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Published by
The Indonesian Sedimentologists Forum (FOSI)

The Sedimentology Commission - The Indonesian Association of Geologists (IAGI)
Number 26 – May 2013 Page 1 of 40

Editorial Board Advisory Board
Herman Darman Prof. Yahdi Zaim

Chief Editor Quarternary Geology
Shell International Exploration and Production B.V. Institute of Technology, Bandung
P.O. Box 162, 2501 AN, The Hague – The Netherlands
Fax: +31-70 377 4978 Prof. R. P. Koesoemadinata
E-mail: herman.darman@shell.com Emeritus Professor
Institute of Technology, Bandung
Minarwan
Deputy Chief Editor Wartono Rahardjo
Mubadala Petroleum (Thailand) Ltd. University of Gajah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
31st Floor, Shinawatra Tower 3, 1010 Viphavadi
Rangsit Rd.
Ukat Sukanta
Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
ENI Indonesia
E-mail: minarwanx@gmail.com
Mohammad Syaiful
Fuad Ahmadin Nasution
Exploration Think Tank Indonesia
Total E&P Indonesie
Jl. Yos Sudarso, Balikpapan 76123
E-mail: fuad.ahmadin@yahoo.co.id F. Hasan Sidi
Woodside, Perth, Australia
Fatrial Bahesti
PT. Pertamina E&P International Reviewers
NAD-North Sumatra Assets
Standard Chartered Building 23rd Floor Prof. Dr. Harry Doust
Jl Prof Dr Satrio No 164, Jakarta 12950 - Indonesia Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit
E-mail: fatrial.bahesti@pertamina.com De Boelelaan 1085
1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Wayan Heru Young E-mails: harry.doust@falw.vu.nl;
University Link coordinator harrydoust@gmail.com
Legian Kaja, Kuta, Bali 80361, Indonesia
E-mail: londobali@yahoo.com Dr. J.T. (Han) van Gorsel
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Rahmat Utomo
Mubadala Petroleum (Thailand) Ltd. Peter M. Barber PhD
31st Floor, Shinawatra Tower 3, 1010 Viphavadi Principal Sequence Stratigrapher
Rangsit Rd. Isis Petroleum Consultants P/L
Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand 47 Colin Street, West Perth, Western Australia 6005
E-mail: tomi_geologi04@yahoo.com E-mail: pbarber@isispetroleum.com.au
Cover Photograph:
Halang Formation outcrop at

Bantarkawung district, Brebes
– Central Java. Taken in 1991.
Photo courtesy of Herman

Darman.
• Published 3 times a year by the Indonesian Sedimentologists Forum (Forum Sedimentologiwan Indonesia, FOSI), a commission of the
Indonesian Association of Geologists (Ikatan Ahli Geologi Indonesia, IAGI).
• Cover topics related to sedimentary geology, includes their depositional processes, deformation, minerals, basin fill, etc.
Berita Sedimentologi
A sedimentological Journal of the Indonesia Sedimentologists Forum
(FOSI), a commission of the Indonesian Association of Geologist (IAGI)
From the Editor

Welcome to Berita Sedimentologi A regional overview of Java indicate a good balance between
number 26! sandstone composition was the senior and junior
summarized by Darman et al. geoscientists. The majority of the
In this edition, Berita A relatively new research group members are from oil and gas
Sedimentologi No. 26/2013, we has been established in UPN industry (78%), followed by the
are focusing on Java Island and “Veteran” Yogyakarta in mid mining and metals (15%).
its vicinity. Three of the articles 2010. Budiman et al has kindly
received by the editors cover the provided us an introduction At last on behalf of the editorial
eastern part of Java. Edwin and article to this group. team, I wish you a good reading
co-authors have submitted a time and hopefully you get the
paper on Mundu-Paciran The editors have also come up benefit from this bulletin.
Nannofossil zones. A paper on 3D with general plan for future
facies modeling on deepwater fan themes as the following Best Regards,
outcrop, onshore east Java, was BS#27 Sumatra: to be
prepared by Cahyo et al. Surya published in August 2013
Nugraha and co-author discussed BS#28 Borneo: to be published
the Cenozoic stratigraphy of the in November 2013
forearc system in the southeast of BS#29 SE Asia Biostratigraphy
Java. to be published in early 2014
Hopefully with this plan potential Herman Darman

contributors can plan ahead in
Chief Editor
preparing their articles.
FOSI‟s Linked-In group registered

655 members in May 2013. The
demographics of the group
INSIDE THIS ISSUE

Book Review : The SE Asian Getway:
History and Tectonic of the Australian-
Asia Collision, editor: Robert Hall et al –
T.J.A. Reijers
Cenozoic Stratigraphy of the East Java A Case Study on Using Mundu-Paciran
Forearc – A. M. S. Nugraha & Robert Hall
5
Nannofossil zones (MPNZ) to Subdivide
26 56
Mundu and Paciran Sequences in the MDA
Field, East Java Basin, Indonesia – A.
Edwin et al.
Book Review - Biodiversity,
A Brief History of GeoPangea Research Short Note : Mineral Composition of Biogeography and Nature Conservation
Group – A. Budiman et al.
18
Eocene and Miocene Sandstones in Java
33
in Wallacea and New Guinea (Volume 1),
58
Island – H. Darman et al. Edited by D. Telnov, Ph.D. – H. Darman
Three-Dimensional Facies Modeling of

Deepwater Fan Sandbodies: Outcrop
Analog Study from the Miocene Kerek 19
Formation, Western Kendeng Zone (North
East Java Basin) – F. A. Cahyo et al.
Call for paper

BS #27 Sumatera
to be published in August 2013
About FOSI
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Geologists (IAGI) in 1996. About and 2001, attended by more than
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as of MAY 2013

Cenozoic Stratigraphy of the East Java Forearc

A.M. Surya Nugraha and Robert Hall
SE Asia Research Group, Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London,
Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
Corresponding Author: amsuryanugraha@gmail.com
INTRODUCTION
The study area is located in the offshore SE Java

and is situated at the southeast edge of the
Eurasian plate, known as Sundaland (Figure. 1
and Figure 2). Sundaland is the continental core of
SE Asia and was constructed by amalgamation of
continental blocks during the Mesozoic (Hamilton,
1979; Metcalfe, 1996; Hall & Morley, 2004).The
East Java Forearc is a relatively unexplored area
and the basement has long been considered to be
Cretaceous arc and ophiolitic-accretionary
complexes (Hamilton, 1979; Wakita, 2000). But
now there is increasing evidence for continental
crust beneath the East Java Sea (Manur &
Barraclough, 1994; Emmett et al., 2009; Granath
et al., 2011), and the southern part of East Java
(Smyth, 2005; Smyth et al., 2007, 2008). Figure 1. Location of the study area (red box).
This article presents the findings of an MSc study
All three TGS seismic datasets image down to 9
(Nugraha, 2010) and a geological history presented
seconds two-way-time (TWT) and show very deep
in an IPA paper (Nugraha & Hall, 2012). New
units in the forearc basin not seen in previously
seismic lines south of Java have imaged a deep
stratified sequence which is restricted to East Java published seismic data in the area (Figure 3 and
Figure 4). Three well datasets were available,
and is absent beneath the West Java forearc. Main
including: Cilacap-1, Borelis-1, and Alveolina-1.
datasets were provided by TGS, comprising three
long-offset 2D-seismic datasets (SJR-9, SJR-10, The Borelis-1 and Alveolina-1 wells were drilled by
Djawa Shell N.V. (Bolliger & de Ruiter, 1975) in the
and SJI-10). These data consist of thirty-seven 2D
early 1970s and are located in the shallow part of
marine seismic lines across the Java forearc with a
total of 8266 km survey length. Previously the offshore Central Java forearc (Figure 2). These
wells encountered mid-late Cenozoic rocks and
published seismic data (Kopp et al., 2006) were
limited to shallow imaging 4-streamer seismic have about 2 km total depth (Figure 5). The
biostratigraphic top information (Shell
sections.
interpretations) from these wells form the main
reference for our mid and late Tertiary age-
controlled stratigraphic interpretation.
Figure 2. Seismic grid used in this study and location of wells.

