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32 395 PDF
395-404
For manufacturing the steel plates with good mechanical properties by Thermo-Mechanical Control
Process (TMCP), the manufacturing conditions are necessary to be controlled in an integrated manner
through the reheating step to the accelerated cooling step. The present mathematical model for the prediction
of the microstructural evolution and the mechanical properties of the steel plates produced by TMCP enables
this integrated control. The present report describes the flow and the each equation of the model and the
comparison betweenthe calculated results with this model and the data obtained by the rol ling experiments.
The model consists of four modules such as Reheating. Rolling. Cooling and Mechanical Properties in
which the metallurgical phenomenaoccurring at each step are calculated. The characteristic of the model
is shownas follows:
(1) The effect of work hardening of austenite by rolling in non recrystallization temperature region is
represented as the effect of average dislocation density (p) accumulated in austenite grains. The nucleation
rate of intragranular ferrite and that of grain boundary ferrite are distinctively formulated as functions of p.
(2) The effects of microalloying elements are considered in the formulation of metallurgical phenomena
and mechanical properties such as pinning and solute drag effects on the grain growth of austenite at the
reheating step, the restrainig effect on recovery and recrystallization of work- hardened austenite at the rolling
step, the restraining effect of solute elements on the progress of transformation at the coo[ing step, and the
solution hardening and the precipitation hardening for the mechanical properties of the plates.
KEYWORDS:
steel plate; TMCP;mathematical model; microstructure; grain growth; average dislocation
density; microalloying elements; intragranular ferrite,FATT.
l. Introduction
produced by TMCP.
For meeting severe demandof steel plates with good Occurring through Thermo-
2. MetallurgicalPhenomena
mechanical properties of welded joints as well as base
mechanical Control Process (TMCP)
metal, Thermo-MechanicalControl Process (TMCP)has
maderapid progress in recent years.1 ~ As
3)
TMCPcov- The schematic illustration of typical thermal cycle and
ers the control of austenite structure, precipitates and microstructural evolution each stage of
at is
TMCP
transformed structure in the reheating, rolling and shown in Fig. l. A
slab is reheated at relatively lower
cooling steps, this process proves to be most effective temperature region for keeping y grain size fine. Then it
when it is controlled in an integrated manner.4~7) is rolled at higher temperature region for making grains
y
Thoughmanyarticles and reviews on TMCPhave been refine by recrystallization. It is also rolled at lower
reported and some of them8~14) have referred to the temperature region just above A*3 point for making y
formulation of the metallurgical phenomenain TMCP, grains work-hardened. This rolled plate is directly
the integrated mathematical model that precisely predicts water-cooled at the determined cooling rate (Accelerat-
the change in microstructure through TMCP and the ed cooling; Ac. C) for the control of transformation
mechanical properties of steel plates produced by TMCP behavior.
has not reported. In the present report, the integrated The most metallurgicallycharacteristic phenomenon
mathematical model for the steel plates with the tensile of TMCP the transformation from work-hardened
is
strength below 600 MPaclass is shownat first and then austenite to each phase. Work-hardened austenite con-
the calculated results are examinedwith the data obtain- tains various kinds of defects such as dislocations,
a
ed by the rolling experiments of heavy section plates deformation bands, deformed annealing twins and so
7 Gra n Sze
Transformation *2~)
Initia] Size and Amount (~:2~)
Amountof eiements in
D
(Q CIIIII r~2_,
Grain Growth
of 7 and Precipitates
~~i~+3,
of precipitaies
Heating Conditions
Solution
c,
Q'
E
a) Roiliog
H Metaliurgical
Input Output
Phenomena
~) Static ,r~,1_
RollingConditions rrl).1..
Average D~slocatlon
Recovery and Density (P)
a,
Recrystallization
r~~2_.,
7 Grain Boundary
::
+'
of 7 Area per Unit
c:o ~) Nb Pfecipitation Voume(ST)
-::
a,J:;
~ou, OAmount
So ution
of Nb in
co
,:,L,o
J:
0~ Cooling
Grain Recrystallization Work- Transformation
growth hardening Metallurgieal
Input Output
of 7 Phenomena
r-a Cooling Conditions '**1
Fraction of Eaoh
rT+1) r~1._:
l
Grain
Size
~] Transformation
Temperature
C:1 Nb Precipitate OAmountof C
t
15
a'
Restraint of
Grain Growth
E2E Nb in Solution So ~n ution
,h Mechanical Properties
= Metallurgical
Output
Restraint of Input
J~ r~~~~~;7l~J' Phenomena
z
~e
~~h
Grain Growth
Recovery and
Reerystai Ii - Precipitation ~) Ductile
~ YS
'
Hardeni ng Fracture ~) TS
zation
Fo ~) Brittle
R FATT
l Restraint of
Tr orm tio
Fracture
Fig. 2. Schematic illustration ofmetallurgical effects ofNb at respectively. Therefore, the prediction and control of the
each step of TMCP.
