘old’ development model, i.e. High-Tech Industrial
Estate Development Plan (Daejeon Metropolitan City, 1997), and the ‘new’ development model,
i.e. Eco-Industrial Park Development Plan (Oh, 2002), and identifies their key differences in
development goals, strategies and land uses. It analyzes the EIP development plan’s progress
towards sustainability though an in-depth analysis of the planning and design strategies and
technologies adopted, using the framework. Finally, it presents an overall evaluation of the
Daedok Technovalley Development Project’s progress towards sustainability and suggests several
recommendations for future EIP development.

2. Literature review: definition and key concepts of Eco-Industrial Park

The US President’s Council on Sustainable Development defined an ‘EIP’ as ‘‘a holistic

community of businesses that cooperate with each other and with the local community to
efficiently share resources (information, materials, energy, infrastructure and natural habitat),
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leading to economic gains, improvements in environmental quality and equitable enhancement of

human resources for business and the local community’’. Lowe & Evans (1995), Lowe, Moran,
and Holmes (1996) also undertook comprehensive research to clarify the theoretical meaning of
the concept of EIP and provided further definition, goal and key components of an EIP as an
industrial ecosystem:
A community of manufacturing and service businesses seeking enhanced environmental and
economic performance through collaboration in managing environmental and resource issues
including energy, water, and materials. By working together, the community of businesses seeks
a collective benefit that is greater than the sum of the individual benefits each company world
realize if it optimized its individual performance only. The goal of an EIP is to improve the
economic performance of the participating companies while minimizing their environmental
impact. Components of this approach include new or retrofitted design of park infrastructure
and plants, pollution prevention, energy efficiency, and inter-company partnering. Through
collaboration, this community of ompanies becomes an ‘industrial ecosystem’. (Lowe et al.,
1996)
In this research, a holistic view of the ‘Eco-Industrial Park’ and Lowe’s ecosystem approach are
adopted because by planning and designing industrial parks as a partially ‘self-sufficient’
ecosystem many environmental problems can be averted. Therefore, in this research the term
‘Eco-Industrial Park’ is defined as ‘an mixed use industrial community (or place), within which
residents, manufacturing industries and service businesses share common senses of belonging and
basic resources (e.g. information, materials and pollution prevention infrastructure) to maximize
economic and social benefits while minimizing its environmental impacts.
There are four key planning and design principles for EIP development. Firstly, designing each
industrial park as a mini-ecosystem and increasing its local self-sufficiency means changing
current linear material flow systems into self-contained systems. Water provides a good example
for illustrating the problems of current linear material flow systems and the urgent need to return
to natural waste self-contained systems at an industrial park level. The natural hydrological self-
renewing cycle is under threat, both from increased demand for water and inappropriate methods
of disposal in conventional industrial parks as they catch it for use, deflect it with impermeable
surfaces, pipe it, treat it, and pump it. Excessive water demand also increases the necessity for
remote sourcing and energy intensive transfer costs, consequently causing energy resource’
depletion, air pollution, and inter-generational as well as intra-generational equity problems.
Moreover, rapid loss of permeable surfaces increases speed of run-off and the risk of natural
disasters (e.g. flood and drought). Priority should be given to reduce resource consumption and
increase the level of resource recycling/reuse, within the site because great uncertainties exist in
measuring development’s effects on global ecosystem (Barton, 2000a; Barton & Tsourou, 2000b;
Kim, 2002). There is significant need to change the current linear flow systems of many other
resources, such as land, air, energy, foods and materials, into circular self-contained systems.
Secondly, increasing the self-sufficiency of EIP implies a move away from the monoculture ethos
(e.g. lack of mix of uses, housing types, etc.) in conventional industrial park’s built environment,
while at the same time maintaining and enhancing the quality and quantity of natural habitats.
Uniformity in built forms should be replaced by a rich diversity; zoned uses by mixed uses, car-
dependence by choice of mode, sterilized species in poor environments by local/regional diversity.
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This could be reflected in the provision of diverse local jobs, housing types and facilities at the
heath of the area and the construction of environmentally friendly external or internal built
environment (e.g. green network construction, habitat preservation, energy efficient building
design, etc.). Thirdly, planning an EIP means establishing a set of effective symbiotic network of
industries (i.e. energy efficient law material acquisition, production, distribution and pollution
treatment network). Establishing effective information and resources sharing networks are also
essential for an EIP development in order to maximize mixed-use development’ synergy effects.
Finally, increasing the self-sufficiency of an EIP, means increasing the community’s sense of
belonging (or cultural identity), primarily because this is one of the most important factors for
increasing the commitment of local stakeholders to make them work as emphasized in LA21. This
could be reflected in the provision of various cultural activities and recreation facilities, which
could promote communal activities within the site.
Fig. 1 shows a conceptual model of EIP development summarizing the aforementioned design
principles. Unlike conventional industrial park development, pursuing maximum economic
profits without in-depth concerns on environmental preservation, resources consumption
reduction and community development, EIP development is a new planning and design strategy
towards economic, social and environmental sustainable development at individual site scale.
Further detailed planning and design principles, strategies and guidelines for designing and
operating Industrial Park as Ecosystems can be found in Ray Cote’s Report, The Environmental
Management of Industrial Estates (1997).

