L. Minashvili - Axali Qartuli LITERATURA - II

axali qarTuli literaturis istoria
II
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
axali qarTuli literaturis istoria
II
axali qarTuli literaturis istoriis kaTedris mier momzadebuli wi-
namdebare wigni warmoaCens im wvlilsa da damsaxurebas, romelic XIX sauku-
nis, kerZod misi meore naxevris, mwerlobas miuZRvis mravalsaukunovani
qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis saqmeSi.
saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia umaRlesi saswavleblebis humanitaruli
fakultetebis studentebisa da farTo mkiTxveli sazogadoebisaTvis.
saredaqcio kolegia: iuza evgeniZe

Tengiz kikaCeiSvili (redaqtori)
lado minaSvili (redaqtori)
salome yubaneiSvili
jumber WumburiZe
recenzentebi: daviT wowkolauri

ivane jagodniSvili
© Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2010
ISBN 978-9941-13-166-0
saredaqcio kolegiisgan
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis axali qarTuli literaturis istoriis ka-
Tedram pirvelad 1956 wels, xelmeored ki 1972 wels gamos-
ca àxali qarTuli literaturis istoriis~ saxelmZRvane-
los I wigni. winamdebare naSromi warmoadgens àxali qar-
Tuli literaturis istoriis~ saxelmZRvanelos meore
nakveTs, romelic moicavs periods XIX saukunis 60-iani
wlebidan saukunis dasasrulis CaTvliT.
qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi miTiTebuli xana
azrovnul-literaturuli mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva.
bunebrivia, rom politikur, socialur Tu literaturul
TvalsazrisTa naTesaobis gverdiT Sesabamis poziciaTa
dapirispirebulobac arsebobs, magram azrTa am Widilis
regulireba qarTuli sazogadoebriv-literaturuli az-
rovnebis udidesma figuram — ilia WavWavaZem iTava da epo-
qis saukeTeso moRvaweebTan da did SemoqmedebTan erTad
mxolod azrTa sxvadasxvaobis procesSi dabadebuli WeSma-
ritebis Rirebuleba gamokveTa. aseTi pozicia Rrmad gan-
Wvretili da bunebrivic aRmoCnda, radgan, principulad,
qarTvel mwerlebsa da moazrovneebs kvebavda da asazrdo-
ebda, urTierTTan akavSirebda saqarTvelosa da qarTveli
kacis erovnul-socialur, zneobriv, pirovnul Tavisuf-
lebaze fiqri. amitomac gaxda am epoqis literatura saTa-
nadod pasuxismgebeli eris maSindeli sulieri da fiziku-
ri mdgomareobis warmoCenis didad mniSvnelovan saqmeSi,
amasTan, is dResac qarTveli eris momavali Rirseuli ar-
sebobis udidesi funqciis matarebeli fenomeni gaxlavT.
winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo konkretulad aSuqebs
XIX saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli literaturuli az-
rovnebis procesebs, avlens maT specifikas ganviTarebis
sxvadasxva etapze, ikvlevs calkeul mweralTa cxovrebisa
da Semoqmedebis istorias, afasebs maTi publicistikisa da
mxatvruli nawarmoebebis sazogadoebriv-politikur, fi-
losofiur da eTikur mniSvnelobas, aanalizebs Txzuleba-
5
Ta enobriv-stilistikur da stilistur qsovils da yove-
live amiT saTanadod amzeurebs eris epoqalur sulier
kulturas, fsiqikur wyobas, ideologiuri moZraobis bu-
nebas.
saxelmZRvanelos meore nakveTis avtorebi arian:
pr.kekeliZe (àkaki wereTeli~), a. Wilaia (`giorgi were-
Teli~), gr. kiknaZe (`vaJa-fSavela~), ap. maxaraZe (àleqsandre
yazbegi~, `baCana~), s. xuciSvili (ànton furcelaZe~, `sof-
rom mgalobliSvili~, èkaterine gabaSvili~), b. bardaveliZe
(`daviT kldiaSvili~), j. WumburiZe (`XIX saukunis 60-70-iani
wlebi~, `XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebi~), l. minaSvili (ìlia Wav-
WavaZe~, ìoseb daviTaSvili~), i.evgeniZe (`niko lomouri~, èg-
nate ninoSvili~, `saukunis dasasruli~), T. kikaCeiSvili (`Te-
do razikaSvili~).
6
XIX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebi
60-iani wlebi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis periodia ruseTisa da saqar-

Tvelos azrovnebis istoriaSi. rogorc cnobilia, moicavs yirimis omis Semdeg-
droindel aTeul wels da xasiaTdeba didi socialuri erupciebiT. 60-iani wle-
bi garkveuli cnebaa da, maSasadame, Tavisi Sinaarsis matarebeli.
60-iani wlebis umniSvnelovanesi Sedegebia ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis
mZlavri aRmavloba da batonymuri institutis mospoba. am ukanasknel movlenas
axasiaTeben rogorc gadatrialebas, rasac Sedegad mohyva sazogadoebis erTi
formis Secvla meoriT — batonymobisa kapitalizmiT.
Cven ar gamovudgebiT am periodis sazogadoebrivi procesebis ganmsazR-
vreli ekonomikuri faqtorebis daxasiaTebas. specialur literaturaSi es kar-
gad aris cnobili. amJamad CvenTvis sainteresoa aRvniSnoT, rom saqarTvelo,
romelic me-19 saukunis damdegidan Cabmuli iyo ruseTis imperiis saerTo eko-
nomikur cxovrebaSi, kvaldakval mihyveboda ruseTis ganviTarebas. marTalia, am
mxriv is ramdenadme yovelTvis CamorCeboda imperiis centraluri guberniebis
temps, magram ganviTarebis procesi analogiuri iyo. aseve literaturisa da xe-
lovnebis sferoSic saqarTvelo, istoriuli aucileblobis Sedegad, ruseTis
kulturis ganviTarebis gzas mihyveboda da yoveli didi istoriul-sazogadoeb-
rivi moZraoba maleve poulobda aq gamoZaxils. ueWvelia, rom am mxrivac zogi-
erTi mniSvnelovani literaturuli procesi ramdenime wlis mogvianebiT iCenda
Tavs CvenSi, magram sxvaoba arcTu ise didi iyo. yovel SemTxvevaSi, revoluci-
ur-demokratiuli ganwyobilebani, brZola batonymobis winaaRmdeg da ganmaTa-
visuflebeli moZraobis saerTo aRmavloba, d.WonqaZisa da, gansakuTrebiT, Ter-
gdaleulTa gamosvlis Semdeg, faqtia, mebrZoli, realisturi literaturisa da
xelovnebis mniSvnelovani problemebi, romlebic 60-iani wlebis rusma moRvawe-
ebma gaaSuqes, ZiriTadad, amave dros da amdagvaradve gadaWres qarTvelma samo-
cianelebmac. am TvalsazrisiT 60-iani wlebi saqarTveloSi Sinaarsobrivad da
qronologiurad met-naklebad emTxveva ruseTis 60-iani wlebis moZraobas.
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom socialur protests, rac upiratesad ba-
tonymobis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli, saqarTveloSi daemTxva Zlieri erovnul-
ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba. Cveni qveynis politikuri mdgomareobis Tval-
sazrisiT es savsebiT kanonzomieri movlena iyo. momwifebuli sazogadoebrivi
problemis Sedegad erovnuli grZnobisa da Segnebis axali safexuri gamovlinda
da patriotulma tendenciam, romelic Cvens mwerlobas yovelTvis axasiaTebda,
60-iani wlebis literaturaSi axali ZaliT iCina Tavi. saqarTveloSi 60-iani wle-
bisaTvis niSandoblivi yvela es momenti Cinebulad daaxasiaTa i. WavWavaZem Ta-
vis cnobil statiaSi `werilebi qarTul literaturaze~:
`TvalnaTlad dasanaxia, rom samocian wlebSi axali xana dawyebul iqna... sa-
mocian wlebSi yvelaze uwinares gamobrwyinda daviwyebuli sityva `mamuli~ mTe-
lis Tavis gulTmimzidvel da didebul mniSvnelobiTa ... aRdgenilma mamulma
dahbada mamulis siyvaruli, mamulis-Sviloba da sakvirveli ar aris, rom misi
warsuli, misi awmyo da mermisi kvlevisa da gamoZiebis sagnad Seiqmna. `vina varT
da rani varT~ — am zRvaebr farTo sakiTxs Semoejara gars Cveni mwerloba ...pro-
ziT Tu leqsiT, yvela hRaRadebda adamianobis darRveul uflebis saxeliTa da
TviT mosaqme cxovrebis gankargebis wyurviliTa. am egreT-wodebul `realurma
mimarTulebam~ Cvenis azrianobisam Cveni goneba daakvirva Cvens miwier av-kargi-
anobas da samocian wlebidan dRevandlamde, am ocdaaTi wlis manZilze, bevri sa-
yuradRebo Rvawli dasdo, bevri nayofieri Tesli dahyara samermisod.
... samocian wlebamde — al. WavWavaZedam dawyebuli — Cveni poezia TiTo-
orola magaliTebs garda, isic ormocdaaTian wlebis bolo xanebSi, dahfufu-
nebda Cvenis didkacobis gulTa-Tqmas, TiTqos ukadrisobs amaT gare raime saga-
ni upovos poezias. samocian wlebma am viwrod SemoRobils sarbiels Cveni poezi-
isas Tavisi talRa gahkres da Semoamtvries Robeebi. am xanaSi moRvaweebma miag-
nes rom mdabioTa cxovrebaSiac aris adamianuri gulTa-Tqma; rom am mdabioTa
guli igive zRvaa, saca Tu ara meti, naklebi margalitebi ar aris glovisa da si-
xarulisa, Wirisa da lxinisa, Zulebisa da siyvarulisa; rom am mdabioTaca aqvT
Tavisi idealebi, Tavisi sanatrelebi, oRond ki kacs madli hqondes amaebis da-
naxvisa, amaebis gamoxatvisa~.1
sadavo ar aris, rom is, rac samocian wlebSi Cvenma mwerlobam Seqmna, upir-
veles yovlisa, qarTuli sinamdvilis adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi urTierTo-
bis Sedegi iyo. savsebiT momwifda niadagi axali ideebis warmoSobisa da ganviTa-
rebisaTvis. amave dros am axals organuli kavSiri ar gauwyvetia erovnuli war-
sulis did tradiciebTan, swored amitom, gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebis mem-
kvidreoba Cveni erovnuli kulturis sasicocxlo interesebs gamoxatavda. mag-
ram cxadia isic, rom axali tendenciebis intensiur ganviTarebas didad Seuwyo
xeli rogorc evropis, aseve ruseTis progresulma azrovnebam. gansakuTrebiT
mowinave rusulma kulturam `didi zemoqmedeba iqonia~ saqarTvelos inteleq-
tualuri cxovrebis winsvlaze, TviTon ilia aRniSnavda 1889 wels, gahyurebda
ra ganvlil gzas:
`Tqma ar unda, rom rusulma literaturam didi xelmZRvaneloba gagviwia
warmatebis gzazed da didi zemoqmedeba iqonia yovels maszed, rac Cvens suliers
ZalRones Seadgens da Cvens gonebas, Cvens azrs, rom grZnobasa da erTob Cvens mi-
marTulebas zed daaCnia man Tavisi avkargianoba. ar aris dRes CvenSi arc erTi
moRvawe da moqmedi kaci mwerlobaSi, Tu sazogado saqme sarbielzed, rom Tavisu-
fali iyos xsenebul literaturis zegavlenisagan. sakvirvelic ar aris: rusulma
skolam — mecnierebam gagviRo kari ganaTlebisa da rusulmave literaturam moa-
woda sazrdo Cvens gonebasa da gamohkveba Cveni azri moZraobis gzazed~.2
am mxriv qarTveli samocianelebis ideur-SemoqmedebiT evoluciaSi gansa-
kuTrebuli roli Seasrules rusma revolucioner-demokratebma — b.belinskim,
n.CerniSevskim, n.dobrolubovma... Cveni moRvaweebi xSirad emyarebodnen maT av-
toritets.
cnobilia, rom polemika rusuli presis furclebze n. CerniSevskis sama-
gistro Sromis garSemo (`xelovnebis esTetikuri damokidebuleba sinamdviles-
Tan~, 1855 w.) am wignis meore gamocemis Semdeg daiwyo; 1865 wlidan gansakuTre-
biT gaZlierda interesi èsTetikuri damokidebulebisadmi~ da igi gacxovelebu-
li msjelobis sagnad iqca (daibeWda soloviovis statiebi JernalSi òteCestven-
nie zapiski~, zaicevis recenzia `russkoe slovoSi~, antonoviCis statia — `Tana-
medrove esTetikuri Teoria~ — `sovremennikSi~, pisarevis èsTetikis ganadgure-
ba~ da sxv).3 sagulisxmoa, rom Cvens samocianelebs adreve, sanam es didi xmauri
atydeboda presis furclebze CerniSevskis wignis garSemo, miuqceviaT yuradR-
eba `saratoveli seminarielis~ SromisaTvis da, TergdaleulTa pirveli gamos-
vlebidanve, xelSesaxebi gaxda rusi moazrovnis gavlena mowinave qarTul inte-
ligenciaze.
1
i l i a W a v W a v a Z e , TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, III, 1953, gv. 224-230.
2
i l i a W a v W a v a Z e , TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, VIII, 1957, gv. 332.
3
ix. n. C e r n i S e v s k i , rCeuli filosofiuri Txzulebani, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademia,
Tb., 1955, komentarebi, gv. 652-653.
8
isic cnobilia, rom 1862 wlis ivlisidan Zneli da saxifaTo iyo CerniSev-
skis saxelis damowmeba oficialuri presis furclebze. TviT n. nikolaZe, rome-
lic, saerTod, CerniSevskis gavlenas xazgasmiT aRniSnavs Tavis mogonebebsa da
publicistur werilebSi, 70-iani wlebis dasasrulisTvisac ki iZulebulia pre-
saSi SemovliT ilaparakos CerniSevskize.1 miuxedavad amisa, 60-ian wlebSi ram-
denjerme gamoCnda CerniSevskis saxeli TviT Jurnal `ciskarSi~. pirvelad ant.
furcelaZem axsena igi i. WavWavaZesTan polemikis dros:
àra, uf. WavWavaZe, Cvena da Tqven am SemTxvevaSi belinskoba da CerniSev-
skoba ar gamogvadgeba! jer koWic aris unda migvigvandes imaTa da mere mivba-
ZoT~.2 Semdeg uloRikom daasaxela CerniSevski, rodesac daviT yifians ekamaTe-
boda:
àq, me vici, uf. yifiani Tvalebs damibrialebs da SemomWyivlebs: maS, Sen av-
toritetebi ginda, avtoritetebis pativiscema da ara gandevna!! maS, Sen `sovre-
menniki~ ar wagikiTxavs! maS, Sen CerniSevskisa ara wagikiTxavsra! maS Sen, dobro-
lubovis wignebSi ar Cagixednia!..3
rogorc vxedavT, n.CerniSevskis saxeli ara marto damowmebulia am avtore-
bis mier, aramed rusi moazrovnis mniSvnelobac aris aRiarebuli. yovelive es
imaze miuTiTebs, rom rusi revolucioner-demokratebis ideebis gavlena qar-
Tvel mowinave inteligenciaze cxovelmyofeli iyo da man, upirveles yovlisa,
Tavi iCina saliteraturo kritikis sferoSi.
cxadia, rodesac am ideur-literaturul urTierTobaze vlaparakobT, yo-
velTvis unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom rusuli progresuli kulturis gavlena
qarTvel moRvaweebze brma xasiaTisa rodi iyo. Cveni samocianelebi Segnebulad
iTvisebdnen axal literaturul principebs da yovelive amas qarTul sinamdvi-
les ufardebdnen. uwinares yovlisa, erovnuli mwerlobis saWiroebani, Cveni si-
namdvilis konkretuli moTxovnilebani gansazRvravda qarTveli samocianele-
bis ideur-esTetikur mrwamss. amitom, bunebrivia, rom maT ara marto kritiku-
lad aiTvises axali principebi, rogorc amas araerTxel dabejiTebiT aRniSnavs
i. WavWavaZe, aramed, erovnuli kulturis saWiroebaTa mixedviT, mravali Tavise-
burebac gamoamJRavnes. xSir SemTxvevaSi Cvens samocianelebs gansxvavebuli az-
ri da gza hqondaT. magaliTad, i. WavWavaZe, romelic, saerTod, iyenebda belin-
skis statias `vai Wkuisagan~, rodi iziarebda am statiis erT-erT ZiriTad Tezas,
rom `yovelive arsebuli gonivrulia~ (Teza, romelic Semdeg TviT belinskim
uaryo, aRebuli iyo hegelis moZRvrebidan) iseve, rogorc igi ar iziarebda be-
linskis Sexedulebas satiraze. Tavisi moRvaweobis pirvel periodSi, emyarebo-
da ra hegelis zemoaRniSnul debulebas, imave statiaSi belinski amtkicebda,
rom `satira ar SeiZleba iyos mxatvruli nawarmoebi~, ilias ki g.erisTavis, ro-
gorc mwerlis, erT-erT damsaxurebad miaCnda swored satiris Semotana Cvens
literaturaSi.4 aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom, marTalia, ilia sargeblobs belin-
skis recenziiT i.kozlovis leqsTa krebulze, magram igi savsebiT rodi eTanxme-
ba kozlovis poeziis belinskiseul Sefasebas. rusi kritikosisagan gansxvave-
biT, ilia kozlovis poetur memkvidreobas srulebiT umniSvnelod miiCnevs da
sxv.
1
ix. magaliTad, krebuli 1873, 4. dawvr. ix. s. xundaZe, masalebi qarTuli literaturisa da sa-
zogadoebrivi azrovnebis istoriisaTvis, Tb., 1949.
2
ciskari, 1863, #3, gv. 445.
3
ciskari, 1863, #9, gv. 117.
4
i l i a W a v W a v a Z e , werilebi qarTul literaturaze, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t. III, 1953, gv.
222.
aq isic ar unda daviviwyoT, rom ilia, ra Tqma unda, belinskis saerTo Sexedulebebidan amodioda,
belinskis kritikuli memkvidreobis saerTo xasiaTs iTvaliswinebda, angariSs uwevda ra misi Semo-
qmedebis meore periods.
9
saerTod ki Cveni samocianelebi rusi revolucioner-demokratebis mier
wamoyenebul principebs imarjveben mSobliuri literaturis kvleva-Ziebisa da
analizis dros da amkvidreben saqarTveloSi realistur saliteraturo kriti-
kas.
amitom iyo, rom qarTvelma samocianelebma, kerZod ki Tergdaleulebma,
SeZles SeeqmnaT farTo TvalTaxedviT aRWurvili, moqalaqeobrivi paTosiT aR-
savse, mebrZoli literatura da kritika, romlis devizi sazogadoebrivi inte-
resebis samsaxuri iyo, rac 60-iani wlebis inteleqtualur cxovrebas saerTod
axasiaTebda. es Segnebuli mizanswrafva ase gamoxata im drois erT-erTma mowinave
kritikosma da publicistma k.lorTqifaniZem: `Tu Cveni sakuTari interesi ar da-
Cumdeba sazogado interesis win, maSin Cvens gzasa da kvals veravin gaigebso~.1
amitom qarTvel samocianelebs ar SeeZloT gaeziarebinaT kritikis karamzi-
niseuli daxasiaTebis erTi mniSvnelovani momenti, rasac zogierTi qarTveli li-
teratori imeorebda: ùpirvelesi wesi kritikisa aris, — rogorc hswers karamzi-
ni, — umetesad vaqoT Rirsi qebisa, viremc vaZagoT, romlisa Zageba SeiZleba~.2
Cvens samocianelebs, piriqiT, miaCndaT, rom kritikis erTi upirvelesi mo-
valeobaa dadebiTis CvenebasTan erTad Seufaravad amxilos naklovanebani da
amitom igi unda iyos aqtiuri, mebrZoli da ukompromiso.
60-ian wlebSi gansakuTrebiT Zlierdeba polemika qarTvel literatorTa
Soris. es garemoeba savsebiT gasagebia, ramdenadac amas ganapirobebda salite-
raturo kritikis momwifeba da presis ganviTareba maSindel rTul socialur
viTarebaSi. polemika bunebrivad Tan axlavs kritikas da, rac ufro maRal safe-
xurzea es ukanaskneli, miT ufro xSirad iCens Tavs igi kritikis istoriaSi. 50-
ian wlebSi dawyebuli polemika 60-ian wlebSi didad farTovdeba da axal Sinaar-
ssa da mniSvnelobas iZens. winaaRmdegoba e.w. Zvelsa da axal Taobebs Soris, uwi-
nares yovlisa, saliteraturo kritikis sferoSi gamomJRavnda. jer `ciskris~
furclebze gaiSala paeqroba, xolo Semdeg `ciskarsa~ da `saqarTvelos moambis~
TanamSromlebs Soris. am xanebSi polemika arc erTi da imave rwmenis adamianebs
Soris iyo iSviaTi. yovelive amis wyalobiT 60-iani wlebis periodi Zalze mraval-
ferovani da sainteresoa kritikuli azris mkvlevarTaTvis.
amJamad, rodesac istoriuli TvalsazrisiT SevxedavT 60-iani wlebis po-
lemikas, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom literatorTa Zveli Taobis warmomadgen-
lebic Tavisi qveynis Svilebi iyvnen. Cveni mizani is ki ar aris, rom erTi davamci-
roT, raTa meoris mniSvneloba gamovaCinoT, saqme ise ki ar unda warmovidginoT,
rom Zveli Taobis literatorebi uvicebi da Cveni kulturis moZuleni iyvnen.
maTac hqondaT TavianTi principebi, usazRvrod uyvardaT erovnuli mwerloba
da Tu dros CamorCnen, es istoriuli aucileblobiT iyo ganpirobebuli.
polemika Zveli Taobis literatorebsa da axal Taobas Soris gardauvali
aRmoCnda, radgan pirvelni, umetes SemTxvevaSi, verc amaRldnen epoqis moTxov-
nebis gagebamde, xSirad ar esmodaT wamoWrili sakiTxebis principuli mniSvne-
loba. Jurnali `ciskaric~, romelic maT mier iyo daarsebuli, TandaTan CamorCa
dros, Tumca man dasaxuli amocana Seasrula da didad Seuwyo xeli erovnuli
literaturis warmatebas. is progresul rols TamaSobda Tavisi arsebobis pir-
vel wlebSi, magram TergdaleulTa gamosvlis Semdeg, romlebmac axali ideebi
da principebi Semoitanes, `ciskarma~ TandaTan dakarga mniSvneloba, radgan ve-
Rar SeZlo samociani wlebis diad moZraobas kvaldakval mihyoloda.
aman ganapiroba axali Taobis mier sakuTari organos — `saqarTvelos moam-
bis~ daarseba 1863 wels. marTalia, Jurnalma mxolod erTi weli iarseba, magram
misi roli da mniSvneloba scildeba 60-iani wlebis farglebs. momdevno xanebSi
1
ciskari, 1862, #9, gv. 48.
2
a. s a v a n e l i , mkiTxvelTadmi, ciskari, 1857, #4, gv. 28.
10
gamosuli perioduli gamocemebi (`droeba~ 1866 wlidan, `krebuli~ 1871 wlidan)
didad arian davalebuli `saqarTvelos moambisagan~, agrZeleben mis tradiciebs
da, `saqarTvelos moambis~ msgavsad, cdiloben axali ideebis Tanmimdevrulad
gatarebas.
ra principiT gamovida `saqarTvelos moambe~? movusminoT mis redaqtors —
i. WavWavaZes:
`xelovnebasac imas movTxovT, rom sarkesaviT cxovreba gadmoices, raTa
Cveni Tavi mis momxiblavis kalmiT cxovlad iyos warmomdgari Cven wina, raTa si-
cudec da sikeTec Cven davinaxoT... iq, cxovrebis ZirSi is ipovis bevr margalits
da ufro bevr leqssa da lafsa; arc erTis gamoxatva ar unda aSinebdes xelovne-
basa da arc meorisa, arc erTis gamoTqma da arc meorisa ar unda aSinebdes Jur-
nalsa~.1
`saqarTvelos moambe~ ZiriTadad sami sakiTxis gaSuqebas cdilobda: socia-
luri problema — umTavresad batonymobis winaaRmdeg brZola, erovnul-ganman-
Tavisuflebeli moZraoba da realisturi xelovnebis danergva.
am principebisaTvis Jurnals ar uRalatnia. am TvalsazrisiT unda Sevafa-
soT `saqarTvelos moambis~ roli da mniSvneloba realisturi esTetikis da li-
teraturis ganviTarebaSi.
marTalia, 50-iani wlebis kritikam saerTod moumzada niadagi esTetikuri
azris intensiur ganviTarebas 60-ian wlebSi, magram ar unda daviviwyoT, rom wina
Taobis mweralTa Soris bevri dabejiTebiT icavda konservatorul da arqaul Se-
xedulebebs. literatorTa am jgufTan samocianelTa Sejaxeba aucilebeli iyo,
ramac Cveni kulturis istoriaSi òri Taobis brZolis~ saxelwodeba miiRo. mag-
ram samocianelTa mxareze iyo farTo ganaTleba, erudicia, istoriuli simarTle.
Zalebi araTanabari aRmoCnda, da, bunebrivia, rom dawyebuli polemika litera-
torTa `Zvel~ da àxal~ Taobebs Soris ukanasknelis gamarjvebiT damTavrda.
CvenTvis amJamad gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani ki is aris, rom am polemikam qar-
Tvel mweralTa da kritikosTa mTeli Taoba gamoaCina.
am Taobis upirvelesi warmomadgenlebi iyvnen: i. WavWavaZe da a. wereTeli.
maT mxardamxar iRvwodnen: g. wereTeli, n. nikolaZe, k.lorTqifaniZe, a. furce-
laZe da mravali sxva. maT yvelas erTi azri da miswrafeba aerTianebdaT. magram
mainc gamorCeulia roli ilia WavWavaZisa, romelic 60-iani wlebis didi sazoga-
doebrivi da literaturuli moZraobis WeSmariti Tavkaci iyo da romelmac na-
xevari saukunis manZilze `kalTiT atara~ Cveni mwerlobis bedi da ubedoba. ukve
misi pirveli literaturul-kritikuli statia — òriode sityva Tavad revaz
Salvas Zis erisTavis kozlovis mier `SeSlili~-s Targmnazeda~, romelic 1861
wels gamoqveynda `ciskarSi~ (#4), axali Taobis literaturul manifestad iqca.
aq Camoyalibebuli principebi daedo ZiriTadad safuZvlad axali Taobis Sem-
dgom literaturul saqmianobas.
mweralTa da kritikosTa am axalma Taobam erovnuli kulturis winaSe far-
To problemebi dasaxa da qarTvel mkiTxvels didad gaufarTova TvalTaxedvis
are. es axalgazrdebi sakmaod sworad arCevdnen Zveli da axali mwerlobis did
warmomadgenlebs da, am mxriv, maT erTiani Tvalsazrisi hqondaT. es ki saSuale-
bas aZlevda qarTvel samocianelebs ara marto axali saxelebi gaecnoT mkiTxve-
lisaTvis da am mxriv gaefarTovebinaT kritikuli msjelobis sfero, aramed ki-
dec ganesazRvraT erovnuli mwerlobis ganviTarebis saWiro tendenciebi.
yvela samocianeli mwerali da kritikosi samoRvaweo asparezze Camoyali-
bebuli SexedulebebiT, principebiT gamovida da amisda Sesabamisad daiwyo li-
teraturuli saqmianoba. ra Tqma unda, es imas ki ar niSnavs, rom isini mwerlobas
1
i l i a W a v W a v a Z e , `saqarTvelos moambezed~, Txz. kr., t. III.
11
xelobad irCevdnen, raTa TavianTi azrebi eqadagnaT, am adamianebs hqondaT nam-
dvili mowodeba Semoqmedisa da niWs is Rirsebac emateboda, rom maT icodnen, ra
unda eTqvaT, esmodaT xelovnebis didi sazogadoebrivi daniSnuleba. swored sa-
mociani wlebis qarTulma kritikam sabolood gaucnobiera mkiTxvels xelovne-
bis buneba, funqcia da mizandasaxuloba. man ara marto daazusta da daasabuTa
wina periodis kritikis mier wamoyenebuli debulebebi, aramed saerTod axali
problemebi daayena; 60-iani wlebis literaturam daamkvidra CvenSi realisturi
xelovnebis principebi da amitom dabejiTebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom es iyo qar-
Tuli mwerlobis ganviTarebis axali safexuri.
***
samocdaaTiani wlebi — es aris batonymobis gadavardnis Semdegdroindeli

periodi, romelic Tavisi politikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri tendenciebiT
sakmaod gansxvavdeba 60-iani wlebisagan. saglexo reformam ver gaamarTla masze
damyarebuli imedebi. amitom iyo, rom revoluciur-demokratiulad ganwyobili
inteligencia Seufaravad akritikebda reformis Sedegebs, kerZod, Tavs esxmoda
`droebiT valdebulTa instituts~. il. WavWavaZe aRniSnavda: `gamoicvleba 172
muxlis ZalaTa awindeli wilaRobili Rala da kuluxi Tu ara, mainc da mainc amas
vityviT, rom es ar aris gvirgvini batonymobis saqmisa. eg Suagzaa ukeTesi mas-
zed rac aris da uaresi maszed rac sanatrelia. magazed gaCereba yovlad SeuZ-
lebelia. dRes Tu xval saWiroeba moiTxovs, rom glexi miwis patronad Seiqmnas...
yvelaze umTavresi mizezi, romelic naymevsa da memamuleebis daxsnas xels uS-
lis da didad abrkolebs, is aris, rom naymevi mamuls ver iyidis, Tu mebatone am-
as ar moiwadinebs... batonymobaSi dabadebuls, batonymobaSi gamozrdils, rasak-
virvelia, eZneleba, guli eTanaRreba, rom mis garSemo batonobas Zala aRara
aqvs da fiqrobs raki wyals mivyevarT, xavss mainc moveWidoo. xavsad kidev mize-
ziani meoTxedoba gauxdia da amas magrad eWideba. rasakvirvelia, am gvaris meba-
tonisaTvis mamulis gayidva, romelic glexis srul ganTavisuflebas moaswa-
vebs, sanatreli ar iqneba, radganac amiT moispoba is mizezi, ra mizeziTac dRes
glexi Zalauneburad begaras uwevs~.1
amitom brZola batonymobis gadmonaSTebis winaaRmdeg erT-erTi upirve-
lesi amocana iyo qarTveli samocianelebisa, romelTa mxatvrul Semoqmedebasa
da publicistikaSi sakmao sisruliT aisaxa 70-iani wlebis ZiriTadi tendenciebi.
amitomaa, rom maT SemoqmedebaSi axali ZaliT iCens Tavs erovnul-ganmanTavi-
suflebeli moZraobis motivebic. araa SemTxveviTi, rom 70-iani wlebis damdegs
aqveynebs ilia `glaxis naambobsac~ da `mgzavris werilebsac~. Cveni samocianele-
bi, kerZod ki Tergdaleulebi, kvlav am ori ZiriTadi Temis gaSuqebas eswrafvi-
an, magram TandaTan aqcenti erovnul problemaze gadaaqvT, ramdenadac i. WavWa-
vaZisa da mis TanamoazreTa SexedulebiT, batonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg upirve-
lesi sakiTxi `qarTlis bedis~ gadawyvetaa, aqeTken unda warimarTos mTeli
erovnuli energia da mis gadaWras unda mohyves sxva problemebis mogvarebac.
marTalia, 60-ian wlebSi arsebiTad damTavrda brZola `Zvelsa~ da àxal~
Taobebs Soris, samocianelebma faqtobrivad daamkvidres TavianTi socialur-
politikuri da esTetikuri Sexedulebebi, magram maSindel rTul sazogadoeb-
riv pirobebSi winaaRmdegoba grZeldeboda da amitom moulodneli ar aris, rom
70-ian wlebSi igi kvlav gamomJRavnda mxatvrul literaturasa, publicistikasa
da saliteraturo kritikaSi. brZolis ganaxleba gamoiwvia Semdegma faqtma: 1871
1
i l i a W a v W a v a Z e , `cxovreba da kanoni~. Txz. sr. krebuli, t. 6, 1956, gv. 25.
12
w. saqarTveloSi unda Camosuliyo imperatori aleqsandre II. Tavadaznauroba am-
zadebda imperatorisaTvis misarTmev adress. sagangebo yrilobam, Tergdaleul-
Ta gavleniT, daadgina moeTxova universitetis gaxsna TbilisSi, magram Tavadaz-
naurobis winamZRolma (marSalma) revaz andronikaSvilma mefis nacvlisa da kavka-
siis saswavlo olqis mzrunvelis baron nikolais zegavleniT waradgina sxva mi-
marTva, romelSic, nacvlad universitetisa, moiTxovdnen kadetTa korpusis gax-
snas. igi Sedgenili iyo komisiis mier, romelSic Sediodnen g.muxran-batoni,
d.jorjaZe, iase WavWavaZe, b.RoRoberiZe da m.TumaniSvili (am ukanasknelis zogi
biografi saqmes cota sxvagvarad warmogvidgens da amtkicebs, rom m. TumaniSvili
momxre iyo universitetis gaxsnisa).
am ùqveSevrdomilesi~ grZnobis gamovlenam moTminebidan gamoiyvana i. Wav-
WavaZe da amave wels dawera `gamocanebi~ da `kidev gamocanebi~. am pamfletebSi,
romlebic imdroindeli gavleniani pirebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli, iliam
yvelas Rirseulad miuzRo.