amount of precipitates at each step through TMCP are
important to obtain good mechanical properties.
forth. These defects are the possible nucleation sites of With the consideration of the metallurgical phenomena
mentioned above, the present mathematical model is
ferrite (Qc)
as well as elongated y grain boundary. There
developed. The objectives of prediction are the me-
is the order of precedence amongthese possible nu-
chanical properties and microstructure of TMCP steel
cleation sites of c(. The most precedent nucleation site
plates of which tensile strength are below 600 MPaand
is grain boundary of
In the case of Ac. y. that lowers C fraction of ferrite is above 50 olo.
transformation temperature region, before ferrite grains
those have transformed from preferred nucleation sites
such as prior y grain boundary grow and fill inside
3. The Mathematical Model
austenite, other ferrite grains can nucleate at remaining 3.1. The F•low of the Calculation
sites. As ferrite nucleation sites change from grain For the calculation of the microstructural
evolution
boundaries to intragranular sites by Ac.C,15) the through TMCP,each metallurgical phenomenonoccur-
microstructure of TMCP
plates is significantly refined. ring at each step is formulated. Themechanical properties
Therefore, for the precise prediction of the transforma-
are also formulated as functions of microstructure, sol-
tion behavior mentioned above, the formulation of
intragranular transformation of oc is necessary.
ute C
in oc and transformation temperature which are
previously calculated in the other steps.
Microalloying elements play important roles through The flow chart of the mathematical model is shownin
TMCP
process. The effects of Nbat each step of TMCP Fig. 3. This model is divided into four modules such as
are illustrated in Fig. 2. At the reheating step, both Nb Reheating, Rolling, Cooling and Mechanical Proper-
precipitates and Nbin solution restrain the grain growth ties. The calculated results of the previous modules are
of by pinning effect and solute-drag effect respective-
y input into the following modules as the initial condi-
ly.16) At the rolling step, both Nb precipitates and Nb tions. The details of the equations used in each module
in soluton retard the recovery and recrystallization of
are shownbelow.
worked y. At the cooling step, Nb in solution restrains
the progress of transformation and Nb precipitates in 3.2. The Reheating Module
ferrite matrix increase the strength of plates by pre- Changein austenite grain size during reheating step
cipitation hardening. The effective size of precipitates is was formulated for the three different stages respectively
different for each step. For examples, the effective sizes as follows:
of precipitates are around 100, lO,i7,18) and 3nml9) for l) Grain growth of y according to the dissolution of
reheating step, rolling step and precipitation hardening cementite (O) at + c( + temperature region,
y O
C 1992 ISIJ 396
ISIJ International, Vol, 32 (1 992). No. 3
grain growth of
2)
fraction of
y according to the increase in the Heating Rate 7.5Clmin
y at y+ c( temperature region, 1ooo
Base: 0.1 C- 0.2 Si - 1.4
Mn- 0.005 N -4
3) normal grain growth of restrained with the
y A -2
precipitates of microalloying elements by pinning o
-S500 z
effect. :~ (a) A o
At y+ oe + e temperature region, y grain diameter is
1 200
(b)
(c)
~
assumedto grow according to Eq. (1). 2
o
~o Ioo A
o
C!
~
d(dy)/dt= D,v/dy x [(Cov (d) 4
~
Cy")/(Cy"
-
Cc()] ......(1)
E
~
o
50 6
where,
y dy: grain diameter,
time of grain growth, D,v'
t:
.:-
A
6 ~
diffusion constant of Cin
y, Cov' Cy" : concentration of e
,o
~ 20 8
~
co
l;
cal.
C y in at y/O and yloc boundaries respectively. Coc:
~
o Base (a)
exp. q:
v
5 Io +0.03 Al
+ 0.03 Al (c)
(b) A 10
o'
.t: 5 +0.035 Nb O 12
At y+0c temperature region, dy is assumedto increase +0 03 Al (d) []
according to Eq. (2). +0.01 Ti
2
dy [3X.//(4lcno)] l/3 .(2) 800 900 1OOO 11OO 1200 1300
= . . ... .