Information Resource
Sharing Sharing

Symbiotic Industrial Network

Construction

Energy Efficient Environmentally-friendly

System Design External Open Space
Design
Energy External
& &
Resource Efficient Material Eco-Industrial Internal Environmentally-friendly
System Design Flow Park Built Building Design
System Development Environ-
Planning ment
Waste Recycling Design Green Space Network
System Design Construction

Cultural Identity Creation

Local Identity Cultural, recreation

Creation as a high-tech and leisure facilities
center provision

Source: the Author

Fig. 1. Conceptual model of Eco-Industrial Park Development.
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3. Research methodology and evaluation framework

A case study approach was selected in this research because it is the preferred strategy when
‘‘how’’ or ‘‘why’’ questions are being posed, when the investigator has little control over events,
and when the focus is on a contemporary phenomenon within some real-life context (Yin, 1994).
In addition, it was because the case study approach is a very appropriate and valid strategy for
exploratory research where new issues are under investigation and a large-scale survey is not
possible.
Table 1 presents an evaluation framework, which was devised and applied throughout the case
study analysis. A two-stage analysis process (i.e. brief comparison of the ‘old’ and ‘new’
development models and in-depth analysis of the EIP development plan) was adopted. Firstly,
this research conducts a brief comparison of the ‘old’ and ‘new’ development models in order to
identifying key characteristics of DTV development project. Key criteria were development goals,
patterns and priorities. Secondly, this research conducts in-depth and comprehensive case study
analysis, using four evaluation criteria: (1) energy and material flow system planning; (2) external
or internal built environment design; (3) symbiotic industrial network construction; and (4)
cultural identity (or sense of belonging) creation, primarily because these are key planning factors
(or design principles) towards EIP development as discussed in Section 2: literature review.
Daedeok Technovalley (DTV) development was selected for the case study because it is the first
EIP development project in Korea. Notably, it is the first to utilize a set of development strategies
for environmentally friendly EIP development in Korea. Another important reason for selecting
this project is that it has two important development plans: High-Tech Industrial Estate
Development Plan (Daejeon Metropolitan City, 1997) and Eco-Industrial Park Development
Plan (Oh, 2002), thus making it possible to conduct comparative analysis in order to derive and
consider key lessons for future EIP development. In addition, this project is ongoing at the time of

Table 1
Evaluation framework
Two-stages case study
analysis process
1. Brief comparison of the
two development models
2. In-depth analysis of the
EIP development plan
Source: The Authors.
Evaluation criteria
Development goals, patterns,
priorities, housing provision and
cultural sustainability
Energy and material flow system
planning
External/internal built environment
design
Symbiotic industrial network
construction
Cultural identity creation
Detailed analysis concerns
Land use plan, development program, unit
block design, targeted industry, etc.
Energy efficient site and building design,
rainwater recycling or reuse, use of
recycled material
Green space network, habitat preservation
and creation, planting, pedestrian street
design, etc.
Information and resources sharing
network
Local identity creation and cultural or
recreation facilities provision
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investigation (January 2001–August 2002) and many professionals remain involved in it. Thus,
this project is appropriate for investigating current trends, strengths and weakness of EIP
development in Korea.