Figure 3. Approximately N-S seismic line across the East Java

Forearc (A) uninterpreted and (B) interpreted, showing main
tectonic elements of the forearc and the Lower and Upper
Sections.
Figure 4. Approximately E-W seismic line along the Java

Forearc (A) uninterpreted and (B) interpreted, showing the
contrast in structure and stratigraphy of the forearc south of
West and Central Java compared to that south of East Java.
The Lower Section is thick south of East Java and dies out close
to a cross-arc high at the position of the Progo-Muria lineament
of Smyth et al. (2005).
REGIONAL STRATIGRAPHY Sea that was mainly caused by sea level change
(Matthews & Bransden, 1995; Smyth, 2005).
Subduction and significant arc volcanism ceased
beneath Java from about 90 Ma to 45 Ma (Hall et Explosive volcanic activity was extensive
al., 2009, Hall, 2009, 2011). Subduction resumed throughout the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene as
when Australia began to move northwards in the indicated by thick sequences of volcanic and
Middle Eocene (Hall, 2009). The oldest Cenozoic epiclastic rocks (Smyth, 2005; Smyth et al., 2008).
sediments reported onshore East Java are Middle The oldest dated sediments exposed in the
Eocene (Lelono, 2000, Smyth et al., 2008) and Southern Mountains Arc are Oligocene reworked
were deposited unconformably on basement rocks. bioclastic tuffaceous mudstones (Smyth et al.,
The Early Cenozoic sandstones above the oldest 2008). Upper Oligocene volcaniclastic rocks have
sediments increase in volcanic material up-section been reported in the Shell Alveolina-1 well,
recording initiation of the Southern Mountain Arc offshore Central Java. In the Borelis-1 well, the
(Smyth, 2005). There is an intra-Oligocene oldest dated rocks are Early Miocene. These two
unconformity across East Java and the East Java wells terminated in undated basalt (Bolliger & de
Ruiter, 1975) confirming the presence of Southern
Mountain Arc volcanism in offshore South Java.

Figure 5. Parts of seismic

lines that intersect wells
Alveolina-1 and Borelis-1
showing seismic units
identified in this study
and ages of horizons from
Bolliger & de Ruiter
(1975).
The Early Cenozoic arc volcanism was terminated (Bolliger & de Ruiter, 1975; Smyth, 2005). The
by the short-lived Early Miocene Semilir super- carbonates range in age from late Early Miocene to
eruption event (Smyth 2005, Smyth et al., 2008, Middle Miocene (Lokier, 2000; Smyth, 2005).
2011). The whole southeast region of Sundaland Several tuff beds are observed in turbidite
was uplifted during this period (Sribudiyani et al., sequences in the Southern Mountains and range
2005). To the north, a sequence boundary is in age from 12 to 10 Ma (Smyth, 2005). This
placed at the top of the Prupuh Limestone because represents the resumption of volcanic activity at
basin inversion is interpreted to have been the position of the present Sunda Arc (Smyth et
initiated on a regional scale near to the end of its al., 2005). Lunt et al. (2009) suggested that an
deposition in the Middle Miocene (Matthews & unconformity recorded a Late Miocene tectonic
Bransden, 1995). event which created a new series of basins that
were filled by erosion of structural highs in Central
During the Middle Miocene to Late Miocene, Java. There are no Pliocene or Quaternary deposits
volcanic activity was much reduced. Older volcanic in the Southern Mountains zone due to uplift and
material was reworked and carbonate platforms erosion.
were developed extensively during this period

The Shell exploration wells record a major tectonic with discontinuous lower amplitude reflectors. The
event in the Late Pliocene which caused uplift of upper part is characterized by chaotic,
Java and the deposition of widespread Pliocene discontinuous weak amplitude reflectors which are
and Quaternary sediments in the offshore area brighter and relatively parallel near the forearc
(Bolliger & de Ruiter, 1975). basin edges. This unit is cut by a series of planar
extensional faults with small displacements
STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS forming graben and half graben structures. The
faults are more intense in E-W sections along the
We identify six seismic stratigraphy units, labelled forearc basin than in N-S sections. A few faults
A to F, on the basis of their age, seismic character have been reactivated close to the subduction
and deformation style in combination with onshore complex and structural highs to the north. There
published studies (Figure 6). We describe these are also a few internal thrust faults within this
units from the shallowest to deepest, i.e. from F to unit which record later deformation. In places this
A. The ages of Units D to A are reasonably unit seems to be truncated by younger units.
constrained by the exploration wells drilled south
of Central Java. The ages of Units E and F are Unit F is best imaged beneath the forearc basin
unknown. We consider two possible interpretations where the Neogene cover is thin and the structure
for the lower section. Unit E shows a half graben is relatively simple, and cannot be mapped at
character in places suggesting that rifting and depths below about 6 sec TWT beneath the forearc
extension may be plausibly correlated with flank closer to the Southern Mountains. Although
Southern Mountains volcanics and volcaniclastic it not seen Unit F could thicken towards the arc,
deposits on land in East Java (Smyth et al., 2005, where its internal character would be expected to
2008). Unit F could represent a deeper part of this become more complex and seismically opaque
arc sequence. To the north of the Southern closer, since it would be dominated by volcanic
Mountains lies the thick sequence of the Kendeng rocks rather than the volcaniclastics and
Basin. Thus one possibility is that the thick carbonates deposited farther from the active arc.
sequence of Units E and F is equivalent to the This unit would then form a load-induced
Middle Eocene to Oligocene deposits of the depocentre south of the arc comparable to the
Kendeng Basin. An alternative is that Unit F is a Kendeng Basin succession and would thicken
pre-Eocene sequence that was rifted when arc towards the arc, although the distribution and
activity resumed in the Middle Eocene. thickness of the sequence would influenced by
several other factors such as the character of the
Pre-Neogene: Unit F underlying crust, the width of the forearc and the
dip of the subducting slab. The Kendeng Basin
Unit F is the deepest seismic unit recognizable and formed during the Middle Eocene through to Early
it is observed only in the deepest part of the Miocene (de Genevraye & Samuel, 1972; Untung &
forearc basin (Figure 7). It shows a relatively Sato, 1978; Smyth et al., 2005, 2008) and consists
uniform ~3 s TWT thickness. The lower part shows of terrestrial and shallow marine rocks in a thick
moderate to weak reflectors, while the middle part succession that thickens toward the Southern
is characterized by bright and parallel reflectors Mountains volcanic arc.
Figure 6. Proposed relations between seismic units of offshore East Java (Alveolina area) and the
stratigraphy of the Southern Mountains Zone on land in East Java (from Smyth et al. 2005, 2008).

Figure 7. Approximately N-S seismic line across the East Java Forearc (A) uninterpreted and (B) interpreted
showing seismic units and principal structural features. The deeper reflectors of Unit F are mappable mainly
below the forearc basin. Note the continuity and broadly constant thickness of seismic reflectors in Unit F
which is cut mainly by extensional faults, except close to the accretionary zone where there are some thrust
faults.
Untung & Sato (1978) suggested that the deeper traced for several hundred kilometres along the
parts of the basin contain ~6 km of section. length of the forearc. Internal deformation is
Waltham et al. (2008) used gravity data to suggest largely restricted to extensional faulting that pre-
an approximate thickness of up to 10 km and dates deposition of the forearc basin sequence of
proposed that the Kendeng Basin formed by Miocene and younger age. These features are
volcanic arc loading of a broken plate, with a consistent with a terrestrial to open marine
contribution from crustal extension and/or deep sedimentary sequence deposited on continental
crustal loading. In this interpretation the half crust when the East Java–West Sulawesi fragment
graben of Unit E would represent extension at a formed part of the Australian margin (Hall et al.,
relatively late stage in the development of the 2009).
Southern Mountains arc.
This suggestion is supported by the existence of
An alternative is that Unit F is older than Middle deep NW-SE lineaments discussed above. Hall
Eocene. Deighton et al. (2011) suggested that this (2011) suggested that some NW-SE deep structural
unit could be Mesozoic based on its position and lineaments, traced across Borneo and into
similarity of seismic character with Mesozoic Sulawesi (e.g. Satyana et al. 1999; Fraser et al.
and/or Palaeozoic sections from the Australian NW 2003; Gartrell et al. 2005; Puspita et al. 2005;
Shelf. If the rifting that affects Unit E is Middle Simons et al. 2007) represent basement structures
Eocene then Unit F is older. Smyth et al. (2005, inherited from Australian blocks. Deep and old
2007, 2008) suggested that parts of East Java may structures can be traced offshore across the NW
be underlain by a Gondwana fragment derived Shelf and Western Australia (e.g. Cadman et al.
from western Australia, while a thick cover 1993; Goncharov 2004). We suggest that the deep
sequence of (possibly?) pre-Cenozoic age, identified NW-SE structural lineaments in the East Java
offshore East Java (Emmett et al., 2009; Granath Forearc have a Gondwana origin and, based on the
et al., 2010), is suggested to have a West limited evidence available, we prefer to interpret
Australian origin. In the part of the forearc where Unit F as a Mesozoic or older section above
Unit F is well imaged it has a relatively constant Australian continental basement.
thickness with sub-parallel reflectors and can be