...
Heating Temperature (1C
)
where. Xy: fraction of y calculated from the phase dia- Fig. 4. Changein austenite grain size during reheating step.
gram, no: number of y grains per unit volume whenthe
dissolution of completes. e
Grain growth of yat ytemperature region is formulated where, I
a=b= Xo. X: the concentration of microalloy-
.
on assumption that grain grows according to the classical ing elernents such as Al, Nb and Ti in precipitates and
theory summarized by Nishizawa.16) In the case that in matrix respectively. D*: diffusion constant of each
grain growth is dominated by the diffusion of Fe at grain element in y-Fe.
boundary, y grain diameter is described as Eqs. (3) and As the calculated diameters of Al addedsteel (the curve
(4) (b)) are larger than the observed data, the restraining
.
effect of AlN
dy2-dy~=k2't ..........(3) on the grain growth of austenite might be
................ estimated too small. Then, the value of constant, 3/2, in
k2 =4(TVM=(TVDgbI~RgT
........
..........(4)
3
Eq. (7) is modified to for adjusting the calculated results
to the observed data. In Fig. 4, the calculated dy is
where, dyo: initial grain diameter, t: time of grain growth,
comparedwith the observed data for microalloyed steels
(T: grain boundary energy, V: molar volume, M: mobility,
where, Do: grain diameter before rolling, true strain. where, e: a coefficient, n: a constant, T: incubation
y 8:
period.
3.3.2. Refinement of Austenite Grains by Recrystalli- The Eqs. (13) to (15) are formulated on the basis of
zation the decrease in flow stress of the second pass of the double
Austenite grains are refined during the rolling in the compression test according to the procedure reported in
recrystallization temperature As mentioned region. the previous paper.25) The coefficients
before, dynamic recrystallizatlon does not readily occur
be
and lr have
the samefunction form as described in Eq. (16).
and static recovery and recrystallization mainly occur. As these metallurgical phenomenadiscussed above
Microalloying elements exert a great effect on the
occur continuously in practical multi-pass rolling, the
progress of recrystallization but a small effect on the interpass recovery and recrystallization must be taken
recrystallized
grain size (D..*). Since D..* measuredfrom into account. Unless recrystallization is complete before
the specimens quenched after compression with certain the next rolling pass, coarse and strain-hardened un-
deformation conditions by using a hot deformation recrystallized grains are present together with fine
simulator24) showedonly
slight change with the change y
recrystallized grains with low dislocation density. As
in deformation temperature and Nbconcentration, D*.. y
the austenite structure at the next pass is assumedto
(
wasformulated into Eq, I l) as a function of e and Sy. inherit the average size of the
non recrystallized and the
D***=s/(Sy'e)~ .........(11) recrystallized grains and the average value of dislocation
...
density, the Eqs. (12) to (15) can be dlrectly appiied to
where, s, m: constants, s= 5.0, m=0.7. multi-pass rolling. Whenrecrystallization occurs by the
3.3.3. Increase in Lattice Defects in Austenite Grains accumulation of multi-pass rolling strain, the recrys-
Rolling in non recrystallization tallized grain diarneter can be calculated by substi-
temperature region
changes the morphology of grain boundary and in- tuting the stored strain (8.) calculated from the with
y Eq. (12) for the strain 8 in Eq. (1 1). If the effect of the
p
troduces various lattice defects into
y grains. Since these rolling in temperature region is
lattice defects are markedly reduced in
a recrystallized y non recrystallization
expressed by in this way, the austenite structural change
grain, relatively
many lattice defects remain in non p
in continuous multi-pass rolling
recrystallized
ygrains. Strictly speaking, the effect of each can be sequentially re-
defect presented in the stages of rolling and interpass recovery
on nucleation rate and growth rate of c( during
tfansformation are necessary to clarify. However, based and recrystallization.