4. Case study: restructuring Daedeok Technovalley (DTV) development plan

4.1. Background information about the DTV

The site (total: 427.1 ha) is located in Yongsandong Yusong-Gu, Daejon Metropolitan City,
approximately 150 km from Seoul, the capital of Korea (see Fig. 2). The site consists of flatter
land (about 70% of land) and woodland with steeply inclined land to the north and west of the
site. Before the development, the majority of the site was used for agricultural purposes. The site
faces a good quality natural environment (e.g. less than 100 m height hills, river and greenbelt
area) with a pleasant view to the north and east. A small stream, namely ‘Gwanpungchun’ passes
through the middle of the site. It is expected that the site could create an optimal research
environment and promote investment effectiveness because of its proximity to Daedeok Science
Park (less than 5 km away), Dunsan Newtown (less than 6 km), existing conventional industrial
parks (less than 1 km), 7000 population apartment estate (less than 0.1 km) and three interchange
to Kyungbu and Honam Expressways (less than 2 km).
DTV development provides important opportunities for regional development. First of all,
linked with Daedeok Science Park: the largest science and technology research park in Korea,
DTV could provide an important hub for leading the regional industry through the efficient
development of advanced science and technologies. In addition, DTV could facilitate the
formation and growth of new businesses in the region because it is going to be developed as an
international high-tech venture business center for domestic and multi national corporations

Fig. 2. Geographical location of Daedeok Technovalley.

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Conventional Industrial Estate in Local Area

- Area : Industrial Estate (about 310.2ha)
- Medium size Industrial Estate

Daedeok TechnoValley(DTV): Industrial Park for the

industrialization of research results of Daedeok Science
Park
- Area : 4,271,200 m2 (about 427ha)
- SMD venture business, distribution and housing

Daedeok Science Park: National R & D research center

- Area : 27,781,400 m2 (about 2,778ha)
- High-tech science and technology research Institute and
Industry
- 70 research institutes & 16,000 human resources

Expo Science Park:Theme Park for Science

- Area : 549,000 m2 (about 54.9ha)
- Venture Center for game, animation and multi-
media business
- International convention center

Dunsan New Town

The third headquarter of central
- Culture, leisure, business, education government administration
and recreation facilities

Source: The authors

Fig. 3. Composition of Daedeok valley and growth axis.

commercializing advance science and technology. Considering the aforementioned DTV

development’s positive effects on regional economy and industry, Daejeon City establishes a
citywide industry development structural plan in 2001 (i.e. Taedeokvelley development plan)
linking Daedeok Science Park, DTV, existing conventional industrial estate and Expo Science-
oriented amusement park (see Fig. 3). Within this structural plan, DTV has key role for
developing Dadeokvalley as an advanced science and technology venture town and connecting the
City’s existing industrial estates and Daedok Science Park.

4.2. Comparative analysis of ‘old’ and ‘new’ development models

The ‘old’ development model: High-Tech Industrial Estate Development Plan (Daejeon
Metropolitan City, 1997) is a central government-led conventional Industrial Park Development
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Fig. 4. Land use plan of the High-Tech Industrial Estate Development Model.