Pre-Neogene: Units E and D Southern Mountains the Middle Eocene Nanggulan

Formation includes coals, conglomerates, silts and
Unit E is mainly observed in the arc-flank and is quartz-rich sands (Lelono, 2000; Smyth, 2005;
characterized by parallel discontinuous reflectors Smyth et al., 2005, 2008).
(Figure 8). Wedge geometry is observed with
thickening towards faults and is interpreted to Unit D was deposited conformably above Unit E .In
indicate sedimentary layers deposited in a syn-rift contrast with the unit below, Unit D shows
event. A series of planar extensional faulted graben generally continuous and well bedded strong
and half graben are observed within this unit along reflectors with wedge geometry, but does not
faults with larger displacements than in Unit F. clearly thicken towards faults. The seismic
Several of these faults have been reactivated at the reflectors become brighter and more continuous
structural highs. Unit E is interpreted to have been basinward which suggests a facies change. Unit C
deposited unconformably above Unit F. In places was probably deposited at the end of the syn-rift
close to the slope break in the forearc flank, Unit F stage. This unit appears to be thinner and
seems to be truncated by Unit E. truncated by the base of Unit C near to structural
highs, and is interpreted to be associated with
Unit E is tentatively interpreted as alluvial to delta inversion and erosion. Unit D contains Globigerina
plain deposits, with higher and lower amplitudes angulisuturalis and Globigerinoides trilobus fossils
indicating intervals of sand and shale. It is from wells and has been dated as Late Oligocene
suggested that this sequence was deposited during (N2-N3) and Middle Early Miocene (N5-N6) above
rifting in the Middle Eocene. Contemporaneous basalts, volcanic agglomerates, tuffs and clays
clastic sediments in the East Java Sea Basin (Bolliger & de Ruiter, 1975). Contemporaneous
(Matthews & Bransden, 1995) and Java were volcanic deposits crop out in the Southern
deposited above a regional angular unconformity Mountains Zone and Kendeng Zone (Smyth 2005;
in a terrestrial to marine environment. In the Smyth et al., 2005, 2008).
Figure 8. Approximately N-S seismic line across the forearc flank (A) uninterpreted and (B)
interpreted. Units D and E are clearly observed below the Unit C carbonate platform and
build-ups.

Middle Miocene Unit C particularly on structurally high areas associated

with localized contractional truncation by the
Unit C shows strong, parallel and fairly continuous unconformity. Progradational cycles are observed
reflectors which become variable in amplitude within the lower part of the carbonates above the
away from carbonate buildups. The bright unconformity showing that they were initially
reflectors are interpreted as limestone and the deposited in lowstands during a period of quiet
varying amplitude is interpreted as an alternation tectonism and much reduced volcanism (Figure
of shelf carbonates and mudstone. The carbonate 10a), and are followed by cycles from
buildups tend to be developed on top of structural progradational to retrogradational and/or
or topographic highs (Figure 9). Pinnacle reefs are aggradational upward (Figure 9). The carbonate
observed at the later stage of several carbonate platform is widespread in the western part of the
buildup developments. The unconformity between study area and decreases to the east.
Units D and C is interpreted to be of Early to
Middle Miocene age. Based on well data and Upper Miocene Unit B
seismic character Unit C is interpreted to comprise
Middle Miocene carbonates equivalent to the Unit B is characterized by bright, continuous,
onshore Middle Miocene to Lower Pliocene alternating reflectors, which are weaker in the
Wonosari Formation (Lokier, 1999). The Borelis-1 middle part (Figure 11). The upper part of Unit B is
well penetrated the lower part of this unit, dated as observed to onlap onto the lower part of the
Late Middle Miocene based on Globorotalia carbonate buildup Unit C (Figure 7). Unit B shows
siakensis, and the Alveolina-1 well records a relatively constant 0.6-0.8 s TWT thickness
carbonate wackestone above (Bolliger & de Ruiter, suggesting deposition on the margin slope or outer
1975). Unit C is characterized by widespread platform.
carbonate development above the unconformity,
Figure 9. Seismic section crossing carbonate build-up of Unit C in the forearc flank (A)
uninterpreted and (B) interpreted. The internal structure of Unit C shows cycles of
progradation, retrogradation and aggradation.

Figure 10.
Palaeogeographic maps
for the East Java forearc
based on this study for
(a) Middle Miocene, (b)
Late Miocene to Middle
Pliocene, (c) Late
Pliocene, and (d) Recent.
The entire forearc has
subsided significantly
since the Late Miocene.

Figure 11. Seismic section showing units at the southern

boundary of the forearc basin with the outer-arc slope (A)
uninterpreted and (B) interpreted. The basin is affected by the
latest deformation which has folded Units A and B and which
appears to be driven by uplift of the outer-arc high. Note the
slump complexes in the upper part of the outer-arc slope.
The lower part is interpreted as carbonate characterized by uplift that folded and eroded the
mudrock, while the upper part could be mudrock upper part of the sequence occurred during
or tuff. To the east, close to Lombok Basin, Unit B deposition of Unit B. This abrupt deformation is
thins towards the forearc basin depocentre (Figure interpreted to be related to the arrival of a
12) where it is interpreted to have been deposited seamount or buoyant plateau (similar to but not
above a paleo-high, suggested by a high positive the Roo Rise) at about 8 Ma. Lunt et al. (2009)
gravity anomaly across the eastern part of the East noted several basins filled with reworked material
Java forearc (Seubert & Sulistianingsih, 2008). caused by this deformation in Central Java.
This unit has been uplifted and eroded in the outer
arc ridge and forearc flank (Fig 11). A slump or Pliocene Unit A
mass transport complex is observed and is
interpreted to be the result of reactivation of an Unit A shows moderate to weakly continuous
older structure. reflectors interrupted by bright continuous
reflectors in places (Figure 11). It is interpreted to
Unit B was deposited conformably above Unit C in consist of rapidly deposited pelagic/hemipelagic
a transgressive setting. Deepening at this time is and volcanogenic deposits (Figure 10c). Unit A was
associated with a diminished area of carbonate deposited unconformably above Unit B across the
deposition characterised by isolated pinnacle reefs whole East Java Forearc. This unit contains
(Figure 10b). The Borelis-1 well penetrated clay at Globoquadrina altispira and Globorotalia tosaensis
the top of this unit dated as Late Miocene (N18) dated as Early Pliocene (N19) and Middle-Late
based on the presence of Globorotalia margaritae Pliocene (N20-N21) in the wells.
(Bolliger & de Ruiter, 1975). Deformation

Figure 12. Seismic section showing units at the southern boundary of the forearc basin with
the outer-arc slope east of Figure 9 (A) uninterpreted and (B) interpreted. The forearc basin in
this area here is largely filled with Pliocene sediments of Unit A. Note that Unit B is thinner
towards the forearc basin depocentre.
Unit A is interpreted to comprise Pliocene CONCLUSIONS

volcaniclastics and deep marine clays, sometimes
interbedded with calci-turbidites (Bolliger & de New seismic data allow the East Java forearc to be
Ruiter, 1975). In the forearc basin, Unit A is divided into six major seismic units bounded by
characterized by a wedge shape, tilted landwards, three major unconformities. We suggest that the
with a number of local unconformities that record deepest, Unit F, may represent a pre-Cenozoic
the episodic uplift of the outer arc ridges (Figure sequence deposited on continental crust, derived
11). These sequences onlap and downlap onto Unit from Western Australia. A major regional
B. Mass transport-slump complexes observed in unconformity separates this from a Middle Eocene
this unit reflect submarine slope failure associated to Lower Miocene sequence (Units E and D)
with uplift of the outer-arc high above the equivalent to the Southern Mountains volcanic arc
subduction zone. Further north canyons incise and Kendeng Basin deposits of East Java.
Unit A; some are infilled whereas others are active Extensive shallow water carbonates (Unit C) were
at the present-day (Fig 13). The high rates and deposited above a Lower–Middle Miocene
widespread sedimentation could be related to unconformity during a tectonically quiet period
resumption of volcanic activity in the modern Java with much reduced volcanism in the northern part
Arc. of the present forearc. Major changes in the forearc
began in the Late Miocene.