`gamocanebs~ gamoepasuxa grigol orbeliani da gaCaRda polemika. akakim es
periodi daaxasiaTa, rogorc ùcenzuro mwerlobis~ gavrcelebis xana (ramdena-
dac es pamfletebi maSindel presaSi ki ar qveyndeboda, aramed xelnawerebis sa-
xiT vrceldeboda). rogorc cnobilia, gr.orbeliani 60-ian wlebSi TaobaTa
brZolaSi ar Careula. igi Wkviani da ukve cxovrebagamovlili kaci, grZnobda,
rom simarTle axali Taobis mxareze iyo. magram axla, rodesac uSualod mis pi-
rovnebasac Seexnen (Tumca iliam, sxvebTan SedarebiT, igi sakmaod rbilad gaken-
wla), gr. orbelianma wonasworoba dakarga da dawera Tavisi cnobili `pasuxi
SvilTa~, romlis pirveli varianti (`gamocanebis pasuxis~ saTauriT) gacilebiT
uxeSia, vidre mogviano, 1874 wlis redaqcia.
gr. orbelianma am leqsSi sastikad gakicxa axali Taoba. mas umecreba, laC-
roba, gadagvareba dasdo bralad da amayad miuTiTa `mamaTa~ warsulze. `Svi-
lebs~ enis waxdenac ki daayvedra:
`maT uswavlelTa, cru rusTavelTa
sul wagvibilwes ena mdidari,
ena maRali, mis Zali, madli
uwyalod waxda uwmindurT xelSi!~
da didma poetma da aristokratma ase daitira saqarTvelo:
`he, sasurvelo gmirTa mamulo,
nuTu Sen marTlad esred damcirdi,
rom Sensa bedsa, Sensa imedsa
daexelmwifnen cru poetebi?
cru liberalni, patriotebi,
mesxi, mevele, meliq-aRebi?!~
ilia WavWavaZes upasuxod ar dautovebia es pamfleti da leqsSi `pasuxis
pasuxi~ (1872 w.) ukve aRar dazoga mxcovani poeti:
`...Cven vvleT ruseTi, magram arc erTi,
xeloba Tqveni ar gviswavlia,
Cveni qveyana, mkvdari Tqvengana,
Tqvenebr Cinebzed ar gagvicvlia~.
iliam piriqiT dasdo bralad `mamebs~ ènis waxdena~:
ìs ar xarT Tqvena, rom RviZli ena
brZanebiT dasTmeT aRmosakveTad?!
SiSiT — arc karSi da aRarc saxlSi
mas aRar xmarobT Tqvenda sarcxvenad~.
13
ilias mxedvelobaSi hqonda senator giorgi muxranskis wignaki `О существе
национальной индивидуальности и об образовательном значении крупных единиц~ (1872 w.),
sadac avtori patara erTa enis asimilaciis garduvalobas amtkicebda did erTa
enasTan. ilia werda:
`pirvel Tqvenganma, ima bedSavma,
mas mkvdris sudara gadaafara~.
amitom ilias ufleba hqonda ganecxadebia:
`Tqvengan gmobili, Tqvengan ltolvili
ena Cvens qoxSi Cven SevifareT,
kargad Tu avad Cven mas vinaxavT
da mis sikvdiliT ar gagaxarebT~.
i. WavWavaZem 1872 wels moaxerxa `droebaSi~ (#35) gamoeqveynebina leqsi

`rCeva~, romelic imave g. muxranskis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli.
70-iani wlebis am polemikaSi Caebnen s. mesxi, n. nikolaZe, a. wereTeli da
sxvebi. kerZod, akakim amave xanebSi dawera alegoriuli pamfleti ènebis gasa-
marTleba~, romelsac aseTi SeniSvna daurTo: `vuZRvni g. muxran-batons~ (leqsis
dabeWdva akakim mxolod 1874 w. SeZlo `droebaSi~), xolo gr. orbelians 1872 w.
gamoepasuxa leqsiT `xarabuza Renerals~, romelSic mowinaaRmdeges aseTi gana-
Ceni gamoutana:
ìaranal-xarabuza,
sityviT sworo, saqmiT kuza,
dagikargavs Seni muza!
bzzu, bzzu, buza-buza~.
akakim gr. orbelianis warsuli `demokratobac~ gaixsena: `novRorodis li-
beraloo~ — ase mimarTa. SeiZleba akaki aq gulisxmobs poetis dRiurebs `mgzav-
roba Cemi tfilisidam peterburRamdis~ (1831-32ww.), sadac `novgorodis respub-
likis~ apologiaa mocemuli. gamoricxulia, rom akaki gacnobili yofiliyo am
nawarmoebs, ramdenadac `mgzavrobis~ erTaderTi cali 1832 w. SeTqmulebis saq-
meebSi inaxeboda. aq ufro gr. orbelianis warsulis zepir gadmocemasTan unda
gvqondes saqme.
1872 w. akakim `droebaSi~ dabeWda feletoni — àxmed-faSa kaxaberi~, romel-
Sic CarTulia adre dawerili leqsi `farSavangi~. feletonica da leqsic mimar-
Tulia gr. orbelianisa da saerTod `mamebis~ winaaRmdeg. alegoria metad gam-
Wvirvalea da mkiTxveli advilad xvdeba, Tu viszea laparaki. 1875 w. `droebaSi-
ve~ dabeWda akakim alegoriuli xasiaTis leqsi `Zveli da axali weli~, xolo amas
mohyva cnobili `patriotis aRsareba~, romelSic CarTulia leqsebi: `bobolebis
baiaTi~ da `koRo-buzebis pasuxi~.
`Tqven sxva xarT da Cven sul sxva, ara gvaqvs-ra saerTo~ — ganacxada akakim da
amiT sabolood gaTiSa TaobaTa gzebi.
gr.orbeliani axali Taobis am polemikur Txzulebebs oficialurad aRar
gamoxmaurebia, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom man pozicia Seicvala. 1876 w. mas da-
uweria satiruli xasiaTis leqsi — `droebis~ aTi wlis iubile — ferxuli da buq-
na~. im dros, rodesac qarTvelma sazogadoebam zeimiT aRniSna am progresuli
gazeTis iubile, gr. orbelianma uaryofiTad Seafasa `droebisa~ da misi redaq-
toris — s. mesxis saqmianoba:
`fu am drosa
uniWosa, ukacosa,
rom `droeba~ win gviZRveba mesxiTa,
Cveni enis, Cveni qveynis mfarvelad!!~
14
dasasrul, isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom 1874 w. gr. orbelianma `Zveli semina-
ristis~ fsevdonimiT `ciskarSi~ (9,10) dabeWda statia `mgzavroba svaneTisaken~.
g. w. (ganxilva). igi mimarTulia giorgi wereTlis winaaRmdeg, kerZod, kritiku-
ladaa ganxiluli `kikoliki, Cikoliki da kudabzika~ (g. wereTlis es nawarmoebi
gamoqveynda `krebulsa~ da `droebaSi~ 1866-1873 wlebis manZilze). werili metad
mniSvnelovania gr. orbelianis literaturul-enobrivi poziciis gasarkvevad.
statiaSi Tavi iCina `mamaTa~ banakis moZvelebulma mrwamsma enis sakiTxSi, ker-
Zod, es iTqmis leqsikisa da Zveli asoebis xmarebis Sesaxebac, rasac Tavgamode-
biT icavs gr. orbeliani. avtori arc imas malavs, rom igi p. ioselianis gramati-
kul Sexedulebebs emyareba. magram isic unda davsZinoT, rom, miuxedavad stati-
is zemoaRniSnuli tendenciisa, avtoris konkretuli enobrivi xasiaTis SeniSvne-
bi g. wereTlis misamarTiT, umetes SemTxvevaSi, marTebulia. gr. orbelianis brZo-
la enis siwmindisaTvis am poziciidan udavod misaRebia. ar SeiZleba angariSi ar
gaewios gr. orbelianis Semdeg gancxadebasac: `xSirad amboben awindeli mweralni:
`xalxis enazed vhsweroTo~. maS, ra enaze unda dahsweron? magram es ki unda axsov-
deT, rom xalxis ena aris mxolod masala SeumuSavebeli; vidre daxelovnebuli
mwerali masalasa mas ar gadaarCevs, kargsa uvargisisagan ar gahswmends, ar gaam-
Svenierebs da didebulebiTa ar aRiyvans saliteraturos samflobeloSi; mere im
galamazebulsa enasa gamSvenierebulis formiTa gadmohcems mosaxmareblad isev
imasve xalxsa, romelic aris patroni enisa da romelica SeiTvisebs imas, viTarca
sakuTrebasa; da am saxiT umetes da umetes Svenierdeba xalxis ena da miT umetes
naTldebaca misi goneba!~
anda: `risgan moxda, rom `saqarTvelos istoria~ da `kacia, adamiani!?~ ram-
denjerme wavikiTxe didis siamovnebiT da kikolikis mgzavroba meCvena esreT sa-
zizRrad? maS, amaT Soris, marTlad, romeli aris qarTuli?~
gr. orbelianis es gancxadeba ara marto axali qarTuli realisturi mwer-
lobis aRiarebis faqts gamoxatavs poetis mxriv, aramed im tendenciebis gageba-
sa da met-naklebad gaziarebasac, romelTac Tavi iCines saliteraturo enis
sferoSi realisturi mwerlobis damkvidrebasTan erTad.
70-ian wlebSi, Tu, erTi mxriv, grZeldeboda brZola Zvelsa da axal Tao-
bebs Soris, meore mxriv, axali Taobis warmomadgenelTa Sorisac gamomJRavnda
winaaRmdegoba. rasakvirvelia, es ar niSnavs imas, rom Seicvala maTi saerTo
Tvalsazrisi batonymobis gadmonaSTebis winaaRmdeg brZolaze, erovnul-gan-
manTavisuflebel moZraobaze, xelovnebis sazogadoebriv daniSnulebaze da a.S.
magram iyo sakiTxebi, romelTa gagebaSi gamomJRavnda gansxvavebuli Tvalsazri-
sebi. es, uwinares yovlisa, e.w. àxali axalgazrdobis~ jgufis poziciasTanaa da-
kavSirebuli. niko nikolaZem gamoaqveyna statiebi: `Cveni axalgazrdoba~ (krebu-
li, 1872, #2) da àxali axalgazrdoba~ (krebuli, 1873, #1), romlebSic Tavisebu-
rad Seafasa qarTvel samocianelTa moRvaweoba da maT daupirispira àxali ax-
algazrdoba~. n. nikolaZis sityviT, Zvelma Taobam ukve didi xania dakarga Zala
da gavlena, misi CamorCenili konservatiuli Sexedulebani istorias Cabarda,
magram Zveli Taobis `Caqolvisa da damxobis mizezi ufro cxovrebisa da garemo-
ebis Zala iyo, vinem axali Taobis moqmedeba da brZola~. axal Taobas bevri ram ak-
lda imisaTvis, rom gardaeqmna cxovreba, aklda gamocdileba, praqtikuli codna,
igi ufro Teoriulad iyo momzadebuli da konkretuli praqtikuli moqmedeba ar
SeeZlo, — àm Taobas, am axal razms Seadgenda TiTqmis marto erTi kaci — ilia Wav-
WavaZe, romelic winamZRolic iyo da razmic, an, ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, urazmo
winamZRoli iyo am axali Taobisa, romelsac Cvens cxovrebaSi fexi unda Semoedga~.
es Taoba èrideboda Zvel Taobas, an, marTali vTqvaT, eSinoda misi. marto erTi
mxriT SeeZlo am Taobas Zvelis daCagvra da daTrgunva, im mxurvale siyvaruliT,
romelic axalgazrda gulSi unda Rviodes sazogado bednierebis da saqmisadmi, am
15
grZnobam, am siyvarulma aamaRla es Taoba sazogadoebis TvalSi da Seavso misi nak-
lulevaneba cxovrebis codnaSi~ .
ase calmxrivad Seafasa 70-ian wlebSi n. nikolaZem im Taobis saqmianoba, rom-
lis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli TviTonac iyo da sxvebTan erTad Seadgenda im
`razms~, romelsac ilia WavWavaZe Tavkacobda. ase rom, ilia ar iyo ùrazmo wi-
namZRoli~, mas Tanamoazrenica da TanamebrZolnic hyavda. es Taoba arc Zvel Ta-
obas èrideboda~ da praqtikuladac bevri ram gaakeTa.
n. nikolaZem win wamoswia vaWroba-aRebmicemobis saqme, e.i., erovnuli burJuazi-
is ganviTarebis sakiTxi da miiCnia, rom am saqmes saTaveSi unda Caudges àxali axal-
gazrdoba~, romelic ufro momzadebuli gamovida 70-ian wlebSi.
60-iani wlebis yvelaze niWier da `saimedo~ warmomadgenlebs n. nikolaZe
mouwodebs mxarSi amoudgnen àxal axalgazrdobas~, raTa am ukanasknelma SeZ-
los masze dakisrebuli misiis Sesruleba. n. nikolaZe aRniSnavs, rom Tavis weri-
lebSi man gadmosca axalgazrdobis survilebi, miswrafebani da azrebi, yovelive
is, rac maTganve gaugonia. igi darwmunebulia, rom ` ... Cveni axali axalgazrdoba
bevri aRar Camogavs uwindel Taobas, bevri mxriT win wasula imaze da im suraTs
damsgavsebia, im ideals daaxloebia, romelic Cven gvenatreboda~. n. nikolaZe
ara ubralod TanaugrZnobs am àxal axalgazrdobas~, aramed, rogorc Cans, wi-
namZRolobasac kisrulobs. TviTon 60-iani wlebis moRvawe (romelic, sxvaTa So-
ris, axlac da Semdegac yovelTvis didi pativiscemiT ixseniebs i. WavWavaZes)
n. nikolaZe ukve gamoyofs TanamoazreTa erT jgufs (g. wereTeli, k.lorTqifa-
niZe, s. mesxi, a. wereTeli) da maTTan erTad fiqrobs mxarSi amoudges 70-iani
wlebis axalgazrdobas.
ase iCina Tavi ganxeTqilebam 60-ianelTa Soris, rac imiT damTavrda, rom i.
WavWavaZe TandaTan Camoscilda n. nikolaZis jgufs da 1877 wlidan sakuTari or-
ganos —ìveriis~ gamocema daiwyo.
70-ian wlebSi iwyeba qarTuli presis aRmavloba: kvlav gamodis 1866 wels
daarsebuli `droeba~, romelSic Cveni mowinave inteligencia TanamSromlobs;
kvlav ganagrZobs arsebobas Jernali `ciskari~ (1875 wlamde), romelmac Tavisi
mniSvneloba dakarga. magram, rac mTavaria, arsdeba ramdenime axali perioduli
gamocema.
marTalia, `droeba~ agrZelebs `saqarTvelos moambis~ gzas, magram gazeTs
ar SeeZlo Jurnalis magivroba gaewia. amitom 70-ian wlebSi kvlav mwvaved dgas
Jurnalis gamocemis sakiTxi, rac qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoriaSi udavod
mniSvnelovani movlenaa. n. avaliSvilis redaqtorobiT Jurnal `mnaTobis~ daar-
seba (1869-1872 ww.). `mnaTobis~ mesveurebs Tavidanve Segnebuli hqondaT, Tu ro-
goria, saerTod, presisa da, kerZod, Jurnalis movaleoba da mizandasaxuloba.
ukve pirvelsave statiebSi aRniSnulia perioduli gamocemis roli sazogadoe-
bis inteleqtualuri da zneobrivi ganviTarebis saqmeSi. am mxriv Jurnali izia-
rebs im principul debulebebs, romlebic ase kategoriulad wamoayenes da
vrclad daasabuTes i. WavWavaZem da misma Tanamoazreebma. saerTod, `mnaTobis~
redaqcia imTaviTve cxadyofs Tavis simpaTias `saqarTvelos moambisadmi~ da Se-
ufaravad eubneba mkiTxvels, rom Tavs am Jurnalis tradiciebis gamgrZeleblad
Tvlis.
aseve agrZelebs `saqarTvelos moambis~ tradiciebs meore Jernali `krebu-
li~ (1871-1873 ww.). misi TanamSromlebi — n. nikolaZe, g. wereTeli, p.umikaSvili,
nik. yifiani da sxvebi saTaveSi Caudgnen am periodis saliteraturo kritikis
ganviTarebas. uwinares yovlisa, swored es adamianebi cdilobdnen Tanmimdevru-
lad gaetarebinaT realisturi esTetikis principebi da daecvaT qarTuli rea-
listuri kritikis aRmavali xazi. isini cdilobdnen gamoxmaurebodnen erovnu-
li mwerlobis yovel axal movlenas, raTa mSobliuri literaturis ganviTare-
16
bisaTvis swori gezi miecaT. isic sayuradReboa aRiniSnos, rom Cveni moRvaweebi
cdilobdnen erovnuli mwerlobis tendenciebi ukve 60-ian wlebSive ganexilaT
sxva xalxTa literaturis analogiur movlenebTan kavSirSi da eCvenebinaT, rom
yoveli erovnuli mwerloba saerTo literaturuli procesis ganuyofeli nawi-
lia, rac 70-iani wlebis kritikosebma kidev ufro gaaRrmaves. qarTuli kritikis
zrdasa da interesebis sferos gafarToebas mowmobs is faqti, rom swored am pe-
riodSi TandaTan ufro xSirad gvxvdeba rusul-evropuli mwerlobis calkeul
warmomadgenelTa specialuri Sefaseba-daxasiaTebac.
Jurnal `krebulis~ TanamSromelTa Soris am TvalsazrisiT, uwinares yov-
lisa, yuradRebas iqcevs n. nikolaZe — Zalze nayofieri kritikosi, romelmac ar-
sebiTad gansazRvra am organos literaturuli mimarTuleba da saqmianoba
(JurnalSi igi statiebs aqveynebs umTavresad `skandelis~ fsevdonimiT). 70-ian
wlebSi n. nikolaZe, rogorc kritikosi, daaxloebiT iseTsave rols TamaSobs,
rogorsac i. WavWavaZe 60-ian wlebSi. n. nikolaZis literaturul-kritikulma we-
rilebma didad Seuwyves xeli qarTul sinamdvileSi realisturi esTetikis prin-
cipebis sabolood ganmtkicebas, kritikis amocanebis gafarToebas da, saerTod
ki, Cveni mwerlobis ganviTarebis swori gziT warmarTvas.
bunebrivia, n. nikolaZis winaSe imTaviTve daisva sakiTxi, Tu ra amocanebs
isaxavs saliteraturo kritika da rogoria misi daniSnuleba. unda iTqvas, rom
specialuri werili kritikis bunebasa da mniSvnelobaze XIX s. 70-ian wlebamde ar
gvqonia. ama Tu im sakiTxis garkvevasTan erTad wamoiWreboda saWiroebac kriti-
kis cnebis ganmartebisa. n. nikolaZe pirveli iyo, romelmac Jurnal `krebulSi~
1871 wels gamoaqveyna specialuri statia — `kritika da misi mniSvneloba lite-
raturaSi~.
`krebulSi~ gamoqveynebul n. nikolaZis sxva werilTagan gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania i. WavWavaZis `glaxis naambobis~ ganxilva. unda iTqvas, rom es
erT-erTi saukeTeso werilia XIX saukuneSi i. WavWavaZis Semoqmedebaze. mtkice,
Camoyalibebuli Tvalsazrisi, msjelobis siRrme da piruTvneli damokidebule-
ba ganxilvis obieqtisadmi, statiis maRalkvalificirebul avtors warmogvid-
gens. n. nikolaZe Tavidanve Seecada ganesazRvra `glaxis naambobis~ adgili ilias
SemoqmedebaSi. am mxriv man es moTxroba mwerlis `pirveli periodis~ Semoqmedebas
miakuTvna da igi ganasxvava `kacia adamianisa~ da momdevno xanis sxva TxzulebaTa-
gan, romlebSic kritikosi i. WavWavaZis `davaJkacebul gonebasa da niWs~ xedavs.
CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, rom am werilSi n. nikolaZem pirve-
lad wamoayena literaturaSi e.w. `Seuferavad~ asaxvis cneba. kritikosi axasia-
Tebda ra `glaxis naambobs~, miiCnevda rom masSi Cans ùcxoeTis mwerlobis gav-
lena~, rom avtors `mibaZva Tavidam ver aucilebia~ da a.S. am sxvaTa mwerlobis
`mibaZvaSi~ n. nikolaZe gulisxmobs rusuli literaturis gavlenas axalgazrda
iliaze, kerZod ki, im faqtze miuTiTebs, rom `glaxis naambobSi~ gamoxatuleba
pova tendenciam, romelic am ociode wlis winaT damaxasiaTebeli iyo rusuli
mwerlobisaTvis. kerZod beletristika, sacenzuro pirobebiT SezRuduli, cdi-
lobda Sefarulad aReZra siZulvili batonymobisadmi, amas ki yvelaze ukeT
imiT axerxebda, rom xatavda glexis uuflebo mdgomareobas, gviCvenebda, rom
glexebic adamianebi arian, ician siyvaruli da a.S. erTi sityviT, cdilobda
aReZra TanagrZnoba rusi glexisadmi. amitom am glexs mwerloba ramdenadme Se-
lamazebulad, gaidealebulad warmogvidgenda: àm mwerlebis (grigoroviCis,
potexinis, pisemskis, turgenevis, marko-vovCokisa da sxv.) naklovaneba imaSi
mdgomareobda, rom isini glex-kacobas xatavdnen ise, TiTqo win namdvili glexi
ki ara, maTi sakuTari Tavi yolodeT, glex-kacur farajaSi Cacmuli~. es mwerle-
bi tendenciurad xatavdnen yma-glexs, alamazebdnen mis sulier samyaros da, ma-
Sasadame, `Seufaravad~ ar asaxavdnen sinamdviles. n. nikolaZis azriT, istoriu-
17
li TvalsazrisiT, aseTi tendenciuroba gamarTlebuli iyo, magram igi mudmivad
ver gagrZeldeboda. rac dro gadioda, rusuli literatura TandaTan unda gan-
Tavisuflebuliyo zemoaRniSnuli naklisagan, kerZod, batonymobis gauqmebis
Semdeg ukve aRar iyo saWiro rusi glexi kacis xasiaTis Selamazeba. am mxriv pir-
veli sityva `sovremennikma~ Tqva `Tavisi ufrosi TanamSromlis~ statiiT. xom ar
aris es dasawyisi cvlilebisa? (n. nikolaZe gulisxmobs Tavisi maswavleblis — n.
CerniSevskis werils). marTlac, n. CerniSevskim am statiaSi aRniSna, rom refor-
mamdelma rusulma literaturam Sealamaza rusi glexis xasiaTi, zne-Cveulebani
da rom `Zlier idealizacias~ Tavisi safuZveli hqonda. magram mweral n.uspen-
skis magaliTze n. CerniSevski askvnis, rom daiwyo Semobruneba, uspenskis Rirse-
ba swored isaa, rom igi `wers yovelgvari Seferadebis gareSe~.
n. nikolaZe n. CerniSevskis swored zemoaRniSnul statias emyareba, rode-
sac `glaxis naambobsa~ da mis personaJebs axasiaTebs. mas miaCnia, rom gabrielis
saxe rusuli literaturis zemodasaxelebuli tendenciis gavlenis Sedegia. si-
namdvilis `Seuferavad~, Seulamazeblad aRwera miaCnia kritikas xelovnebis
upirveles movaleobad. es `Seuferavi~ asaxva, ra Tqma unda, sinamdvilis ubralo
aslgadaRebas, fotografiul Cvenebas ar gulisxmobda. n. nikolaZes kargad es-
moda, rom xelovneba, kerZod, literatura sinamdvilis axali warmosaxvaa, axali
mxatvruli sinamdvilea. n. nikolaZis moTxovna `Seufaravad~ asaxvisa cxovrebis
marTlad, obieqturad asaxvas gulisxmobda da realizmis umTavres princips em-
yareboda. ase rom, n. nikolaZe agrZelebda samocianelTa mier ukve damkvidre-
bul Tvalsazriss da mas erovnuli literaturis konkretuli nimuSebis anali-
zis dros iyenebda.
n. nikolaZis es msjeloba Taviseburad gamoiyena 90-ian wlebSi g. wereTel-
ma, romelmac daamkvidra `Seuferavi realizmis~ cneba. sinamdvilis `Seferi-
lad~, `Selamazebulad~ asaxva man gamoacxada i. WavWavaZis da e.w. `pirveli dasis~
mxatvruli meTodis Tvisebad.
aseve mniSvnelovania n. nikolaZis werili — `gr. orbeliani~, romelic imave
`krebulSi~ daibeWda. sayuradReboa iTqvas, rom XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebamde
Cven ar gvxvdeba qarTveli mwerlebis mTliani Semoqmedebis analizi. 60-ian wleb-
Sic ki Cven gvaqvs mxolod ama Tu im mwerlis calkeuli nawarmoebis ganxilva. n.
nikolaZe am mxriv pirvelia, romelic gvaZlevs qarTveli mwerlis mTliani Se-
moqmedebis analizs da, unda iTqvas, rom gr. orbelianis poeziis amaze vrcelsa
da srul ganxilvas qarTuli kritika ar icnobs XIX saukuneSi.
70-ian wlebSive iwyeba CvenSi xalxosnuri moZraoba, romelic Tavis met-nak-
lebad srul gamoxatulebas 80-iani wlebis damdegis literaturaSi poulobs.
70-iani wlebis dasasruls iwyeba qarTuli mudmivi Teatris aRorZinebac.
swored 1879 wels yalibdeba qarTuli dramatuli sazogadoeba, ramac biZgi mis-
ca 80-iani wlebis erovnuli dramaturgiis ganviTarebas.
18
ilia WavWavaZe
(1837—1907)
saqarTvelos istorias bevri didi mamuliSvilis saxeli amSvenebs. qarTve-

li xalxi amayobs Tavisi saxelovani gmirebiT, mwerlebiT, swavlulebiT. magram
am sasaxelo mamuliSvilTa Soris gamoiyofian kidev rCeulni, romelnic amasTa-
nave TavianTi qveynis moZRvarT-moZRvarnic arian. maT Soris, pirvel yovlisa,
moCans monumenturi figura ilia WavWavaZisa, saqarTvelos sulieri da praqti-
kul-sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis warmmarTvelisa XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi.
ilia WavWavaZe im dros moevlina saqarTvelos, rodesac Cvens qveyanas uaR-
resad sWirdeboda Tavganwiruli winamZRoli. ilia WavWavaZe eris beladis niSan-
TvisebebiT aRWurvili pirovneba iyo. man naxevari saukunis manZilze zida eris
Tavkacis tvirTi; zida, vidre ar daeca qveynis sakurTxevelze, vidre msxverplad
ar Seewira im ideas, romelsac Segnebulad Sealia Tavisi sicocxle.
ilia WavWavaZe uaRresad mravalmxrivi moRvawe iyo, SemousazRvreli da
TvalSeudgami. ilias mZlavri pirovneba moicavs moRvaweobis sruliad sxvadas-
xva sferos — literaturas da xelovnebas, Jurnalistikas, istorias, iurispru-
dencias, filosofias, ekonomikas, soflis meurneobas... bunebrivia, amgvari viTa-
reba arTulebs mis samyaroSi Sesvlas... magram amasTan ilia iyo monoliTuri pi-
rovneba, mTliani da myari. misi mZlavri, Rrma da rTuli fizikuri da sulieri Za-
lebi erTiani iyo. misi didi neba da inteleqti axerxebda mTeli misi bunebis mra-
valmxrioba, SemoqmedebiTi da praqtikuli energia erTi miznisaken waremarTa, er-
Ti, misTvis saarsebo, sasicocxlo moTxovnisaTvis daeqvemdebarebina. misi arse-
bobis erTaderTi forma iyo azriani cxovrebiT cxovreba.
ilia WavWavaZis TiToeuli nabiji pirovnuli, sazogadoebrivi Tu litera-
turuli cxovrebis gzaze sinaTliTaa savse, mizanswrafulia. amgvari viTareba
ki gansazRvravs misi Semoqmedebis samyaroSi Sesvlis xasiaTs. mTavaria moiZeb-
nos is dedaZarRvi, rac mwerlis cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis Sinaarsad, misi ar-
sebobis paTosad qceula da kvalSi Caudge, mihyve, igi Tavad gatarebs.
biografia
ilia WavWavaZe daibada 1837 wels `kaxeTis Tvalad~ wodebul sofel yva-
relSi. es sofeli garemosilia ilias mier poeziaSi ukvdavyofili yvarlis mTe-
biT da alaznis momxibvlel vels gadahyurebs. daRestnis gzaze mdebare sasazR-
vro soflis cixis aReba faqtobrivad kaxeTis WiSkris Semoxsnas niSnavda. `sa-
qarTvelos sazRvrebs am sadarajoze monapireobam gamoumuSava am mxaris
mkvidrT Seudrekeli, rainduli suli~.1 mteri bevrjer cdila yvarlis aRebas.
amgvar faqtebs XIX saukuneSiac hqonia adgili. TviT ilias mamas ramdenime gzis
uwinamZRvria yvarlelebisaTvis da mteri vaJkacurad ukuuqceviaT. swored le-
kebTan Setakebis dros daiRupa ilias Zma konstantine. bunebrivia, es Setakebe-
bic da maTSi iliasaTvis uZvirfasesi adamianebis monawileoba yrmis gulsac aT-
1
p . i n g o r o y v a , ilia WavWavaZe (biografiuli narkvevi), wignSi — ilia WavWavaZe, Txzulebani aT
tomad, t. I, 1951, gv. X.
19
rTolebda da garkveulad mis sulier formirebasac gansazRvravda, awrTobda.
`kidev ufro Zalumad moqmedebda iliaze saucxoo buneba, romelic gars ertya
yvarels. CrdiloeTiT burjis ukan aRmarTulia xSiri tyiT Semosili maRali
mTebi. xeobaSi viwro biliki Cans, romelsac mgzavri ucxo mxareSi, daRestanSi
mihyavs. am tyeSi raRac saidumloeba mefobs. are-mare Rrma siCumiT aris mocu-
li. samxreTiT yvarlis vrcel zvrebs iqiT aTasfrad aWrelebuli mziani mxare
iSleba. es aris saucxoo alaznis veli, romelic ilias Zlier uyvarda~.1 mainc
yvarlis mTebma erTob aatokes momavali poetis guli. ramdenjer unatria
mTrTolvare yrmas zviadi mTebis àmay Tavs~ Sexeboda; natrobda, rom `subuq
qars~ moxveoda, raTa `Tavisufali arwivis Zlieri frTebiT~ laJvardi cis siR-
rmeSi aWriliyo.
ilias mama, grigol WavWavaZe adre oficrad iyo namsaxuri. man sanaqebo ma-
mobrivi mzrunveloba gamoiCina dediT daoblebuli Svilebis mimarT. grigoli
mowinave Sexedulebebis kaci iyo, xelmokleobis miuxedavad Svilebis swavla-aR-
zrdaze izruna, Tanac TavadiSvilTa umravlesobis darad igi ar gahyva inercias
— Svilebi samxedro karierisTvis ki ar gaamzada, aramed samoqalaqo saswavle-
belSi miabara. ara marto vaJebi, aramed ufrosi qali ninoc TbilisSi Camoiyvana
swavlis misaRebad.
grigoli Svilebis sulier Camoyalibebaze STambeWdavi monaTxrobiT da piradi
magaliTiTac axdenda saTanado zemoqmedebas. `yvelas uyvars, Svilebo, Tavisi qveyana
da roca uWirs, Znelia kacma umtyunos da Tavi ar gamoimetos~ — ase sadad, Sinagani
darwmunebulobiT, warsulis gmirebis savaJkaco saqmeebis moTxrobiT aRvivebda mama
ilias sulSi mamulis winaSe keTilSobiluri valis grZnobas.
darbaiseli, amasTanave erTob gonebamaxvili da sityvamoswrebuli grigo-
li gulCaTxrobilic yofila, gansakuTrebiT meuRlis gardacvalebis Semdeg.
ilias erTi biografis sityvebiT, ès orive Tviseba — niWi oxunjobisa da sastiki
dumili, didxans yofna xmaamouRebliv, gamohyva mis SesaniSnav Svilsac~ (gr. yif-
SiZe).
grigol WavWavaZe 1852 wels gardaicvala, ormocdaerTi wlisa, maSin ilia
15 wlisa iyo.
ilias deda mariam beburiSvili Tbiliseli qali iyo, meuRlisa da ojaxis
didi erTguli, didad gonieri, Tavisi drois kvalobaze nakiTxi, kargi mcodne
qarTuli literaturisa. mariami gonivrulad zrdida Svilebs. igi sul mTlad
axalgazrda gardaicvala 1848 wels, roca ilia mxolod aTi wlisa Sesrulda.
mSobelTa saxeebi, maTi xsovna Rrmad CaebeWda gulSi ymawvils da mTeli
cxovreba faqizad atara. mogvianebiT warsulis naRvelnarevi sitkboTi savse
mogonebani bavSvobaze, mSoblebze man faqizad aRadgina saaxalwlo moTxrobaSi
`nikoloz gostaSabiSvili~.
daoblebuli bavSvebis movla-patronoba, rogorc xSirad momxdara, aqac
mamidam, daqvrivebulma makrinem iTava. igi `burjad Seudga Zmis ojaxs~2 da arc
mouklia mzrunveloba da siyvaruli ZmiSvilebisaTvis.
yrmobaSive Tavsdatexilma ubedurebebma, mware tkivilebma mgrZnobiare da
fiqriani bavSvi kidev ufro gulCaTxrobili gaxada. ilia Rrmad ganicdida mar-
toobas da amasTanave uTqmelad iTmenda yovelives. es moTmena, gulSi uxmod
Cakvla dardisa, mwuxarebisa, garegnuli SeumCnevloba `didis Sinaganis cecxli-
sa~ ilias bunebad eqca. mas, vinc ilias axlos ar icnobda, STabeWdileba rCeboda,
rom ilia gulqva iyo, pirquSi. sinamdvileSi am garegnuli simkacris, zogjer
1
a r t u r l a i s t i , saqarTvelos guli, 1963, gv. 34.
2
i . b e r o S v i l i , ilia da yvareli, 1977, gv. 11.