Plan having industrial, housing and product circulation facilities within the site. It aims to: (1)
build a High Technology Science Park for facilitating the application of Daedeok Science Park’s
advanced science and technologies into local industry; (2) establish a regional center for pursuing
balanced regional development and restraining the capital’s industry concentration and (3)
promoting innovation of existing local industrial structure. Fig. 4 presents a land use plan of the
High-Tech Science Park Development Plan.
The most significant characteristic of the aforementioned plan is that a super block of industrial
land (1,654,291 m2) was planned within the site. It was because 80% of total planned industries
(1,322,184 m2) were directly associated with one large-scale private company, i.e. Hyundai
Electronics. It is also apparent that minimum levels of basic support facilities (i.e. housing and
commercial facilities) like many other conventional industrial estate development practices were
separately planned at the site’s western parts along the ‘Gwanpungchun’ stream. Of all, 30.5%
and 7.3% of total site were designated for housing/commercial land (825,085 m2) and distribution
land (310,127 m2), respectively. However, there was no in-depth concern for environmental, social
and cultural sustainability (i.e. mix of housing types and tenures, habitat preservation and
creation, energy consumption reduction, cultural identity creation and waste reduction). This
development plan was not realized in practice due to the late 1990s economic crisis and
consequent the cancellation of Hyundai Electronics’ semi-conduct manufacturing factory
development plan.
As environmental problems (e.g. air pollution, water pollution, waste, environmental disasters,
etc.) have become worse, public concern over environmental quality has become pronounced in
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Self-sufficient multi
functional mixed-use
development

Phase 2
Phase 3
Small scale five-stage
phased development
Phase 1

Environmentally friendly
Phase 1 housing estate design
Phase 4
Phase 2

Cultural sustainability
Phase 5

Source: the Authors

Fig. 5. Land use plan adopted in the EIP development model.

the beginning of the 21st century. Daejeon City considering the High-Tech Science Park
Development Plan’s limitations (e.g. lack of concerns for economic, cultural, social and
environmental sustainability) established a ‘new’ DTV development model, namely EIP
Development Plan in 2002 (see Fig. 5). The EIP plan aims to: (1) develop a multi functional
mixed-use industrial park as an regional development center; (2) secure development’s economic
efficiency using phased development program; (3) promote environmentally friendly site planning
and layout and (4) cultural sustainability.
A consortium of local government, private developers and finance companies was selected as a
key developer. The first phase is under construction and the other four areas will be developed one
by one as the project progress.
Table 2 presents a brief comparison of basic characteristics of the High-Tech Science Park
Development Plan and the EIP development plan in the aspects of development goals, pattern
and priorities, housing development and cultural sustainability.
It is apparent that the recent EIP development plan (2002) compare to the High-Tech Science
Park Development Plan (1997) achieved a significantly higher level of progresses towards
sustainability in many aspects. Firstly, the EIP plan achieved considerable progresses towards
energy and air sustainability i.e. transport-oriented energy consumption and air pollution
reductions, by pursuing mixed land use development. It has not only conventional industrial
park’s basic facilities (e.g. housing, industry and products distribution), but also various
recreation, education and cultural facilities lacking in conventional industrial parks. Thus,
residents could spend less oil, money, time and effort in traveling long distances for shopping and
work, and consequently reduce transport-oriented air pollution. Secondly, the EIP plan achieved
considerable progress towards economic sustainability by adopting a five-stage phased
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Table 2
Comparison of key characteristics of the High-Tech Science Park Development Plan (Daejeon Metropolitan City, 1997)
and the EIP Development Plan ( Oh, 2002)
High-Tech Science Park Development Plan Eco-Industrial Park Development Plan
Development goals High-tech industrial estate development Self-sufficient multi functional mixed-use
having minimum level of support facilitiesindustrial park development having
like housing and shops industrial, housing, commercial and
recreation facilities
Development pattern Large scale single development for large Small scale five-stages phrased development
enterprise and associated small scale for high-tech SME, venture business and
companies, using large scale super block collaborative research institute, using small
design and medium scale block design
Development Functional convenience Functional convenience+environmentally
priorities friendly site and building design
Housing development Minimum level of housing development as a Mix of housing types, increased housing
basic support facility proximity to working place
Cultural No concerns adopted Strengthened concerns adopted for
sustainability increasing sense of community or local
identity
Source: The Authors.

development program, which will reduce the level of developer’s initial investment required for the
development. In addition, the EIP plan provides better conditions for the establishment of diverse
high-tech venture businesses by providing small and medium size blocks rather than a super block
adopted in the former plan. Thirdly, the EIP plan achieved higher level of progress towards
environmental sustainability. The EIP plan has detailed concerns for environmentally friendly site
planning and individual building design (e.g. habitat creation, green space network, artificial land
planting, passive and active solar energy use, etc.), which was lacking in conventional industrial
park. Finally, the EIP plan has strengthened concerns for cultural sustainability i.e. increasing
sense of community and local identity creation. It also provides mix of housing types, thus further
opportunities for residents to select their homes according to their different life style and family
structure. The following section will provide further in-depth analysis of the strengths and limit-
ations of the sustainability strategies and technologies adopted within the EIP development plan.