Figure 13. Cross section across one of the present-day submarine canyons in the outer
part of the forearc flank (A) uninterpreted and (B) interpreted. The stepped profile of the
canyon margin suggests that repeated cut and fill has taken place. There are several
inactive canyons which has been filled and buried by later sediment.
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A Brief History of GeoPangea Research Group

Agung Budiman, Iqbal Fardiansyah and Leon Taufani
GeoPangea Research Group (GPRG) Indonesia
Corresponding Author: ogepz_tama@yahoo.co.id
INTRODUCTION GPRG RESEARCH FOCUS
GeoPangea Research Group (GPRG) is an The focus area of GPRG is primarily on field and
independent research group founded on May 31st, experimental-based research (Figures 1 and 2). To
2010, led by ideas from young and passionate date, there are more than twenty professional
geology students of UPN ”Veteran” Yogyakarta. The papers and articles that have been published by
group is supervised by Dr. C. Prasetyadi, a faculty GPRG, with the first research conducted in late
member of the Geology Department, as well as a 2010, entitled: Sedimentology of Parangtritis
mentor to all research-related activities conducted Coastal Dunes and Stream Table Analogue for
by GPRG. This group aims to contribute to Fluvial-Deltaic Morphology (Figure 2a). Since then,
scientific knowledge in numerous aspects of this group keeps consistently developing
geosciences (i.e. regional geology, sedimentology experimental sed-strat analyses and structural
and stratigraphy, structural geology, tectonics, analogue modeling within the loop of research
etc.) by performing research and demonstrating projects (Figures 2b and 2c). GPRG currently
their application in hydrocarbon exploration. The employs eight professional researchers and six
results of our research are documented as undergraduate students of UPN ”Veteran”
published papers and articles in various journals Yogyakarta. Research projects are internally
and scientific conferences of both regional and funded by the members‟ monthly dues and
international levels. supported by the laboratory facilities of the
Geology Department, UPN ”Veteran” Yogyakarta.
Any questions/interests related to our research
group can be addressed to us via the website :
www.gprgindonesia.wordpress.com.
Figure 1. Some photos of GPRG’s field work

activities. (a) and (b) outcrop observations ; (c)
and (d) example of modern sedimentological
study of lagoonal deposits.
Figure 2. Experimental-based research of GPRG,

which is facilitated by laboratories of the Geology
Department, UPN ”Veteran” Yogyakarta. (a)
Stream table analogue for fluvio- deltaic
morphology (2010) ; (b) Flume tank modeling to
reconstruct chronostratigraphy within growth-
faulted delta system (2011) ; and (c) Sandbox
analogue for structural kinematics and geometry
identification (2012).

Three-Dimensional Facies Modeling of Deepwater Fan

Sandbodies: Outcrop Analog Study from the Miocene Kerek
Formation, Western Kendeng Zone (North East Java Basin)
Ferry Andika Cahyo1,2, Octavika Malda2, Iqbal Fardiansyah2 and Carolus Prasetyadi1
1
Department of Geology UPN ”Veteran” Yogyakarta
2
GeoPangea Research Group (GPRG)
Corresponding Author: ferryandika@gprgindonesia.com, iqbalfardiansyah@gprgindonesia.com
ABSTRACT
Kendeng Zone is well known as the main depocenter in the North East Java Basin. It developed as
a back arc basin related to Oligo-Miocene volcanic arc and was subsequently filled with thick
pelagic and volcanogenic sediments.
This article emphasizes on determination of facies, geometry and distribution of sand bodies within
the Miocene Kerek Formation that comprises the western Kendeng Zone. Sedimentological logs and
rock samples were collected from outcrop data along river traverses in the study area. The samples
were described and characterized by using petrography, paleontology and sedimentology analyses.
Three depositional facies were identified, which consist of massive sandstone of submarine lower
fan, a lobe of submarine lower fan and pelagic mud deposits.
Statistical analysis was also used to characterize and describe identified depositional facies within
the Kerek Formation. Statistically, the geometry consists of (1) pebbly massive sandstones of
submarine lower fan (mean distribution of sands bodies: 4.58 km, mean thickness: 0.6 m, length
from 3D modeling: 1.58 km); (2) sandstone sheets of submarine lower fan (mean distribution of
sands bodies: 2.85 km, mean thickness: 0.08 m, length from 3D fence diagram: 1.26 km); (3) pelagic
mud, which is composed solely of thick mudstone lithofacies. In term of reservoir potential, the
massive sandstones that have significant amount of porosity would be considered as having the
highest potential.
The Kendeng Zone was the main depocenter for

INTRODUCTION Eocene-Miocene sediments that are composed of
thick turbidite and pelagic sequences (De
The study area is located in Kedungjati region, Genevraye and Samuel, 1972; Smyth et al, 2003 &
Purwodadi, Central Java (Figure 1). 2005). The turbidites are recorded in the Miocene
Stratigraphically, the area is comprised of four age Kerek Formation.
lithologic units (formations) that include (in
younger order) Calcareous-sandstone of Kerek The objectives of this article are to unravel the
Formation, Tuffaceous-sandstone of Banyak depositional model, then subsequently construct
Member (Kalibeng Formation), Calcareous- an understanding of relation between turbidite and
claystone of Kalibeng Formation and Limestone of reservoir sand bodies based on geometry and
Kapung Member (Kalibeng Formation) (Figure 2). distribution pattern of the Kerek Formation. This
article emphasizes on outcrop-based study in
North East Java basin, particularly the Kendeng order to get a comprehensive understanding about
Zone, is located between volcanic arcs at present. deepwater play characteristics in an active margin
setting.
Figure 1. Digital elevation

model (Shuttle Radar
Transect Mission) overlain by
schematic zonation of East
Java. The study area is
bounded by black square
(modified from Smyth et al,
2003).

Figure 2. Simplified geological map of the study area shows four lithostratigraphic units. The
calcareous sandstone of Kerek Formation is shown in yellow colour.
Figure 3. Outcrop of Kerek Formation with representative KJ 98 sedimentological log along the Tuntang
River, Kedung Jati Village.
METHODS model. All of these steps were done by using

standard 3-D geological modeling software
The study includes outcrop visits to produce package.
sedimentological logs (Figures 3 and 4), geological
map and acquire rock samples for laboratory FACIES & ARCHITECTURAL MODEL
analyses. The laboratory analyses are comprised of
petrographical and paleontological analyses. Interpretation of sedimentological logs taken from
Outcrop data and lab results were then used in the outcrops revealed that their depositional facies
geological modeling. The turbidite sandbodies are of fan complex, particularly of lower fan
model (Figures 5 and 6) was built by correlating system. The lower fan system was formed by
the sedimentological sections (chronostratigraphic accumulation of individual lobe fans and pelagic
correlation), then gridding and layering vertical deposits, which are products of high and low
horizon of sandbodies without involving fault density turbidity current.

Figure 4.
Sedimentological
log of KJ-85 that
is composed sheet
sandstone of fan
lobe in the lower
section and
gradually change
to massive
sandstone in the
upper section.

Figure 5. Correlation section of the sedimentological logs. The section is flattened on N16 marker.

The characteristic lithofacies comprised in each c. Pelagic mud

depositional facies of the lower fan system and its
geometry are described below: This deposit consists solely of thick mudstone
lithofacies. Pelagic mud is the result of suspension
a. Pebbly massive sandstone of submarine process that occurs in almost all deep sea setting.
middle fan
PALEOCURRENT ANALYSIS
The massive sandstone of lower fan deposit
typically consists of some lithofacies that combine Paleocurrent direction can be identified from a
together. Massive coarse sandstone with erosional variety of erosional structures such as tool mark,
base contact dominates the lower portion of the grove cast and flutecast. In the study area,
deposit. Gradually normal graded sandstone and paleocurrent direction was analysed from flute cast
stratified pebbly sandstone occur on several places structures. The flute cast structure measurements
as a remark of temporary hydraulic change of the indicate that the main trend of sediment supply
current. Stratified medium-grained sandstone cap moving from north to south with average direction
the upper part of the deposit. The entire package of N 144o E (NW-SE) (Figure 6).
shows a fining upward stacking pattern. Such
combination of features is interpreted as the result
of high density turbidity current that occurs on a
fan. The process began with initial high density
and velocity of the current allowed for the
transportation and deposition of coarse-grained
materials. As the current kept distributing the
materials to another part of the system, finally on
the upper part of the deposit, finer-grained
(stratified medium-grained sandstone) are more
dominant. The results of 2D correlation and 3D
modeling show that the mean thickness and sand
body distribution are 0.6 m and 4585.6 m,
respectively. The minimum thickness and
distribution of sand bodies are 0.25 m and 1403
m, respectively. The length of the fan as inferred
from a single representative lobe is 1580 m (Figure
8).
b. Sandstone sheets of submarine lower fan
This deposit consists of several lithofacies that can