It is well knownfact that the recrystallization of in
on the idea that the effects of these lattice defects are y
difficult to separate from each other, dislocation density the hot rolling process is affected by microalloying
is assumedto represent the effect of all the lattice defects elements. In particular, Nbis markedly effective in small
becausethe numberof dislocations is far morethan those amounts and is most useful in practical terms. In this
of other defects and other defects as well as average model, the effect of Nb in solution on the change in
p
dislocation density (p) increase according to the increase is formulated. Concretely, the coefficients and T in be
in rolling strain. Eqs. (12) to (1 5) are expressed as the samefunction form
The average dislocation density is calculated from the of the amount of Nb in solution and in precipitates as
is shownin the Eq. (16) for
square root of the fiow stress measured in compres- an example.
sion test by using Thermecmaster.24) The change in
dislocation density during rolling and interpass time is
b= bo exp(bo i C*N~bl
+ bo 2CPN'b*')dy~bi"b exp(
- Qb/RT)
...(16)
divided into three stages as shown in the previous
where, dy: diameter, i: strain rate. Qb: apparent
report. 25) y grain
(Increase in
p during work-hardening)
activation
Q
energy , b= 34 100, Csol
Nb, CP""
Nb
concentration
of Nb in solution and in precipitates respectively, bo,
'
(Decrease in by recovery during interpass time) Akamatsu.27) In thls formulation, the nucleation site,
p driving force of the precipitation of Nb and diffusion
p=(pd-Po)exp(-d•t)+po -"-""-"-(13) constant of Nb in y were expressed as the functions of
where, the average dislocation density just after rolling re-
d:
a coefficient as for static recovery, pd: dis-
Iocation density just after redtiction. duction.
The effect of Nb concentration on the flow stress
(Decrease in p by recrystallization during interpass time)
(8=0.05) of the second pass of the double compression
14
1oo O 10
o O
,,, plain
o
12 oarbon steel
80 \05
_
il E
O 10
O O
\ 60 o o O. O1 O. OZ O. 03
CNb (w t gla)
8
F 40 ,D
~
,S
E, 6
20 o :
O
1:
Ce
4 O.Olwt~6Nb steel
,D
20 40 60 80 1OO O
S 2
I
PcaI Po Z ,. '.' 0.03wt~Nb steel
Fig. 7. Relation between calcuiated dislocation density p.*l oo ,,~
and nucleation rate enhancementfactor n. (0.loloC-
0.98 1.02
(10~3Krl)
106
. 1IO
.
o
,L~P s
\/
y //
. o o.OI
CNb (wt"/')
O.oa 0.03 ~'
,~;'~
cf
f /
where, CsM'~E: concentration of microalloying elements ..e / ,5~~\
~8 ~~:Ollc'$;
such as Nband V in solution, D,y: diffusion constant of
e
ar
l
es l /
:\~'ell I $~~O
l(,)!e
C in y, AG: drlving force of transformation per unit $
~
~:~;'~).~'//~~!~~~~~A~
volume, f2: function of C~kEfor phenomenologically
adjusting the value of I*, f3: function of T and C~~E
///ll
,+4
for phenomenologically adjusting the dependence of
temperature on I*. The concentration of C in y is con-
~
~ '/' "I "I"I
sidered to increase with the increase in fraction of c(. 'l"'p~'1'
XIG/B3F
!! N- G ba
where, ,fF, fP, fB: fractions of ferrite, pearlite and bainite
DGBF~
= aoc Syls(1-Xs)dt ...(28)
respectively, Hf' Hp, HB: microhardness of ferrite,
pearlite and bainite respectively, Df: c( grain diameter,
where, ac(, bc(: constants, aoc=4.7 x 10~4, boc=0.8. The
p, q, r: p=0.16, q=3.75, r=22.8. The mi-
constants,
integration is conducted while ferrite transforms by N-G crohardness of ferrite and bainite are described as the
mechanism. linear functions of transformation temperature calcu-
(Transformation which
nucleates inside
in
y grains)
oc
lated in the cooling module. The Vickers microhardness
The nucleation rate of intragranular ferrite (Iv) is
DIGF= Xll/G3F
!{
coc
N-G
Iu(1 ~ XGBF-XIGF)dtfd' ~ ""(31)
E
55
E ~)e~~e 0'33
where, cc(, cc(=2.38 x lO~ Il, da=0.5
da: constants. \~
~~
eJ)
50
Pearlite and bainite transformations can be represented
UD 1
by similar equations by assuming that they proceed after h 45 ,P~
the saturation of nucleation site on grain boundaries.
y
(Pearlite transformation) 40 Iopen :Transverse
Isolid
Longitudinal
:
Xp=1-exp(-SyGpt) .......
..........(32)
35
where, Gp: growth rate of pearlite shownby Eq. (33).