4.3. In-depth analysis of Eco-Industrial Park development model

This section analyzes the EIPs development plan’s progress towards sustainability, though in-
depth analysis of the planning and design strategies and technologies adopted, using the
sustainability evaluation criteria established: (1) Energy and Material Flow Planning; (2)
External/Internal Built Environment Design; (3) Symbiotic Industrial Network Construction; and
(4) Cultural Identity (or sense of belonging) Creation.

4.3.1. Energy and material flow planning

The EIP plan aims to create a partly self-contained energy and material flow systems within the
site by adopting various planning and design strategies and technologies. Firstly, the plan adopted
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gray water recycling system and rainwater recycling and reuse system for water consumption
reduction. In addition, to increase the penetration of rainwater into the ground, water permeable
pavement materials was used for 30% of street and road construction. Secondly, photovoltaic
street lights, photovoltaic energy generation plants and energy efficient facilities were also adopted
in the EIP plan to reduce energy consumption and increase renewable energy generation within
the site. Finally, for minimizing waste production and resources consumption, the EIP plan
adopted various waste recycling strategies i.e. reuse domestic waste reuse for gardening and waste
recycling company construction within the site.
It is generally expected that the aforementioned methods would help to minimize excessive
rainwater drainage, water and energy consumption and waste production from the site. However,
the plan did not specify detailed targets, indicators and benchmarks in relation to water
consumption, renewable energy generation and waste production reduction. There was no
scientific attempt to evaluate their effectiveness. Consequently, most technologies adopted could
be a possible decorative practice without strategic long-term progress towards sustainability. For
example, there is a great deal of doubt about the photovoltaic street lamps’ effectiveness and
economic efficiency. In addition, detailed concerns for combined heat and power generation
plants (one of the most effective way to increase site’s level of progress towards energy and air
sustainability) and waste water quality control (one of the most important water sustainability
criteria to be considered in EIP development practices) are still lacking in the plan, partly due to
the short time allocated for the design and the lack of collaboration and information sharing
among the key actors. Table 3 presents a synthesis of the design strategies and technologies
adopted and evaluation of the EIP development plan in terms of ‘self-contained energy and
material flow planning’.

4.3.2. External/Internal built environment design

The EIP plan has incorporated more strengthened design strategies and technologies for
increasing the quality of external and internal built environment. Most importantly, various

Table 3
EIP Development Plan analysis table (energy and material flow planning)
Evaluation Design strategies Detailed planning and design Evaluation
criteria concerns and technologies
adopted
Energy and Energy efficient design and Photovoltaic street lamps, Decorative adaptation, in-depth
material flow renewable energy generation photovoltaic energy concern for CHP is missing
system generation plants and energy
planning efficient facilities
Rainwater or waste water Water permeable pavements, Strengthened concerns for gey
recycling and reuse grey water recycling, water recycling and water
rainwater recycling facilities permeable pavement design
Increase the use of recycled Use recycled trees Decorative adaptation, noting
materials and minimize natural specified yet
resources consumption
Source: The Authors.
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Table 4
EIP Development Plan analysis table (external and internal built environment design)
Evaluation Design strategies Detailed planning and design Evaluation
criteria concerns and technologies
adopted
External/ Environmentally friendly Green space network, biotope, Strengthened concerns for
Internal built external open space design pedestrian or cycling road green space creation and its
environment construction, artificial land network design
design planting
Environmentally friendly Unit plan design for Strengthened concerns for
building design maximizing natural ventilation energy efficient and health
and sunlight penetration, non- building design, but nothing
toxic material use and rooftop specified yet
planting
Source: The Authors.