20
ulmobelobis, iqiT Sinagani silbo, sinaze da didi siyvaruli ifareboda. ilias
urTierToba axloblebTan, misi Semoqmedeba amas TvalsaCinod mowmobs.
ilias swavla-aRzrdas Tavdapirvelad deda xelmZRvanelobda. ojaxSi, yrmo-
bis wlebSi unda ziareboda igi qarTuli literaturis nimuSebs da maT Soris, pir-
vel yovlisa, qarTvelTa `xelixelsagogmanebel~ `vefxistyaosans~.
rva wlis ilia WavWavaZe saswavleblad miabares soflis mTavar diakvans. aq,
soflis skolaSi, iliasTan erTad ramdenime glexis biWic dadioda. mwerali Ta-
vis avtobiografiaSi didi siTboTi igonebs soflis skolaSi gatarebul dros.
mTavarTan siaruls didi zemoqmedeba mouxdenia yrmis sulze. maswavlebeli ma-
incdamainc ar qancavda bavSvebis mexsierebas. drois ZiriTadi nawili TamaSSi ga-
dioda. TamaSobdnen bavSvebi maswavleblis meTvalyureobiT. weras da kiTxvas
sul erT saaTs andomebdnen. umTavresi Rirseba mTavrisa ìs iyo, rom momxibvle-
li Tqma icoda ambebisa. gviambobda mdabiurad da bavSvisaTvis advilad gasage-
bis eniT ufro saRmrTo da samSoblo qveynis istoriis ambebsa, vis ra gmiroba
moemoqmedna, vis ra falavnoba gaewia, vis ra Rvawli da sikeTe daeTesa samSob-
los da sarwmunoebis sasargeblod da dasacvelad~. yrmis suli SeuZravs gmir
winaparTa Tavdadebis ambebs. imdenad Rrma yofila mTavris monayolis zemoqme-
deba, rom zogi ram ilias Semdgom gamouyenebia Tavis SemoqmedebaSi.
TerTmeti wlisa ilia mamam TbilisSi Camoiyvana da jer erT-erT saukeTeso
kerZo saswavlebelSi, raevski-hakes pansionSi, Seiyvana, xolo aqedan iliam swav-
la gaagrZela Tbilisis gimnaziaSi.
ilias yuradRebas pansionsa da gimnaziaSi swavlisas maswavlebelTagan ma-
inc hake iqcevs, ufro sworad, mexsierebam yvelaze Zalumad hakes saxe Semoinaxa:
`hake germaneli iyo, yovelmxriv ganaTlebuli kaci... hake sastiki kaci iyo, mag-
ram Tan imodenad mamobrivs mzrunvelobas iCenda Tavis Segirdebis mimarT, imo-
denas cdilobda da yurs ugdebda maTs zneobrivsa da gonebrivs ganviTarebas,
rom TiTqmis mTel Tavisufal dros klasSi mecadineobis Semdeg, imaT andomeb-
da. xan emusaifeboda, xan arTobda musikiT da marTavda xeldaxel koncerts ro-
ialzed, romlis dakvrac saucxovod icoda~.
es aris da es, rac Cven ilias pansionisa Tu gimnaziis drois maswavleblebze
viciT. unda vifiqroT, rom ilia TviTonve hqmnis Tavis pirovnebas da Tavisi saq-
cielis, moqmedebis axsnas gare pirobebis, maswavleblebis ragvarobiT ar cdi-
lobs. igi arc aqebs da arc aZagebs swavlis sistemas da maswavleblebs.
ilias ojaxi erTob xelmokled cxovrobda. magram mamidam yovelnairad Se-
uwyo xeli da daamTavra Tu ara gimnazia, maSinve, 1857 wels ilia WavWavaZe gaem-
gzavra peterburgs swavlis gasagrZeleblad. aq igi Cairicxa universitetSi iu-
ridiul fakultetze.
ilia WavWavaZisa da misi Taobis axalgazrdebis peterburgSi Casvla daem-
Txva ruseTis sinamdvilisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovan, erTob mRelvare xanas. es
iyo samociani wlebi, dro `sinaTlis sxivis bneleTis samefoSi~ SeWrisa (dobro-
liubovi). am droisaTvis rus samocianelebs saSualeba miecaT azris SedarebiT
Tavisufali gamoxatvisa.
ruseTSi mimavali ilias miswrafebebi da idealebi ukve gamokveTili iyo.
peterburgSi wasuli ilia Tavisi qveynis `momavlis bedze~ zrunvis grZnobiT iyo
Sepyrobili. am poziciidan afasebda ilia yovelives. peterburgSi myof qarTvel
studentTa mowinave nawilisaTvis ilia iqca Zalad, avtoritetad da mis garSemo
Semoikribnen kidec. ilias pirovnuli simyare, sidinje, didi erudireba iqca
imis pirobad, rom igi axalgazrdebis jgufSi moTaved eRiarebinaT.
ilia WavWavaZe da misi megobrebi interesiT adevnebdnen Tvals ruseTisa da
dasavleT evropis sazogadoebrivi azris ganviTarebas da moazrovnis poziciidan
afasebdnen yovelives. erTi sityviT, isini ara marto codnis dauflebas eltvod-
21
nen, aramed rusul sinamdvileSi TavianTi erovnuli poziciis Sesabamisad iseT az-
rebs irCevdnen, romelTa transformacia SesaZlebeli aRmoCndeboda qarTuli si-
namdvilisaTvis. maSasadame, rusuli moZraobis, mowinave evropuli da rusuli az-
ris ganxilva xdeboda qarTuli sazogadoebrivi interesebis aspeqtSi.
peterburgis universitetSi ilia TviTganviTarebas eZleva. igi bevrs muSa-
obs; kiTxulobs bevrs, gansakuTrebiT politikuri da ekonomikuri sagnebiT inte-
resdeba, safuZvlianad swavlobs evropul da rusul literaturas.
peterburgSi myofi ilia qarTul niadags wamiT ar mowyvetia. swored aq, pe-
terburgSi, gaicno man safuZvlianad Zveli qarTuli mwerloba. saqme is iyo, rom
am dros prof. d.CubinaSvilma qarTvel studentebs gadasca salome batoniSvi-
liseuli mdidari biblioTeka.
swored am droisaTvis peterburgSi gansakuTrebuli ZaliT gaiSala ilias
SemoqmedebiTi muSaoba. igi wers leqsebs: `xma samaridam~, `guTnis deda~, `qar-
Tvlis dedas~, `gavswordeT bedo~, `muSa~, àleqsandre WavWavaZe~, `nikoloz ba-
raTaSvilzed~, `risTvis miyvarxar~, `gaxsovs turfav~ da kidev bevr sxvas. aqve
iwereba poema àCrdilis~ pirveli varianti. peterburgSi iwyebs ilia moTxrobis
weras, romelic Tavdapirvelad ori nawarmoebis, moTxrobebis — `kacia-adamia-
nis~?! da `glaxis naambobis~ siuJets aerTianebda. amave dros iwyebs ilia mTar-
gmnelobiT saqmianobasac. Targmnis goeTesa da Sileris, baironisa da haines, ru-
kertisa da Senies, puSkinisa da lermontovis nawarmoebebs.
rogorc vxedavT, peterburgSi yofnis dros ilia gansakuTrebuli Semoqme-
debiTi produqtiulobiTac gamoirCeva da es imitomac, rom aq, ucxoeTSi, gaci-
lebiT ufro didia dro fiqrisa, CaRrmavebisa, sakuTar gancdebze dakvirvebisa
da gamoxatvisaTvisac.
ilia WavWavaZis yvela biografi peterburgSi misi yofnis droidan gansa-
kuTrebiT erT faqtze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. erT zafxuls ilia swvevia Tavis
saxelovan naTesavs — ekaterine WavWavaZe-dadianisas. aq misTvis uCvenebiaT n. ba-
raTaSvilis xelnaweri krebuli, romelsac igi guldasmiT gascnobia. am xelna-
wers, Tumca igi adrec icnobda am poetis `ciskarSi~ gamoqveynebul zogierT
leqss, gansacvifrebeli zemoqmedeba mouxdenia iliaze. `sami dRe gaognebuli
dadiodao~- igonebs k. afxazi. im droidan mokidebuli ilia mTeli Tavisi cxov-
rebis manZilze genialuri qarTveli poetis popularizacias eweoda. misi uSua-
lo damsaxurebaa n. baraTaSvilis saxelis gansakuTrebuli amobrwyineba CvenSi.
peterburgis universitetis studentTa areulobasTan dakavSirebiT ilias
universiteti ar daumTavrebia. 1861 wels igi saqarTveloSi dabrunda, sadac mas
eloda `zeca sul sxvafrad damSvenebuli da sul sxva rigad damSvidebuli~...
manamde ki, ramdenime TviT adre, iliam Jurnal `ciskarSi~ dasastambad ga-
mogzavna Tavisi pirveli kritikuli statia òriode sityva Tavad revaz Salvas
Zis erisTavis mier kazlovidgan `SeSlilis Targmanzeda~, romelic Jurnalis ap-
rilis nomerSi daibeWda kidec da didi polemikuri vnebaTa Relvac gamoiwvia.
swored es werili gaxda 60-iani wlebis qarTul literaturul sinamdvileSi im ka-
maTis mizezi, romelic `TaobaTa brZolis~ saxelwodebiT aris cnobili. ilias am
dros qarTuli literaturuli sinamdvilisaTvis sruliad uCveulo, mZafri sa-
tiruli toniT daweril werils maSinve gamoexmaurnen `ciskris~ avtorebi: barba-
re jorjaZe, giorgi baraTaSvili, TviTon `SeSlilis~ mTargmneli revaz erisTavi,
xolo mogvianebiT sardion aleqsi-mesxiSvili. iliac TiTqos swored amas ucdida
da TiTqos sababs eZebda, dauyovnebliv aqveynebs `ciskarSi~ `pasuxs~, sadac, garda
imisa, rom oponentebs mkacrad akritikebs, pirvelad qarTul sinamdvileSi rea-
listuri xelovnebis Teoriis mTel rig moTxovnebs wamoayenebs.
male ilia WavWavaZem Jurnali `ciskari~ Seufereblad miiCnia Tavisi interese-
bis gamosaxatavad da Seudga zrunvas sakuTari Jurnalis daarsebisaTvis. cxadia, ax-
22
algazrda ilias, romelsac am droisaTvis arc literaturuli avtoriteti hqonda
mopovebuli, arc diplomi gaaCnda da arc materialuri dasayrdeni, maincdamainc xe-
lisuflebisaTvis arc politikurad Cans sando, advilad ar miscemdnen Jurnalis
daarsebis uflebas. erTi iyo survili, magram meore iyo ndoba. da ai, axalgazrda po-
ets Jurnalis daarsebis saqmeSi mxari dauWira da daxmareba aRmouCina gr. orbelian-
ma. man ìSuamdgomla saTanado umaRlesi instanciis winaSe da amiT erTgvari pasuxis-
mgeblobac itvirTa~ (i. evgeniZe). iliam miiRo Tanxmoba da 1863 wels gamovida i. WavWa-
vaZis Jurnali `saqarTvelos moambe~. Jurnalma, marTalia, erTi weli iarseba (gamovi-
da misi Tormeti nomeri), magram Znelia gadaWarbebiT Sefasdes misi roli qarTuli
kulturisa da sazogadoebrivi azris ganviTarebis saqmeSi.
1863 weli kidev erTi mniSvnelovani faqtiT aRiniSna ilias cxovrebaSi. am
wels ilia daqorwinda Tadeoz guramiSvilis asulze, olRaze, vinc mTeli si-
cocxlis manZilze ilias ganuyrel megobrad iqca da Rirseuli meuRleoba gau-
wia mas.
`saqarTvelos moambis~ gamosvlidan erTi wlis Tavze iliam uari ganacxada
Jurnalis gamocemaze, radgan is farTo da gabedulze gabeduli programa eris
satkivaris, momavlis safiqralis gamoxatvisa, rasac ilia Tavis Jurnals usaxav-
da, sinamdvileSi, garkveuli mizezebis gamo, ganuxorcielebeli rCeboda.
1864 wlidan ilia iZulebuli iyo samsaxuri daewyo. Tavdapirvelad ilia
quTaisis guberniaSi dainiSna general-gubernatoris calke mindobilobaTa mo-
xeled, xolo male, batonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg, igi gadmovida duSeTis mazra-
Si jer momrigebel Suamavlad, xolo 1868 wlidan — momrigebel mosamarTled.
ilia WavWavaZem duSeTSi karga xani dayo. igi aq, periferiaSi muSaobis dro-
sac, mouclelobis miuxedavad gafacicebiT adevnebda Tvals qveynis literatu-
rul da kulturul majiscemas.
am droisaTvis daasrula iliam `glaxis naambobi~, aqve gaukeTa saboloo re-
daqcia `mgzavris werilebs~, dawera `glexTa ganTavisuflebis pirveli droebis
scenebi~, sabolood daamuSava poema `qarTvlis deda~, aqve Seiqmna `1871 weli, 23
maisi, parizis komunis dacemis dRe~, SesaniSnavi `Cemo kargo qveyanav~, didi pirov-
nuli ZaliT aRbeWdili satiruli leqsebi `ra vakeTeT, ras vSvrebodiT anu saqar-
Tvelos istoria mecxramete saukunisa~, `bednieri eri...~ swored aqedan daesxa igi
Tavs Tavisi `gamocanebiT~ da `kidev gamocanebiT~ did saxelmwifo moxeleebs da
im qarTvel moRvaweebs, romelTac, misi azriT, bralad edebodaT im adresis Sina-
arsis Secvla, saqarTveloSi Camosul aleqsandre meores rom miarTves 1871 wels.
mowinave qarTveli inteligencia, ilias megobrebi kargad grZnobdnen, rom
maT sWirdebodaT iliasTan uSualo kavSiri, misi uSualo xelmZRvaneloba. qar-
Tveli inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi, rogorc n. nikolaZe gadmogvcems, ram-
denime gzis asulan duSeTSi da iliasaTvis uTxovniaT, rom TbilisSi dabrunebu-
liyo. bunebrivia, rom iliasac guli Tbilisisaken mouwevda, isic frTaSekveci-
lad grZnobda aq, duSeTSi, Tavs. isic Sesaferis dros da viTarebas eloda da ma-
le es droc dadga.
70-ian wlebSi gadawyda saTavadaznauro bankis daarseba. idea am bankis da-
arsebisa ekuTvnoda didebul qarTvel moRvawe dimitri yifians, suli da guli
ki am saqmis erovnuli SinaarsiT gamizvnisa da sabolood dagvirgvinebisa ilia
WavWavaZe gaxda.
iliam Zalian didi dro da energia Sealia jer bankis daarsebis, xolo Sem-
deg misi xelmZRvanelobis saqmes. erTi SexedviT es Tvgamodeba didi mwerlisa
literaturul saqmianobasTan sruliad SeuTavsebel sferoSi bevrs gaugebra-
dac ki moeCvena; mogvianebiT gaazrianda, rom ilia banks uyurebda ara rogorc
wminda safinanso, aramed rogorc erovnul dawesebulebas. ilias mixedviT, jer
erTi, banks qarTuli adgil-mamulebi ucxo Tesl-tomis warmomadgenelTa xelSi
23
Cavardnisagan unda exsna, xeli Seewyo im qarTvel memamuleebisaTvis, romelnic
qveynis sasikeTod Tavis miwas mouvlidnen da dovlaTs Seqmnidnen, meore mxriv,
bankis mogebis didi nawili unda moxmareboda erovnul wamowyebebs. marTlac
Semdgom gazeTi ìveria~, qarTuli Teatri, wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazo-
gadoeba da sxva erovnuli dawesebulebebi swored bankis SemweobiTac suldgmu-
lobdnen. ase rom, ilia WavWavaZisa da sxva qarTvel moRvaweTa bevri naocnebari
ocnebadve darCeboda, Tu mamuliSvilur survilebsa da ocnebebs saTanado niv-
Tieri SesaZleblobebic ar Seumagrebda safuZvels.
faqtia, rom ilias mware gamocdileba hqonda — `saqarTvelos moambis~ da-
xurvis erTi mizezi axalgazrda redaqtoris usaxsrobac iyo, da ai, didi xnis na-
fiqrs Sesaferisi Jamic daudga... 1877 wlisaTvis ekonomiurad momagrebulma
iliam erovnul safiqralze saerTo gansjis mizniT daaarsa gazeTi ìveria~, ro-
melic 1879 wlidan Jurnalad, xolo 1886 wlidan yoveldRiur gazeTad gadakeTda.
didi xniT 80-90-ian wlebSi ìveria~ erTaderT organosac ki warmoadgenda Cvens
qveyanaSi. misi mniSvneloba ganuzomelia qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azrisa da kul-
turis istoriaSi. swored aq, ìveriaSi~ gaSala didma iliam erovnul-gamaTavi-
suflebeli brZola. misi meTaurobiT gazeTma udidesi roli Seasrula qarTveli
xalxis erovnuli Rirsebisa da TavisTavadobis dacvis saqmeSi.
ìveriis~ garSemo ilia WavWavaZem Semoikriba Cveni mwerlobis saukeTeso
Zalebi, xolo TviT redaqcia qarTvel mweralTa da JurnalistTa aRzrdis kerad
aqcia.
didi sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba gaSala iliam 80-90-ian wlebSi. am droisaT-
vis igi akaki wereTelTan erTad gaxda mudmivi qarTuli Teatris aRdgenis inicia-
tori, iniciatori qarTuli dramatuli sazogadoebis daarsebisa, romlis gamgeo-
bis Tavmjdomare erTxans TviTon iyo. ilia WavWavaZis aqtiuri monawileobiT Ca-
moyalibda `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba~, romel-
mac udidesi roli Seasrula ara marto qarTveli axalgazrdobis mSobliur enaze
gasanaTleblad, aramed saerTod qarTuli kulturisa da mecnierebis aRorZinebi-
saTvis. ilia WavWavaZis meTaurobiT es sazogadoeba iqca `qarTveli xalxis erov-
nul TavSesafarad~.
ilias isedac didi saxelis mniSvneloba, kidev ufro gaizarda am droisaT-
vis. igi Cveni eris azrisa da fiqris gamomxatveli Seiqna. gasagebia, rom es faqti
ar moswondaT Cveni qveynis mtrebs... Tanac adgilobriv, TviT Cvens qveyanaSi,
mravldebodnen dapirispirebuli Zalebi. mometebulad es iyo socialur moZra-
obas, politikas mitmasnili xalxi, visac aRizianebda, mosvenebas ukargavda misi
didi avtoriteti, misi azrTampyrobeloba. isini cdilobdnen ilias didi saxelis
gabiabruebas, lafSi amosvras. azris enaze maTTvis sruliad miuRweveli iyo ili-
as maRal gonebasTan, rkinis logikasTan dapirispireba, amitom upatiosno gzebiT
cdilobdnen mas gasworebodnen. ilia ukompromiso, ulmobeli iyo aseTebis mi-
marT. 900-ian wlebSiac bevri daumsaxurebeli da uzneo dapirispirebisagan, usa-
marTlo brZolisagan jangatexili ilia mainc ar cxreboda da fxizlad adevnebda
Tvalyurs qveyanaSi mimdinare movlenebs. 1905 wlisaTvis xalxis gamosvlebTan da-
kavSirebiT mefis mTavrobam jari Seusia soflebs Relvis dasacxrobad. ilia Wav-
WavaZe didad zrunavda glexobaze, cdilobda, rom aecdina igi saSineli rbevisa-
gan da amisaTvis arafers erideboda.
1906 wels ilia WavWavaZe arCeul iqna saxelmwifo sabWos wevrad, rogorc saqar-
Tvelos Tavadaznaurobis warmomadgeneli. iliam arCevisTanave ganacxada, rom igi
sabWoSi gamovidoda ara TavadaznaurTa saxeliT, aramed qarTveli eris saxeliT, iq-
neboda eris interesebis gamomxatveli da damcveli. aq, saxelmwifo sabWoSi, ilia
mcirericxovan memarcxeneTa Soris, progresulad moazrovne inteligenciis warmo-
madgenelTa Soris aRmoCnda. ilias farTo gegmebi hqonda, igi moiTxovda saqarTve-
24
los avtonomias, qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalias. isic sayovelTaodaa cnobili,
rom ilia ilaSqrebda sikvdiliT dasjis winaaRmdeg da am mxriv sityvasac ki amzadeb-
da sabWoSi gamosasvlelad.
am dros ki Cveni qveynis sulieri moZRvris garSemo Savbneli Zalebi iyrida
Tavs, xolo 1907 wlis zafxulis miwuruls ilia WavWavaZes sicocxle mouswrafes
imaT, vinc `saqarTvelosac mohklavdnen, rom SesZlebodaT~ (vaJa). Tavzardamcem
dReebSi gazeTi ìsari~ erTgvarad saerTo azrs gamoxatavda, roca werda, rom ilias
mkvleloba `naZiralebis, teroristebis moqmedebaa... savalalo da saSineli is aris,
rom Cvenma cxovrebam Seqmna is atmosfero, sadac aseT borotebas adgili aqvs da mar-
jve niadagi momzadebuli~.
qarTvelma erma udidesi gulistkiviliT daitira didi ilia da Tavis gul-
Si dagubebuli naRveli akakis, vaJas, iakob gogebaSvilis da sxva qarTvel mamu-
liSvilTa piriT gamoxata.
akaki ilias cxedris win ambobda: `rogorc sicocxle, ise sikvdili Seni gax-
da mizezi xalxis amoZravebisa... da vin icis, egeb sikvdiliT mainc ganamtkico is,
rasac Seni sicocxle Seswire~.
vaJa-fSavela glovis dReebSi ase afasebda ilias Rvawls: `mTeli 50 weli...
saqarTvelos bedi kalTiT atara, iyo misi daraji, rogorc deda erTaderT
Cvils Svilsa, ise dasZrwoda da dahkankalebda, an ar Semicivdes, an ar momiSivde-
so. moseuls mters, vinc saqarTvelos isrebs esroda, igi pirveli agebebda Tavis
mkerds, Semoqneuls xmals pirveli ufarebda farsa~... `nuTu visme fanatikosebs
hgoniaT, rom iliebis xocviT mohkvlen TviT ideas, romelic ukvdavia da romel-
sac mxolod iliasTana adamianebs SeuZlianT emsaxuron~.
ilias glovis dReebSi, roca mTeli qarTveli xalxi SeZrwunebuli da Tavzar-
dacemuli iyo, gamoCndnen iseTebic, vinc Cveni qveynisaTvis am mZime Jams geslianad
asisinda da erTgvari kmayofilebac ver dafara. ZiriTadad eseni social-demokra-
tiuli partiis mesveurni iyvnen. cnobili qarTveli poeti irodion evdoSvili swo-
red maTi misamarTiT aRSfoTebiT ambobda: `Tqven, romelnic ar malavT Tqven Rimil-
sa da sixaruls avazakebis mier gangmiruli didi mgosnis gvamTan, Tqven, romelnic na-
siamovnebi darCiT misis sikvdiliT, SeekiTxeT Tqvens sindiss, ra daaSava iliam iseTi,
rom is sikvdilis Rirsi yofiliyos. aSkarad da xmamaRla gamoaqveyneT es da ara quCis
kuTxeebSi furCuliT. nuTu ar gesmiT, rom Tqveni Rimili vaSaa avazakebisadmi, rom
igi TanagrZnobaa mwerlis jalaTebisadmi~.1
ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobaSi eris WeSmarit mesveurTa, WeSmarit winam-
ZRolTa xvedric iqna danaxuli. `gamoCenili, qveynis keTilmoRvawe, adamianebi
sazogadod yvela devnili da wamebulni yofilan da arian dResac Savi Zalebisa-
gan, romelTa ricxvi bevrad sWarbobs sindisierTa ricxvs~,2 — werda cnobili
qarTveli moRvawe konstantine gvaramaZe.
ilias mkvlelobis dReebSi cxadad gamoikveTa erTi azric — mowinave qar-
Tvelma sazogadoebriobam ilias mkvlelobaSi Cveni erTgvari daudevrobac dai-
naxa, udardeloba... kerZod iTqva, rom maSin, roca ilias garSemo gaismoda Seu-
racxmyofeli ciliswameba, wamaqezebeli kiJina, ar gamoCnda arc romelime jgufi,
arc romelime partia, Tu calke piri, romlebic xmas aimaRlebdnen, mkacrad dag-
mobdnen am ciliswamebas, ilias wmidaTawmida saxelsa da Rirsebas daicavdnen. er-
Ti oratori ilias cxedarTan ambobda: `Cven rom ilia Tavis droze gagvecno, rom
ilias namcnebi moZRvreba urTierTis sibralul-siyvarulisa, samSoblosTvis
Tavdadebisa da qarTveli eris ganviTarebisa mSobel dedis rZesTan erTad gveq-
cia Cveni arsebobis sisxlad da xorcad, maSin arc dRevandeli marcxi ar Segvem-
1
ilia WavWavaZis sikvdili da dasaflaveba, 1907, gv. 39.
2
sarke ilia WavWavaZis cxovrebisa anu daxasiaTeba mokleT da martivad Sedgenili mesxi konstan-
tine gvaramaZis mier, 1907, gv. 8.
25
Txveoda, magram damnaSaveni varT yvelani dididan-pataramde Sens winaSe, sulo ma-
Ralo, arc kaci da arc qali, arc swavluli da arc umecari, arc didi da arc pata-
ra ar gafasebdiT Rirseulad, arc gesarClebodiT Tavdadebulad da swored aman
gaxada SesaZlo Seni Zvirfasi sicocxlis mospoba veragi sulisagan~.1
kita abaSiZe ufro mkveTrad werda: `Cven migvaCnia am borotebis monawiled
ilias Tayvanismcemeli jgufebi da partiebi. maT am saSineli moqmedebis dros pila-
tes roli aRasrules... rom romelime moqmed jgufs ultimatumi wamoeyenebina, rom
ilias xelis Sexeba aravis epatiebao, Cven gadavirecxdiT samaradiso, saSviliSvilo
sircxvils~.2
qarTvelma erma kargad gaacnobiera axla, am mZime viTarebis Jams, rac moxda
da arnaxuli zemoqmedebiTi Zala mianiWa am erTob mZime faqts Cveni xalxis cxovre-
baSi. didebulad werda am dReebSi iakob gogebaSvili: `Seudarebeli, uebro Suris-
Zieba icis istoriam, saukeTeso istorikosebi im azrze dganan, rom qristianoba pa-
tara adgilobriv sarwmunoebad darCeboda, Tu rom ieso naZirala ebraelebs jvars
ar ecvaT. am ubedurebs egonaT, raki iesos sazarel sikvdils mivcemT, masac saSin-
lad davamarcxebT da mis swavlasac amovfxvriT da gavaqrobTo. namdvilad ki am sa-
zarelma sikvdilma, am jvarcmam gaaRmerTa ieso, gaxada igi sagnad usazRvro Tayva-
niscemisa, umxurvalesi siyvarulisa, mianiWa imis swavlas uZleveli Zala, mohfina
igi kidiT kide da qristianoba gadaiqca msoflio sarwmunoebad da jvarcmulis ja-
laTni ki gaakra kacobriobis TvalSi samarcxvino boZze ukuniTi ukunisamde~. aseve
fiqrobdnen ilias mkvlelebi, `bneleTis nabiWvrebi, magram Tavisave ugunuris da
wyeulis TvalebiT ixilaven sruliad winaaRmdegs nayofs TavianT sazizRar mkvle-
lobisas. am veragulis mokvlis Semdeg ilias saxeli moicvis didebuli mowamis Sara-
vandediT, erTi asad imatebs is Rrma pativiscema, is Tayvaneba, romliTac yoveli Wku-
aTmyofeli qarTveli ganmsWvaluli iyo misadmi. erTi asad gaizrdeba is didi mniS-
vneloba, romelic imis qmnilebebs hqonda da qarTveloba am qmnilebebs daewafeba
sruliad gaumaZRrobiT~.3
ilias sikvdilma TiTqos marTlac erTbaSad gamoafxizla Cveni qveyana, er-
Ti safiqraliT, erTi mizniT ganmsWvala yvela. TiTqos axla, glovis dReebSi
yvelam igrZno umTavresi. mere da mere kidev da kidev meti sxivmosileba SeiZina
ilias saxelma, vera Zalam veRar Seakava misi aRmasvla...
ase gauwia Tavisi mowamebrivi sikvdiliTac didma iliam ers udidesi samsa-
xuri; ase daidga Tavs `did wamebis man gvirgvini mSvenieri~...
mis sikvdilSiac iyo didi azri da saidumlo, rac, ra Tqma unda, ilias
mkvlelebs ar SeiZleboda scodnodaT.
ilia WavWavaZis mwerluri da moqalaqeobrivi mrwamsi
didi xelovanis memkvidreobis gasaazreblad gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba

eniWeba misi mwerluri da moqalaqeobrivi mrwamsis gaTvaliswinebas, romelsac
efuZneba mwerlis mTeli Semoqmedeba, ukeT, Semoqmedeba mrwamsis uSualo mxat-
vrul gansaxierebas warmoadgens.
ilia WavWavaZis mrwamsi adre Camoyalibda. sazogadoebas igi warudga ro-
gorc didad erudirebuli literatori, romelic idga mowinave evropuli da
rusuli azrovnebis simaRleze da Tvals usworebda mas.
1
ilia WavWavaZis sikvdili da dasaflaveba, gv. 120.
2
k. a b a S i Z e , `jvars acv, jvars acv ege~, g. abaSiZis redaqciiT, winaTqmiT, komentarebiT da
SeniSvnebiT, 1991, gv. 33.
3
ilia WavWavaZis sikvdili da dasaflaveba, gv. 133-134.
26
ilia WavWavaZe Tavidanve erTgulia gulwrfeli, marTali grZnobebis asaxvisa;
rac poets Sinaganad ar ugrZvnia, rac mTeli sisruliT ar gauTvaliswinebia, rasac
misi suli ar SeuZravs, asaxvis sagnadac ar uqcevia. ilias yuradRebas is iqcevs, rac
bunebrivia, bunebrioba aris piroba uSualobisa, uSualoba ki wyaro WeSmariti xe-
lovnebisa.
ilia WavWavaZis mrwamsiT literaturaSi Sinaarss gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eni-
Weba. xelovnebis nawarmoebi garkveul sinamdviles unda asaxavdes. mis Sinaarss azri
unda warmarTavdes, TavisTavad sityva arafers ar aRniSnavs; `sadac azri ar aris, iq
ena rac ar unda kargi iyos, sul uqmia... azri da mxolod erTi azri aZlevs enas enis
mniSvnelobas~.1
sazogadoebrivi da erovnuli satkivaris gareSe ar arsebobs WeSmariti poe-
zia. eris satkivaris, misi gulisTqmis gamoxatva SeuZlebeli iqneba, Tu xelovanma
cxovrebas ar miugdo yuri. rac SeiZleba cxovrebasTan axlos, rac SeiZleba miax-
loveba eris satkivarTan, aseTia mwerlis moTxovna da am moTxovnis erTguli rCeba
igi bolomde. `zogierTma unayofo poetma xelovnebis saxeliT ukuaridos piri Ta-
visi xalxis cxovrebas. meSvide cas SeaCeros gabecebuli Tvalebi... Cven imaTTan sa-
erTo gza ara gvaqvs... xelovnebasac imas movsTxovT, rom sarkesaviT cxovreba gar-
dmoices, raTa Cveni Tavi mis momxiblavis kalmiT cxovlad iyos warmomdgari Cven
wina, raTa sicudec da sikeTec Cveni davinaxoT~ (V,131).
xelovneba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis samsaxurSi unda idges, xelovani aq-
tiurad unda monawileobdes sazogadoebriv winsvlaSi. xelovnebis umTavresi
amocanaa ara Tvalis arideba sazogadoebriv naklze, aramed swored erovnuli,
sazogadoebrivi naklovanebebis daufaravi mxileba, gamoaSkaraveba, ramdenadac
eris winsvlis pirobaa codna naklisa da simrudisa, rom moiZebnos wamali mis ga-
sasworeblad. `maS rogor unda gavswordeT, Tu Cveni simrude ar gvecodineba.
netavi oriode kaci iyos saqarTveloSi, rom Cveni boroteba erTianad asweros
da dagvanaxos. aba is iqneba namdvili da saqebari mamulismoyvare da ara is, vinc
metis-metad damJavebuli siyvarulis gamo angeloziviT asaxelebs saqarTvelos.
borotebis Rviareba naxevari gasworebaa~ (V, 30).
poeturi saqmianoba ara marto bednierebaa, aramed didad sapasuxismgeblo
tvirTi, radgan mwerlisagan eriskacobas moiTxovs. sinamdvileSi mwerloba Tavgada-
debas niSnavs da visac es ar ZaluZs, igi amaod daiCemebs mwerlis saxels. literatu-
ruli saqmianoba qveynis samsaxurs niSnavs, xolo `qveynis samsaxuri yvelgan msxver-
plia da ara seiri~.2
iliasaTvis ucxoa tanjulis poza; igi Tavis Tavs ar amadlis vinmes. man es
gza Segnebulad airCia da Segnebuladve, amayad xvdeba gansacdels.
iliaseburi energiiTa da SeupovrobiT iSviaTad Tu vinmes gamouxatavs Cvens
mwerlobaSi zrunva qarTuli saliteraturo enis gamSvenierebisa da amaRlebisaTvis,
ramdenadac, misi sityvebiT, èris vinaobis pirveli niSani enaa~.
mwerlis nayofieri Semoqmedebis aucilebel pirobad ilia WavWavaZes miz-
nis sicxade da momavlis Sinagani rwmena miaCnda. ilia WavWavaZis didi Sinagani
damarwmuneblobiT ganmsWvalul sityvebs `Tu kacma ver cno Cveni guli, xom icis
RmerTma, rom wminda aris ganzraxva da survili Cveni~ Tavisi sayrdeni napovni
aqvs poetis pirovnul Zalasa da gamZleobaSi.
ilia WavWavaZis mwerluri mrwamsi Rrma moqalaqeobriv Segnebas efuZnebo-
da, ramdenadac igi Tavisi drois udidesi moqalaqe iyo. ilia WavWavaZis saxiT
1
i l i a W a v W a v a Z e, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, t. V, gv. 42. ilia WavWavaZis litera-
turul-kritikuli werilebidan masalis moxmobisas mivmarTavT aRniSnul gamocemas. amdenad,
narkvevis sqolioebiT gadatvirTvis asacileblad uSualod teqstSi mivuTiTebT toms da gverds.