220
Gp=.f5(T, C~M~~E)Gpo """"-(33) uo
-"' ' o
where, function of T and CSMO~E
,fs: for phenomenologi- ~ 200 o .o
,~~
.N
cally adjusting the dependence of them
on Gp, Gpo: I 180
growth rate of pearlite shownby Puls and Kirkaldy.31) > oCb!o
(Bainite transformation) + 160 o
~1 ,,.
terms. Oneis the term, ao, showsthe resistance working where, s, t: constnts, s= 1.72, t=4.55.
on a dislocation that moves from a source to a grain Transition temperature ofCharpy impact test, FATT,
boundary. Another is the term depending on ferrite grain is formulated into the similar function form as that of
size. The (TO is consist of five terms shown below. YSas is shownin Eq. (39), because a crack of fracture
is assumedto initiate by stress concentration induced by
cro
= (7.~nst + (T,~t + a*~b + (Tppt + (Td,sl piled-up dislocations at grain boundary of an adjacent
where, a constant, (Ti~t' a*~b: solution hardening by
CT*.~~t: grain.
interstitial and substitutiona] elements respectiveiy, appt'
precipitation hardening, adi~1: stress increment by the
FATT=u(ro~vDfl/2+w ...... ..........(39)
C Si
Mn P S Cu Ni Nb Ti Al N
0,08 O.
14 l .35 0,004 0.001 0.12 0.40 0.007 0,009 0.024 0.0030
Accelerated
Finishing
Reheating CeeIing
Roughing to 60
mm Transfer time
1050~x 120 to Each Temp.
to 119 Start temp. 60s
min. Average Coeling
mm 800 'C
Rate 7C/s
Fig. Il. Experimental conditions.
~:~
_~ ~ I~
1~J~~..
Fig. 12.
Effect of finish temperature of accelerated cooling, Tae,
(c) Tae = 580'C (f) Tae = 20'C on microstructure.
8 80
~
(o
G)
E 15 cl;
-~-
--~--
exp.
cal.
{~ 60
:5
(~
\
\
\
C ~~
+ 40 ~
~] ~~i LEl ~~~ L~] IE~ D~i~ ~~ * 10
~o
~
(D
+ 20 ~] [~]
~] ~] ~~EJ b--~•~- O
~ 5
(D
~
o e)
exp eal exp eal exp oal exp ca l exp ca I uo
(1'
of bainite increases.
30
\
/ - IOO
Figure 13 Indicates the comparison of the fraction of
each transformed phase between the observed and the O 200 400 600 800
Finish Temp. of Accelerated Cooling, Tae' ('C)
calculated results. Separating the intragranular ferrite
(IGF) from grain boundary ferrite (GBF) is difficult by Fig. 15. Comparison of mechanical properties between the
observation of the steel plates with extremely fine mi- observed and the calculated.
calculated consistently with the model integrated with 13) N. Komatsubara, K. Kunishige, S. Okaguchi, T. Hashimoto, K.
Oshimaand I. Tamura: SumitomoMet., 42-4 (1990), 104.
all the modules. As the calculated results correlated
with the tested results fairly well, the present model
l4) P. D. Hodgson and D. C. Collinson: Proc. Int. Conf. on
Mathematical Modelling of Hot Rolling of steel, ed, by S. Yue,
was confirmed to be valid to simulate metallurgical AIME-ISS, Hamilton, (1990), 239.
phenomenaoccuring through TMCP
and mechanical l 5) K. Amano,T. Hatomura, M. Koda. C. Shiga and T. Tanaka:
Proc. Int. Symp. on Accelerated Cooling of Steel, ed. by P. D.
properties of the steel plates produced by TMCP.
Southwick, AIME, Pittsburgh, (1986), 349.
Acknowledgments l 6) T. Nishizawa: Tetsu-to-Hagan~, 70 (1984), 1984.
The authors wish to thank to Professor Emeritus J. l 7) S. S. Hansen, J. B Vander Sandeand M. Cohen: Metall. Trans.
A, 11A (1980), 387.
Takamura.Kyoto University. Dr. Okamoto,Mr. Funato 18) I, Weiss and J. J. Jonas: Metall. Trans. A, IIA (1980), 403.
and Mr. Shimomura, Nippon Steel Corporation, for l 9) T. Gladman, D. Dulieu and I. D Mclvor: Proc. Micro Alloying
their helpful discussion. 75, Union Carbide, NewYork, (1977), 25.
20) C. M. Sellars: Sheffield Int. Conf, Working and Forming Process,
Metal Society, London, (1979), 3.
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