be easily classified by using Bouma sequence Figure 6. Paleocurrent analysis as measured
classification (Ta-Te) [Bouma, 1962]. Intercalation from grove (top) and flute cast (bottom) structures
of graded sandstone with erosional contact (Ta), yielded NW-SE depositional trend.
convolute sandstone (Tc), parallel laminated
siltstone (Td), and stratified mudstone (Te) occur DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
monotonously all over the deposit. Thin bed of
convoluted lamination sandstone also occurs The unique characteristic possessed by turbidite
simultaneously with another lithofacies, which sediments in the Western Kendeng Zone is that
provides evidence for low density turbidity current. they are part of fan lobe complex and encompasses
This is due to the current become less dense and mixed sand and mud with overall coarsening
the velocity of the current become less unable to upward stacking pattern. Tectonically, turbidite
distract semiplastic sediments (Bouma, 2000). It deposits within the Kendeng Zone and its vicinity
has been widely accepted that convoluted are quite different due to the active margin and
lamination is the result of distraction of current on volcanic arc setting. Kendeng zone as the main
semiplastic sediments, therefore low density depocenter received a lot of sediment contribution
turbidity current produce thin or even no from Southern Mountain Zone to the south and
convolute structure (Shanmugam, 2005). The Rembang zone to the north.
result of 2D correlation analysis shows that the
mean thickness and distribution of sand bodies Therefore these turbidite sequences predominantly
are 0.08 m and 2855.4 m, respectively, with the composed mixed of siliciclastic, volcaniclastic and
minimum thickness and deployment of sand even carbonate content (Smyth et al, 2005;
bodies being 0.02 m and 1011 m, respectively. The Subroto et al, 2007). Paleocurrent analysis shows
length of the fan, as inferred from a single that sand supply came from the NW towards SE,
representative middle fan is 1264 m. most likely from Rembang High and was deposited
into Kendeng low. The 3D modeling could depict
the architectural element of deep water fan
complex, focusing on sandy facies formation that

has a significant implication to reservoir geometry Deep water processes in western Kendeng Zone
(Figure 7). Middle fan sandstones are rarely found has produced a variety of stacking turbidite sands.
in the study area, as only 10 out of 130 sand Two-dimensional correlation reveals fan lobes
bodies were identified as middle fan deposit whose switching in this area. They have compensational
thin section results showed that they are wacky stacking character which fans are vertically
sandstones. The thickness slice of 3D modeling migrated due to high accommodation space with
yields the mean thickness-width ratio of massive balanced sedimentation rate (Mutti and Davoli,
sand bodies 1:1300 m, with porosity of around 1992). Meanwhile the sheet sands are significantly
0.03 to 0.15. Therefore, it is mostly considered to retrogradely-stacked in lower Kerek Formation,
be a precisely analog of turbidite reservoir in the which are continuously-distributed to overall area,
Western Kendeng. There are 120 existing sand and they represent lower fan lobe sands, although
bodies in the study area which are interpreted as in some place only a half part of the lobes is
part of the lower fan lobe. They are composed of a discovered. It probably proves the lobe geometry is
thin sheet sands interbedded pelagic mud with greater than expected during study. Beside in the
mean thickness-width ratio analyses from upper part of the Kerek Formation, the sand lobes
horizontal slice of 3D sandbodies modeling 1 : > tend to be thinner and smaller. This study might
2000 m. However, lower fan sands have not been be useful to provide turbidite reservoir analogue
considered eligible to be reservoir analog due to model for subsurface application and for future
poor rock property values (porosity ranges from hydrocarbon exploration in the western Kendeng
0.01 to 0.05), quite thin sand and rich in clay Zone.
mineral (Figure 8).
A B
C KJ-13 Index Map
KJ-92
KJ-100
KJ-85
KJ-98
Paleocurrent
Figure 7. A) 3D model showing the succession of deepwater fan facies sandbodies. B) Thickness-oriented
slice within sandstone sheets of lower fan lobe and C) Thickness-oriented slice of pebbly massive.

Massive Sandstone Fasies Geometry

A B Based on 3D Fance
Based on 2D Corelation
Diagram
Sandstone Layer
Distribution of sands
Thicknes (m) Length (m)
bodies (m)
1 0.5 5800
2 0.46 5310
3 0.45 5316
4 0.35 3645
5 1.2 7310
6 0.65 3950
7 0.68 2845 1580
Datum N16
8 0.53 1403
9 0.25 3012
10 1 7265
Mean 0.607 4585.6
Median 0.515 4630
Modus - -
Max 1.2 7310
Min 0.25 1403
Sand-Shale Thickness Percentage in respectively section
C
%
70
60
50
40
30
(%) Lithology :
20
Calcareous Sandstone
10
Calcareous Mudstone
0
KJ 9 KJ 13 KJ 98 KJ 100
Measuring Section
Figure 8. A) 3D sandbody modeling. B) Example statistics of massive sandstone facies sandbodies. C)

Sand-shale percentage from several sedimentological logs.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Mutti, E., and Davoli, G., 1992. Turbidite

sandstones: AGIP, Istituto di geologia,
This study is part of the author‟s thesis, which was Università di Parma.
supported by Department of Geology Shanmugam, G., 2005, Deep-Water Processes and
UPN”Veteran”Yogyakarta, PT Seleraya Energy and Facies Models: Implications for sandstone
GeoPangea Research Group. Special petroleum reservoirs: Handbook Of Petroleum
acknowledgment is made for Riswa Galena and Exploration And Production 5, Department of
MM team as partners on the fieldwork, Leon Earth and Environmental Sciences The
Taufani and Agung Budiman for good discussion, University of Texas at Arlington Arlington,
UPN geology laboratories for samples analysis and Texas, U.S.A.
FOSI to publish this article. Smyth, H., Hall, R., Hamilton, J.P., and Kinny, P.,
2003, Volcanic origin of quartz-rich sediments
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Proceeding Indonesia Petroleum Association, hydrocarbon prospectivity: Proceedings
First Annual Convention, Jakarta, Indonesia. Indonesian Petroleum Association 31st Annual
Convention & Exhibition, Jakarta.

A Case Study on Using Mundu-Paciran Nannofossil Zones

(MPNZ) to subdivide Mundu and Paciran Sequences in the
MDA Field, East Java Basin, Indonesia
Azhali Edwin, Kian Han and Wildanto Nusantara
Husky – CNOOC Madura Limited
Corresponding Author: AzhaliEdwin@gmail.com, kianhan95@gmail.com and wpnusantara@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The Husky-CNOOC Madura Limited (HCML) MDA-4 exploration well (2011) in the Madura Strait
region targeted Globigerina limestones in the Mundu Sequence (3.8 Ma) and the Paciran Sequence
(2.0 Ma). The MDA Field is covered by Merpati 3D Seismic (2005). Seismic features observed from
the 3D volume include phase change or polarity reversal at the top of gas filled reservoirs of the
MDA structure and DHI flat-spot approximating to the gas-water contact (GWC). The reservoirs are
primarily planktonic foraminifera grainstones, packstones and wackestones that have been
deposited as pelagic rains and were subsequently redistributed by sea floor bottom currents.
Differentiating the Mundu and Paciran Sequences relies heavily on biostratigraphy and
chronostratigraphy, as there are no significant lithological features that can be observed between
the sequences. This article introduces a method to construct detailed well correlations of the two
sequences based on Mundu–Paciran Nannofossil Zones (MPNZ), using high resolution
biostratigraphy events. The methodology uses varying nannofossil abundances in the interval NN18
(Late Pliocene) to NN11 (Late Miocene). The best reservoir performance in the study area may occur
in the MPNZ-7 and MPNZ-6, which were deposited at the late stage of the depositional cycles.
INTRODUCTION Following a period of 19 years without exploration

activity within the block, the MDA-4 exploration
The Madura Strait Block (Madura Strait PSC) has program was proposed and initiated during 2011
a long history of exploration with the first well (Figure 1). The MDA-4 targeted the Globigerina
drilled back in 1970 (MS-1-1, dry hole, Cities limestones of the Mundu and Paciran Sequences.
Service Inc.). The last exploration well drilled This well was a discovery, confirming a gas field
before the block was acquired by Husky – CNOOC and provided support for considering potential
Madura Limited in 2008 was the MDA-3 well development options. Work continued with Project
(1992, dry hole, MOBIL Madura Strait Inc.). The Engineering & Design (PED) preparation and
MDA-3 was an appraisal well delineating a approval. The final Plan of Development (POD) was
reservoir boundary at the north of the MDA approved by GOI in January 2013; two years after
Structure. the well was drilled. This is possibly the fastest
cycle of discovery to POD approval in the region.
Figure 1. Madura Strait PSC Block.