2
i l i a W a v W a v a Z e , TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, t. III. gv. 291.
27
ukompromiso xasiaTis Seuvali moqalaqeobrivi principebis Tavkaci hyavda Cvens
qveyanas.
ilia WavWavaZe Sinagani aqtivobiT savse is moRvawe iyo, romelsac imTaviT-
ve devizad gaexada `moZraoba da mxolod moZraoba~. Zneli da erTob gabeduli
erovnuli amocanebis gadaWris dros igi ara mxolod Tavisi pirovnebiT warmo-
adgenda moqalaqeobrivi da SemoqmedebiTi gmirobis nimuSs, aramed dReniadag
qadagebda Tavis mxatvrul peblicistur memkvidreobaSi aqtiurobas.
moqalaqeobrivi simamacis asparezad ilia WavWavaZes inteligenciis moazre
cxovreba miaCnda. inteligencias Tvlida igi eris winamZRolad. misi fiqriT,
qveynis cxovrebas win unda gauZRven `WeSmaritad ganaTlebuli da mcodne kace-
bi, imisTanebi, romelTac mecnierebaSi saxeli moupovebiaT~ da `visac zneobrivi
da gonebrivi Zal-Rone aqvs win gauZRves Tavisi sakuTari qveynis cxovrebas.~
namdvili moqalaqeobrivi moRvaweobis asparezi ilias samsxverplo asparezad
miaCnda. namdvili inteligenciisagan ilia gmirobasa da simamaces iTxovda.
ilia Tvlida, rom saqveyno saqmisaTvis, samsxverplo saqmisaTvis Tavdade-
ba did pirovnebebs SeeZloT. mxolod maT namdvil, WeSmarit pirovnebebs SeeZ-
loT eris momavlis gamoWedva. am TvaliT zomavda ilia sazogado asparezze ga-
mosul yvela moRvawes. ilia werda: àrian bevrni didxarisxovannica, mecnierni-
ca, moRvawenica da ar arian mxolod xasiaTis kacni, kacni guliTa srulni. mZled
moburTalni qveynierebis moedanzed marto didi xasiaTis kacni arian, qveynis
RerZs marto is atrialebs, visac mihmadlebia guliT sruloba, didxasiaToba
imisdamiuxedavad — triali emarjvaT Tu emarcxaT... yoveli didebuli saqme, ri-
Tac ki kacobrioba hqadulobs da Tavs iwonebs, qmnilia xasiaTian kacTa mier da
ara visme sxvisagan. amitomac xasiaTiani kacis winaSe yvela uneblied Tavs ixris
mowiwebiTa da sasoebiTa~.1
qveynis simdidred ilia WavWavaZe materialur da qonebriv dovlaTs ki ar
Tvlida, pirvel yovlisa, aramed sulier cxovrebas. igi sulieri potencialis
mixedviT zomavda eris sicocxlisunarianobas, Tavisuflebis mopovebis SesaZ-
leblobebs.
ilia WavWavaZis literaturuli da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba im rwmenas
efuZneboda, rom yvelaferi eris interesebs unda dauqvemdebardes. ilia WavWa-
vaZisaTvis miuRebeli iyo yovelgvari moZRvreba, romelic patriotizmis sawina-
aRmdegod iyo mimarTuli. ilias Rrmad swamda, rom swored patriotizmia sazo-
gadoebrivi keTildReobis, winsvlis, progresis WeSmariti piroba. ilias miaC-
nda, rom adamiani Tavis ers unda emsaxuros keTilgonivrulad da Tavisi samSob-
lo aamaRlos sulierad da materialurad. mxolod amiT Seuwyobs igi xels saer-
To sakacobrio winsvlas. amitomac yoveli moRvawe Tavisi samSoblos keTildRe-
obaze unda fiqrobdes. cdilobdes, rom misma erma mometebuli Zala, energia, si-
cocxlisunarianoba gamoamJRavnos da kacobriobis did salaroSi sakuTari ka-
pitali Seitanos. ase unda iyos es yvela SemTxvevaSi da aTasjer metad ase unda
iyos iseTi patara qveynis SemTxvevaSi, rogoric saqarTveloa. `Cveni mSobeli
qveyana yvela sxva qveyanaze CvenTvis ufro safiqrali da sazrunvelia. aq aravis
Zraxvas da sayvedurebs ar veridebi. Cemi mrwamsi es aris. adamiani asea gaCenili,
Tavisas ufro hrCeobs, vidre sxvas~2, — ase swerda ilia im qarTvel axalgaz-
rdebs, vinc rCeva hkiTxa, gamoxmaurebodnen Tu ara berZenTa brZolas.
ra Tqma unda, aRniSnuli ar niSnavs imas, rom ilia ar cnobs, ar aRiarebs, pa-
tivs ar miagebs sxva xalxebis kulturas. ilia WavWavaZem yvelaze ukeT icoda fa-
si da Zala rusuli mwerlobisa da kulturisa saerTod. amas igi saTanadod gamo-
1
i l i a W a v W a v a Z e, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, t. IV. gv. 223.
2
i l i a W a v W a v a Z e, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, t. X. gv. 142.
28
xatavda kidec, magram Tavi da Tavi isaa, literaturuli saqmianobis drosac
ilia im moqalaqeobrivi principiT xelmZRvanelobda, rom `Cvenc, rasakvirvelia,
zedmiwevniT unda gavicnoT rusuli mwerloba da agreTve unda vscdilobdeT,
sxva ucxo mwerlobac SeviswavloT... mxolod im pirobiT, rom rac SeiZleba meti
Zal-Rone movaxmaroT Cvens mwerlobas da sakuTaris viTarebis Seswavla gavixa-
doT qvakuTxedad yovelisave codnisa~ (V,426), mxolod erovnul niadagze amoz-
rdilia, ilias azriT, safuZvliani da gamZlec: ìs mwerloba uqmia da mkvdrad
Sobili, romelsac saZirkvlad sakuTari viTarebis Seswavla ar daudvia~ (V,23).
ilia, Tanasworobis ideis Tavgamodebuli mqadagebeli, sxva erTa Rirsebis
pativismcemeli, Tavisi eris interesebis mouRleli guSagi iyo. ilia WavWavaZes
miaCnda, rom saqarTvelo ruseTis gverdiT unda idges, rogorc TavisTavadi, Se-
uzRudveli, Tanasworuflebiani — `didi muxis gverdiT rom patara iac yvaodes,
aravis arafers dauSavebs~ — aseTi iyo ilias politikuri Tvalsazrisi.
samSoblo qveynis Zliereba unda gamoeWeda qveynis yvela wodebis mowinave
warmomadgenelTa erTobas, erTiani saqveyno interesebiT SekavSirebas, SeerTe-
bul Sromas da Rvawls. saerTo ideebiT gamsWvalva, sazogadoebis yvela fenis
mowinave, jansaRi nawilis gaerTianeba erTi miznisaTvis — esaa ilia WavWavaZis
moqalaqeobrivi ideali. `gankerZoeba... wodebaTa gancalkeveba erTi qveynis
SvilTa, romelTac cxovreba, interesebi, grZnoba, azri da miswrafeba uricxvis
simiT aris gadabmuli da gadaxlarTuli danaSTenTan, Secdomaa. es Secdoma dah-
gmo Zvel erTa istoriam da daamtkica, rom mxolod yvela wodebis kavSiri gauZ-
lebs ganaTlebis da xalxis dawinaurebis damabrkolebel mizezebs. umTavresi da
iqneba erTaderTi garemoeba, romlis wyalobiTac daiRupnen da aRigavnen deda-
miwis zurgidan mravalni Zlierni da saxelovanni erni, iyo uTanxmoeba da gan-
sxvaveba wodebaTa Soris~.1 ilia WavWavaZe mTeli Tavisi Segnebuli cxovrebis
manZilze axorcielebda Tavis moqalaqeobriv mrwamss da sxvaTaganac moiTxovda
eris Rirsebis dacvas, misi TavisTavadobis sadarajoze dgomas.
ilia Tavisi mZlavri niWis naRvawiT da sazogadoebrivi saqmianobiT darCa,
rogorc zneobrivi magaliTi momavali TaobebisaTvis gulsrulobisa da gonebis
sinaTlisa, adamianis saqveyno saqmiT cadamaRlebisa.
ilia WavWavaZis literaturul-esTetikuri Sexedulebebi
ilia WavWavaZe mwerali ara marto mxatvruli gansaxierebiT kmayofilde-

boda, aramed literaturis, xelovnebis Sesaxeb Tavisi mosazrebebis gadmoSlac
Seadgenda mis Sinagan moTxovnilebas.
ilia WavWavaZis literaturuli da moqalaqeobrivi mrwamsi 60-ian wlebSi
Camoyalibda. amas TvalsaCinod mowmobs ilias mxatvruli da literaturul-
kritikuli werilebi, romlebic am wlebSi Seiqmna.
ilia WavWavaZem qarTul sinamdvileSi iseT simaRleze aiyvana literatu-
rul-esTetikuri movlenebis analizi, rom Semdeg igi faqtobrivad gadaulaxavi
darCa.
mainc ra sakiTxebi aqcia iliam Tavisi dakvirvebisa da gansjis obieqtad, ra
literaturul movlenebsa da faqtebze gaamaxvila yuradReba, raSi mdgomare-
obs misi, rogorc moazrovnis, damsaxureba?
ilia WavWavaZem Cvens sinamdvileSi pirvelma sistemaSi moiyvana da qarTvel
sazogadoebas miawoda Camoyalibebuli, Tavidan bolomde garkveul amocanasTan
Sefardebuli literaturul-esTetikuri Sexedulebebi. iliam mTeli sisruliT
1
i l i a W a v W a v a Z e, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, t. IV. gv. 376.
29
dasva sakiTxebi xelovnebis raobis, misi funqciis, misiis, xelovnebisa da yofis
urTierTdamokidebulebis, SemoqmedebiTi procesebis da, sazogadod, mxatvruli
azrovnebis specifikis, Targmanis Sesaxeb.
ilia WavWavaZe Seexo kritikis raobis sakiTxsac da qarTul sinamdvileSi
misi amocanebi gansazRvra.
iliam pirvelma gaiTvaliswina qarTuli mwerlobis ganviTarebis da, ker-
Zod, XIX saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi tendenciebi. man
qarTuli mwerlobis umTavresi warmomadgenlebic daaxasiaTa da am mxrivac qar-
Tuli literaturis istorikosTaTvis saxelmZRvanelo mosazrebebi gamoTqva.
ilia WavWavaZis literaturul-esTetikur naazrevSi sagangebo adgili
uWiravs Teatrisa da dramaturgiis sakiTxebs. mudmivi qarTuli Teatris ganax-
lebis Jams iliam Teatris recenzentobac iTava da aqac fasdaudebeli samsaxuri
gauwia profesiuli qarTuli Teatris Camoyalibebis, qarTvel msaxiobTa Taobis
aRzrdis, Teatris repertuaris SerCevis saqmes.
ilia musikis da, kerZod, qarTuli xalxuri musikis problemebiTac dainte-
resda da am sferoSi jer kidev Cven mier saTanadod Seufasebeli mosazrebebi ga-
moTqva.
mxolod ocdasami wlisa iyo ilia WavWavaZe, roca Tavisi pirveli gaxmaure-
buli kritikuli statia òriode sityva Tavad revaz Salvas Zis erisTavis mier
kazlovidgan `SeSlilis~ Targmanzeda~ dabeWda. aqac da Semdegac oponentebi-
saTvis gacemul `pasuxSi,~ Tu saprogramo xasiaTis werilSi `saqarTvelos moam-
beze~ ilia WavWavaZem principulad wamoayena realisturi literaturis saWiro-
ebis sakiTxi. iliam dagmo Cvens sinamdvileSi sentimentaluri xasiaTis nawarmoe-
bebis gadmoTargmnis faqti. sentimentaluri literatura, ilias azriT, im qvey-
nebSic, sadac igi arsebobda, ar iyo raime mniSvnelovani faseulobis Semqmneli,
miT umetes, ar iyo igi saWiro iseTi mcirericxovani erisaTvis, rogoric Cven vi-
yaviT, ramdenadac es literatura ar iyo datvirTuli socialuri problemati-
kiT, xolo amgvari problematikiT literaturis gamsWvalvas ilia sasicocxlo
mniSvnelobas aniWebda.
ilia WavWavaZe Tavisi literaturul-esteTikuri Sexedulebebis Camoyali-
bebisas, iseve rogorc yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi, xelmZRvanelobda erovnuli
TvalsazrisiT. xelovneba cxovrebis saWiroebisagan warmoiqmneba da cxovre-
biTvea gansazRvruli, magram Zalze xSirad Cven saqme gvaqvs adamianuri an cxov-
rebis moTxovnilebis yalb gagebasTan. marTalia, adamianis yoveli naRvawi da
maT Soris xelovnebis nawarmoebi, adamianis moTxovnis pasuxia, magram ar aris pa-
suxi sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis moTxovnisa. xelovneba mxolod maSin aris
Rirsi gansakuTrebuli sazogadoebrivi yuradRebisa, rodesac igi gansakuTre-
bul sazogadoebriv moTxovnilebas akmayofilebs; roca igi am sazogadoebis sa-
sicocxlo amocanebs exeba da momavlis gansazRvrisakenaa mimarTuli. amdenad,
ilias azriT, xelovneba, literatura mxolod maSin iqneba mowinave, roca igi sa-
erTo sazogadoebriv satkivars, erovnul satkivars cxadad gvagrZnobinebs, ro-
ca Tavis masalas cxovrebis sinamdvilidan aiRebs da sazogadoebrivi yofiT ga-
nisazRvreba. xelovneba, literatura sazogadoebrivi gardaqmnis zemoqmedebi-
Ti ZaliT unda iyos aRbeWdili.
ilia WavWavaZe Tavis pirvelsave werilSi Seexo mxatvruli nawarmoebis
erovnulobis sakiTxs. misi azriT, mwerali unda Tavisi eris Taviseburebebs Caw-
vdes da mis mier gansaxierebuli personaJebic Tavisi eris warmomadgenlebi un-
da iyvnen.
erovnulobis sakiTxs ilia kidev ufro mwvaved ganixilavs moqalaqeobrivi
paTosiT savse statiaSi `zogierTi ram~. ilia WavWavaZem miiCnia, rom mwerloba
eris sulieri miswrafebebis, misi saerTo erovnuli niSnebis saerTo erovnul
30
enaze gamoxatvas unda cdilobdes da amas miT ufro arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs
iseTi qveynisaTvis, rogoric saqarTveloa, romlis calkeul kuTxeTa warmomad-
genlebs qveynis `politikuri bedis trialis~ gamo saerTo saqveyno satkivarze
safiqreli daSretiaT, ganTviToebulan da erTmaneTisaTvis zurgi ubrunebiaT.
saerTo erovnulis Zieba, im `saerTo niSnis~ danaxva da asaxva, saiTkenac `TviTo-
euli CvenTaganis Wkva, goneba, fiqri, grZnoba, survili erTad, xalisianad da Se-
upovrad~ unda miiwevdes, aqcia ilia WavWavaZem qarTuli mwerlobis gadaudebel
amocanad, urTules, magram mainc usaTuod gansaxorcielebel amocanad. konkre-
tuli mxatvruli masalis analizisas da Sefasebisas ilia swored am Tvalsazri-
siT xelmZRvanelobda. XIX saukunis qarTveli mwerlebis daxasiaTebisas ilia-
saTvis mTavaria, Tu rogor iCens maT SemoqmedebaSi Tavs erovnuli, Tu ramdenad
warmoadgens esa Tu is mwerali erovnulis gamovlenas.
ilia WavWavaZem Tavis werilebSi literaturis daniSnulebis sakiTxze
msjelobisas mtkiced dagmo `metismetad damJavebuli siyvarulis gamo~ qeba da
dideba da yuris datkboba, literaturisagan man moiTxova daundoblad gamofe-
na `cxovrebis WuWyisa~. mcdaria azri, romlis Tanaxmad naklis dafarvaa patrio-
toba: `rac ufro mkafiod da daundoblad aris gamoTqmuli boroteba da naklu-
lovneba cxovrebisa, zogjer miT ufro sCans gamomTqmelis gulis simxurvale,
mouTmeneli, cxari wadili gasworebisa.~
ilia WavWavaZe Tavis literaturul-kritikul werilebSi araerTgzis exeba
mxatvruli simarTlis asaxvis sakiTxs. misi azriT, mwerali ki ar unda gvacnob-
des Tavisi personaJis xasiaTs sityvierad, miTiTebebiT, aramed es personaJi
TviTon unda vlindebodes qcevebsa da moqmedebebSi.
erTob mniSvnelovani mosazrebebi gamoTqva iliam mTargmnelobiTi saqmia-
nobis da, kerZod ki, masalis SerCevis Sesaxeb. man sruliad garkveviT ganacxada,
rom saTargmni masalis SerCeva ar unda moxdes piradi mowonebis mixedviT, ara-
med erovnuli poziciidan, is mwerali unda SeirCes, romlis gacnoba saWiroa
Cveni erisaTvis. aris Tu ara gamarTlebuli kozlovis Targmna im dros, roca
araa Targmnili puSkinis, gogolis, lermontovis Txzulebebi.
ilia WavWavaZem Tavis literaturul-kritikul werilebSi da Semdegac da-
bejiTebiT moiTxova literaturidan gaZeveba yvela ùniWo mbRajvnეlisa~. mwer-
lis upirveles movaleobad man enis codna miiCnia da am mxriv mudmivi zrunva.
ilia WavWavaZe, bunebrivia, gulisxmobs ara ubralod codnas enisas, aramed enis
grZnobas, mis aqtiur flobas, im unars, romlis SemTxvevaSi ara marto xerxdeba
kargisa da sustis garCeva (garkveulad esec didi Rirsebaa), aramed kargis Seq-
mna. statiaSi `zogierTi ram~ ilia sulisSemZvrelad kiTxulobda: `sadRa aris
exla qarTuli ena, an gvindaRa qarTuli, roca Cven TviTon Cvenda dasaRupavad
qarTvelobaze xeli aviReT? gonebiT rom aRar vscxovrobT, qarTuls enas azrs
rogorRa gamovaTqmevinebT?~. ilia WavWavaZem am statiaSi Cveni literaturisaT-
vis aqamde uCveulo simZafriT wamoayena erTiani saliteraturo enis aucileb-
lobis moTxovna, xolo axali qarTuli saliteraturo enis fuZemdeblad ilia
imis gamo iqca, rom Zala Seswevda Tavis mier wamoyenebuli moTxovnebi praqtiku-
lad ganexorcielebina.
rogorc aRniSnaven, ilia WavWavaZis `saqmianoba `saliteraturo kritikis
sferosac gadawvda da iqac waruSleli kvali datova~.1 uaRresad didia ilia Wav-
WavaZis damsaxureba qarTuli kritikis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. kritikis, rogorc
`cnebis ganmarteba, misi mecnieruli daxasiaTeba pirvelad ilia WavWavaZem mogva-
woda~.2 ilia Tvlis, rom kritikis done sazogadoebis azrovnebiTi simwifis gamo-
1
j . W u m b u r i Z e , qarTuli kritikis istoria, 1, 1974, gv. 156.
2
iqve.
31
xatulebaa. kritika, ilias azriT, unda iyos mebrZoli da mwerlobis mxardamxar
xels unda uwyobdes sazogadoebis gardaqmnas, gemovnebis ganviTarebas.
ilia WavWavaZem Tavis statiaSi `ra mizezia rom kritika ara gvaqvs~ Tavisi
droisaTvisac da SemdgomisTvisac uaRresad mtkivneuli sakiTxi dasva. da ai, sa-
yuradReboa, ras fiqrobs mainc ilia am mtkivneul problemasTan dakavSirebiT.
zogierTi CvenSi kritikis uqonlobas xsnis literaturis arqoniT. ilia WavWava-
Zis azriT Tavis marTlebis es forma `pariJis yavaxanis sibrZniTaa~ nakvebi da mas
simarTlesTan saerTo araferi aqvs. igi an ucodinarobiT, an Tvalis Zalad dab-
rmavebiTaa gamowveuli. sazogadod ki TviT literaturis uqonlobac ver xsnis da
ver gaamarTlebs kritikis uqonlobas. aseT SemTxvevaSi kritikam unda axsnas, Tu
ratom ar gvaqvs literatura. Torem Tavi rom davaneboT Zvel literaturas, ro-
melsac àseTis siuxviT asxivosnebs `vefxistyaosani~, amSvenebs daviT guramiSvi-
li `romlis didaqtikuri poezia pirs ar Seircxvens Tund lukrecis, virgilis da
horacios didaqtikur poezias dauyeneT pirispir da romlis sarwmunoebrivi Ra-
Radeba daviT winaswarmetyvelis fsalmunebis simaRlemdea asuli~; Tavi rom dava-
neboT Teimuraz I, arCilis, vaxtang VI, sakmarisia mecxramete saukunis poeziis gax-
senebac, misi `warCinebuli warmomadgenlebis~ saxelebi, rom sruliad usafuZ-
vlod CaiTvalis mosazreba Cveni literaturis siRaribis Sesaxeb.
jer erTi, rogorc vaxtang kotetiSvili SeniSnavs, `Cveni erovnuli kriti-
ka, miuxedavad garegnuli zviadobisa, Sinaganad mainc darcxvenilia da sakacob-
rio masStabiT romelime qarTveli moRvawis gazomva gveCoTireba. ilia WavWava-
Ze am mxrivac qarTveli adamianis axali tipia, romelmac gadalaxa azrovnebis
simxdale da qarTvel ers Rrmad mofiqrebuli da Tamami sityva gaagona.1 daviT
guramiSvilis poeziis fsalmunTa simaRleze azidva, qarTveli poetis lukreci-
usis, virgiliusis da horaciusis gverdiT dayeneba swored didi Sinagani Zalis
qarTveli moazrovnis gabeduli azria, romelic saTanado gaSinaarsebas jer ki-
dev moelis.
rac Seexeba uSualod didi ilias mier dasmul problemas, maS, ra mizezia,
rom kritika ara gvaqvs? rogorc Cans, amis mizezis axsna TviT qarTuli litera-
turis siRaribeze gadabralebiT aramc da aramc ar SeiZleba. aq ilia erT metad
sayuradRebo faqtze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. Cveni kritikosi dawers wigns rome-
lime did evropel mweralze, mag. homerosze, Seqspirze, goeTeze an baironze,
romelnic CvenSi aTasSi erTs Tu waukiTxavs; SesaZloa iseTi saswaulic moxdes,
rom qarTveli kritikosis wigni wasakiTxadac ki gamodges, magram igive kritiko-
si qarTveli poetis erT pawia leqssac ki ver gauZRves. es ki Turme imitom xdeba,
rom gamoCenil ucxoel avtorze bevri ram aris Tqmuli gamoCenili ucxoeli
kritikosebis mier da maTze azris Sedgena erTob advili saqmea. am SemTxvevaSi
sakmarisia ìmodena Rone iqonioT~, rom azrebi `mohkriboT~, erTmaneTs Seufar-
doT, SeuwonoT da yovelive Sekrebili, Sefardebuli da Sewonili erTs Znad
SehkraT da ise miarTvaT mkiTxvelsa. ra Tqma unda, rom amasac Wkua, codna unda
da mcireodeni xelovnebac, magram aq TviTmoqmedeba ufro xelisaa, Tu ese iT-
qmis, vidre im sulieris Zal-Ronisa, romelic TviTon hqmnis, TviTon sjis, Tvi-
Ton swlavs, TviTon sWris da TviTon keravs. aq yvelaferi ujra-ujrad awyvia
evropis literaturis salaroSi mzamzareulad, oRond im salaroSi Sesvlis Ro-
ne moipoveT da, raki es geqnebaT, xelis gawvdenis meti ara aris ra saWiro, rom
ujra gamoswioT da rac gsurT is gamoiRoT~ (V,344-345). rac Seexeba qarTul
mwerlobas, qarTvel mwerals, misi Sefasebisas kritikosi sakuTar Tavs unda da-
eyrdnos, ramdenadac Cveni literatura jer kidev xeluxlebeli ganZia, masze
did evropel moazrovneebs araferi uTqvamT; maSasadame aq Cveni kritikosi saku-
1
v . k o t e t i S v i l i, rCeuli nawerebi, 1, 1965, gv. 279.
32
Tar `sulier Zal-Rones~ unda daeyrdnos, sakuTari azri Seadginos, TviTgan-
sjas daeyrdnos, xolo es unari mas samwuxarod ar gaaCnia.
erTi sityviT, ilia WavWavaZem mourideblad miuTiTa, rom nasufraliT ik-
vebeba qarTuli kritika, mometebulad parazitul saqmianobas eweva da amis mize-
zi Cveni uRonoba da uZlurebaa. iliam am brwyinvale statiaSi isic gaxaza, rom
kritikosoba Znelze Zneli saqmea da igi moiTxovs mravali unaris erTobas. amas-
Tan man `qarTveli kritikosis mniSvneloba metad maRla aswia da didi siZnele
daanaxa qarTuli mwerlobis momaval mkvlevars. esec mniSvnelovani momentia.
literaturuli meSaoba saqarTvelos masStabiT aramc Tu ufro advilia, aramed
Seudareblad ufro Zneli yifila, vidre evropel mweralTa Sesaxeb wera da, ma-
Sasadame mxolod didi pasuxismgeblobiT SeiZleboda am saqmis xelis mokideba~.1
TviTon ilia WavWavaZe iyo Cvens sinamdvileSi nimuSi sakuTar sulier Za-
lebze dayrdnobili kritikosisa, `romelic TviTon hqmnis, TiTon sjis, TiTon
swlavs~ da qarTuli literaturis auwyvel simdidres frTxilad aanalizebs,
qarTvel mwerlebs TavTavianT adgils miuCens Cveni mwerlobis istoriaSi.
Tu, erTi mxriv, ilias naazrevi yuradRebas iqcevs zogadliteraturuli
da esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT, meore mxriv, man iTava qarTuli literaturis is-
torikosoba da kritikosoba.
fasdaudebelia is Rvawli, rac i. WavWavaZem Zveli qarTuli literaturis
Seswavlis saqmes dasdo.
i. WavWavaZe kargad icnobda Zvel qarTul xelnawerebs, zrunavda ara mxo-
lod maT Sekrebaze, aramed saqveynod maT gamomzeureba-publikaciaze. mas, mar-
Talia, specialuri naSromi ar miuZRvnia Zveli qarTuli mwerlobisaTvis, magram
mis literaturul-kritikul naazrevSi gvxvdeba saintereso dakvirvebebi, mo-
sazrebebi, sagulisxmo SeniSvnebi Zveli mwerlobis Sesaxeb.
savsebiT bunebrivia, rom i. WavWavaZis gansakuTrebuli siyvarulis sagani
iyo, misi yuradRebis centrSi yovelTvis idga qarTuli epikuri poeziis gvir-
gvini, Cveni `Tavmosawonebeli~, `sasiqadulo~ poema `vefxistyaosani~. rusTve-
lis genia gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iliasaTvis im mxriv iZenda, rom misma po-
emam sakacobrio Sinaarsis saTqmeli daitia, qarTvelTa warmomCeni iyo msoflio
asparezze. i. WavWavaZe sxvadasxva werilSi sagangebod exeba poemis istoriul-
literaturul sakiTxebs, sadReisodac sanimuSod unda CaiTvalos ilias mier
nestanisa da tarielis pirveli Seyris epizodis ganxilva. ilias es epizodi `ge-
nialuri kalmis mosmad~ miaCnda, homerosis poemis erTi brwyinvale adgilis
tolfasad.
ilias bevrjer daucavs qarTvelTa `xelixelsagogmanebi~ wigni damknine-
belTa da ganmaqiqebelTagan.
ilia WavWavaZe Rrmad icnobda aRorZinebis xanis qarTul mwerlobas, mis
did warmomadgenlebs, eweoda maTi naazrevis popularizacias. fasdaudebelia
ilias wvlili maTi Semoqmedebis gaazrebis saqmeSi.
da mainc unda iTqvas, rom ilia WavWavaZem, pirvel yovlisa, iTava XIX s. kri-
tikosoba da istorikosoba. am mxriv sayuradReboa ilias bevri Txzuleba da maT
Soris gansakuTrebiT iqcevs yuradRebas `werilebi qarTul literaturaze~,
romelic 90-ian wlebSi Seiqmna. `werilebSi~ miTiTebulia axali qarTuli mwer-
lobis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebi 60-iani wlebis CaTvliT; gansazRvrulia
XIXs. qarTuli mwerlobis `warCinebul warmomadgenelTa~ ZiriTadi damsaxureba
da adgili Cveni mwerlobis istoriaSi.
`werilebi~ 60-iani wlebis daxasiaTebaze wydeba. ase rom, igi dasrulebuli
ar Cans. magram is umTavresi mizani, rac iliam misi Seqmnisas daisaxa, savsebiT
TvalsaCinodaa ganxorcielebuli im nawilSic, romelic CvenTvisaa cnobili.
1
v . k o t e t i S v i l i , rCeuli nawerebi, 1, 1965, gv. 300-301.
33
ilias mizani ki iyo, eCvenebina, rom XIXs. qarTuli mwerloba misi ganviTarebis
romelsame monakveTSi CixSi ar Sesula da, rom igi uwyvet jaWvs gvidgens, rom
yoveli momdevno monakveTi garkveulad aris Semzadebuli wina monakveTiT, mas
eyrdnoba, misi memkvidrea. am ganviTarebis gzis Cvenebis aucilebloba ki ilias
winaSe im mizezebma ganapiroba, rom jer kidev gasul saukuneSi gavrcelda azri,
romelic mecxramete saukunis qarTvel mwerlebs e.w. `Zvel~ da àxal~ Taobebad aj-
gufebda da maT Soris araTu SeuTanxmeblobas, aramed ukompromiso brZolas aRia-
rebda (ara marto literaturul sakiTxebze) da erTmaneTisagan TiSavda 60-ianelTa
da adreul mweralTa literaturul memkvidreobas. aRniSnul azrs TaobaTa brZo-
lis Sesaxeb amJamadac mkvlevarTa didi nawili icavs, da ai, didi ilia, romelic am
Sexedulebis mixedviT axali Taobis meTauradaa aRiarebuli, sazogadod, gaumar-
Tleblad miiCnevs `Zvel~ da àxal~ Taobebze saubars. ilias azriT, mweralTa da
moRvaweTa Zvel da axal Taobebad dayofis safuZveli, maT Soris azrebis, ideebis
dapirispirebasa da gansxvavebulobaSi unda veZeboT, xolo aseTi dapirispireba
XIXs. literaturaSi, Tu ho-araobis Cxirkedelaobas mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT, ar-
sad ar SeiniSneba. ilia `werilebSic~ da sxvaganac brwyinvaled cxadyofs imas, rom
qarTveli samocianelebi memkvidreni da gamgrZelebelni arian a. WavWavaZis, n. bara-
TaSvilis, v.orbelianis, g.erisTavis, r.erisTavis da sxvaTa saxelebTan dakavSire-
buli literaturisa, xolo, rac Seexeba Zveli Taobis beladad miCneul gr.orbeli-
ans, igi is moRvawe da mweralia, romelic daucxromeli enTuziazmiT amoudga gver-
dSi axalgazrdebs da maTTan erTad iRvawa saerTo erovnuli saqmisaTvis Tavisi di-
debuli poeziiT Tu praqtikuli saqmianobiT.1
unda sagangebod aRiniSnos, rom qarTvel mweralTa im Sefasebas, romelsac
ilia WavWavaZe am statiebis seriaSi (`werilebi~) Tu sxva werilebsa da sityvebSi
iZleva, arc sadReisod daukargavs saxelmZRvanelo mniSvneloba.
ilia WavWavaZe Tavis kritikul-esTetikur naazrevSi did adgils uTmobs
Teatrisa da, kerZod, qarTuli Teatris problemebs. Teatrs ilia WavWavaZe udi-
des mniSvnelobas aniWebda eris sulier cxovrebaSi, erovnuli Segnebis momwife-
bis, qarTuli enis Rirsebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT. `didi ram aris scena sazoga-
dod da nametnavad CvenTvis... Zlivs erTi sajaro adgili mainc gveqneba, saca Cve-
nis eniT vilxenT, Cvenis eniT vinaRvlebT, Cvenis enis mowyalebiT Tvalwin gavi-
tarebT Cvens cxovrebasa mTelis misis WkuiT da gulis monagriTa. amas garda
scena igive Skolaa, romelic cxovelis suraTebiT elaparakeba kacis gulsa da
Wkuasa. igi am Tavis TvisebiT kacis gunebazed ufro medgrad moqmedebs, vidre
sxva rame. am mxriv aris igi sanatreli, am mxriv aris igi kacis grZnobisa da Wkuis
gamafaqizebeli, gamwmendeli. scena xalxis mwvrTneli, xalxis gamzrdeli unda
iyos da amasTanac imisTana Semaqcevari aris, rom ukeTes mxares adamianisas fexs
aadgmevinebs, frTas aSlevinebs. ukeTesi Sesaqcevari, ukeTesi drois gasarTobi,
sulisa da gulis amamaRlebeli, sxva iseTi ara viciT ra, scenis meti~ (V,40). ilia
WavWavaZem ara marto qarTuli Teatris ganaxlebis saqmeSi Seasrula erTi Tavka-
cis roli, ara marto am mxriv aRmoCnda igi suli da guli qarTuli Teatrisa,
aramed man am Teatris recenzentis mZime tvirTic zida karga xans da am mxrivac
waruSleli kvali gaavlo qarTuli Teatraluri kritikis saqmeSi. Tavis kritikul
naazrevSi iliam didi adgili dauTmo repertuaris saqmes. man Tavis droze miuTi-
Ta erovnuli dramaturgiis siRaribeze da qarTul dramaturgias ganviTarebis
gzebic dausaxa. ilia WavWavaZem sagangebod aRniSna gansakuTrebuli sirTule am
Janris nawarmoebis Seqmnisa, gansakuTrebuli niWisa da saTanado momzadebis auci-
lebloba amisTvis. erTi sityviT, ilia WavWavaZem gza gadauRoba qarTul drama-
turgiaSi advilad werasa da gadmokeTebas, am mxriv erTgvar upasuxismgeblobas
da uniWobas. ilia WavWavaZem yuradReba miaqcia scenaze saeWvo mxatvruli Rire-
1
ilia WavWavaZis Sexedulebaze dayrdnobiT, tradiciulisagan gansxavebuli Tvalsazrisia `TaobaTa
brZolaze~ ganviTarebuli gr. kiknaZis wignSi `metyvelebis stilis sakiTxebi~, 1957, gv. 148-184.