strategies for designing external green open spaces where humans, flora and fauna could live
together in a symbiotic relationship have been adopted. For the preservation of the variety of
species within the site, biotope creation, ecology park development, ecological waterfront design
and artificial land planting have been incorporated in the EIP plan. It also provided a much higher
level of green space ratio (17.7% of total site) than that of the High-Tech Industrial Park
development plan (13.2%). Furthermore, strengthened and detailed planning and design concerns
for green space and pedestrian street network creation have been adopted in the EIP plan. In
addition, the EIP plan adopted several environmentally friendly building design strategies like
natural ventilation and lighting systems, non-toxic and recycled material use and rooftop planting
which was lacking in the ‘old’ development model.
A more qualitative analysis and evaluation of the EIP development plan in this aspect will have
to await further planning and design progress, as it is too early to conduct a comprehensive
evaluation of the project’s progress towards ‘built environment’ sustainability. Nevertheless,
considering the aforementioned concerns in the EIP plan, it could be argued that higher levels of
progress towards sustainability in the aspects of ‘external green space design’ and ‘energy efficient
health building design’ could be achieved within the site, compared to those possible in the High-
Tech Industrial Estate Development Plan. Table 4 presents a synthesis of the design strategies and
technologies adopted and evaluation of the EIP development plan in ‘external/internal built
environment design’ aspects.

4.3.3. Symbiotic industrial network construction

Although ‘symbiotic industrial network construction’ is one of the most important issues for
EIP development, no sufficient design strategies and technologies have been identified, neither in
the EIP plan and the ‘old’ development model. The former includes a few fundamental policies i.e.
zero pollution and waste production system and information and resources sharing network
construction. In addition, strengthened concerns for pursuing a multi-functional mixed use EIP
development models and facilitating the foundation of a high-tech business venture network
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Table 5
EIP Development Plan analysis table (symbiotic industrial network construction)
Evaluation Design strategies Detailed planning and design Evaluation
criteria concerns and technologies
adopted
Symbiotic Zero pollution and waste Nothing specified yet Strengthened concerns and support
industrial production system mechanism for waste management
network network construction are essential
construction
Information and resources Multi-functional mixed use Strengthened concerns for mixed
sharing network EIP development model used development, but no detailed
construction strategies, guidelines and support
mechanisms has established for
information and resource sharing
network construction
Source: The Authors.

within the site along the industrial axis have been adopted in the EIP plan. However, no detailed
design targets and strategies have been identified for establishing effective symbiotic networks of
industries (i.e. production, distribution and pollution treatment industries) within the site. In
addition, the EIP plan failed to specify any systematic support mechanism, e.g. the provision of
subsidy and incentives for resources and information sharing network.
Without setting detailed strategies, guidelines and support mechanisms it is very unlikely that
the EIP plan will make significant sustainability progress in aspect of ‘symbiotic industrial
network construction’. Table 5 presents a synthesis of the design strategies and technologies
adopted and evaluation of the EIP development plan in ‘symbiotic industrial network creation’
aspects. More detailed qualitative analysis and evaluation will have to wait further planning and
design progress because it is unclear which options will be adopted in the final detailed plan,
however, ‘industrial network creation’ probably represents one of the greatest dangers to the
success of the project.