The Mundu Sequence (3.8 Ma) and Paciran currents” that was proposed by Schiller et al
Sequence (2.0 Ma) (in East Java-Madura (1994).
lithostratigraphy terminology they were known as
Mundu and Selorejo Formations, respectively), MDA FIELD
consist primarily of planktonic foraminifera
grainstones, packstones and wackstones. They are The MDA Field was discovered in 1984 by the
considered to have been deposited as pelagic rains Hudbay MDA-1 exploration well, drilled on a crest
and were subsequently redistributed by sea floor at the eastern part of the structure. This well was
bottom currents. Differentiating the Mundu and drilled to 4,016 feet subsea and tested 28
Paciran Sequences relies heavily on MMSCFD of gas. The discovery was confirmed by
biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy as no the MDA-2 exploration well, which was located
significant lithological features can be observed about 250 m southwest of the MDA-1. The MDA-3
from samples and logs between those two appraisal well was drilled at the northern edge of
sequences. Detailed well correlation of MDA wells the structure; approximately 2 km northwest of
was generated based on Mundu–Paciran the MDA-1 and MDA-2. The objective of the MDA-3
Nannofossil Zones (MPNZ), using high resolution was to confirm a possible gas water contact at the
biostratigraphy events. The methodology uses northern edge of the field. The well was considered
varying nannofossil abundances in the interval a dry hole due to poor reservoir quality.
NN18 (Late Pliocene) to NN11 (Late Miocene).
REGIONAL GEOLOGY The MDA-4 appraisal well was drilled in 2011 and
it successfully confirmed MDA Field‟s gas reserve.
The Madura Strait Block is located in the southern The well tested gas flow rates of 18.7 MMSCFD
part of East Java Basin; a back-arc basin bounded from Pliocene reservoir (Paciran Sequence) and 8.3
to the west by Karimunjawa Arch and to the south MMSCFD from Pleistocene turbidite reservoir of
by Java Volcanic Arc (Satyana et al., 2004; Figure the Lidah Sequence.
2). The basin deepens eastwards into the Lombok
Basin while to the north of the basin shallows to SEISMIC CHARACTERISTICS
become the Paternoster High (Satyana and
Djumlati, 2003). The block is located in an offshore The MDA Field is covered by 80 sq.km of marine
area between Madura Island to the north and the 3D seismic, which was acquired as part of a much
present-day East Sunda volcanic arc to the south. larger Merpati 3D survey in 2005. In 2009, the
data was reprocessed through Pre-Stack Time
The offshore area of East Java demonstrates an Migration (PSTM) and Pre-Stack Depth Migration
excellent example of Miocene – Recent structural (PSDM).
inversion of a Paleogene
extensional/transtensional basin system. The All seismic sections in this article are displayed on
continued inversion and differential compaction zero phase data and following SEG convention, in
during Plio – Pleistocene time is a further primary which positive reflection coefficient is displayed as
control on sedimentation. Seismic data show a peak and negative coefficient as trough.
complex structurally controlled sequence
stratigraphy (Bransden and Matthews, 1992). Two Direct Hydrocarbon Indicator (DHI) features
observed on the MDA structure, a polarity reversal
There are several reservoir objectives in the area, at the top gas-filled reservoirs and a seismic flat-
ranging from Eocene to Pliocene in age. The HCML spot indicating the gas-water contact. These
MDA-4 well is one of many proposed exploration features helped reduce geological risk and increase
wells, targeting the Late Miocene – Late Pliocene confidence to drill.
reservoir (Figure 3). This foraminifera-dominated
reservoir was encountered in many exploration RESERVOIR LITHOLOGY AND
wells in the East Java Basin and also developed in NANNOFOSSIL BIOSTRATIGRAPHY
several onshore East Java areas.
The reservoir rocks in the MDA Field consist of the
Schiller et al (1994) suggested that there are at Mundu and Paciran Sequences (Figure 3). The
least two distinct types of Globigerina sequences and chronostratigraphic labels follow
sand/limestone deposits in the East Java Basin, the convention and descriptions of Goodall (2007).
i.e.: planktonic foraminifera sands “drifts” The Mundu Sequence is bounded by the T40 and
deposited by bottom currents, which he considered T50 sequence boundaries (7.3 and 3.8 Ma,
as the dominant process; and less pervasive respectively). The Paciran Sequence is bounded by
planktonic foraminifera “turbidites” deposited as the T50 and T60 sequence boundaries (3.8 and 2.0
submarine channel-fills and fans. The Globigerina Ma, respectively). Within both sequences, there are
limestone (GL limestone) in the MDA-4 well was series of bioclastic grainstones, packstones and
interpreted as the result of pelagic rain deposition wackestones. These reservoirs are in age
and subsequently redistributed by sea floor bottom equivalent and have the same lithologies as
currents. This process is similar to the “planktonic SANTOS‟ Maleo Field (Triyana et al, 2007).
foraminifera sand „drifts‟ deposited by bottom

Number 26 – May 2013
Oil f ield
Gas f ield
Figure 2. East Java Basin geological setting (Satyana et al., 2004).

JAVA
Page 28 of 40
Figure 3. East Java Basin chronostratigraphy.

The foraminifera association of both sequences The detailed correlations in the MDA Field were
indicates that the water depth is approximating to constructed using high resolution biostratigraphy
the range 100-500 m, where planktonic events of the Late Miocene- Pleistocene MPNZ
foraminifera were deposited as “pelagic rain” and (Mundu – Paciran Nannofossil Zones). This method
then were subsequently redistributed by sea floor is generated based on cutting data from four wells
bottom currents. This process resulted in the and also conventional cores of MDA-3 and MDA-4.
grainstone, packstone, wackestone observed in the The subdivisions are as follows (the youngest zone
wells to show distinct, rhythmic coarsening- is mentioned first):
upward cycles. A similar depositional process took
place in SANTOS‟ Oyong and Maleo Fields (Iriska MPNZ-8: Pleistocene age bounded by T60 and T65.
et al., 2010), which are located 150 km and 70 km,
respectively, to the west of the HCML MDA Field. MPNZ-7: The first downhole occurrence of
Discoaster brouweri with less abundant
Differentiating these Mundu and Paciran Sphenolithus abies and any other nannofossil. This
Sequences relies heavily on biostratigraphy and zone has reworked materials from older
chronostratigraphy, as there are no significant stratigraphy.
lithological features that can be observed from
samples and logs of those two sequences. The MPNZ-6: The first downhole occurrence of
methodology used was initially invented and common-abundant small Reticulofenestrids and in-
developed by Goodall (2007), with varying situ Sphenolithus abies is used to date this event.
nannofossil abundance relative to sequence The absence or significantly decreased (downhole)
boundaries in the interval NN18 (Late Pliocene) to occurrence of Gephyocapsa is also noted in this
NN11 (Late Miocene) helping to define a rigid subzone.
stratigraphical framework.