34
bulebis komediebis momravlebas. sadReisodac araferi mohklebia ilias azrs im
moaruli Sexedulebis umarTebulobis Sesaxeb (da es azri amJamadac cocxalia),
rom TiTqos sasacilo Txzulebebi ufro izidavs xalxs, vidre seriozuli. ilias
fiqriT, ama Tu im xalxis damaxasiaTebel niSnad sicilis an tirilis upiratesobis
aRiareba ki ar gamodis, aramed saubari yvelgan esTetikurs unda exebodes. esTe-
tikuri grZnobis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi faseulia rogorc sasacilo, aseve serio-
zulic da satiralic, radgan esTetikur grZnobas erTi TvaliT gaRviZeba ar
SeuZlian ise, rom meorec ar mRviZareobdes (V, 313). mTavaria, rom WeSmariti xe-
lovnebis sagani iyos sasaciloc da satiralic da mas mayurebeli erTgvari ZaliT
miiRebs da aRiqvams. ùazro, umizezo sicili lazRandarobaa... dauJiniaT sasaci-
loao!.. bevri ram aris qveynad sasacilo, magram esTetikuri grZnoba yvela si-
cils ver Seiwynarebs, Tavis Svilad ver gaixdis. sicili Tavis dReSi ar unda gar-
daiqmnas lazRandarobad da tirili kidev ugemur knavilad. es xSirad aviwydebaT
Cvens sakuTar avtorebsac, mTargmnelebsac da zog-zog niWier artistebsac. saca
WeSmarit sicils, an WeSmarit cremls ver aWrevineben, iq sicili lazRandaroba-
zed gadaaqvT da cremli umarilo knavilzed~ (V, 314-315).
rogorc vxedavT, ilias azriT, sazogadoebrivi gemovnebis aRzrda aris er-
Ti umTavresi funqcia Teatrisa da man es funqcia arasodes unda daiviwyos. swo-
red am da amgvari msjelobis SemTxvevaSi vxedavT Cven, Tu rogor didebulad
amowmebs kidec, axleburad iazrebs da aviTarebs zogadesTetikur debulebebs
ilia WavWavaZe.
ilia WavWavaZiseuli analizi konkretuli dramatuli Txzulebebisa, romle-
bic qarTul scenaze daidga, kerZod, avqs. cagarlis `qarTvlis dedisa,~ `xanumasi,~
i.lazaraSvilis `mtarvalisa,~ sardus `gaviyarneTis,~ v.abaSiZiseuli gadmokeTebiT
dResac sanimuSod unda CaiTvalos.
ilia WavWavaZe Tavis recenziebSi ara marto TviT dramatuli Txzulebebis av-
kargze SeCerda, aramed msaxiobebis TamaSze, zomierebis grZnobis mniSvnelobaze
TeatrSi, aqtioruli ostatobis srulyofaze da, erTi sityviT, TiTqos iseT
wvrilmanzec, rogoricaa rolis codna.
ilia WavWavaZe darCa nimuSad mkacri da obieqturi, magram amasTanave faqizi
Teatraluri recenzentisa, romelmac Zalian kargad icis, Tu rogori saTuTi gu-
lis patronia msaxiobi, romelsac sWirdeba ara marto SeniSvna, aramed mowoneba da
waxalisebac, radgan igi pirdapir gulis ficarze iwers wyenasac da sixarulsac.
ilia WavWavaZis yuradReba wvdeboda yovelive erovnuls. ilia dafiqrda
musikis da, kerZod, qarTuli xalxuri musikis sakiTxebzec da am mxriv Tavisi na-
azrevi gamoxata erTob mniSvnelovan werilSi `qarTuli xalxuri musika~. ilia am
werilSi aviTarebs azrs qarTuli xalxuri musikis unikalurobis Sesaxeb. am Sem-
TxvevaSi igi patriotuli TavmowonebiT ki ar xelmZRvanelobs, aramed wminda
mecnieruli gansjiT im daskvnamde midis, rom qarTuli polifoniuri musika arc
erTi xalxis musikas ar edareba arc evropulisas da, miT umetes, arc aziurisas,
kerZod sparsulisas, im xalxis musikisas, romlis gavleniTac bevr marTal da
ufro met aramarTal niSnebs mogvaweren. Tu musika xalxis `sulis moZraobisa da
gulis ZarRviscemis~ gamomxatvelia, TavisTavad es unikaluroba qarTuli musi-
kisa bevri ramis mTqmelia.
ilia WavWavaZe qarTuli musikis erTob seriozuli kvlevis saWiroebas mo-
iTxovs. miuxedavad imisa, rom ilia WavWavaZis mere bevri ram gakeTda qarTuli
musikis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT, misi es moTxovna sadReisodac friad aqtua-
lur moTxovnad rCeba.
ilia WavWavaZe Tavis literaturul-esTetikur Sexedulebebs sazogadoeb-
riv yofasTan, tradiciul gemovnebasTan, moSvebulobasTan da indiferentiz-
35
mTan WidilSi afuZnebda. amitom polemikuri xasiaTisaa misi werilebi. ilia Wav-
WavaZe nimuSi iyo mebrZoli kritikosisa da publicistisa.
ilia WavWavaZis literaturul-kritikuli naazrevi sakuTar nagrZnobsa da
gancdils efuZneba, amdenad aris igi uaRresad originaluri. araferi ar gaux-
dia mwerals iseTi gansjis sagnad, rac uSualod qarTuli viTarebiT ar iqnebo-
da nakarnaxevi. marTalia, ilia icnobs da xSir SemTxvevaSi mihyveba kidec, magram
ara monurad mowinave evropel da rus avtorebs, magram, rogorc amboben, igi yo-
velTvis rCeba damoukidebel `qarTvel moazrovned~.1 ilia arasdros Tavs ar
iwonebs mravali avtoris citirebiT. citirebas igi mxolod aucilebel SemTxve-
vaSi mimarTavs. ucxo da brWyviala terminTa momarjvebiT, saeWvo modurobiT
igi Tavs ar irTobs. mwerals TviTon aqvs didi saTqmeli da yvelafers, wakiTx-
uls da gagonils, Tavis saazrovno masalad aqcevs.
ilia WavWavaZem kritikosma da moazrovnem axali gzebi dausaxa qarTul li-
teraturul azrovnebas da kritikas. igi amJamadac gvaswavlis, gvmoZRvravs, am-
Jamadac gvirCevs, rom ar avyveT cdunebas, brmad ar vendoT azrebs, rac ar unda
did avtoritetebs ekuTvnodeT isini. ilia ganmsjeli kritikis, dafiqrebuli,
sabuTebis enaze mosaubre, konkretuli masalis Rrma gaazrebaze dafuZnebuli
kritikis momxrea da TviTonve iZleva nimuSebs aseTi kvlevisas. amitomac aqvs
mis naazrevs didi, damarwmunebeli Zala.
ilia WavWavaZis mxatvruli Semoqmedeba
ilia WavWavaZis mxatvruli Semoqmedeba mxolod erTi nawilia misi didi su-
lieri memkvidreobisa. raodenobrivad araa igi didi, magram uaRresad Rrmaa da
gamZle.
ilia WavWavaZis mxatvruli Semoqmedebis raodenobrivi SekumSuloba imi-
Tac unda aixsnas, rom mwerali SemoqmedebiTi muSaobis dros gonebis mkacri kon-
troliT xelmZRvanelobs. yvelaferi, rac misi xelidan gamosula, avtoris uSe-
RavaTo Semowmebis sagani gamxdara. ilia WavWavaZe arafers iseTs ar miscems ar-
sebobis uflebas, rac wamieria da mxolod pirovnuli; rac mis Tvalsazriss ar
Seesabameba; romelic erTiania da ucvleli mTeli misi moRvaweobis manZilze.
ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis Tematika myaria; mwerals aqvs Tavisi garkveu-
li sakiTxebi, romlebsac ki ar cvlis, aramed literaturuli moRvaweobis mTel
manZilze afarToebs da aRrmavebs, akvirdeba da aanalizebs sxvadasxva aspeqtiT,
gamovlenis sxvadasxva formaSi.
ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebas Tu Tematikis TvalsazrisiT davakvirdebiT,
davinaxavT, rom mas ZiriTadad erTi sakiTxi msWvalavs — erovnuli sakiTxi. es
sakiTxi dgas mweralTan awmyos TvalsazrisiT — ras warmovadgenT, rani varT,
raSia Cveni sasicocxlo Zalebi. amis garkvevas mwerali warsulis gaTvaliswine-
bis niadagze axdens — rani viyaviT, rogor gamoviareT saukuneebi, rom ar gadave-
geT da gavZeliT, raSi mdgomareobs Cveni xalxis ukvdavebis saidumlo, yvelafe-
ri ki mimarTulia momavlis gansaWvretad — ra mogvelis? TavisTavad es uzoga-
desi sakiTxi moicavs sakiTxTa did wyebas, romelTac arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWe-
baT ara marto qarTuli sinamdvilis TvalsazrisiT; kerZod esenia: sakiTxi adami-
anis arsebobis azris, misi daniSnulebis, cxovrebaSi misi adgilis Sesaxeb, xelova-
nis funqciisa da xelovanis misiisa da misi movaleobis, sazogadoebaSi misi adgi-
lis Sesaxeb, Tavisuflebis sakiTxi, socialur wodebaTa urTierTobis, maTi Ta-
nasworuflebianobisa da TanabarRirebulebis sakiTxi. Tanasworuflebianobis
1
g r. k i k n a Z e, literaturis Teoriisa da istoriis sakiTxebi, 1979, gv. 230.
36
sakiTxi dgas ara marto socialur sibrtyeze, aramed erovnul sibrtyeze — erov-
nebaTa Tanasworuflebebisa da TanabarRirebulebis TvalsazrisiT, sazogadoe-
bisa da misi calkeuli wevris urTierTobis, maTi ufleba-movaleobis, danaSauli-
sa da sasjelis, Sromis arsisa da misi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebi da a.S.
sxvadasxva literaturul JanrSi am sakiTxTa ganxilva-gamoxatva kidev uf-
ro migvaaxlovebs im uaRresad mdidar grZnobaTa da ideaTa samyaros, romelsac
ilia WavWavaZis mxatvruli memkvidreoba gvidgens.
ilia WavWavaZis lirika. ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba liri-

kiT daiwyo, xolo Semdeg sakuTari grZnobebis gadmocemas TandaTan Seenacvla
im viTarebis, motivTa farTo ganxilva-daxasiaTeba, rac misi grZnobebis, fiqre-
bisa da gansjis ganmsazRvrelad gamodioda. aman ki epikuri Janrebi moiTxova.
mainc ra daxvda ilia WavWavaZes, poets qarTul poeziaSi, riT suldgmulobda
qarTuli leqsi, roca ilia gamovida samwerlo asparezze. sinamdvilisadmi ra axali
midgoma gamoamJRavna man, gamosaxvis ra saSualebebs mimarTa.
rogorc cnobilia, ilia WavWavaZis mosvlamde qarTuli poezia romantiku-
li xasiaTisa iyo. ilias winamorbedTagan saxelmoxveWilni iyvnen aleqsandre
WavWavaZe, grigol orbeliani da nikoloz baraTaSvili.
mainc ra gansazRvravda qarTvel romantikosTa lirikis Taviseburebebs,
ra gamoarCevs ilias leqsebs romantikosTa lirikisagan, anu ra qmnis mis Ziri-
Tad Taviseburebebs.
qarTvel romantikosTa memkvidreoba didi sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebis
Semcvelia, ramdenadac maTi tkivilebi da miswrafebebi emTxveva qarTvelTa sa-
erTo sulier tkivilebsa da miswrafebebs. magram Cveni romantikosebi, pirvel
yovlisa, swored imitom iyvnen romantikosebi, rom maTi lirika ufro pirov-
nul-individualuri xasiaTisa aRmoCnda. ra Tqma unda, aRniSnuli imas ar niS-
navs, rom maT poezias an socialuri safuZveli aklda, anda aseTi mizanswrafva
ar gaaCnda. TqmuliT mxolod is aRiniSneba, rom maT poeziaSi garkveul niadagze
warmoSobili gancdebia gadmoSlili am niadagis sagangebo Cvenebis gareSe. es
gansazRvravs, erTi mxriv, maTi poeziis romantikul xasiaTs. amdenad SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom romantikosebi ufro pirovnul gancdebs gvixasiaTeben da maT poe-
ziaSi wina planze ufro Rrmad intimuri grZnobebi warmosdgebian.
ilias samwerlo asparezze gamosvlamde qarTul poeziaSi moqalaqeobrivi
motivebi nakleb iCendnen Tavs da Tan zogjer sakmaod faruli tendenciis saxiT.
am tendenciis migneba iyo saWiro, imdenad faruladaa igi, magaliTad, warmodge-
nili al.WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi. marTalia gr. orbeliani am mxriv ufro Sors
wavida, magram masTan patriotuli grZnoba mainc ufro warsulis grZnobaa. n. ba-
raTaSvili iyo is didi poeti, romelmac gansakuTrebiT Tavisi Semoqmedebis mog-
viano xanaSi farTo moqalaqeobrivi interesebi gamoamJRavna, magram poetis sev-
da-mwuxarebis ganmapirobebeli konkretul faqtebze uSualod da pirdapir
TiTqmis araferia miTiTebuli. sakiTxi masTan ufro zogad filosofiur aspeq-
tSia gancdili da ganxiluli.
erTi sityviT, Cveni romantikosebis lirika sulieri cxovrebis konkretu-
li niadagis Cvenebas ar isaxavs miznad. es garemoeba sruliadac ar vnebs istori-
kosis TvalSi romantikosTa lirikis sazogadoebriv Rirebulebas, magram mis
Taviseburebas ki asaxavs da mowmobs. romantikosi poetebis Semoqmedebas udide-
si sazogadoebrivi mniSvneloba aqvs da swored am mniSvnelobas gausves xazi sa-
gangebod qarTvelma realistebma, magram faqti isaa, rom romantikosTa intere-
si ufro TviTCaRrmavebisaken, SigniT, pirovnulisaken, sakuTar sulier mdgoma-
reobaze dakvirvebisa da misi gadmoSlisaken aris mimarTuli, vidre gare viTare-
37
baze pirdapir da uSualod miTiTebasa da mis amgvarsave daxasiaTebisaken da es
apirobebs ZiriTadad maTi asaxvis romantikul iersa da xasiaTs.
ra Taviseburi midgomiT gamoirCa am mxriv ilia WavWavaZe lirikosi? ilia
WavWavaZem lirikaSi interesebi Signidan, Rrmad pirovnulis daxasiaTebidan, in-
timuridan gareT, sazogadoebrivisaken Semoabruna, man sazogadoebrivi aqcia
lirikis ZiriTad sagnad. lirikaSi poeti Tavisi pirovnuli sulieri mdgomareo-
bis, grZnobaTa uSualo daxasiaTebis gzas ki ar gahyva, aramed masTan asaxva pova
uSualod, daufaravad da SeuniRbavad im sazogadoebriv-politikurma sakiTxeb-
ma, im yofiTma garemom, rac misi sulieri mdgomareobis ganmsazRvrelad gamodi-
oda. iliam bejiTad iwyo socialuri problemebis ganxilva, yofiTi garemos
farTo asaxva da am mxriv gamoavlina mouRleli energia.
ilias, bunebrivia, arc sakuTari grZnobebis, uSualod sakuTari sulieri
moZraobis gamoxatvaze uTqvams uari, magram maTi gadmoSlisasac ki, TiTqos er-
Tgvarad ganze gadga, manZiliT daSorda Tavis gancdebs da isini sazogadoebrivi
interesebidan gaanalizebis saxiT mogvawoda. is, rac adre moqalaqeobrivi mo-
tivebis TvalsazrisiT ufro faruli tendenciis saxiT iCenda Tavs, ilias liri-
kis ganmsazRvreli gaxda da mis TvalsaCino Sinaarsad iqca. amitomacaa ilias li-
rika moqalaqeobrivi lirikis nimuSi. aq sruliad Segnebulad pirovnulma, kerZo
interesebma ukana planze gadainacvles da gabatonebuli adgili sazogadoeb-
riv, saerTo interesebs dauTmes. ilia WavWavaZem poetis amocanad swored sazo-
gadoebrivi tkivilebis gamosaxva miiCnia da poeziis gamarTlebac moqalaqeobri-
vi interesebis asaxvaSi dainaxa. iliam pirovnuli grZnoba mTlianad dauqvemde-
bara sazogadoebrivs. intimur grZnobebs mis lirikaSi mxolod sazogadoebrivi
interesebiT gamsWvalvis Semdeg mieca arsebobis ufleba da maTi Rirebulebac
swored am TvalsazrisiT Semowmda.
Cveni romantikosebi mometebulad `maRal materiebze~ laparakobdnen, ma-
Ralze im azriT, rom iq, maT poeziaSi dasmul sakiTxebs yvelasaTvis ar hqonda
sadReiso-yofiTi mniSvneloba. al. WavWavaZesTan da gr. orbelianTan saubari
iyo ùdabnod qmnul savaneze~, `foTolT uxSir Wirze~ da `borot suliskveTeba-
Tagan gansvenebaze~. al. WavWavaZe da gr. orbeliani mometebulad TavianT wminda
intimur lirikas qmnidnen. maTi lirikis sagani iyo `trfobis isarT kona~ da
`melnis tbaTa gars mcvelad mdgari Savi hindni~, àSiyT mowame mTvare~ da `Raw-
vTa zeda gadakruli nuSis yvavili~.
n. baraTaSvili faqizad metyvelebda mTawmindasa da iq `SemoRamebaze~,
òbol sulsa~ da `meranze~, `Sav yoransa~ da `bedis samzRvarze~, `bundovan klde-
sa~ da `locviT miqancebul sulze~. ase laparakobda poeti da erTgvari idumale-
biTac aRbeWdavda Tavis mRelvare naambobs.
erTi sityviT, Cveni romantikosebis poeziaSi cxovrebaze erTgvarad amaR-
lebuli movlenebi gveZleodnen. am TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maTi po-
ezia sagangebod gafaqizebuli gancdebis poeziaa.
ilia WavWavaZem Tavisi lirikis sagnad airCia is, rac Cveulebrivi, yovel-
dRiuri da aqtualuri iyo. ilias poeziaSi Zalumad igrZnoba miZinebuli mamu-
lis gamoRviZebis survili, warmoCenilia qarTveli dedis saxe, saqarTvelos
warsuli da momavali. `tvirTmZimeT da maSvralT~ bedi da `Sromis axsna~ — ai,
ilias lirikis obieqtebi. romantikosebTan idumalis Sinaarsis Semcveli `be-
dic~ ki iliasTan naTeli, realisturi SinaarsiT aivso da momavlis mniSvneloba
SeiZina. ilia WavWavaZem Tavis poeziaSi mkiTxvels Tvalwin dauyena adamianuruf-
lebaayrili guTnis deda da ùsamarTlod dasjili~ muSa, `xalxis sisxlisTvis
agrgvinebuli cari~ da gaiZvera diambegi. ilias lirikiT cxadi gaxda, rom Cveu-
lebrivi da yoveldRiuric SeiZleba iqces poeziis sagnad, roca mas didi da fxi-
zeli xelovanis xeli Seexeba.
38
yvelaferi zemoaRniSnuli uflebas gvaZlevs, ganvacxadoT, rom ilias li-
rika axal safexurs qmnis qarTuli lirikis istoriaSi.
tradiciulad momdinareobs azri, rom lirika aris poetis sulieri samyaros
daxasiaTeba, misi grZnobebis gadmoSla, movlenebisa da sagnebisadmi misi mimarTe-
bis warmodgena. magram lirikis amgvari gaazreba mTlad amomwuravi ar unda iyos,
radgan faqtobrivad amave amocanas upasuxebs arsebiTad sxva Janrebic. epikur na-
warmoebSiac aisaxeba mwerlis sulieri viTareba, misi mimarTeba, grZnobebi. lirikis
SemTxvevaSi arsebiTi isaa, rom aq uSualod TviTon poetis sulieri mdgomareoba,
misi grZnobebia CaTvlili sazogadoebrivi yuradRebis Rirsad. poetis `mes~ gan-
cdas eniWeba lirikul nawarmoebSi uSualod fasi. amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, lirika
Cveulebriv pretenziuli Janria im azriT, rom, rasac poeti grZnobs, mas mniSvne-
lovnad miiCnevs. TavisTavad cxadia, nakleb pretenziulia sxvaTa piriT laparaki,
sxvaTa azrebisa da moqmedebebis daxasiaTeba, maT saxeebs amofareba, maTSi gauCina-
reba. erTi sityviT, lirika avtorTan axlos misuli formaa gamoxatvisa da, amde-
nad, metad sapasuxismgeblo formac. yovelive amis aRniSvnas axla is mniSvnelobac
aqvs, rom ilia WavWavaZis saxiT saqme gvaqvs iseT poetTan, romelsac mZlavrad aqvs
gacnobierebuli es viTareba. masTan yvelgan igrZnoba es didi pasuxismgebloba.
ilia WavWavaZis lirikuli poezia araa vrceli. mas sul 72 leqsi aqvs daweri-
li. nawili leqsebisa poets an ar daumTavrebia, an sazogadod uari aqvs maTze naT-
qvami.
Tematikuri TvalsazrisiT dajgufebisas SeiZleba pirobiTad Semdegi jgu-
febi gamovyoT mis poeziaSi: erT Tematikur jgufs Seadgenen wminda socialuri
xasiaTis leqsebi, iseTebi, rogoricaa: `guTnis deda,~ `muSa,~ `mesmis, mesmis~...,
`gazafxuli,~ `1871 weli, 23 maisi~ da a.S. meore jgufSi SeiZleba gavaerTianoT
leqsebi, romlebic aSkarad patriotuli mizandasaxulebisani arian, Torem ise
faqtobrivad ilias yvela leqsi patriotul mizandasaxulebasaa sabolood daq-
vemdebarebuli. aseTi leqsebia: `yvarlis mTebs,~ `qarTvlis dedas,~ èlegia,~
(`mas aqeT...~), `ra vakeTeT, ras vSvrebodiT anu saqarTvelos istoria mecxramete
saukunisa,~ `bednieri eri,~ (`Cemo kargo qveyanav...~), `bazaleTis tba~ da a.S. Sem-
degi jgufia iseTi leqsebi, romlebic exebian poeziis daniSnulebas da poetis
misias. aseTebia: `poeti,~ (`Cemo kalamo~...) da a.S. ilias aqvs satrfialo Sinaarsis
leqsebic. aq Sedis: `mec Sav Tvalebs,~ (`vixile satrfo~), (èrTxel jda Cem-
Tan...~), (`risTvis miyvarxar~), (`gaxsovs turfav...~) da a.S. Semdegi jgufia iseTi
leqsebi, romlebic Cven SeiZleba romelime aRniSnul jgufs mivakuTvnoT, mag-
ram isini mainc gamoirCevian, ramdenadac maTSi poetis TviTdaxasiaTebaa, misi
pirovnuli Zalebis Sefasebaa warmodgenili. aseTebia: `dae Tund movkvde...~,
`gavswordeT bedo~ da a.S. calkea gamosayofi iseTi leqsebi, romlebsac polemi-
kuri ieri aqvT. esenia `gamocanebi,~ `kidev gamocanebi,~ `pasuxis pasuxi.~
ra SeiZleba iTqvas sakuTriv socialuri Sinaarsis leqsebis daxasiaTebis
TvalsazrisiT. `guTnis deda~ erT-erTi adreuli brwyinvale leqsia. poeti
mkiTxvels uqmnis imis mxatvrul iluzias, rom qarTveli glexkaci gviSinaarsebs
Tavis safiqrals da satkivars. am iluzias aRrmavebs adgilobrivi koloritis
Rrma codna da saTanado gamoxatva, sada, dauZabavi metyveleba, aforizmuli, qa-
ragmebiT uxvi, rac ase maxlobelia xalxuri poeziisaTvisac. leqsSi igrZnoba
didi TanagrZnoba da siyvaruli poetisa mSromeli kacisadmi...
sagangebo aRniSvnis Rirsia is, rom am leqsis Sinaarsi sruliadac araa mi-
jaWvuli gamosaxatav obieqtTan — guTnis dedasTan, aramed masze maRldeba da
sayovelTaod Rirebuli azris saxes iZens, romelic erTob mniSvnelovania guT-
nis dedis gareSec. am leqss mTlianad gasdevs azri adamianis RirsebaTa aRiare-
bisa da maTi dacvisa. aq didi mxatvruli ZaliT aris wamoyenebuli moTxovna ada-
mianis Sinagani Tavisuflebisa. adamianis Rirseba unda iqnes daculi — es azria
39
wamyvani am leqsSi. SeiZleba aRar iarsebos ilias leqsis asaxvis uSualo obieq-
tma, guTnis dedam, magram leqsSi gamoxatuli gamZle azris gamo es leqsi sul
icocxlebs. rogor aris am leqsSi poetis mier es mxatvruli amocana ganxorcie-
lebuli. am amocanis ganxorcieleba xerxdeba ilias poeziisaTvis niSandoblivi
mWevrmetyvelebiTi gziT. mWevrmetyveluroba am leqsisa, pirvel yovlisa, obi-
eqtis amaRlebaSi vlindeba. Cveulebrivi gza obieqtis daxasiaTebisa iyo da amJa-
madac aris am obieqtis doneze dasvla, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli metyvelebis
formis SerCeva da, saerTod, iseTi mxatvruli saSualebebis SerCeva, rac am obi-
eqts Seesabameba. `guTnis dedaSi~ ilia WavWavaZe am tradiciul gzas ar mihyveba.
ilia guTnis dedis doneze ki ar dadis, aramed TviTon igi — guTnis deda ahyavs
Tavis simaRleze... guTnis deda, romelic arc maincdamainc enamWevrad warmog-
vedgina, ilias leqsSi ase STambeWdavad ametyvelda. swored gansasaxierebuli
obieqtis amaRleba, rac ase niSandoblivia ara marto ilias lirikisaTvis, ara-
med sazogadod misi SemoqmedebisaTvis (gavixsenoT lelT Runia, mwyemsi qali)
aris erTi niSani am leqsis mWevrmetyvelurobisa.
am leqsis mWevrmetyvelurobas gaucveTeli, siaxlis niSniT warmodgenili
leqsikac da sazogadod metyvelebac apirobebs. marTalia, `guTnis dedaSi~ leq-
sika ZiriTadad yofiTia, magram frazis konstruqcia aqvs poets uCveulo. erTi
sityviT, poeti yofiT metyvelebas ki ar eqvemdebareba, aramed masze maRldeba,
rac misi pirovnuli siZlieris maCvenebelic aris.
rac iTqva konkretulad am leqsis Sesaxeb, igive unda gavavrceloT ilias
TiTqmis yvela leqsze, oRondac ramdenime sityva unda iTqvas leqsze `muSa~. pir-
velad aseTi saTauriT am Temaze leqss ilia WavWavaZis poeziaSi vxvdebiT da Sem-
deg es Tema sazogadod mkvidrdeba qarTul poeziaSi (gr. orbeliani, ir. evdoSvi-
li, g. quCiSvili da a.S.). Zala garkveuli Temisa da misi gansaxierebisa Cans pirve-
lobaSi, Torem Semdeg SesaZloa ukeTesi Txzulebac daiweros amave Temaze. es iT-
qmis Tundac gr. orbelianis didebuli leqsis `muSa boqulaZis~ mimarT.
ilia WavWavaZis SesaniSnavi leqsi `mesmis, mesmis...~ 1860 wels Seiqmna, mag-
ram misi gamoqveyneba mxolod TerTmeti wlis Semdeg moxerxda Jurnal `krebul-
Si~ n. nikolaZis aseTi SeniSvniT: ès leqsi glexebis ganTavisuflebis dros
ekuTvnis~. cxadia, es SeniSvna fandi iyo cenzuris Tvalis asaxvevad. leqsis Seq-
mnis namdvili safuZveli da mizanswrafva iseTi iyo, rasac cenzura ver Seiwyna-
rebda. es leqsi peterburgSi Seiqmna, sadac studenti ilia didi interesiT,
RelviT adevnebda Tvalyurs msoflioSi mimdinare socialur-politikur pro-
cesebs, didi TanagrZnobiT imsWvaleboda TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli damone-
buli xalxebis mimarT. rogorc Tanamedroveni gadmogvcemen, ilia auRelvebia
italiis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel brZolas; am brZolebis legendaruli gmi-
ris — juzepe garibaldis gamarjvebebs. ilias garibaldisTan wasvla da mis raz-
mSi Cawerac seriozulad hqonia gadawyvetili. swored aman gansazRvra am leqsis
Seqmna. leqsSi gamoxatulia didi TanagrZnoba da siyvaruli TavisuflebisaTvis
mebrZoli xalxis, `simarTlis xmis qveynad quxilis~ mimarT, rac aris safuZveli
monobis borkilebis sabolood darRvevis imedisa. poeti natrobs, rom es xma mis
mamulSiac gaismas.
ilias lirikis daxasiaTebisas erTxmad miuTiTeben, rom patriotizmia misi
ZiriTadi Sinaarsi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom swored es grZnobaa amosavali mis nawar-
moebebSi gamoxatuli sxva grZnobebisa. am grZnobis niadagzea aRmocenebuli,
gaSlili da ganviTarebuli patriotuli ideali, romelic gansazRvravs yvela
mis sxva ideals.
`yvarlis mTebs~ aris faqtobrivad ilias pirveli maRalmxatvruli leqsi.
is cxrameti wlis Wabukma SeTxza peterburgSi gamgzavrebis win. es leqsi mraval-
mxriv aris sayuradRebo. is warmogvidgens im mwuxare ganwyobilebas, romelic
40
Sors, ruseTSi mimaval axalgazrdas daeufla samSoblo qveyanasTan ganSorebis
Jams. leqsSi gamoxatuli sevda ar aris gauvali da yvelafris damTrgunavi, rad-
gan ganSorebis tkivils Tan axlavs gacnobierebuli Segneba imisa, rom Tavis sam-
SoblosTan mas aSorebs saqveyno vali. `momavlis bedi~ iTxovs msxverplad gay-
ras, rom mSobliuri mTebi mudam masTan iqnebian xsovniT, ucxoeTidan kvlav mo-
awvdens gulsa da Tvalsa. am leqsSi patriotuli grZnoba mSobliur adgilTan,
konkretul adgilTan siaxlovis saxiT mJRavndeba — kerZod mSobliuri yvarlis
mTebTan siaxloviT... gansaxierebis aseT gzas Semdeg faqtobrivad poeti aRar
imeorebs. konkretuli adgilis, teritoriis siyvaruls Seenacvleba samSoblos,
rogorc aseTis, siyvaruli, samSoblos ideis siyvaruli.
leqsi `yvarlis mTebs~ yuradRebas iqcevs bunebis grZnobis gamoxatvis
TvalsazrisiTac. igi cxadad warmogvidgens poetis mimarTebas bunebasTan. bune-
bas aq, ise rogorc sxva leqsebSi, patriotuli grZnobis gamowvevis mniSvneloba
eniWeba.
sagangebod miuTiTeben leqsis Sinagan kompoziciur gamokveTilobaze da
mkacr organizebulobaze.
`qarTvlis dedas~ ilias saprogramo xasiaTis leqsebis wyebaSi Sedis, ram-
denadac aq gamokveTili ideali mTeli misi Semoqmedebis manZilze ar icvleba da
Tematikurad meordeba, iSleba da konkretdeba mxatvrul saxeebSi misi poeturi
moRvaweobis mTel manZilze.
es leqsic, erTi mxriv, pasuxi iyo im amocanis gadawyvetis gzaze, Tu ra un-
da moemoqmedna qarTvel xalxs, rom ar gaTqvefiliyo uzarmazari imperiis masa-
Si, Tavisi TavisTavadoba, erovnuli iersaxe SeenarCunebina; dros dalodeboda
da xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi ebrZola damoukideblobisa da TavisuflebisaTvis.
Tavdapirvelad poeti `qarTvlis dedaSi~ im azrs aviTarebs, rom Tavisu-
fal saqarTveloSi Zvelad deda Svils mamuls uzrdida. dedis nana mtrebTan
mebrZol qveyanas momaval gmirs umzadebda. is dro gaqra. tyvedpyrobilma, kir-
Tebis qveS daCagrulma bedma dedis sicocxlis Zala Cakla da misi Svilic Crdi-
ls daamsgavsa. aRaraa mamapapuri mxneoba, saxelisaTvis amayi TrTola, gmiruli
suli. TiTqos unda movelodeT, rom leqsSi romantikuli sevda SemoiWreba war-
sulze misi idealizebis mizniT, magram molodinis sapirispirod es leqsi swo-
red imiTaa saetapo, rom ilia aq radikalurad emijneba amgvar damokidebulebas
warsulTan. sicocxlisunarian ers ar SeSvenis warsulze godeba. warsulze
cremls sicocxle rodi mohyolia:
`moviklaT warsul droebzed dardi...