4.3.4. Cultural identity (or sense of belonging) creation

Compare to the ‘old’ development plan, there are increased concerns in the EIP plan for
increasing the level of sense of community, local identity creation, and community support facility
provision. Firstly, a strong recommendation to provide mix of cultural, recreation and leisure
facilities within the site for increasing the quality of life was apparent in the EIP plan. Community
amenities identified by the EIP plan are ecology parks, traditional markets, community center and
school. Daily shopping within walking distance and many employment opportunities (e.g. retail,
office, high tech industry, etc.) are also clearly promised within the EIP plan. Secondly, a few
planning and design strategies have been identified to enhance the image of high-tech science
town. The EIP plan suggests a new high-tech transportation system and theme parks development
within the site. Finally, to enhance the education and participation of residents and public it
suggests the establishment of ecology education center and community farming garden within the
site.
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Table 6
EIP Development Plan analysis table (cultural identity creation)
Evaluation Design strategies Detailed planning and Evaluation
Criteria design concerns and
technologies adopted
Cultural identity Local identity creation New transportation system Decorative adaptation
creation and theme parks
development
Cultural, recreation and leisure Community center, ecology Strengthened concerns for
facilities provision parks and traditional cultural, recreational and leisure
markets facilities provision
Source: The Authors.

However, there are considerable doubts over the project’s success to create higher level of
cultural identity within the site because most of the aforementioned strategies were limited to only
a small portion of the total site as a decorative practice. In addition, it is still unclear as to whether
the EIP development plan can obtain sufficient level of public interests and participation because
of in-depth concerns for increasing public participation in the decision-making process (i.e. site
planning, design and maintenance), are missing in the EIP development plan. More qualitative
evaluation will have to await further progress of the project because it is too early to evaluate
progress at this stage, especially as more changes are possible. Table 6 presents a synthesis of the
design strategies and technologies adopted and evaluation of the EIP development plan in
‘cultural identity creation’ aspects.

5. Conclusion

This research attempts to draws out transferable lessons for future EIP development and assist
sustainable EIPs development in Korea by analyzing the Daedok Technovalley Development
Project’s progress towards sustainability.
It is believed that the EIP development plan could achieve a higher level of sustainability
progress in most of the evaluation criteria when compared to the High-Tech Industrial
Estate Development Plan. Especially in the aspects of ‘external/internal built environment
design’, the EIP plan could achieve significant level of sustainability progresses because
various concerns for green space preservation and network creation (e.g. habitat, green space
network, biotope, waterfront and rooftop garden construction) have been adopted within the EIP
plan. In addition, due to the increased concerns on cultural identity creation, residents could enjoy
DTVs particular cultural, recreation and leisure facilities and have strong sense of community
within the site.
However, like many other EIP development projects in the USA, Asia, Europe, and Latin
America, some limitations are still apparent not only in ‘symbiotic industrial network
construction’ and ‘energy and material flow planning’ aspects but also in the aforementioned
two aspects: external/internal built environment design and cultural identity creation. First, and
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most importantly, the EIP plan has failed to establish detailed sustainability targets, indicators
and benchmarks, maintenance and monitoring plans. Due to this problem, many innovative
design strategies and technologies were simply adopted as a decorative practice. Second, the EIP
plan failed to specify any systematic support mechanism (i.e. subsidy and incentives) for resources
and information sharing industrial network construction. The lack of financial support required
to promote industry cooperation and public participation is also important barrier to the
implementation of EIP. Finally, it is still unclear as to whether the EIP development plan can
obtain sufficient level of public interests and participation, which is essential for achieving long-
term maintenance sustainability of the site.
As identified in DTV project, establishing detailed sustainability targets, indicators and
benchmarks, obtaining high-level of public interests and participation, and developing
systematic support mechanism for resources and information sharing network construction are
the most important tasks for future EIP development project’s progress towards sustainability.
Without these efforts, it is very unlikely that EIP development plan will make significant
sustainability progress due to the aforementioned sustainability implementation barriers: the lack
of economic instruments such as taxes and subsidies, long-term financial support required to
promote industry cooperation, liabilities associated with waste, and general public participation
and awareness.
Notwithstanding, DTV provides an important milestone for EIP development in Korea
because this is the first attempt to design EIP by restructuring conventional industrial estate
development. It is important to note that DTV adopted various planning and design strategies for
economic, environmental, social and cultural sustainability, which were missing in conventional
industrial estate development practices. It illustrates that Korea like many other advanced western
countries is moving towards sustainable EIP development. Further analysis and evaluation of the
DTV development are essential to measure the strengths and weaknesses of the design strategies
and technologies adopted within the EIP development plan, and draw useful lessons for future
development.

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