MPNZ-5: This event is recognized by the first relationship between MDA-1 and MDA-2st wells
downhole occurrence of (super) abundant small (Figure 5).
Reticulofenestrids.
Based on the MPNZ subdivision, the top of MPNZ-7
MPNZ-4: Defined by the first downhole occurrence in the MDA Field occurs within the Selorejo
of few-common Sphenolithus abies and/or medium Formation (Figure 6). The Selorejo Formation is
Reticulofenestrids. The first downhole occurrence based on lithostratigraphy, which means the
of few-common Dictyococcites spp also formation top does not necessarily coincide with
characterizes the event. time event. The upper reservoir interval of the MDA
Field is younger than the MPNZ-7 and it lies within
MPNZ-3: This event is marked by the first the lower part of MPNZ-8 (Lidah Sequence, Late
downhole occurrence of abundant Sphenolithus Pliocene - Early Pleistocene). This interval was
abies. interpreted as part of reworked materials from
older deposits.
MPNZ-2: This event is characterized by the
maximum abundance of Reticulofenestrids and/or The MPNZ-7 was only encountered in the MDA-3
Sphenolithus abies during the Early Pliocene. (northern edge of the structure) and MDA-4
(western portion of the structure), which is
MPNZ-1: This event is coincident with the first believed to be composed of reworked sediments
downhole occurrence of in situ Discoaster from the eastern portion of the structure. This
quinqueramus (also used to mark the Late Miocene interpretation is supported by the fact that MPNZ-
- Pliocene boundary) and the first downhole 7 deposit was not encountered in MDA-1 and
occurrence of Reticulofenestra rotaria. A downhole MDA-2ST (Figures 4, 5 and 6).
significant increase of medium Reticulofenestrids
and the absence of in-situ Dictyococcites spp. are Based on internal reservoir characteristics, the
also noted at this subzone. MPNZ-7 deposit in MDA-3 has less porosity and
permeability compared to similar reservoir in the
CONCLUDING REMARKS MDA-4; and this corresponds to the increase of
mud content in the MDA-3. Hence, the facies
Inversion in Madura Strait region that took place changes relative to the west of the structure during
in the Late Miocene created “humps” on the sea MPNZ-7 time. It is interpreted that the MDA-3
floor. The forams were deposited as “pelagic rain” reservoir was deposited by less winnowing
and were re-distributed in the area by strong compared to the reservoir in the MDA-4, due to the
currents coming from the Indian Ocean through relatively low position in the structure.
the Bali Strait. These currents created a clinoform
structure around the seabed located at relatively Based on the above interpretation, it is suggested
higher position from its surrounding. The evidence that the best reservoirs are the MPNZ-7 and
of this clinoform can be seen at MPNZ-6 MPNZ-6, which were deposited at relatively high
position in the depositional setting.
Figure 4. Seismic amplitude cross section showing top MPNZ 7 and MPNZ 6 with facies change between
MDA-4 and MDA-3 (MPNZ 7 age) and MDA-1 and MDA-4 (MPNZ 6 age).

Figure 5. AI cross section showing top MPNZ 7 and MPNZ 6 with facies change between MDA-4 and MDA-3
(MPNZ 7 age) and MDA-1 and MDA-4 (MPNZ 6 age).
Figure 6. Well correlation between MDA wells.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS East Java Sea, Indonesia: Proceedings

Indonesian Petroleum Association 1992.
We would like to thank Budiyento Thomas and Goodall, J. G. S., 2007, Madura Basin
Joint Venture of Husky – CNOOC Madura Limited Stratigraphic Study, Joint BPMigas/Santos
for permission to publish this article; Jeffery internal study.
Goodall, Arnie Ferster and Fernando Gaggino for Iriska, D. M., Sharp, N. C., and Kueh, S., 2010,
reviewing this article. Discussions and comments The Mundu Formation: Early Production
from them have significantly improved this article. Performance of An Unconventional Limestone
Reservoir, East Java Basin – Indonesia:
REFERENCES Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum Association
2010.
Bransden, P. J. E., and Matthews, S. J., 1992, Satyana, A. H., and Djumlati, M., 2003, Oligo-
Structural and Stratigraphic Evolution of The Miocene Carbonates of the East Java Basin,

Indonesia: Facies Definition Leading to Recent Schiller, D. M., Seubert, B. W., Musliki, S., and
Significant Discoveries: AAPG International Abdullah, M., 1994, The Reservoir Potential of
Conference 2003. Globigerina Sands in Indonesia: Proceedings
Satyana, A.H., Erwanto, E., and Prasetyadi, C., Indonesian Petroleum Association 1994.
2004, Rembang-Madura-Kangean-Sakala Triyana, Y., Harris, G. I., Basden, W. A., Tadiar, E.,
(RMKS) Fault Zone, East Java Basin: The Origin and Sharp, N. C., 2007, The Maleo Field: An
and Nature of a Geologic Border, Indonesian Example of The Pliocene Globigerina Bioclastic
Association of Geologists 33rd Annual Limestone Play In The East Java Basin –
Convention, Bandung 2004. Indonesia: Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum
Association 2007.

Short Note : Mineral Composition of Eocene and Miocene

Sandstones in Java Island
Herman Darman1, Budi Muljana2 and J. T. van Gorsel3
1
Shell International EP – Netherlands
2
Geology Department, University of Padjadjaran – Indonesia
3
Geoscience Research / Consultant
Corresponding Author: herman.darman@shelll.com
INTRODUCTION Smyth et al. (2008) provided additional detail on

sandstone composition from East and Central
A number of studies discuss the mineral Java. They essentially confirm the same patterns
compositions of Cenozoic sandstones in Java as in West Java, but found that some of the Lower-
Island, Some sandstones are dominated by quartz, Middle Miocene sediments in the Southern
derived from granitic and/or metamorphic Mountains are quartz-rich, but are composed of
basement terrains or reworked sediments; many volcanic quartz (monocrystalline, clear, often
others are dominated by lithics and plagioclase bipyramidal) and are sourced from local acid
feldspars derived from andesitic volcanics. The volcanic rocks.
distribution of these two end-members varies
through space and time, and has not been The purpose of this short note is to contribute to
systematically been document for all of Java. the subject of Java sandstone provenance by
summarizing quantitative analyses on sandstone
In the first comprehensive study of the geology of compositions in the recent studies by Muljana &
Java, Verbeek and Fennema (1896) suggested that Watanabe (2012), Darman (1991), Siemers et al
most of the Neogene sandstones on Java were (1992) and Smyth et al (2008) and provide some
erosional products of volcanic rocks, and that additional data points as QFL (Quartz- Feldspar-
quartz-rich sandstones were either of Eocene age Lithics) ternary plots.
or were deposited in the proximity of Eocene rocks.
SANDSTONE GROUPS BASED ON MINERAL
Rutten (1925), however, studied 110 Neogene COMPOSITIONS
sandstones across Java and demonstrated that
many of the Miocene sandstones are also rich in There are two groups of sandstones based on their
quartz, particularly across the northern half Java composition: a) Non-quartz dominated sandstones
Island and on Madura Island (Figure 1). These and b) Quartz dominated sandstones.
have common 'dusty quartz' and quartz with
undulose extinction patterns (both indicative of Non-quartz dominated sandstones are found in
metamorphic quartz), and were interpreted as West and Central Java (G & F, Figure 1). Muljana
clastic material derived from 'old rocks of Sunda- & Watanabe (2012) studied the Miocene Cinambo
land'. He also observed that grain sizes of Neogene and Halang formation in Majalengka area, West
sands generally decrease in Southern direction Java. The quartz composition decreases from the
and that andesitic material is not common before lower to middle Miocene followed by increasing of
the Late Neogene (probably meaning Late Miocene rock fragment (Figures 2A and 2B). The rock
and younger). fragment composition was dominated by andesite
fragments. These sandstones were deposited when
More recent work in West Java by Clements and the magmatic and tectonic influences are
Hall (2007) and Clements et al. (2012) largely particularly dominant. The upper Miocene Halang
confirmed the patterns established by Rutten Formation is distinguished by the volcanic content.
(1925):
Darman (1991, Figure 2C) studied the upper
(1) Sandstones of Eocene and Oligocene age across Miocene Halang Formation in the north of Central
all of West Java are virtually all quartz-rich, and Java and here the sandstones have a lower quartz
can be tied to 'Sundaland' Pre-Tertiary granite content. The majority of the rock fragments are
and-metamorphic basement sources North of Java; volcanics and are rich in plagioclase minerals.
Similar to the Majalengka area, the Halang
(2) Increase in volcanic detritus in Early Miocene Formation is a turbidite deposit.
and younger sandstones, particularly in South
Java and the axial basins, where all sandstones of Based on the Dickinson classification diagram
this age are typically sourced from the Late (1985, Figure 2D) some of the Lower Miocene
Oligocene – Early Miocene "Old Andesites" volcanic sandstone were derived from a recycled orogeny
arc of the Southern mountains and the Late terrain. The upper Miocene Halang Formation
Miocene- Recent modern arc across the axial zone sandstones in both Majalengka and Brebes came
of Java. from a range of sources such as dissected to
undissected arc in the south to southeast of the