Cven unda vsdioT axla sxva varskvlavs,
Cven unda Cveni vSvaT myoobadi,
Cven unda mivsceT momavali xalxs~.
leqsis meore nawili mTlianad itvirTeba momwodebluri intonaciiT. esaa
leqsi-mowodeba. dedam Svili unda aRzardos qristes mcnebiT, mamulis siyvaru-
liT. poets Rrmad swams, rom dedis nanasTan Sezrdili saRvTo da saqveyno idea-
lebi sasurvel zemoqmedebas moaxdenen da keTil nayofs moitanen:
`mende, miiRebs nergs Sengan darguls
da mogvcems nayofs viT kaci kacurs~.
ase amaRlebulad warmogvidgina poetma dedis misia. Rirseuli Svilis aR-
zrda dedis saqveyno valad dasaxa.
elegiuri xasiaTis ganwyobilebebi ilias zogierTi leqsisaTvis saerTod
ar aris ucxo. erT leqss ki ilia pirdapir ase asaTaurebs — èlegia~. es leqsi
dawerilia 1859 wels. am leqsisaTvis, iseve rogorc ilias bevri sxva leqsisaT-
vis, niSandoblivia erTgvari kontrastuloba leqsSi gamoxatul Sinaarssa da
41
formas Soris. rogorc cnobilia, elegiuri xasiaTis leqsebi ufro pirovnul
samyaros exebian, intimurobiT xasiaTdebian. SemTxveviTi araa, rom lirikul
JanrTagan elegia Zveli droidanve popularuli iyo... gansakuTrebiT gabatonda
igi romantikosTa poeziaSi. maT sulier ganwyobilebebs elegia Zalzed miesada-
geboda formis TavisuflebiTac da ganwyobilebiTac.
ilia WavWavaZe elegiuri Janris leqsis Sinaarsad Rrmad socialur, sazo-
gadoebrivi mniSvnelobis grZnobas aqcevs, riTac leqsis patriotul gamiznu-
lobas mkveTrad gaxazavs. èlegiaSi~ poeti Tavdapirvelad xatavs bunebis mkafi-
od suraTovan ferwerul lirikul peizaJs. igrZnoba erTgvari idumali kavSiri
bunebasa da adamianis suls Soris. amgvari kavSiri sazogadod iyo damaxasiaTebe-
li romantikuli poeziisaTvis. magram romantikosTagan sruliad gansxvavebiT
bunebis suraTi èlegiaSi~ poetis sawuxaris, misi saocnebos konkretul fonad
warmodgeba. poeti Sewuxebulia qveynis umoqmedobiT. bunebis simSvenierec ki
ufro mkveTrad gaxazavs miZinebuli mamulis mdumarebas.
leqsi `mas aqeT raki~ 1861 wels Seiqmna. esaa leqsi — aRsareba, romelSiac sau-
baria imaze, Tu rogor daeufla poets mamulis siyvarulis grZnoba. leqsSi gamoxa-
tulia moqalaqeobrivi Segnebis umaRlesi safexuri. poets udides siamovnebas ani-
Webs imis Segneba, rom misi sicocxle samSobloze fiqrsa da zrunvaSi Sreba. siamov-
nebis gancdas Tan axlavs im simwaris realobac, rom namdvili mamuliSvili Tavs
martod grZnobs Tavis fiqrebsa da satkivarTan. saqveyno satkivarsa da sazrunavSi
martoobis gancda uCveulo araa gamorCeul pirovnebaTaTvis; iliasac Tan axlda
igi da mis saerTo sulier mdgomareobas erTgvarad gansazRvravda.
ilia WavWavaZis patriotuli xasiaTis leqsTagan uaRresad mniSvnelovania
leqsebi, romlebSiac mamuliSviluri grZnoba TviTgakicxvis, eris naklovaneba-
Ta daufaravi mxilebis gziT vlindeba. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa
leqsebi `bednieri eri~, `ra vakeTeT, ras vSvrebodiT anu saqarTvelos isto-
ria mecxramete saukunisa~. pirvel maTganSi poeti satirul formaSi eris im
naklovanebebs amxels, rac grZel gzaze qarTveli xalxis istoriis avbediT mo-
saxvevebSi mankierebebad Camouyalibda. es leqsi yovelTvis gvaxsenebs imasac,
rac xSirad sabediswerod ubrundeba Cvens qveyanas. xolo meore leqsSi, romel-
sac piesis saxe aqvs da papasa da SviliSvils Soris gasaubrebis formiTaa war-
modgenili, gaTvaliswinebulia Cveni istoria mecxramete saukunisa satirul
formaSi. am leqsis mixedviT irkveva, rom am saukunis manZilze erTmaneTs vwew-
diT da viwewebodiT, erTmaneTs vabezRebdiT, ruseTisaken saxvewnelad gavrbo-
diT da gamovrbodiT, vyvlefdiT ymebs, Cin-medlebze zrunvas gadavyeviT. erTi
sityviT, Cveni istoria sul iqiTken aris mimarTuli, rom kiTxva dagviyenos, ro-
gor gadavrCiT. ilia aseT leqsebSi aris Seupovari da mrisxane, mouridebeli.
ilias, rogorc yvelaze did gulSematkivars Tavisi xalxisa, eris winamZRols
hqonda ufleba amgvari gakicxvisa.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ilia mkacria da daundobeli naklovanebaTa mxilebi-
sas, igi gauval sevdas arasdros ar eZleva. imedze xels ar iRebs, piriqiT, swo-
red imis gamo, rom Zalian mkacria, imave dros aris dajerebuli Tavisi qveynis
momavalSi. swored am TvalsazrisiTac aris saintereso didi sinaziTa da siTbo-
Ti savse leqsi `Cemo kargo qveyanav...~. didi uSualobiT mimarTavs poeti Tavis
qveyanas: marTalia, awmyo ar gwyalobs, Cemo qveyanav, da es aris Seni mowyenis mi-
zezi, magram samomavlo daRonebis safuZveli ara gaqvs, `momavali Senia~. gasage-
bia, rom iseTi xelovanis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc ilia WavWavaZea, momavlis imeds,
cxadia, aqvs Tavisi konkretuli safuZveli. bunebrivia, gvainteresebs ras emya-
reba ilias rwmena; gasagebia, rom lirikul leqsSi ar SeiZleba am mxriv velodeT
vrcel mxatvrul dasabuTebas. faqtia, rom erT garkveul da konkretul safuZ-
velze aq sruliad naTladaa miTiTebuli da, rogorc Cans, am leqsis Seqmnis Zi-
42
riTadi motivic am safuZvlis cxadi gancdaa. leqsis mixedviT momavlis rwmenas
amagrebs is, rom
`wvrilSvilni wamogeswrnen nazardni, gulmtkicebi;
maTi zrunvis sagani Sen xar da Sen iqnebi,
ar gimtyuneben Sena, Tuki maT miendebi.
maTis RvawliT Segeqnes saxe bediT mTenia
Cemo kargo qveyanav, razed mogiwyenia!
maTi guli Senisa trfobis farTo budea,
maTi gulTa ficari Seni mtkice zRudea...
ver wabilwavs maTs grZnobas simuxTle, simrudea!..~
erTob mniSvnelovania, rom poeti, romelic aTiod wlis win veravis xedavda,
visac `fiqrs andobda, grZnobas gauziarebda~, ndobas ucxadebs axalgazrdobas,
romelic asparezze gamodis da... sazogadod momaval Taobebs.
`bazaleTis tba~ daiwera 1883 wels. patriotuli grZnobis gaRvivebis miz-
niT poeti am leqsSi legendur masalas imarjvebs. patriotuli ocneba da idea-
li aq warsulSi, SoreulSia gadatanili. leqsis legendaruli Sinaarsi, saocne-
bo ideals amaRlebuls, erTob poeturs xdis. Soreulis, legenduris gancdas aq
upiratesad gzas uxsnis sxvaTa Tqmebze, gadmocemebze miTiTebuli leqsika, maT-
ze dayrdnoba. leqsi gamoirCeva ilias mZlavri warmosaxviT Seqmnili xilvebiT.
`bazaleTis tbas~ safuZvlad daedo xalxuri legenda, ramac ganapiroba poetu-
ri saTqmeli xalxis ocnebis formiT gamoxatuliyo. aman igi farTo saxalxo
leqsad aqcia. xalxis wiaRSi warmoSobilad gvesaxeba is gulgautexeloba, ocne-
ba, optimizmi, didi molodinis grZnoba, riTac es brwyinvale leqsi xasiaTdeba.
rogorc iTqva, ilia WavWavaZis leqsebis erTi nawili poetis mrwamsis, misi
daniSnulebisa da misiis sakiTxs exeba. ocdaori wlis ilia WavWavaZes ekuTvnis
es udidesi pirovnuli ZaliT aRbeWdili sityvebi:
`RmerTTan misTvis vlaparakob,
rom warvuZRve wina ersa~
(`poeti~)
ilia WavWavaZemdec da ilias Semdegac bevri moazrovne da xelovani ara mar-
to aTavisuflebs poets sazogadoebrivi sazrunavisagan, aramed fiqrobs, rom
mxatvrul sityvas arc SeiZleba daekisros aseTi movaleoba, radgan, igi, mxatvru-
li sityva ar warmoadgens iseTi zemoqmedebis saSualebas, rom sazogadoeba da-
razmos an gardaqmnas. sabuTi adrec hqondaT da axlac meti energiulobiT varau-
doben, rom literaturaSi, miT ufro lirikul poeziaSi, calkeuli adamianis su-
lieri gancdebia mowodebuli, is, rac individualuria, xolo individualuri ar
SeiZleba iyos socialuri Tavisi gavrcelebis masStabiT. Tu gavrcelda, maSin da-
kargavs Tavis individualobas, e.i. misi mxatvruli Rirebuleba iqneba dabali...
da ai, ilia WavWavaZe principulad upirispirdeba am Tvalsazriss da poets
igi eris winamZRolobas akisrebs. esaa yvelaze mTavari da mniSvnelovani, rac am
didebul leqsSi gamoxata iliam.
rogorc miuTiTeben, leqsis striqonebSi
`misTvis ar vmRer, rom vimRero,
viT frinvelma gareganma,
ara marto tkbil xmaTaTvis
gamomgzavna qveynad cama~,
SesamCnevia parafrazi goeTes sityvebisa: Ìch singe, wie der Vogel singt~ (`vmReri ise,
viT frinveli~), anda puSkinis strofisa:
"Не для житейского волненья,
Не для корысти, не для битв,
43
Мы рождены для вдохновенья
Для звуков сладких и молитв."
isic cnobilia, rom arc goeTe, arc puSkini `wminda xelovnebis~ ideas ki ar
gamoxatavdnen, aramed Semoqmedebis Tavisuflebaze laparakobdnen.1
am ori didi Semoqmedis TavisTavad erTob faseul da momxibvlel azrSi
ilia WavWavaZes mniSvnelovani koreqtivi Seaqvs. ilias mixedviT, poeti sulac
araa frinveliviT Tavisufali erovnuli, sazogadoebrivi interesebidan, ufro
metic, igi eris rCeuli Svilia, misi winamZRoli da rogorc xelovani eris inte-
resebis gamomxatvelia, masTanaa tanjvaSiac da sixarulSic da Tavisufali sim-
ReriTac mxolod maSin imRerebs, roca ers tanjvis cremls moswmends. didi ili-
as azriT, marTalia, `poezia cis niWia, madlia da poetic am zegardmo madliT
cxebuli~, ciT daniSnuli, magram misi funqcia amqveyniuria, igi eris aRzrdilia
da misi interesebis gamomxatveli. ase gamoirCa qarTveli xelovani sxvaTagan.
ilia WavWavaZis leqsma `poeti~ mTeli epoqa Seqmna qarTul sinamdvileSi
poeziis mizandasaxulebis gansazRvris TvalsazrisiT; i. WavWavaZem a. wereTel-
Tan erTad gansakuTrebuli ZaliT azida poetis maRali misia.
raki eris winamZRoli unda iyo, Tvisebebic unda gqondes Zlieri pirovne-
bisa. poetic iseTi pirovnuli niSnebiT warmogvidgina iliam, romelic eris me-
Taurobas SeZlebda. pirovnebis siZliere mxolod dabrkolebaTa arsebobis Sem-
TxvevaSi irkveva... da ai, yvelaze upirvelesi dabrkoleba, romelic xelovans, vi-
Tarca pirovnebas, win uxvdeba, sakuTari Rirsebis Segnebaa. sxvas ki ar ahyve, imis
mixedviT ki ar imoqmedo, sxva ras gikarnaxebs, aramed Sen TviTon gqondes saku-
Tari Zala, sxvis mier Seqmnili Zala ki ar iyo, aramed TviTon warmoadgende Za-
las. aseT adamians ar sWirdeba sxvaTa waqezeba, taSi, mas sakuTari gza aqvs. esaa
pirvel yovlisa, gamoxatuli leqsSi `Cemo kalamo~.
ilia WavWavaZis pirovnuli siZlieris damadasturebelia misi siWabukis-
droindeli `dae Tund movkvde...~, aseTive xasiaTisaa misi leqsi `gavswordeT
bedo~. esaa xmalSi gamowveva bedisa, SeWideba masTan da damkvidreba pirovnuli
siZlieris rwmenisa. ase ukavSirdebian bunebrivad erTimeores ilia WavWavaZis
warmodgena xelovnebis rolis, misi daniSnulebis, misi misiisa da sakuTari pi-
rovnuli Zalebis TviTrwmenisa.
ilia WavWavaZes Seqmnili aqvs ramdenime satrfialo xasiaTis leqsi, romle-
bic Wabukobis xanaSia dawerili. maTgan gansakuTrebiT gamoyofen or leqss:
`risTvis miyvarxar~ da `gaxsovs turfav...~, romlebSic imden sifaqizes xedav-
dnen da imdenad popularulni iyvnen, rom simRerebad iqcnen da drosac gauZ-
les. pirveli maTgani im mxriv aris sagulisxmo, rom aq xazgasmulia siyvarulis
grZnobis mtanjveli xasiaTi da amave dros adamianis miswrafeba, rom am tanjvis
areSi moeqces; xolo meore leqsSi am grZnobis cvalebad xasiaTze da mis warmav-
lobazea laparaki.
lirikuli leqsi bevri ara, magram darCa ilia WavWavaZis werilebi Tavisi
satrfosa da SemdegSi meuRlis — olRa guramiSvilisadmi miwerili. es werilebi
sruliad cxads xdian da TvalsaCinod warmogvidgenen ilias araCveulebrivi ga-
tacebis adamianad. rogorc Cans, ilias sazogadoebriv samsjavroze ar gamohqon-
da iseTi grZnobebi, romelTac misi azriT sazogadoebrivi Rirebuleba naklebi
hqondaT.
ilia WavWavaZis leqsebis erTi jgufi yuradRebas iqcevs sinamdvilisadmi
midgomis TvalsazrisiT. es aris polemikuri xasiaTis satirul-iumoristuli
leqsebi. ilia WavWavaZe am leqsebis mixedviT uZlieres polemistad gvevlineba.
aq Cven mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ilias leqsebi: `gamocanebi~ da `kidev gamocanebi~,
1
j . W u m b u r i Z e , qarTuli kritikis istoria, I, 1974, gv. 206-207.
44
`pasuxis pasuxi~ da a.S. i. WavWavaZis, rogorc polemikosis, dasaxasiaTeblad,
pirvel yovlisa, is unda iTqvas, rom mas SeeZlo mowinaaRmdegis gamowveva. es mniS-
vnelovani mxarea polemistis bunebisa. erTia, roca TavdasxmiT gaiZuleben xma ai-
maRlo Tavdasacavad. aseT SemTxvevaSi motivi kamaTisa mometebulad TviT mokama-
Tis gareT Zevs. sul sxvaa, roca Zala Segwevs mowinaaRmdege gamoiwvio, xeli Se-
uwyo sawinaaRmdego azris gadmoSlas, Tuki arsebobs igi.
ra Taviseburebebs gviCvenebs ilias polemikuri leqsebi sinamdvilisadmi
midgomis TvalsazrisiT? xSirad kamaTis dros gakicxva mowinaaRmdegisa emyare-
ba emociur safuZvels, e.i. imgvar gakicxvasTana gvaqvs saqme, romlis drosac ga-
kicxvis safuZvlianoba naCvenebi araa. aRniSnaven, rom akakis zogierTi polemi-
kuri leqsi, maT Soris iseTi, rogoricaa `xarabuza Renerals~, swored emociuri
xasiaTisaa. am leqsSi warmodgenilia Zalian mkacri, daundobeli gakicxva, magram
ZiriTadad dausabuTebeli gakicxva. gakicxvis sakmaris safuZvlad CaTvlilia
TviT akakis mimarTeba gr. orbelianisadmi (gr.kiknaZe). sxvagvaria ilia WavWavaZis
midgoma. iliasaTvis, pirvel yovlisa, sabuTianobaa damaxasiaTebeli. ilia gakicx-
visas iseT sabuTebs adgens, romlebic TavisTavad gvixasiaTeben obieqtis raobas.
aravisTvis saeWvo ar aris ilias leqsis `pasuxis pasuxis~ siZliere, misi didi ze-
moqmedebiTi Zala. xolo es STabeWdileba dapirobebulia, pirvel yovlisa, misi
argumentirebuli xasiaTiT. ilia maSinac, roca safuZveli aqvs Zlier Relavdes,
wonasworoba dakargos, sidinjes inarCunebs, TavSekavebulia. igi ar mihyveba emo-
ciebs. poeti leqsSi, pirvel yovlisa, uCvenebs TvalnaTliv adgens `mamebisa~ da
`Svilebis~ Rirsebebs cal-calke da erTmaneTs upirispirebs maT.
`pasuxis pasuxamde~, rogorc aRiniSna, iliam `gamocanebi~ da `kidev gamo-
canebi~ dawera. am satiruli xasiaTis leqsebSi bevri imdroindeli Zalian cno-
bili piri iyo gakicxuli. pirovnuli dacinvis magaliTebi polemikur planSi
ilia WavWavaZemdec arsebobda. am mxriv sakmarisia gavixsenoT besikisa da Wabua
orbelianis am xasiaTis leqsebi. besikisa da Wabuas leqsebi pirovnuli, sruliad
mouridebeli ganqiqebis mkafio magaliTebia, oRondac pirovnulis sazRvrebSi-
ve darCenili.
ilia WavWavaZis leqsebi ki, pirvel yovlisa, swored imiTaa sayuradRebo,
rom man pirovnul gakicxvas sazogadoebrivi fasi da mniSvneloba mianiWa. TiTo-
euli gamocanis obieqtis sazogadoebrivi fasi aqvs naCvenebi poets da es Zalzed
mkafiod aris miniSnebuli TiToeuli gamocanis bolos refrenad darTul sakma-
od magar gamoTqmaSi:
`qveyana da qveynis saqme
imas fexebze hkidia~.
aRniSnuli ki ilias mrwamsidan gamomdinareobs — igi yvelas da yvelafers
sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT afasebs. sxvagvari Sefasebis kri-
teriumi misTvis ar arsebobs. ilia WavWavaZe Tavis gancdebs mxolod sazogado-
ebrivi Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiT Semowmebis Semdeg miiCnevs gamoxatvisaTvis
Sesaferisad. Semowmeba TiTqmis yovelTvis gulisxmobs manZils gancdasa da mis
gamoxatvas Soris — ilias leqsebSi yovelTvis igrZnoba es manZili. igi Tavis
leqsebSi yovelgvar gancdebs ki ar gamoxatavs, aramed im gancdebs ixdis asaxvis
sagnad, romlebic uSualod pasuxoben, Seesabamebian poetis Tvalsazriss. ra
Tqma unda, poets aqvs Tavisi uaRresad intimuri samyaro, magram mas Tavisi Tavi-
saTvis neba ar miucia saaSkaraoze gamoetana, poeturi gamoxatvis sagnad eqcia
yovelgvari gancda. ilias ar miuCnevia poezia Tavisi aforiaqebuli sulis navsa-
yudlad, radgan es, misi azriT, daukargavda mas sazogadoebriv mniSvnelobas.
ilias lirikaSi is grZnobebi iCenen Tavs, romlebic mis mZlavr inteleqts ey-
rdnobian da garkveulobiT xasiaTdebian. am azriTac ilia WavWavaZis lirikaSi
45
iseTi Relvaa gamoxatuli, romelic TavSekavebulia. poets Seswevs Zala, moeri-
os, daeuflos Tavis grZnobebs. misTvis Sinagani mRelvarebaa damaxasiaTebeli.
literaturis istoriam icis bevri magaliTi imisa, roca poeti cdilobs Tavi
moaCvenos mkiTxvels, rom Zalian Relavs, roca igi Sinaganad araviTar Relvas ar
ganicdis. esaa yalbi Relvis nimuSi. ilias leqsebi ki gancdilis siRrmiT gamoir-
Cevian. uaRresad gancdilia, magram amasTanave uaRresad TavSekavebuli mis
TxzulebebSi gamoxatuli grZnoba. TviTdakvirvebasac emyareba ilias Semdegi
fraza: `WeSmariti marTali grZnoba ybedi rodia. piriqiT, imdenad TavdaWeri-
lia, imdenad sityvaZviria, ramodenadac ufro Zlieria da, Tu gnebavT, am sity-
vaZvirobaSia imisi mimzidveli Rirsebaca, imisi gulsawvdeni zemoqmedebac~ (V,
500).
roca ilias, rogorc poetis, mxatvrul SesaZleblobaTa daxasiaTeba poe-
tikuri analizis saxiT warmoebs, am dros Cveulebrivia daskvna, rom ilias axali
formebiT ar gaumdidrebia qarTuli leqsi, rom am mxriv misi Txzulebebi siax-
les ar gvidgenen. iliam gaimeora is formebi, romlebic qarTul poeziaSi manam-
de arsebobda. mag., erTi avtoris TqmiT, ìlias lirika formis mxriT nabijis win
gadadgmas ar warmoadgens aleqsandre WavWavaZis, grigol orbelianis da niko-
loz baraTaSvilis lirikasTan SedarebiT~.1 gasarkvevia am rigis msjelobis az-
ri. formis mxriT nabijis wingadaudgmeloba niSnavs Tu ara imas, rom axal Sina-
arss ver moeZebna Sesabamisi forma. Tu amas niSnavs, maSin aucilebelia garkveu-
li daskvnis gakeTeba ilias lirikis mxatvrul RirsebaTa Sesaxeb. Tu nabiji ar
aris gadadgmuli axali formebis mosapoveblad imitom, rom es arc iyo saWiro,
ar arsebobs amis Sinagani moTxovna, maSin ra azri da daniSnuleba aqvs am msjelo-
bas saerTod nabijis win gadadgmis Taobaze? garegnulad ilias TiTqmis arc ga-
mouxatavs gansaxierebis im saSualebaTa ukmarisoba, romlebic qarTul leq-
swyobas gaaCnda. mas ar uCvenebia Tavis axal ideebTan ukve cnobili leqswyobis
formaTa Seusabamoba. asea es, roca Cven ilias lirikas formalur siaxleTa
TvalsazrisiT vixilavT da es marto ilias lirikas rodi exeba. TiTqmis igive
iTqmis akaki wereTlis Sesaxebac. ilia da akaki umeteswilad adreul formebs mi-
marTavdnen. metic, isini sagangebod gaxazavdnen adre damkvidrebul popula-
rul formaTa gamoyenebis faqts. magram es araTu ar uSlida xels axali Sinaar-
sis mowodebas, aramed amkvidrebda am Sinaarsis siaxles.
ilias leqsebSi xSiria iseTi sityvebis dajgufeba, romlebic erTmaneTTan
mezoblobaSi myof bevr Tanxmovans Seicaven. rCeba STabeWdileba, rom igi qmnis
sityvaTaTvis arcTu Cveulebriv frazeologiur konstruqciebs. ilias frazis
amgvari uCveulobiT miRebuli STabeWdilebac iyo imis erTi mizezi, rom zogi-
erTi kritikosi mis leqsebs mZimed da gaumarTavad miiCnevda da daeWvebas ga-
moTqvamda ilias poetur SesaZleblobebSi. namdvilad ki es garemoeba misi poe-
ziis Taviseburebad da mis mxatvrul Rirsebad unda miviCnioT. ilia leqsebis
Txzvisas Tavisi bunebis Sesabamisad irCevs `mZime~ gamoTqmebs da qarTuli eni-
saTvis erTgvarad uCveulo formebs. amiT poeti TiToeul sityvas simyares ani-
Webs im gagebiT, rom TiTqos nela da dakvirvebiT gaatarebs maT mkiTxvelis cno-
bierebaSi maTi mniSvnelobis xelSesaxebad gagebis mizniT, sazogadod leqsis Si-
naarsobliv mxareze, azrze yuradRebis gadatanis mizniT... Semdegi poeturi
striqonebi: `da damiwyebsca siyvaruliT feTqvasa guli~, `Cven unda Cveni vSvaT
myoobadi~, `rasc maSin grZnobdi, yoveli sTqva mwuxarma Tvalma~, `ramdenadc
ufro mSvenieri xar, imdenad ufro mikvdeba guli~ da sxva `magari~ gamoTqmebia,
magram swored amgvari gamoTqmebiT aris xazgasmuli ilias leqsis Zalac. amgva-
ri gamoTqmebi cocxlad warmoadgenen azrs. amdenad, SeiZleba vilaparakoT
1
g . q i q o Z e , qarTuli literaturis istoria, XIX s. 1947, gv. 139.
46
sityvis energiulobaze ilias poeziaSi. ilias leqsis Zala mis energiulobaSi
Zevs. amitomac unda iTqvas, rom iliasTan gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs mi-
niWebuli calkeul sityvebs. simZimis centri mis leqsebSi frazis gamomsaxvelo-
bazea gadatanili. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom ilias leqsebSi dadasturebuli xSi-
ri ritmuli cvalebadoba swored am mizans, mkiTxvelis yuradRebis saTqmel Si-
naarsze gadatanas emsaxureba. poeti leqsis azrobriv mxareze yuradRebis gamax-
vilebas moiTxovs da ara melodiurobaze. amdenad, zogierTi kritikosis mier
ilias poeziis naklovanebad miCneuli `simZime~ namdvilad mis energiulobaze
metyvelebs da misi Taviseburebaa. ilia irCevs `mZime~ gamoTqmebs da amiT Tavisi
saTqmelis sidarbaisleze da gancdilis siRrmeze migvaniSnebs, mkiTxvelis yu-
radRebas aqeTken mimarTavs da saTanado emocias aRZravs masSi.
yvelaferi aRniSnuli Tumca srulebiT ver amowuravs saTqmelis Sinaarss, ma-
gram imaze ki miuTiTebs, rom ilia WavWavaZis grZnobebs mis poeziaSi napovni aqvs
Tavisi Sesabamisi forma — didaqtikuri, mqadagebluri, mebrZoli, dinji, TviTdar-
wmunebuli da, amasTanave, amaRlebuli forma. es ki niSnavs, rom ilia WavWavaZis mi-
zanswrafvas Tavisi Sesaferisi esTetikuri samosi aqvs da amitomac uweria mas uk-
vdaveba qarTveli xalxis cnobierebaSi.
ilia WavWavaZis poemebi. epikuri poezia erTi metad mniSvnelovani ubania

ilia WavWavaZis mxatvruli memkvidreobisa. interesi am Janrisadmi imTaviTve ar-
sebobs. lirikuli Txzulebebis gverdiT, maTTan erTad iqmneba ilias pirveli
epikuri Txzulebebic. saerTod ki ilia WavWavaZe avtoria xuTi poemisa.
àCrdili~. àCrdili~ ilia WavWavaZis pirveli vrceli epikuri qmnilebaa.
iliam poema uZRvna Tavis megobrebs — ivane poltorackis da ilia winamZRvriS-
vils, Semdgom cnobil moRvaweebs. àCrdili~ Tavisi SemadgenlobiTa da Janrob-
rivi xasiaTiT scildeba poemis tradiciul gagebas da Tanamedrove usiuJeto
poemebs uaxlovdeba. ilia WavWavaZem àCrdili~, kerZod misi pirveli varianti
1859 wlis dasawyisisaTvis daamTavra, rodesac igi mxolod ocdaerTi wlisa iyo.
daaxloebiT amave droidan ilia Seecada poemis gamoqveynebas, magram moxerxda
erTi nawyvetis dastambva (V Tavi — `Cemo aragvo...~) Jurnal `ciskarSi~. ilia sa-
kuTari Tavisadmi Cveuli momTxovnelobiT agrZelebda muSaobas poemis srul-
qmnisaTvis. poemis saboloo varianti sruli saxiT 1881 wels gamoqveynda, roca
ilia ukve ormocdaoTxi wlisa gaxda. am dros mas dawerili hqonda yvela mniSvne-
lovani mxatvruli qmnileba, garda `gandegilisa~ da òTaraanT qvrivisa~. igi Se-
moqmedebiTi simwifis asakSi iyo Sesuli. marTalia, am drois manZilze bevri ram
Seicvala àCrdilSi~, magram ar Secvlila poemis ideur-Sinaarsobrivi mxare. pi-
riqiT, kidev ufro gaRrmavda da gafarTovda is, ramac ukve adreul variantSi
iCina Tavi. cvlilebebi ZiriTadad Seexo poemis mxatvrul mxares, gansakuTrebiT
mis kompozicias...
STabeWdileba, rac am nawarmoebis gacnobis Sedegad mkiTxvels rCeba, esaa
poemis zogadi, mimoxilviTi xasiaTi. aq, am poemaSi ara gvaqvs tradiciuli poemi-
saTvis damaxasiaTebeli siuJeti, ambavi, rac ganviTarebis garkveul safexurebs
Seicavs. ar moqmedeben tradiciuli poemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli personaJebi.
poema lirikuli wyobisaa. igi warmoadgens avtoris lirikul gansjas, misi Sexe-
dulebebis, mosazrebebis gamoxatvas zogjer TviT avtoris, xolo mometebulad
poemis erTob poeturi personaJis — aCrdilis piriT gamoTqmuls, did, uaRre-
sad mniSvnelovan, Cveni qveynis TvalsazrisiT sasicocxlo sakiTxebze, romle-
bic poetis Relvis sagans Seadgenen. aq daxatulia saerTo, ganzogadebuli sura-
Tebi Cveni qveynis awmyodan da warsulidan. momavlisadmi poetis damokidebule-
bacaa naCvenebi da esec zogad planSi. magaliTad, ilia WavWavaZe am poemaSi exeba
socialurad mwvave, batonymobis, sakiTxs. gansxvavebiT sxva mwerlebisagan, rom-
47
lebic Cvens mwerlobaSi ilias Semdeg gaixdian am sakiTxs gansaxierebis sagnad, i.
WavWavaZe poemaSi batonymobis konkretul suraTs ar xatavs, aq ar arian warmod-
genili konkretuli batoni da misi yma. calkeulis daxatvis SemTxvevaSi SeiZle-
ba gaCndes sawinaaRmdego azri imis Sesaxeb, rom avtori faqtebs sworad ar asa-
xavs, anda iTqvas, rom nawarmoebSi gansaxierebuli sinamdvile gamonakliss war-
moadgens, es mebatone kia gulqva, magram sxvebi mas ar gvanan.1
ilia WavWavaZis àCrdilSi~ naCvenebia, rom sazogadod batonymobis siste-
maa uvargisi da miuRebeli. poeti uCvenebs, rom calkeuli mebatonis Tvisebebi
ki araa arsebiTi, aramed TviT sistemis xasiaTi. TviT batonymuri wyobaa safuZ-
velSive dasagmobi, radgan igi xels uwyobs, badebs Seubraleblobas, sisastikes,
adamianis Zarcva-glejas, yidva-gayidvas. sakiTxisadmi amgvari midgoma, masalis
ase mowodeba ukve safuZvelSive spobs sxvagvari gagebis SesaZleblobas da amde-
nad didia misi socialuri Rirebulebac. ilia WavWavaZe sruliad garkveviT mo-
iTxovs socialuri wyobis Secvlas, Secvlis gzad ki mas revoluciuri gza miaC-
nia, gza Zveli sistemis ngrevisa da axlis Senebisa.
am poemaSi Tavisuflebazecaa laparaki da es sakiTxic zogadobis planSia
gancdili. konkretuli saxe Tavisuflebisa poemaSi naCvenebi araa. adamiani unda
ganTavisufldes da ganTavisufldeba kidec. is amaRldeba da gankacdeba, `war-
Tmeul niWTa kvlav moipovebs,~ sxvas ar Seaviwrovebs, `Zirs ar daswevs~ — aseTia
poemaSi gamoxatuli Tavisuflebis Sinaarsi.
ilia WavWavaZe am poemaSi sagangebod Cerdeba `Cveni xalxis erovnul Tavise-
burebebze, romelTac, misi azriT, gansazRvres am raodenobrivad patara xalxis
arseboba mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi~.2 aq gadagvarebis is saSiSroebacaa mZaf-
rad danaxuli, rac Cvens qveyanas emuqreboda erovnuli Cagvrisa da socialuri
ukuRmarTobis pirobebSi. warsulisa da awmyos Sepirispirebis safuZvelze naCve-
nebia meoris ubadrukoba pirvelis gmirul sulTan SedarebiT. ilia WavWavaZes ar
SeuZlia Segueba arsebulTan, magram igi farTo TvalTaxedvis Semoqmedia. amitom
gadaulaxav sevdas ar eZleva. igi cildeba sevdis farglebs da imedis sferoSi ga-
dadis. am imedis niSnad aris aq daSvebuli cidan aqamdis arnaxuli cisartyela.
poema àCrdilSi~ momavlis perspeqtivacaa danaxuli; momavlis safuZvels
poeti Tavisuflebis pirobebSi Tavisufal Segnebul SromaSi xedavs, SromaSi,
romelic damonebuli ki ar iqneba, Zaldatanebas ki ar daemyareba, aramed pasuxi
iqneba adamianis Sinagan moTxovnilebaze, mis arsebobas gaamarTlebs da Semoqme-
debiT xasiaTs SeiZens. qveynis sulieri bedniereba maSin iqneba uzrunvelyofi-
li, roca qarTveli `zogad cxovrebas gaikvlevs da mcnebis naTliT ze-aRzidul,
amaRlebuli WkviT ganWvrets sazogado cxovrebis denas~.
isic aRsaniSnavia, rom `mZlavri kavkasis~ xalxTa Tanaarseboba da maTi mya-
ri kavSiri miaCnia poets rogorc Cveni, aseve kavkasiis yvela xalxis saimedo mo-
mavlis sawindrad.
poema àCrdilSi~ zogad formaSi gancdili da amave xasiaTis suraTebis sa-
xiT warmodgenili sakiTxebi Semdeg gaSla-gafarToebas, gaRrmavebas da sxvadas-
xva aspeqtiT konkretul gansaxierebas poulobs ilia WavWavaZis momdevno nawar-
moebebSi: `ramdenime suraTi anu epizodi yaCaRis cxovrebidam~, `glaxis naambo-
bi~, `mefe dimitri Tavdadebuli~, `mgzavris werilebi~; lirikul leqsebSi: `guT-
nis deda~, èlegia~ da a.S. es viTareba ki imazec migviTiTebs, rom àCrdili~, ise-
ve rogorc prozauli `mgzavris werilebi~, ilias saprogramo xasiaTis nawarmoe-
bia.
1
amgvari damokidebuleba, rogorc cnobilia, kidec gaCnda d. WonqaZis `suramis cixis~ mimarT.
vgulisxmobT al. orbelianis werils `darTuls darTuli~, `ciskari~, 1959, 6, gv. 106, j. WumburiZis
publikacia.
2
g r . k i k n a Z e , metyvelebis stilis sakiTxebi, gv. 191.
48
ilia didi erudiciis xelovania da gasagebia, rom misi nawarmoebebis, ker-
Zod ki àCrdilis~ Seqmnisas bevri literaturuli faqtic kvebavs poetis gone-
bas da warmosaxvas. mocemul SemTxvevaSi sainteresoa im mimarTebis gaTvaliswi-
neba, rasac ilia did goeTesTan da, kerZod ki, mis `faustTan~ unda amyarebdes.
ilia WavWavaZe, rogorc misi memkvidreobidan naTlad igrZnoba, goeTes safuZ-
vlianad gaecno. man didad Seuwyo xeli qarTveli sazogadoebisaTvis goeTes
mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebas, xolo, meore mxriv, iliam goeTes sakacobrio Si-
naarsis idealebTan qarTuli aspeqtiT misvla scada, rac gamoCnda kidec àC-
rdilsa~ da `mgzavris werilebSi~. amiT, erTi mxriv, ilia WavWavaZe qarTuli mwer-
lobis Tvalsawiers afarToebda, msWvalavda ra mas zogadsakacobrio interese-
biT da qarTveli kacis Tvalsawiersac afarToebda. amas Cveni sazogadoebis, Cveni
literaturis winsvlisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvneloba hqonda, radgan Tomas manis
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `fausti~ aris tipuri poema germaneli xalxisa da mTeli
kacobriobisaTvis, romelsac gadaSli rogorc biblias da poulob masSi adamianis
sulis damamSvidebel da mZlavr gamoxatulebas~.1
fausturis filosofiuri Sinaarsi mudmivi da dauRleli winsvlisa, ilia
WavWavaZesTan gancdilia praqtikul-sazogadoebriv aspeqtSi da uaRresad socia-
luri Sinaarsi aqvs SeZenili. goeTeseuli cnobili azris — `mxolod dauRlel
moZraobaSi TavisTavs povebs adamiani~ axlebur ilustrirebas da socialur-po-
litikur enaze dasabuTebas vxvdebiT Cven `mgzavris werilebSi~ myinvarisa da
Tergis dapirispirebis saxiT. xolo Tavisufali miwis Tavisufali xalxiT dasax-
lebis faustur ideas i. WavWavaZe àCrdilSi~ socialur niadagze afuZnebs `Sro-
mis sufevis~ saxiT da mas XIX saukunis tvirTad saxavs. cnobili adgili àCrdili-
dan~ `Sromis axsnisa~ da `Sromis sufevisa~ uaxlovdeba zrunviT dabrmavebuli,
magram gonebis SuqiT ganaTebuli — moxuci faustis monologs.
ilia WavWavaZe `mgzavris werilebSi~ sagangebod msjelobs adamianis, eris
sicocxlis arsebiT niSanze. ra aris adamianis sicocxlis niSani, rogor vlinde-
ba igi? aseTia kiTxva, romelsac mwerali svams. ilias am kiTxvaze garkveuli pa-
suxi aqvs. igi adamianis, eris sicocxlis niSnad m o Z r a o b a s miiCnevs. `moZrao-
ba da marto moZraoba aris... qveynis Ronisa da sococxlis mimcemi~ — ambobs
ilia. `mgzavris werilebSi~ mwerali ar akonkretebs, Tu ra saxis moZraobas gu-
lisxmobs. misi azriT, mTavaria iyos moZraoba. adamianis moZraoba mizandaqvem-
debarebuli moqmedebaa. adamiani gonieri arsebaa da misi moZraobis Sinaarsi mi-
zandasaxuli S r o m a a, ramdenadac Sroma garkveuli produqciis Seqmnas gulis-
xmobs materialuri Tu sulieri Sinaarsisas. zemoTqmuli TavisTavad gulis-
xmobs, rom Sroma adamianis arsebobis formaa, misi sasicocxlo moTxovnileba.
magram Tu Sroma araa Tavisufali, Tu igi iZulebiTia, damonebuli, Zaldataneba-
ze dafuZnebuli, cxadia, arsebobac damaxinjebulia. aqedan aucileblad gamom-
dinareobs moTxovna `Sromis axsnisa~. maSasadame, `Sromis axsna~ umal niSnavs pa-
suxs adamianis biologiur moTxovnaze. Sroma unda Tavisufali gaxdes, Segnebu-
li, Zaldautanebeli. nayofieri mxolod is Sromaa, romelic adamianis sicocx-
lis (ara marto biologiuris) aucileblobasTanaa dakavSirebuli, romelic ada-
mianis WeSmariti bednierebis wyaroa, romelSiac vlindeba adamiani.
ase exmaurebian erTmaneTs àCrdili~ da `mgzavris werilebi~. ase gadadis
azri da idea erTi nawarmoebidan meoreSi, ganmartavs, avsebs mas. faqtia isic,
rom am or nawarmoebze SemoqmedebiTi muSaoba 70-ian wlebSi erTdroulad mimdi-
nareobda.
ilia WavWavaZis àCrdili~, iseve rogorc `mgzavris werilebi~, agebulia
`Tavisufali kompoziciis~ principiT. aRniSnuli ki imas gulisxmobs, rom am poe-
1
T . m a n i , Txzulebani aT tomad, t. X, gv. 47 (rusul enaze).
49
maSi ar aris gadmocemuli movlenaTa TanmimdevrobiT dakavSirebuli siuJetis
mqone ambebi.
poeti araa SezRuduli ambavTa Sinagani logikiT, Temis ganviTarebiT da
a.S. poemis lirikuli gmiri im sakiTxebze gvafiqrebs, rac mas erTob mniSvnelov-
nad miuCnevia erovnuli TvalsazrisiT. igi sruliad Tavisufalia am sakiTxebis
SerCevisas, maTi urTierTdakavSirebisas. nawarmoebis aseT arqiteqtonikaSi
uSualod aris gamJRavnebuli poetis Tavisufali neba, misi pozicia, misi damo-
kidebuleba ama Tu im sakiTxisadmi.
nawarmoebis kompoziciaze dakvirveba cxads xdis, rom àCrdilSi~ erTmane-
Tis gverdiT urTierTdapirispirebuli faqtebi da movlenebi dganan. myinvari
ise àRmoCnda mTebis zemoT,~ TiTqos `cis gasarRvevad aRmozidula,~ magram misi
srbola `gangebis ZaliT~ uecrad Seyenebula. myinvari risxviT dascqeris qveya-
nas, TiTqos unda, rom daamsxvrios, magram amindi wynaria, dila lamazi. bunebis
suraTi warmtacia, momxiblavi, magram goneba undoa da es silamaze ar itacebs. sa-
erTod kontrastis xerxis gamoyenebiT miimarTeba aCrdilis dialogi poemis li-
rikul gmirTan. aq erTmaneTTanaa dapirispirebuli gmiruli warsuli da ubadru-
ki awmyo, iyo ase, magram ase aRaraa... TavisTavad poemis fabulaSivea navaraudevi
kontrastuli wyoba — uaRresad poeturi xati saqarTvelos marad ukvdavi sulis
aCrdilisa da uaRresad prozauli sinamdvile. es garemoeba — erTmaneTisagan
mkveTrad gansxvavebul momentTa, saganTa, movlenaTa erTmaneTis gverdiT war-
modgena — maT mkafio aRqmasac uwyobs xels da nawarmoebis Sinagan dinamizmsac
apirobebs.
poema àCrdilSi~ yvelaze srulad warmoCnda Wabuki poetis miswrafebebi
da idealebi, misi poeturi SesaZleblobebi.
socialur da erovnul sakiTxTa gaSuqebisas, ilia WavWavaZes uaRresad
konkretuli, mwvave moralisturi tendenciiT gamsWvaluli poemebic aqvs Seq-
mnili, rogoricaa: `qarTvlis deda~, `ramdenime suraTi anu epizodi yaCaRis
cxovrebidam~, `mefe dimitri Tavdadebuli~.
`qarTvlis deda~. `qarTvlis deda~ dramatuli poemaa. daiwera is 1860
wels, xolo sabolood masze muSaoba poetma 1871 wels daamTavra da gamoaqveyna
kidec. 80-iani wlebidan igi xSirad idgmeboda scenaze. yovelTvis, roca Cvens
Teatrs uWirda, qarTuli Teatris mesveurebi dedaqalaqsa Tu periferiaSi ili-
as poemas mimarTavdnen. didi iyo ilias sityvis momwodebluri Zala, igi mudam
afxizlebda Cvens xalxs. gansakuTrebiT gadamdeb xasiaTs iZenda ilias sityva
qarTuli laSqris simReraSi, romelic TviTon poetsac gansakuTrebiT moswonda.
ilia Tavis megobar petre nakaSiZes, romelsac uZRvna Tavisi poema, ase swerda:
`petre, gigzavni xelaxlad gadakeTebuls Sendami naZRvnevs Cems `qarTvlis de-
das~. Tu mogewonos, mieci nikolaZes dasabeWdaT. gTxov Seni pirmouridebeli az-
ri macnobo am patara Txzulebazed. kargad ki waikiTxe. me yvelazed ufro jaris
simRera momwons, glexur kilozed mowyobilia. Tu mogewonos dasabeWdaT, SenTan
mowerili ZRvnobis leqsic daabeWdine amasTan erTad. koreqtura SenTvis momin-
dvia. Seni ilia WavWavaZe~.
`qarTvlis dedaSi~ mamuliSviluri valis grZnobis is idealia mxatvrulad
gansaxierebuli dramatul formaSi, romelsac ilia momavlis ocnebad da amoca-
nad saxavda. epikuri gansaxierebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlis drosac gmiris xasi-
aTi ixsneba mTeli sisavsiT, gamovlenis mravalferovnebaSi, dramatuli perso-
naJis gamoxatvis SemTxvevaSi mTavaria `mkveTri konfliqti yovelTvis erTmxriv
mimarTul paTossa da mis sapirispiro vnebas Soris sruliad gansazRvruli are-
ebisa da miznebis sazRvrebSi~.1
1
h e g e l i , esTetika, t. III, 1971, gv. 449 (rusul enaze).
50
ilias TxzulebaSi swored mamulis winaSe valis grZnoba da Svilis siyvaru-
lis grZnoba ejaxeba erTmaneTs. aq qarTveli deda, davrdomili da dasneulebu-
li, Tavis erTaderT Svils, bolo nugeSs, mamulis ganTavisuflebisaTvis brZo-
laSi istumrebs.
`qarTvlis dedis~ mxatvruli Rirsebebis garkvevisaTvis unda gavixsenoT,
pirvel yovlisa, i. WavWavaZis mier mogvianebiT, 1890 wels, dawerili statia àxa-
li dramebis gamo~. Cvens yuradRebas axla gansakuTrebiT statiis is nawili iq-
cevs, romelic uSualod miemarTeba avqs. cagarlis dramas `qarTvlis deda~. am
statiaSi dramis Teoriis Rrma codnis safuZvelze ilia TvalnaTliv aCvenebs,
rom drama sruliadac ar gulisxmobs mxolod garegnuli formis dacvas, Txzu-
lebis weras monologebiTa da dialogebiT, scenebad da moqmedebebad dayofas
da òriode alagas qalisa Tu kacis sikvdilis Cakerebas... garegani saxe dramisa
verasdros ver dafaravs Sinaganis carielobas, fuqsavatobas, araraobas... drama
usaTuod sulisa da gulis udides Zvraze unda iyos agebuli da aSenebuli, da es
udidesi Zvra sulisa da gulisa erTaderTi sagania dramisa, erTaderTi buneba
misi~ (V,499). rac Seexeba avqs. cagarlis dramis mTavar gmirs — qarTvlis dedas,
igi `raRac ugrZnobeli da gulqvavi ram aris. dedaSvilurs grZnobas, agre mosa-
lodnels, agre sasurvelsa da sapatios mis gulSi araviTari adgili ar uWiravs.
amitom mis mier SvilTa mamulisTvis gawirvas araferi fasi ara aqvs. gawirva ma-
Sin aris didsulovnebis saqme, roca gamwirveli TviTon dids rasme hkargavs
amiT, roca vxedavT, rom am gawirvam gulSi erTi umTavresi ZarRvi Caswyvita gam-
wirvelsa, erTi didi ram daaklo, Znelad gasawiri, Znelad gasametebeli, Znelad
dasaTmobi adamianisagan. am SemTxvevaSi gulTa Widili dedisa unda gamarTuli-
yo dedaSvilur da mamuliSvilur siyvarulisa gamo, romelnic am dramaSi erTma-
neTs Sexvdnen ise, rom an erTi unda gaiwiros, an meore. orive siyvaruli kanonie-
ria, bunebrivia da miT orive did grZnobas warmoadgens adamianis bunebaSi, Zne-
lad gasawirs, Znelad gasametebels da, ramodenadac an erTi, an meore, Znelad
gasametebeli, imodenad TviT ganwirva didia, sapatio da saxelovani~ (V, 503).
am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovani isaa, rom im principebiT, romlebsac ilia Wav-
WavaZe Teoriulad warmoadgens 1890 wels daweril statiaSi, praqtikulad xel-
mZRvanelobs igi rogorc xelovani ocdaaTi wliT adre daweril dramatul poe-
maSi. `qarTvlis deda~ warmoadgens dramatul poemas ara garegnuli formiT,
imis gamo, rom rogorc ilia ambobs, dialogebisa da monologebisagan Sedgeba,
aramed Sinagani Tavisi xasiaTiT. aq patriotuli valis Segneba rTul dramatul
viTarebaSi vlindeba. TxzulebaSi naCvenebia, Tu ra didi Widilis fasad daZlevs
patriotuli valis grZnoba dauZlurebuli sneuli dedis gulSi dedaSviluri
siyvarulis tkivils erTaderTi Svilis mimarT, romelic `siberis misayrdomad
STenia~ mas, fasad im sulier ZalTa daZabvisa, romelsac emsxverpla kidec dedis
guli. imis gamo, rom advilad ver iZlia deduri siyvarulis grZnoba, ki ar fer-
mkrTaldeba, aramed, piriqiT, swored rom izrdeba mniSvneloba Tavganwirvisa,
ramdenadac TvalnaTlivia, Tu ra Zlieri grZnoba daZlia man. mamuliSviluri va-
lis, patriotuli grZnobis sidiadec imiT dasturdeba, rom igi fizikuri katas-
trofis fasad, magram mainc Trgunavs mSobliur siyvaruls. miuxedavad imisa,
rom deda misustebulia da sikvdili uaxlovdeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom aq aris
cremli, ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom poemaSi sentimentaluri gadaxra gvqondes, ar
SeiZleba imitom, rom cremlianoba aq erTob dasabuTebulia da sadac mwuxareba,
cremli argumentirebulia, iq ukve sentimentalizmTan saqme ara gvaqvs.
`qarTvlis deda~ Tematikurad im erovnuli idealis konkretul mxatvrul
gansaxierebas warmoadgens, romelic imTaviTve, ilias samwerlo moRvaweobis da-
sawyisSive gamoikveTa. am azriT, motivTa gansaxierebiT igi uSualod ukavSirde-
ba poema àCrdils~ da lirikul leqsebs `qarTvlis dedas~ da `nanas~, romlebic
51
win uswrebdnen mas. oda Tavisuflebisa, samSoblo qveynis ganTavisuflebis amo-
canis `mZlavr kavkasis~ ganTavisuflebis ideasTan dakavSireba saTaves, rogorc
iTqva poema àCrdilSi~, iRebs da `qarTvlis dedaSi~ es idealebi poemis perso-
naJTa samoqmedo idealebad iqcevian. xolo dedis patriotuli valis grZnobis
lirikuli gancda, gamoxatuli leqsebSi `qarTvlis dedas~ da `nana~, poemaSi
dramatul gaazrebas Rebuloben.
`ramdenime suraTi anu epizodi yaCaRis cxovrebidam~. ilia WavWavaZes
`Tavidanve is azri hqonda SemuSavebuli, rom Tavis qveyanasTan, mis Wirsa da
lxinTan yvelaze metad dakavSirebuli iyo glexi. is amuSavebda Tavis miwas, is
Sescqeroda Tavis cas. swored am miwaze da am cis qveS cxovreba undoda mas. ami-
tom erovnul grZnobaTa gasaRviZebel yvelaze ufro noyier niadags iliasaTvis
glexkacoba warmoadgenda~.1 swored amitomac ilia WavWavaZem Tavis amocanad qar-
Tveli glexkacis cxovrebis, misi sulieri samyaros, asaxva da misi interesebis
dacva gaixada. am mizandasaxulebiT iqmneba ilias poema `ramdenime suraTi...~,
moTxroba `glaxis naambobi~ da mogvianebiT òTaraanT qvrivi~. am nawarmoebebis
SeqmniT ilia WavWavaZem qarTuli literaturis TematikaSi Semotrialeba moaxdi-
na. aqamde poeziis, sazogadod literaturis sagani ar yofila mSromeli glexka-
cis cxovrebis Cveneba farTo planiT. iliam ki swored igi aqcia literaturis
mTavar sagnad. mSromeli xalxis warmomadgenlebi, maTi ocneba, sixaruli, tkivili
ilias nawarmoebebSi warmoCdnen da Rrmad erovnuli da saqveyno idealebis gamo-
xatva iTaves.
ilia WavWavaZe xedavda, rom arsebuli socialuri viTareba glexkacs mZime
mdgomareobaSi ayenebda, kacurad yofnis uflebas uspobda. qarTveli xalxis in-
teresebis dacva ki mSromelTa ganTavisuflebis, monuri Sromisagan maTi Tav-
daxsnis moTxovnasac ayenebda. poemaSi `ramdenime suraTi anu epizodi yaCaRis
cxovrebidam~ ilia WavWavaZem gaaanaliza is socialuri pirobebi, romlebic
mSromels aiZulebdnen xelSi iaraRi aeRo, Tavis ezo-kuTxes mowyvetoda, Suris-
Ziebis gzaze damdgari tyeSi yaCaRad gaWriliyo, aq Ria cis qveS martokas mxeci-
viT tyeSi Tavisufleba epovna.
Cveulebriv xalxur SemoqmedebaSi da mwerlobaSi iliamde da mis Semdegac
ganusaxierebiaT iseTi viTareba, roca adamianis gayaCaRebas safuZvlad edeba
ara usamarTlobiT aRSfoTeba, aramed pirovnuli motivi; roca TviTon adamians,
kerZo pirs miwvdeba usamarTloba uSualod, roca Tavad igemebs damcirebis sa-
Sinelebas, sayvareli adamianis gaubedurebas. swored pirovnuli nawvnevi aiZu-
lebs mas xelSi iaraRi aiRos, yaCaRad gavardes da SurisZiebis gzas daadges, aqe-
dan ki SeiZleba adamiani mivides saerTod usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg brZolis
ideamde. amgvari viTareba xalxur àrsenas leqsSic~ aris warmodgenili, d.Won-
qaZis `suramis cixeSic~ da e. ninoSvilis `simonaSic~. erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba
mogveCvenos, rom amgvarsave viTarebasTan gvaqvs saqme i. WavWavaZis poemaSic.
rom aqac zaqro piradi SurisZiebis grZnobiT Sepyrobili gavarda tyeSi yaCaRad.
roca mama moukles rozgqveS, maSin ifeTqa masSi protestis grZnobam da kakos
gzas daadga. sinamdvileSi ki ilias poemaSi arsebiTad gansxvavebul mdgomareo-
basTan gvaqvs saqme. faqtobrivad mamis uRmerTod rozgqveS sikvdili zaqros-
Tvis sababia, ukanaskneli wveTia, romelmac sabolood daayena zaqro usamar-
Tlobis winaaRmdeg brZolis gzaze. zaqroSi usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli
didi xania mwifdeboda. misma ymawvilurma gulma Rrmad Caimarxa gulSi pirveli
naRveli — Tormeti wlisa rom saxls moaSores, ymawviluri sevda seravda bavSvis
guls, `sxvebi lxinobdnen~, mas ki Tvalze cremli ar Sreboda... marTalia zaqro
aseT yofas SeeCvia, bavSvi xom male gadiyris naRvels, kidec lxinobda, kidec
1
g r . k i k n a Z e , literaturis Teoriisa da istoriis sakiTxebi, gv. 273.
52
mReroda udardelad da tkbilad midioda TiTqos misi bavSvoba, magram mTavari
isaa, rom misi suli ukve sxvagvarad iwrToboda. im zRaprebsa da ambebSi, rom-
lebsac patara mwyemsis biWebi erTmaneTs uyvebodnen, zaqros yvelaze metad ar-
senas ambavi moswonda, `RviZl dedasaviT~ SeiTvisa, àrsenoba enatreboda~. kakos
saxelic gagonili hqonda, bevrjer uocnebia masTan wasvlaze, masTan erTad usa-
marTlobis winaaRmdeg brZolaze, magram Tu ram akavebda, kidev is, rom `saxl-ka-
ri enaneboda~, da roca saxl-karis saqmec ubedurad datrialda, zaqros aRara-
feri daakavebda miznis aRsrulebis gzaze. rogorc vxedavT, pirovnuli motivi
mxolod sababia sruliad momwifebuli protestis grZnobis gamosaxatavad. man,
rogorc iTqva, mxolod ukanaskneli wveTis roliRa Seasrula. kako yaCaRic si-
marTlisa da Tavisuflebis droSiT gamodis. am azriT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom poe-
maSi, faqtobrivad pirvelad Cvens literaturaSi, didi damajereblobiT arian
daxatulni glexkacobis Rirseuli warmomadgenlebi. `zaqro da kako xalxis oc-
nebis matarebeli gmirebia~.1 maT aseTebad aqcevs adamianuri uflebebis dacvi-
saTvis, adamianuri Rirsebis SenarCunebisaTvis brZola. am azriTac Rrmad erov-
nul Sinaarss atarebs es poema.
poema `ramdenime suraTi anu epizodi...~ imiTac aris mniSvnelovani, rom
faqtobrivad pirvelad Cvens sinamdvileSi swored aq warmoCnda uaRresad kon-
kretuli qarTuli soflis yofa, qarTuli garemo. qarTuli koloritiT aris av-
sebuli es poema — iqneba es mwuxris Jams Ramis simyudroveSi darxeuli meurmis
naRvliani simRera Tu mwyemsi biWebis sevdiani, magram mainc tkbilad mosagonari
cxovreba, gaxseneba marad cocxali arsenas saxelisa. am poemaSi moTxrobili
mwuxare ambebis garemo qarTuli bunebis konkretuli suraTebia. alaznis wynari
duduni da kudigoris tyis idumaleba akravT gars xalxis sayvarel gmirebs. yo-
velive es didad afarToebs poemaSi gansaxierebuli sakiTxis, suraTebis mniSvne-
lobas da maT zemoqmedebiT Zalasac apirobebs.
im daZabuli konfliqtis gamosaxatavad, romelic arsebobs adamianisa da im
sazogadoebriv viTarebas Soris, romelSic mas cxovreba uxdeba, i. WavWavaZe Ta-
vis poemas dramatul gaazrebas aZlevs da es viTareba Tavs iCens gansaxierebis
garegnul formaSiac, poemas leqsad dawerili piesis saxe aqvs SeZenili.
amrigad, poemaSi `ramdenime suraTi...~ i. WavWavaZem damajereblad amxila
socialuri wyobis — batonymobis damRupveli xasiaTi. uCvena, Tu rogor ryvnis
zneobrivad socialuri wyoba adamians, romelsac batoni hqvia da yvelafris uf-
leba aqvs miniWebuli; rogor aiZulebs glexobis saukeTeso warmomadgenlebs
SurisZiebiT anTebulebma sakuTari Rirsebis dasacavad iaraRi aiRon da tyeSi
yaCaRad gaiWran.
`mefe dimitri Tavdadebuli~. samSoblo qveynis winaSe valis eTikuri Zalis
Cvenebas isaxavs miznad i. WavWavaZe Tavis poemaSi `mefe dimitri Tavdadebuli~. poe-
ma istoriuli xasiaTisaa. masSi mxatvrulad aris gansaxierebuli me-13 saukunis sa-
qarTvelos istoriis cnobili faqti.
istoriuli Temis mxatvrulad gansaxierebis sakiTxs i. WavWavaZe sagange-
bod exeba Tavis statiaSi àxali dramebis gamo~. ilias azriT, ìstoriuli Jan-
ris Txzulebam unda Tvalwin gagvitaros an istoriuli kaci vinme av-kargiano-
biT, an TiTon cxovreba kerZo Tu sazogadoeburi, romlisame warsulis drosi da
epoqisa. gvaCvenos, ra azri, ra gulistkivili, ra swrafva sulisa, ra gonebagax-
sniloba, ra zne-Cveuleba xelT hqonia maSindelobas kerZo cxovrebis Tu sazo-
gadoeburis ase Tu ise warsamarTavad~. ilia ar iwynarebs iseT nawarmoebebs,
romlebic warmogvidgenen avtorTa mogonil àdamianTa erTmaneTzed iseT da-
mokidebulebas, romelic yovels drosa da Jams, yovels epoqas erTnairad mieCe-
1
s . C i q o v a n i , rCeuli werilebi, 1963, gv. 194.
53
meba~. istoriuli sinamdvilis asaxvis dros faqtebis sizustiT gadmocemis
moTxovna sruliadac araa mTavari. mweralma `dee, Tunda ambavi, araki dramisa
Tavis sakuTaris fantaziiT Seqmnas, xolo Tu surs istoriuli Rirseba mianiWos
Tavis dramas, usaTuod movalea, suli da guli epoqisa im ambavSi Canaskvos, Cah-
saxos da dramis svlaSi gadagvixsnas, gadagviSalos sagrZnoblad da dasanaxa-
vad~. ilias miaCnia, rom istoriuli xasiaTebis Sesaqmnelad sruliadac araa sak-
marisi `RvTiTmomadlebuli niWi~, rom aseT mwerals `win unda uZRodes didi
codna istoriisa, didi gonebagaxsniloba, didi ganaTleba~.
cnobilia, rom àCrdilze~ muSaobisas poetma aRiara, xalxis zne-Cveulebe-
bis, fsiqikis gasacnobad Cveni istoriuli wyaroebi masalas ar iZleviano. aRniS-
nulis gaTvaliswinebis safuZvelze sagulisxmoa, rom faqtobrivad ilia WavWa-
vaZem erTi istoriuli poema Seqmna — `mefe dimitri Tavdadebuli~ da miT dagva-
naxa, `maSindeli kaci ra azriT, ra fiqriT, ra grZnobiT, ra ZlierebiT... Sebmia
saqveyno saqmes da ra zne-Cveulebas utarebia droTa viTarebis gzaze~.
mainc ram gansazRvra poetis interesi mefe dimitris pirovnebisadmi, ra mo-
mentebi SearCia istoriuli masalidan Tavisi miznis gansaxorcieleblad? am mxriv
mniSvnelovan cnobas TviTon poeti gvawvdis, kerZod, avtobiografiaSi ilia mog-
viTxrobs, rom Tavis pirvel skolaSi soflis mTavardiakvanTan man moismina dimit-
ri Tavdadebulis ambavic, romelic Temad gamoiyena mravali wlis Semdeg. rogorc
mwerali gvamcnobs, pirvel maswavlebels didi gavlena mouxdenia bavSvis sulier
formirebaze. mis mier moTxrobil ambebs SeuZravs yrmis suli. am garemoebiTac Se-
iZleba aixsnas, rom sasuliero piris RvTiuri madliT ganaTebuli saxe mihyveba i.
WavWavaZis Semoqmedebas da ndobiT da rwmeniT msWvalavs yovelives irgvliv. gasa-
gebi da sacnobelia, rom `glaxis naambobSi~ daxatuli sworupovari maswavlebeli
sasuliero piria — mRvdelia.
ilia WavWavaZe — Semoqmedi seriozulad uyurebs eklesias, sasuliero pirs,
ramdenadac eris zneobrivi simtkicis erT-erT RerZad mas rwmenis Seulaxaoba
miaCnia. ilia WavWavaZisaTvis SemTxveviTi arc is garemoebaa, rom poema `mefe di-
mitri TavdadebulSi~ ambis saTxrobi asparezi eklesiis ezoa, swored aq, sadac
ca da miwa unda SeerTdes, ismenen `tvirTmZime da damaSvrali~ glexebi didi wi-
napris Tavganwirvis ambavs, aq xdeba erTgvari ganwmenda da amaRleba.
dimitri mefis ambavma yrma ilias guli aaZgera da Tavdapirvelad bavSvuri
mowonebiT, magram mainc sxvagvari ZaliT Caesaxa gulSi. Semdeg ki, roca igi da-
vaJkacda, misTvis TandaTan gaSinaarsda idea qveynis winaSe v a l i s a, idea
msxverplad Sewirvisa da mis suls daeufla. eris moWirnaxules, mis winamZRols
sakuTari Tavi samSoblos samsxverploze misatan zvarakad esaxeboda. es kargad
Cans ilias mTel SemoqmedebaSi da gansakuTrebiT ki mis lirikaSi.1 am ideis epi-
kur formaSi gansaxierebisaTvis erTob mniSvnelovani masala dainaxa poetma Cve-
ni qveynis istoriaSi mefe dimitris Tavganwirvis saxiT. es garemoeba, Cans, cno-
bili iyo ilias zogierTi axloblisaTvis da poetis am Sinagan impulss gareda-
nac aRvivebdnen. yovel SemTxvevaSi erTgvari roli am mxriv unda eTamaSa poetis
uaxloes megobars petre nakaSiZes. amas unda mowmobdes poetis minaweri poemis
xelnawerze: `Zmao petre, Sengan Cagonebuls Senve giZRvni~. amrigad, poema p.naka-
SiZes eZRvneba.
poemaSi, rogorc miuTiTeben, araerTgzis aris Sedarebuli mefis moqmede-
ba macxovris mowamebriv aRsasrulTan. mefes xatad da magaliTad `qveynis xsnis-
Tvis~ qriste RmerTis Tavganwirva aqvs dasaxuli. man, dimitrim, swored macxov-
ris gza unda gaimeoros Tavisi eris ara marto fizikuri, aramed pirvel yovli-
1
msxverplSewirvis ideaze i. WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi ix. g. kalandariSvili, Tavdadebis idea i. Wa-
vWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi, i. WavWavaZisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo krebuli, 1977, gv. 140-150.
54
sa, zneobrivi gadarCenisaTvis. mefe dimitris saqcieli rainduli saqcielia,
ramdenadac igi garkveuli ideisaTvis, rwmenisaTvis wiravs Tavs; mefe garkveviT
acxadebs, rom igi imitom ar midis urdoSi, TiTqos Tavis gadarCenis gza ar arse-
bobdes. igi nebiT eZleva mters:
`gana TiTon qriste-RmerTsa
gadarCena ar Zaledva,
ar ineba da qveynisTvis
RmerTi iyo da jvars ecva~.
rogorc miuTiTeben, qristes Zala ara mxolod misi moZRvrebis xasiaTSia
saZiebeli, aramed, pirvel yovlisa, imaSi, rom man Tavisi azrebis mixedviT icxov-
ra da adamianebs msxverplad sakuTari sicocxlis mitanis magaliTi misca, umaR-
lesi zneobrivi magaliTi. qristem `Tavisi moZRvrebis WeSmariteba gaamagra Ta-
visi sikvdiliT~.1 swored amitom aqcia Semdgomma xanam jvarcma qristianobis
qvakuTxedad.2
monRolTa batonobis xanaSi, rodesac eris sulieri mxneoba Seirya, qveyana
dacemisa da gadagvarebis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda. dimitri mefis raindul
Tavganwirvas eris rwmena, zneoba unda gadaerCina iseve, rogorc macxovarma ix-
sna kacobrioba.
istoriul masalaSi dadasturebuli mefis gautexeloba xiblavs poets da
Tavisi Semoqmedebis masalad swored Tavganwirvis moments irCevs. Tavganwirvis,
gautexelobis motivebi yovelTvis iyo ilias myari interesis sagani. magram, ro-
gorc cnobilia, ìdealuri saxeebi... SinaarsiT gvevlinebian, saerTod rom
vTqvaT, eTikurad... nayofieri ki mxolod iseTi idealebia, romlebic pirvel
yovlisa, exebian namdvilad arsebul RirebulebaTa sferoebs~.3 i. WavWavaZem
swored samSoblo qveynis samsaxurSi piradi msxverplis gaRebasa da misTvis Tav-
ganwirvis mzaobaSi dainaxa WeSmariti mamuliSvilis sicocxlis azri XIX s. saqar-
TveloSi, maSin, roca qarTvel xalxs ruseTis koloniuri politika zneobrivi
dacemis safrTxis winaSe ayenebda. amitomac gaxda XIIIs. qarTul sinamdvileSi
momxdari faqti XIX s. qarTveli mwerlisaTvis erTob Rirebuli.
marTalia, i. WavWavaZis poema mefis saarako gmirobis ambavs gvamcnobs, poe-
mis centrSi mefe dgas. ilias poema am mxriv mihyveba klasikuri esTetikis nor-
mebs, magram poeti sruliad Segnebulad erTgvarad kidec uxvevs am moTxovnebi-
dan.
jer kidev Tavis droze lesingi miuTiTebda, `Tu gmirulma saxem gaoceba
unda aRZras~, mweralma zomiereba im mxrivac unda daicvas, rom grZnobebi ar `ga-
daxarjos~, roca daxatulia Tavganwirvamde misuli samSoblos siyvaruli, es
grZnoba erTi swored gmiruli sulis personaJis Tviseba unda iyos. Tu mis gver-
diT ixateba sxva personaJebic, romlebic aseve Tavganwirvis da imave gmirobis
CadenisaTvis arian mzad, rac erTma gmirma unda moimoqmedos, maSin Cveni gaoceba
da mowoneba ìyofa, nawildeba da gmiri qreba mis msgavsTa Soris~.4
Tu am moTxovnebidan davinaxavT ilias poemas, aRmoCndeba, rom poemaSi me-
fe dimitrisTan erTad wamoimarTeba saxe qarTveli glexkacisa, romelic ganasa-
xierebs qarTveli xalxis vaJkacur bunebas, sulier mxneobas, gautexlobas, pi-
rovnuli Rirsebis grZnobas.
ilia WavWavaZis Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, es garemoeba sruliad gasa-
gebia. èrovnul grZnobaTa gasaRvivebel yvelaze ufro noyier niadags iliasaT-
1
h e g e l i , religiis filosofia, t. II, gv. 285 (rusul enaze).