Number 26 – May 2013
Figure 1. Modified physiography map of Java after van Bemmelen (1949), which include locations of sandstone samples with point counting analysis and
the. distribution of quartz-rich ("old"; mainly in North) versus volcanics-rich ("effusive"; Southern Mountains and Bogor- Kendeng Troughs) sandstones across
Java (Rutten, 1925).
JAVA
Page 34 of 40
Figure 2. Quartz, Feldspar and Lithics ternary plot of sandstones from the Halang Formation. A and B are
from Majalengka, West Java and C is from Central Java. D is the provenance categories of sandstone based
on Dickinson (1985).
area.
during pre-Middle Eocene time, classified as Type
The sandstones compositions of the Bayah 1, in 3 locations (C in Figure 1). These are pre-
Formation (A, Figure 1) and the Walat Formation middle Eocene sandstones and described as
(B, Figure 1) of SW Java are dominated by quartz metamorphic quartz-rich sedimentary rocks,
(Figure 3). These formations were deposited during deposited in terrestrial environment
Eocene time (Siemers et al, 1992). The outcrop
analysis indicated a mix of fluvial and shallow In the Southern mountains Miocene volcanic
marine sandstones. In Central and East Java, quartz-rich sandstones were found in outcrops.
Smyth et al (2008) also found a number of quartz- Smyth et al (2008) classified these sandstones as
rich sandstones. The provenance of these Type 2 (Figure 4B), which are located in close
sandstones are interpreted as recycled orogen proximity to the acid volcanic centers of the
terrain in the north to northeast of the outcrops. Eocene to Lower Miocene Southern mountain arc
(Location D, Figure 1). The presence of lignite,
In the southern part of Central Java, Smyth et al channel structures and abundant rootlets, and the
(2008) found metamorphic quartz rich sandstone lack of marine fauna indicate a terrestrial
(Figure 4A), deposited in a terrestrial environment depositional setting (Smyth et al, 2008).

Figure 3. Quartz dominated sandstones of Bayah and Walat Formation, Southwest Java (Siemers et al,
1992).
Figure 4. Quartz dominated sandstones in

Eastern Java based on Smyth et al, 2008.
A) Type 1, B) Type 2 and C) Type 3
sandstones.

Mixed provenances of the Middle Eocene to REFERENCES

Miocene sandstone (E, in Figure 1) are common in
the eastern part of Java. Smyth et al (2008) call Clements, B., and Hall, R., 2007, Cretaceous to
these sandstones as Type 3 (Figure 4C). In the Late Miocene stratigraphic and tectonic
Southern mountain area these Type 3 sandstones evolution of West Java: Proc. 31st Ann. Conv.
are Middle Eocene in age, and part of the Indon. Petrol. Assoc. IPA07-G-037, 87-104.
Nanggulan Formation. Smyth also found quartz- Clements, B., Sevastjanova ,I., Hall, R., Belousova,
rich sandstone in a small outcrop in the Kendeng E.A., Griffin, W.L., and N. Pearson, N., 2012,
Basin, north of Central Java. Although it was Detrital zircon U-Pb age and Hf-isotope
found in Miocene Lutut Beds, it has been perspective on sediment provenance and
deposited on the southern margin of the basin and tectonic models in SE Asia. In: E.T. Rasbury et
have subsequently been deformed and moved al. (eds.) Mineralogical and geochemical
northwards to their present-day position by approaches to provenance: Geol. Soc. America
thrusting (Smyth et al, 2008). Additional Type 3 Spec. Paper 487, 37-61.
sandstones are found in Northeast Java, in the Darman, H., 1991, Geologi dan Stratigrafi Serta
Middle Miocene Ngrayong Formation. Studi Mineralogi Formasi Halang, Daerah
Bantarkawung dan Sekitarnya, Kabupaten
These 3 groups of sandstones described by Smyth Brebes, - Jawa Tengah, BSc Thesis.
et al (2008), mainly fall in the "Recycled Orogen" Dickinson, W. R., 1985, Interpreting Provenance
category in the QFL diagram of the Dickinson Relations from Detrital Modes of Sandstones, G.
(1985) classification. Some of the Type 3 G. Zuffa (ed.) Provenance of Arenites NATO ASI
sandstones plot in the "Craton Interior" category of Series, C 148: D. Reidel Publishing Company,
provenance. However, the quartz-rich Type 2 Dordrecht, 333–363.
sands are clearly of volcanic origin, demonstrating Muljana, B., and Watanabe, K., 2012, Modal and
to not rely exclusively on these ternary plots for Sandstone Composition of the Representative
sandstone provenance interpretation (a point Turbidite, from the Majalengka Sub-Basin, West
already stressed by Smyth et al. 2003, 2008). Java: Indonesia Journal of Geography and
Geology Vol. 4, No. 1, 3-17.
CONCLUSION Rutten, L., 1925, On the Origin of the Material of
the Neogene Rocks in Java: Koninklijke
Quartz rich sandstones are common in the Eocene Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam,
interval across Java, in the Miocene of the Proceedings Vol. XXIX, 1, 15-33.
northern part of Java Island. Feldspar and Siemers, C. T., Kleinhans, L. C., and Young, R.,
volcanic rock fragments are more dominant in 1992, SW Java Field Trip / Core Workshop:
most other Miocene sandstones. Indonesian Petroleum Association Post
Convention Field Trip guide book.
Sandstones from the Late Miocene Halang Smyth, H., Hall, R., Hamilton, J., and Kinny, P.,
Formation in northwest Java are dominated by 2003, Volcanic origin of quartz-rich sediments
feldspar and rock fragments. The observation in in East Java: Proc. 29th Ann. Conv. Indon.
Majalengka shows the reduction of quartz from the Petrol. Assoc. 1, p. 541-559.
lower to upper Miocene interval. Smyth, H., Hall, R., and Nichols, G. J., 2008,
Significant Volcanic Contribution to Some
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Quartz-Rich Sandstone, East Java: Journal of
Sedimentary Research, v. 78, 335–356.Van
The authors would like to thank those who Bemmelen, R. W., 1949. The Geology of
contributed to the discussion through personal e- Indonesia, Vol. 1A, Martinus Nijhof, The Hague
mail or FOSI LinkedIn network: Ma'ruf Mukti, Verbeek, R.D.M., and Fennema, R., 1896,
Fadhel Irza, Arif Rahutama and Iqbal Fardiansyah. Geologische beschrijving van Java en Madoera:
J.G. Stemler, Amsterdam, 2 vols + Atlas, 1135
p.

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The Indonesian Sedimentologists Forum (FOSI)

Number 26 – May 2013 Page 1 of 40

Editorial Board Advisory Board

Herman Darman Prof. Yahdi Zaim

Halang Formation outcrop at

Photo courtesy of Herman

From the Editor

Hopefully with this plan potential Herman Darman

FOSI‟s Linked-In group registered

INSIDE THIS ISSUE

Three-Dimensional Facies Modeling of

Call for paper

T he forum was founded in

(FOSI). This organization is a the International Association of

FOSI Group Member

Number 26 – May 2013 Page 4 of 40

Cenozoic Stratigraphy of the East Java Forearc

The study area is located in the offshore SE Java

Figure 2. Seismic grid used in this study and location of wells.

Number 26 – May 2013 Page 5 of 40

Figure 3. Approximately N-S seismic line across the East Java

Figure 4. Approximately E-W seismic line along the Java

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Figure 5. Parts of seismic

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Pre-Neogene: Units E and D Southern Mountains the Middle Eocene Nanggulan

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Middle Miocene Unit C particularly on structurally high areas associated

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Figure 11. Seismic section showing units at the southern

Number 26 – May 2013 Page 13 of 40

Unit A is interpreted to comprise Pliocene CONCLUSIONS

Number 26 – May 2013 Page 14 of 40

There was significant subsidence (Unit B) with REFERENCES

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A Brief History of GeoPangea Research Group

INTRODUCTION GPRG RESEARCH FOCUS

Figure 1. Some photos of GPRG’s field work

Figure 2. Experimental-based research of GPRG,

Number 26 – May 2013 Page 18 of 40

Three-Dimensional Facies Modeling of Deepwater Fan

The Kendeng Zone was the main depocenter for

Figure 1. Digital elevation

Number 26 – May 2013 Page 19 of 40

METHODS model. All of these steps were done by using

Number 26 – May 2013 Page 20 of 40

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The characteristic lithofacies comprised in each c. Pelagic mud

b. Sandstone sheets of submarine lower fan

This deposit consists of several lithofacies that can

Number 26 – May 2013 Page 23 of 40

C KJ-13 Index Map

Number 26 – May 2013 Page 24 of 40

Massive Sandstone Fasies Geometry

Figure 8. A) 3D sandbody modeling. B) Example statistics of massive sandstone facies sandbodies. C)