2
m e n z i s i , religiis istoria, gv. 318 (rusul enaze); h a r n a k i , qristianobis arseba, krebulSi — ev-
ropis zogadi istoria, V, gv. 100 (rusul enaze).
3
n . h a r t m a n i , esTetika, 1958, gv. 398 (rusul enaze).
4
l e s i n g i , TxzulebaTa krebuli, t. IX, 1904, gv. 9 (rusul enaze).
55
vis glexkacoba warmoadgenda~ (gr.kiknaZe). roca poeti saTanado magaliTebs
`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ ver xedavda, TviTon qmnida Tavisi mZlavri warmosaxviT
aseT gmirebs, aman ganapiroba, rom nawarmoebis centrSi dgas mefe — magaliTi
zneobrivi gmirobisa, magram mis gverdiT dgas mSromeli xalxis warmomadgeneli,
fizikurad dauZlurebuli, magram suliT mxne moxuci glexi — simbolo qarTve-
li xalxis siamayisa da gautexlobisa.
`gandegili~. ilia WavWavaZis epikuri poeziis gvirgvins warmoadgens poema
`gandegili~. is gamoqveynebisTanave moeqca kritikosTa da mkiTxveli sazogado-
ebis yuradRebis centrSi. bevri ram iTqva da daiwera poemis Sesaxeb. bevri er-
TmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli, urTierTgamomricxveli mosazrebebic ki gamoiTqva
poemis problematikis, misi mxatvruli Rirsebebis Sesaxeb. am poemis magaliTze
kidev erTxel dadasturda im azris WeSmariteba, rom SexedulebaTa sxvadasxvao-
bis sababad is Txzulebebi iqcevian, romelTa Rirsebebi nawarmoebis zedapirze
ar Zevs da warmavlobis niSniT ar arian daRdasmulni.
poema `gandegilSi~ poetma misTvis aqamde uCveulo legendur masalas mi-
marTa. rogorc TviTon poeti gvamcnobs poemis adreul variantSi, nawarmoebs
xalxSi gagonili legenda dasdebia safuZvlad. sazogadod, miTi, legenda, Tqmu-
leba, gansxvavebiT istoriisagan, garegnuli faqtebis sizustes ar gulisxmobs,
amdenad aseTi masala Tavisi gabeduli simboloebiT swored imas hfens naTels,
rac Tanadrouli xelovnebis interesis sagans Sedgens, Suqs hfens zogadkacob-
riuli masStabis filosofiur da fsiqologiur azrs. miTi, legenda maradadami-
anurs, WeSmarit mxares aTavisuflebs kerZoulis, umniSvnelosa da warmavalis
tyveobisagan. amdenad, legendur-miTiuri masala gansaxierebis udidesi SesaZ-
leblobebis gamomJRavnebis saSualebas iZleva. amgvari masala TavisTavad
zrdis mxatvruli qmnilebis emociur mxares, ramdenadac gardasuli, ZvelisZve-
li da araCveulebrivi SinaarsiT mkiTxvelis interess amZafrebs. am SemTxvevaSi-
ac ilia WavWavaZis mZlavri warmosaxviT sulCadgmuli legenda gaxda erTgvari
piroba mkiTxvelis interesis warsamarTavad. meore mxriv, isic aris mxedveloba-
Si misaRebi, rom ilias mier SerCeuli masala ar aris sakuTriv erovnuli kolo-
ritiT aRbeWdili, an, ufro sworad, am niSniT SemosazRvruli. Tavad es masala
atarebs sayovelTao xasiaTs, yvelasaTvis gasagebsa da mniSvnelovans. ilia Wav-
WavaZem amgvari masalis SerCeviTac, masze Tavisi safiqralis aRbeWdviT Cveni
mwerlobis sazRvrebi gaafarTova, `qarTveli kacis Wkua-gonebas didi gani da
siRrme misca~ da `kacobriuli wyurvilis mosaklav wyaros qarTvelic daawafa~.
ilia WavWavaZe poema `gandegilSi~ adamianis arsebobis azris, misi daniSnu-
lebis, misi adgilis maradiul problemas aSuqebs da Tanac misTvis, rogorc xe-
lovanisaTvis, mainc axleburi, filosofiuri aspeqtiT.
ilia WavWavaZis winaSe es sakiTxi aqamdec idga da mwerali mTeli Tavisi Se-
moqmedebiT im azrs aviTarebda, rom adamiani socialurad aqtiuri unda iyos,
cxovrebis SuagulSi trialebdes da wvlili Sehqondes mis winsvlaSi. ase ayenebs
am sakiTxs ilia-moralisti moTxrobebSi `mgzavris werilebi~, `kacia-adamiani?!~.
ilias mier daxatuli personaJebis moraluri Sefasebis aspeqti aseTia — ramde-
nad warmoadgenen isini sazogadoebis aqtiur wevrebs. ilias mkacri gakicxvis
obieqtia adamiani, romelic cuds, borotebas ar sCadis, magram arc arafers
kargs ar akeTebs, Tavisi arsebobiT sazogadoebas arafers ar matebs, mconareo-
baSi atarebs wuTisofels da ukvalod midis am qveynidan.
poema `gandegilSi~ iliam sxva aspeqtiT gaaanaliza es sakiTxi yvela droisa
da qveynis xelovanTaTvis mimzidvel gandegilobis masalaze.
poema `gandegilSi~ ilia xelovanis Tavisufali WvretiT Wvrets adamianis
garegan da Sinagan sauflos. swored aseTi SemoqmedebiTi interesebiT avsebuli,
Sinaganad gawonasworebuli poeti qmnis Tavis am didebul poemas. `gandegilSi~
56
ilia ganTavisuflebulia masalisadmi praqtikul-eTikuri interesebiT midgo-
misagan. ilia aq sakiTxis filosofiur da fsiqologiur safuZvlebs ixdis gamo-
saxvis sagnad, adamianis Sinagani samyaros uRrmes SreebSi Sedis da TvalsaCinod
gviCvenebs, rom adamiani araTu ar unda ganeridos sazogadoebas, araTu ar unda
gandges misgan, aramed adamians Turme arc ZaluZs ganudges sazogadoebas, uari
Tqvas masze, ramdenadac gandgoma adamianis arsebiT niSanze, adamianobaze uaris
Tqmas niSnavs; adamiani xom, upirveles yovlisa, socialuri arsebaa, misi adamianu-
roba swored adamianebTan urTierTobaSi mJRavndeba. àdamians ar SeuZlian kacTa
krebulis gareT icxovros calked da miukareblad~ (V,401). yovelgvari cda sazo-
gadoebidan, sawuTrodan gandgomis iluziaa, mxolod sxvagvari sazogadoebis
ndomis gamoxatulebaa, adamiani ki yovelTvis rCeba sazogadoebis aseT an iseT
wevrad. adamianis ganmartoeba, ra Tqma unda, imas ar niSnavs, rom igi axerxebs gan-
dgomas sazogadoebidan... Tu adamians saerTod wavarTmevT adamianur garemos,
movwyvetT adamianur pirobebs, igi moklebuli aRmoCndeba adamianuris gamovle-
nis saSualebasac da gadagvardeba kidec, e.i. daiRupeba rogorc adamiani. magram
rogorc ki Cndeba meore adamiani, e.i. rogorc ki adamians adamianur garemos vuq-
mniT, igi maSinve raRacnairi formiT gamoavlens adamianur bunebas, iqneba es az-
ris, rwmenis Tu biologiur sferoSi... aseTia am poemis mTavari problemis ganxil-
vis filosofiuri da fsiqologiuri plani, `gandegilis~ mTavari mxatvruli pla-
ni. erTi sityviT, Tu ilia Tavidanve imas qadagebda, rom adamiani namdvilad unda
adamiani iyos, `gandegilSi~ man ramdenadme sxva aspeqtiT ganixila igive sakiTxi da
gviCvena, rom sruliad amaoa sazogadoebisagan mowyvetis cda. àdamianobis Senar-
Cuneba `codvis sadguridan~ ganSorebiT ki ar miiRweva, aramed sadguris gardaq-
mnis gziT~.1
bunebrivia, sakuTriv asketizmis, misi formebis problema araa ilias Se-
moqmedebiTi interesis sagani. gandegili asketis cxovrebis masalis Suqze ilia
saerTod adamianis arsebobis, misi daniSnulebis zogadsayovelTao ideas das-
trialebs Tavs, e.i. Zvel masalas igi axali SinaarsiT avsebs. ilia swored aseT ma-
salas irCevs, ramdenadac asketuri arsebobis formaSi mkafiod iCens Tavs bune-
ba, arsi adamianisa. rogorc aRniSnaven, esec iyo piroba axali drois xelovanTa
Seunelebeli interesisa am masalisadmi. magram isic faqtia, rom ilias, rogorc
xelovanis, damokidebuleba SerCeuli masalisadmi cxadliv amJRavnebs mis damo-
kidebulebas qristes moZRvrebisadmi saerTod da kerZod ki gandgomilobisad-
mi, asketizmis gandegiluri formisadmi. mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis msjelobaSi
is azri gamosWvivis, rom ilia WavWavaZe qristianobis erTi umTavresi principis
asketizmis dagmobiT sazogadod upirispirdeba qristianobas, da es im dros, ro-
desac aravin sadaod ar ixdis im azrs, rom qristianobas i. WavWavaZe xelovani da
moazrovne ara marto udides istoriul mniSvnelobas aniWebs, aramed misi eTi-
kis sayrdeni swored qristes moZRvrebaa. mag., g.qiqoZe wers: ilia WavWavaZem
`gandegilSi~ `budistur-qristianul spiritikalizms da asketizms... daupiris-
pira elinizmidan da saqarTvelos erovnuli tradiciebidan momavali humanizmi
da bednierebis morali da am ukanasknels gaamarjvebina. am mxrivac ilia WavWava-
Zis azrovneba sruliad eTanxmeba dasavleT evropis XIX saukunis mowinave adami-
anebis azrovnebas, romelic am sakiTxSi saukeTesod Teofil gotiem gamoxata:
`qriste CemTvis am qveynad ar mosula da me warmarTi var, rogorc alkibiade.
golgoTis mwvervalze vnebis yvavilebi arasodes damikrefia da arc odesme im
mdinareSi mibanavia, romelic jvarcmulis mkerdidan mTel msoflios Tavs gada-
1
gr. k i k n a Z e , literaturis Teoriisa da istoriis sakiTxebi, gv. 263.
57
esxa. Cems amboxebul sxeuls surs sulis batonobis aRiareba, Cems xorcs ar swa-
dian Tavisi jvarcma~.1
v.kotetiSvilis sityvebiTac, `budasebur, anda qristesebur asketizms gan-
degilis saxiT mwyemsi qalis CvenebiT daupirispirda sicocxlis xalisianoba,
miwis sjuli da daamarcxa kidec am ukanasknelma~.2
sakiTxis naTelsayofad aq unda SemovifargloT asketizmis principebis
mokle daxasiaTebiT, romelic Sua saukuneebis qristianulma samyarom SeimuSa-
va.3 Sua saukuneebis saeklesio eTika daefuZna ara sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo
da egoistur miswrafebaTa Soris gansxvavebas, aramed miwier moTxovnaTa dapi-
rispirebas zeciurTan. winaaRmdegoba borotebasa da sikeTes Soris qristianu-
li metafizikis mier dayvanil iqna winaaRmdegobaze RmerTsa da qveyanas Soris.
mag. espaneli episkoposi isidore (gard. 633 w.) ambobda: `sikeTe aris swrafva
RmerTisaken, boroteba ki — swrafva miwieri sargeblobis, an warmavali didebi-
saken~. `RmerTsa da qveyanas Soris araferia saerTo, maT ejavrebaT erTmaneTi~,
— ambobda ekaterine sivnieli,4 amrigad, sulis cxovreba iwyeboda iqidan, roca
xorcis cxovreba mTavrdeboda. sicocxles imdenad hqonda fasi, ramdenadac igi
warmoadgenda momzadebas momavali cxovrebisaTvis. amdenad, igi unda yofiliyo
uwyveti monanieba, xolo gancda saerTo codvilianobisa — sulis myari ZiriTadi
ganwyobileba.
yvelaze ufro sruli gamovlena religiurma ideam am droisaTvis pova gan-
degilur da bermonazvnul cxovrebaSi. es ukanaskneli CaiTvala adamianis cxov-
rebis da misi srulyofis idealad.
cxadia, rom ilias gandegiliseul sawuTros uaryofas arsebiTad swored
Sua saukuneebSi SemuSavebuli principebi udevs safuZvlad. gandegili mwyemsi qa-
lis gaocebul kiTxvaze, Tu rogor moSorda qveyanas, pasuxobs:
`ra giTxra Svilo?
yvelaze metad suli tkbilia,
igi tyve aris wuTisoflisa
da eg yoveli mis borkilia~ da a.S.
gandegili swored im motiviT tovebs sawuTros, rom is aris `codvis sad-
guri~. mwyemsi qali aseT kiTxvas aZlevs gandegils:
`maS vinc qveynad varT,
yvela wavwydebiT,
veRar davixsniT verafriT sulsa?~
es ar aris SemTxveviTi kiTxva. am kiTxvis dasmas Tavisi didi safuZveli
aqvs. es kiTxva sazogadod mTeli Tavisi sigrZe-siganiT dgas religiuri asketiz-
mis winaSe, ramdenadac asketizmis sruli ganxorcieleba niSnavs kacobriobis
ganviTarebis SeCerebas da sazogadod STamomavlobis Sewyvetas. gasagebia, rom
am TvalsazrisiT eklesia garkveul daTmobaze wavida. eklesiam am winaaRmdego-
bidan religiur idealsa da grZnobad SezRudvebs Soris is gamosavali naxa, rom
dawesda garkveuli xarisxebi zneobrivi moqmedebisa. nebayoflobiTi uaris Tqma
qorwinebaze miiCneoda umaRles mdgomareobad, qorwineba ki ufro mdabal, mag-
ram mainc nebadarTul formad. xarisxobrivi srulyofilebis es gansxvavebulo-
ba arigebda or winaaRmdegobas — zegrZnobad idealsa da grZnobad sinamdviles.
1
g . q i q o Z e , rCeuli Txzulebani sam tomad, t. I, 1963, gv. 133.
2
v . k o t e t i S v i l i, rCeuli nawerebi or wignad, w. I, gv. 348.
3
asketizmis principebis mokle daxasiaTebisas ZiriTadad veyrdnobiT hainrix eikenis wigns, Sua
saukuneebis msoflmxedvelobis istoria da sistema (rusuli Targmani lindisa), 1907, gv. 275-287.
4
ix. hainrix eikenis dasax. wigni, gv. 278.
58
rogorc miuTiTeben, Suasaukuneobrivi asketizmi Tavis TavSi Seicavda wi-
naaRmdegobriv xasiaTs da igi sinamdvileSi warmoadgenda ara qristes moZRvre-
bis gamoxatulebas, aramed misgan srul daSorebas da nasazrdoebi iyo Sua sau-
kuneebis socialur-politikuri da kulturuli atmosferoTi.. eikenis sityve-
biT, Sua saukuneebis saeklesio dogmatikam sinamdvileSi mospo keTilSobiluri
adamianuroba qristes zneobrivi moZRvrebisa. saeklesio sistemis Sedegad igi
gadaiqca Tavis srul uaryofad...
Tu odesRac qriste aRudga Tavis `mes~ saamqveyno swrafvebs, xolo sxvaTa
mimarT qadagebda moTminebasa da siyvaruls, qristes mimdevrebma amqveyniuris
uaryofis umkacresi moTxovna sxvaTa winaaRmdeg mimarTes, xolo TavianTi moq-
medebis mimarT udidesi Semwynarebloba gamoavlines.1
cnobili rusi filosofosi vladimer soloviovi Suasaukuneobrivi msof-
lmxedvelobis Sefasebisas Tvlida, rom Tavdapirvel qristianobasa da Sua sau-
kuneebis msoflmxedvelobas Soris sruli winaaRmdegobaa. WeSmariti qristiano-
bis arsi mdgomareobda qveynisa da kacobriobis gardaqmnaSi qristianuli Tval-
sazrisiT: miwis sasufevlis cis sasufevlad gardaqmnaSi. Sua saukuneebis didma
moRvaweebma, romlebmac qristes moZRvreba dogmad ki ara, TavianT cocxal saq-
med aqcies, ver gardaqmnes da ver daixsnes garegnulad qristianuli da Sinaga-
nad warmarTuli sazogadoeba. maT arc SeeZloT xsna qristianuli samyarosi,
ramdenadac mcdarad hqondaT warmodgenili, rom SesaZlebelia da unda gadavar-
CinoT calkeuli sulebi. maT rac undodaT, imas miaRwies — gadaarCines TavianTi
suli da kidev bevri sxva sulic, xolo qveyana da sazogadoeba, romlisganac ga-
moiyvnen da gamoiqcnen, maTi moqmedebis gareSe darCa da Tavisi gziT wavida.
qristianoba, imave avtoris msjelobiT, Sua saukuneebis qristianma moRvaweebma
gadaaqcies raRac aRmosavlur dualizmad — materialuri bunebis, rogorc bo-
roti sawyisis, uarmyofelad.
borot sawyisad materialuri buneba TavisTavad ar SeiZleba miviCnioT. bu-
neba ama Tu im sawyiss Rebulobs, ramdenadac pasiuria da inertuli. Tu qristem
mariam magdalenelisagan Svidi eSmaki gandevna da igi Tavisi suliT aavso, Semdgom-
ma qristianebma qristes suli CamoaSores materialur bunebas, am sayovelTao mari-
am magdalenels, da masSi bunebrivad Casaxldnen boroti sulebi.2
magram marTla ar aris uaryofili saxarebis mixedviT amqveyniuri? saxare-
baSi aris Zalian cnobili adgilebi, romlebsac imowmeben, roca qristianul as-
ketizmze msjeloben da romlebic TiTqos sxvagvari axsnis safuZvels ar iZlevi-
an... magram sinamdvileSi qristes moZRvreba ar Seicavs asketur princips. amis
dasadastureblad, pirvel yovlisa, sagangebod miuTiTeben TviT saxarebiseul
qristes pirovnebaze, misi cxovrebis wesze. gansxvavebiT ioane naTlismcemlisa-
gan, qriste miwier cxovrebaze xels sulac ar iRebs da Rvinosac svams. qristes
cxovreba aravisze ar axdens gandegilis, gamdgari kacis cxovrebis STabeWdile-
bas. Cven mas vxvdebiT mdidarTa saxlebSi da RaribebTanac, qalTa sazogadoebaSic
da qorwilSic. mas dasaSvebad miaCnia, rom fexi dabanon da zeTi scxon. visac igi
naxulobs, Zlier morwmunes tovebs Tavis adgilas da utovebs mdgomareobas, su-
lac ar sTxovs mas, rom Seudges mis kvals. Cans, mas urCevnia, rom isini TavianTi
rwmeniT swored iq darCnen, sadac imyofebian, sadac RmerTma ineba maTi yofna. ie-
sos arc Tavisi mowafeebisagan Camouyalibebia raime beruli ordeni. mas ar miucia
darigeba mowafeebisaTvis, Tu ra unda eqnaT an ra ar unda eqnaT TavianT yofiT
cxovrebaSi. qristeSi Tavis mowafesac ar daunaxavT am qveynis uarmyofeli asketi.
maT ar ganudevniaT TavianTi mSoblebi Tu colebi. petre mociqulze hyvebian,
1
h . e i k e n i , dasax. wigni, gv. 657.
2
Собрание Сочинении Владимира Сергеевича Соловьева, t. VI, gv. 350.
59
rom samisionero mogzaurobis dros mas colic axlda. mociqulTa epoqaSic Cven
ver vxedavT swrafvas asketuri cxovrebisaken. qristologebi gansakuTrebul yu-
radRebas miapyroben imas, rom qristes qadagebaTa ZiriTadi ideebi: mowodeba
moTminebisa, codvaTa mitevebisa, moyvasis siyvarulisa, ra Tqma unda, imTaviTve
gamoricxavs yovelgvar asketizms.
qriste, marTlac, saubrobs adamianis sulis mterze — mamonaze, romelSiac
igi gulisxmobs miwier saunjes da qonebas, am sityvebis farTo gagebiT, amqveyni-
ur siames, rac cdilobs Cvenze gabatonebas; fuli, es xom potenciuri Zalauf-
lebaa pativmoyvareobaze. magram igi maTgan Tavdasaxsnelad am qveynidan gaqce-
vas ki ar qadagebs, aramed maT winaaRmdeg brZolas, maT daTrgunvas — es sibnelis
mbrZanebelni unda damarcxdnen.
ilia WavWavaZe poema `gandegilSi~ sxva did moazrovneTa darad qristianu-
li religiis umTavres mcnebas ki ar upirispirdeba, aramed swored qristianul
poziciaze dgomiT TvalsaCinod uCvenebs, rom Secdomaa qristianobaSi gandgomis
safuZvlebis Zieba. qristianobisaTvis SeuTavsebelia TviTizolacia, sxeulis moS-
Toba askezis gziT. ilia WavWavaZe mxatvruli damajereblobiT uCvenebs, rom gande-
gili cdeba, roca fiqrobs, rom TviTaRkvecaSi, sazogadoebidan ganridebaSia xsnis
gza. swored amitom aris aRsavse gandegilis saxe keTilSobiluri tragizmiT. ilia
arsad ar abiabruebs Tavis personaJs, arsad ar ucqeris mas niSnis mogebiT, ramdena-
dac ilias azriT, gandegili msxverplia da ara damnaSave. poets xiblavs kidec Tavi-
si personaJis rainduli erTguleba da Tavganwirva Tavis mier Tundac mcdarad ar-
Ceuli idealisadmi.
am TvalsazrisiT garkveul dazustebas saWiroebs mwyemsi qalis tradiciuli
interpretacia. mwyemsi qali miCneulia, Cveulebriv, bunebis Svilad, amqveyniuri si-
cocxlis simbolod, warmarTad da a.S. sinamdvileSi mwyemsi qali ara sakuTriv bune-
bis, aramed WeSmariti qristianuli rwmenis gamomxatvelia. swored am poziciidan
aris gasagebi, rom `giyvardes moyvasi Seni~ ar niSnavs ganridebas moyvasisagan, aramed
mis gverdiT yofnas. mwyemsi qalisaTvis gaugebaria RmerTma mouwodos adamians am
qveynis uaryofisaken, roca TviTon man Seqmna igi ùTvalavi feriTa~:
`vfiqrobdi, neta, maS risTvis morTo
ese lamazad wuTisofeli?
gana misTvis, rom adamianma
SeaCvenos da aiRos xeli?~
mwyemsi qalisaTvis, swored namdvili qristianuli poziciidan, romlis Ta-
naxmad RmerTi ar moiTxovs raime gansakuTrebuli garegnuli wesebis dacvas,
sruliad gaugebaria, `RmerTs raSi unda am yinulebSi yofna kacisa~. mwyemsi qa-
lisaTvis jansaR qristianul poziciaze dgomiT gaugebaria, ratom unda swyin-
des RmerTs, rom `kaci Sehxaris qveyanas, RvTiTve dabadebulsa~?
rogorc saTanadod cxadyofilia, bibliur qristianobas ar uaruyvia arc
es qveyana da arc xorci gamoucxadebia mas sulis sapyrobiled ànu ara uwyiTa,
rameTu £orcni ege Tquenni taZarni Tquen Soris sulisa wmidisani arian, romel-
ege gaqus RmrTisagan da ara xarT TaviT T¢siT~ (pavle, I korinT. 6,19). maSasadame,
amqveyniuri xorcieli ar uaruyvia qristes da arc mis mowafeebs da pirvel saek-
lesio mamebs, aramed maT aRiares, rom bevri sacduria amqveynad, xorcma SeiZle-
ba sacdurs Segvyaros, Tu mis moTxovnebs oden gavabatonebT, aseTia ilias pozi-
ciac `gandegilSi~.
erTi sityviT, mwyemsi qalis piriT avtori swored am pirvelqmnil qristia-
nul WeSmaritebebs gadauSlis gandegils da is suls amiT aryevs, TiTqos erTba-
Sad gamoafxizlebs mas.
aseTia zogierTi is sakiTxi, romlebic poema `gandegilis~ problematikis
sferos moicavs.
60
ilia WavWavaZis mxatvruli proza. tradiciulad, ilia WavWavaZis
mxatvruli memkvidreobis yvelaze mniSvnelovan ubnad mis prozas miiCneven. mwe-
ralma Svidi dasrulebuli da kidev ramdenime daumTavrebeli moTxroba dagvi-
tova, romlebSiac man erTob Rrma interesebi gamoavlina.
am moTxrobebSi didi mwerali qarTul yofas asaxavs, yofas dastrialebs
Tavs; magram, ra Tqma unda, viwro yofiTi sakiTxebiT ar ifargleba. iliam Tavis
prozaul nawarmoebebSi didad gaafarTova mxatvruli xedvis are. ilias proza-
uli qmnilebebis namdvil Sinaarss Cveni qveynisaTvis, qarTveli erisaTvis er-
Tob aqtualuri socialur-politikuri sakiTxebi gansazRvraven. es sakiTxebi ki
mwerlis mier swored yofiT planSia dasmuli.
`mgzavris werilebi.~ ilia WavWavaZis yvela prozaul qmnilebas erovnul-
socialuri problematikis konkretuli gansaxierebis SemTxvevaSi yovelTvis
Tan axlavs ganxilvis zogadi aspeqti, magram, yvela sxva Txzulebisagan gansxva-
vebiT, mWevrmetyveluri prozis SesaniSnavi nimuSi `mgzavris werilebi~ yuradR-
ebas iqcevs swored Tavisi zogadi SinaarsiT.
jer kidev samocian wlebSi Seqmnili es Txzuleba ilia WavWavaZis mTeli Semoq-
medebisa da praqtikul-sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis programis uSualo asaxvaa.
swored am nawarmoebSia TavCenili pirvelad is sakiTxebi, is ideebi, romelTaTvisac
ilias mTeli Tavisi sicocxlis manZilze ar uRalatnia da romelTa gaSlas, gaRrma-
vebasa da gafarTovebas mis Semdgom TxzulebebSi vxvdebiT.
nawarmoebi, pirvel yovlisa, yuradRebas ipyrobs axalgazrda mwerlis in-
teresTa sifarToviT da sakiTxTa siuxviT. interesebi aq nairgvaria rogorc so-
cialur-politikuri, ise eTikur-esTetikuri xasiaTisa, xolo warmmarTveli
erovnuli idealebia. sakiTxTa ganxilvis erTaderTi aspeqtic erovnulia.
Txzulebis ideur-Tematikuri simdidre da nairferoba moTxrobis kompozi-
ciuri TaviseburebebiTac aris gansazRvruli. moTxrobis kompoziciur RerZs war-
moadgens axalgazrda qarTveli inteligentis ucxoeTidan Tavis qveyanaSi dabru-
neba da mis mier nanaxisa da gancdil-nafiqris gadmoSla. Txzuleba kerZod asaxavs
am mogzaurobis erT monakveTs vladikavkasidan fasanauramde. magram sivrcisa da
drois mixedviT am mcire monakveTis gavliT miRebuli STabeWdilebebi itevs mwer-
lis did saTqmels.
cnobilia, rom mogzaurobas uZvelesi droidanve didi mniSvneloba eniWe-
boda. rogorc erTgan TviTon ilia aRniSnavs, àmboben mgzavroba kacs Tvals ux-
ilebso, gonebas uxsniso~.1 aqedanac gamomdinare, mogzaurobis kompoziciur
RerZad gamoyeneba uZvelesi gzaa mxatvrul literaturaSi. am formas mimarTav-
dnen sxvadasxva literaturuli interesebisa da esTetikur-mxatvruli amocane-
bis realizebisas. aseTi Txzuleba kompoziciurad iZleva erTob farTo, faq-
tobrivad, SemousazRvrel SesaZleblobebs yofiTi, eTnografiuli aRwera-da-
xasiaTebis, xalxebis zne-Cveulebebis, cxovrebis wesis, erovnul Tavisebureba-
Ta daxasiaTeba-gadmosacemad, sakuTriv mwerlis dakvirvebebis, STabeWdilebe-
bis, mosazrebebis, ideebis gadmoSlis TvalsazrisiT. aseTi tipis Txzuleba xe-
lovanis SesaZleblobebis gamomJRavnebis TvalsazrisiT marjve sasinji qvacaa,
ramdenadac aseT TxzulebaSi mkafiod Cans mwerlis interesTa sfero, dakvirve-
bis unari, ganzogadebis unari da siRrme, gancdaTa da azrTa wyoba da a.S. yove-
live amis gaxsenebas axla is mniSvnelobac aqvs, rom davrwmundeT, Tu rogor
TvalnaTliv gamoCnda `mgzavris werilebSi~ ilia WavWavaZis brwyinvale SesaZ-
leblobebi — interesebis sifarTove, siRrme, dakvirvebisa da ganzogadebis una-
ri, didi erudicia, satirikosis mZlavri niWi.
1
i l i a W a v W a v a Z e , Txzulebani oc tomad, t. II, gv. 566, `kacia-adamianis~ winasityvaobis mesame
varianti.
61
`mgzavris werilebi~ sruliadac araa ubralo Tavmoyra samgzavro Canawe-
rebisa, rogorc xSirad vxvdebiT literaturaSi. mwerali aq yvelafers ki ar aR-
wers, rasac xedavs da ganicdis, igi SerCevis aucileblobis winaSe dgas, e.i. ir-
Cevs asasaxav obieqtebs da sakiTxebs. am azriT mwerali Tavisufalia arCevanisas
— razec unda imaze mimarTavs Tavis yuradRebas. amdenad, mwerlis poziciis ga-
sarkvevad arsebiTia ara marto is, Tu ra Seaqvs mwerals nawarmoebSi, aramed
isic, rac mas ar miaCnia TxzulebaSi Setanis Rirsad.
Txzuleba faqtobrivad garkveuli epizodebisagan Sedgeba, romlebic er-
TmaneTTan dakavSirebuli arian mwyobri TvalsazrisiT. yoveli aseTi epizodi
garkveuli konkretuli azrisa da ideis matarebelia.
Txzulebis pirvel epizodSi aqamde Cvens literaturaSi arnaxuli ZaliTaa
wamoyenebuli realisturi literaturis aucileblobis moTxovna, moTxovna
iseTi mwerlobisa, romelic sasurvelsa da warmosaxuls ki ara, aramed obieq-
tur sinamdviles warmoadgens, mtkiced gausworebs Tvals arsebuls da wyluls
uwamlebs kidec. rusi mxatvrebi erTob poeturad, lamazad warmogvidgenen ili-
as mier ramdenime mZlavri StrixiT moxazul `pirdaubanel da Tavdauvarcxnel~
sqelkisera ìamSCikis~ briyvul saxes, imis òyrayul sanaxaobas~, ìmis midun-mo-
dunebul zlazvnas, uadamiano da pirutyvul mixvra-moxvras~. `ramodenadac su-
raTia kargi, or imodenad saZagelia namdvili~.
`mgzavris werilebSi~ didi TvalsaCinoebiTaa mowodebuli mefis ruseTis
teqnikuri CamorCenilobis, sruli ubadrukobis suraTi, naCvenebia ruseTis im-
periis mmarTvelobis sruli ugunureba da siClunge. ruseTis imperia, rogorc
mgzavris rus oficerTan saubriT irkveva, eyrdnoba gonebaClung, mouqnel ugu-
nur aparats. ruseTis imperiis Zala `Rvinosa da arayTan Zalian daaxloebuli~
samxedro aparatiTaa gansazRvruli, romlis imperiisadmi brma morCileba da
TviTkmayofilebac damyarebulia imperiul zraxvebze da Sovinistur instinq-
tebze — dapyrobil `velur~ qveynebsa da xalxebSi, romlebic mas sZuls, — rusu-
li ganaTleba da civilizacia Seitanos izleris baRis da iqauri kaxpa feriebis
kulturis saxiT. rus oficerTan Sexvedris epizodis mxatvruli Zala da mniS-
vneloba mis politikur gamiznulobasa da ganzogadebaSia. mweralma ruseTis
samxedro mmarTvelobis tipuri suraTi daxata.
òficroba da Cinovnikoba bevri modis ruseTidan~ qarTveli Tu sxva xal-
xebis `gasanaTleblad~- es `ganaTleba~ ki izleris baRis `civilizaciaSia~ gan-
sxeulebuli, romelic Tavisi garyvnilebiT zneobrivad scems imperiaSi Semaval
qveynebs. es oficeri mwerlobaze da mecnierebaze debs Tavs. oficris uaRresad
cocxali saxe satiruli midgomiTaa Sesrulebuli. oficerTan saubris epizodeb-
Si mwerlis mier TvalsaCinod isicaa miTiTebuli, rom ruseTSi, Cveulebriv, qvey-
nis winsvlis saCveneblad cifrebs moixmoben, TiTqos raodenobrivi zrda iyos
ganmsazRvreli qveynis winsvlisa da progresisa. ruseTis imperiis stomaqSi yof-
nis samocdaaTi wlis manZilze saqarTvelos oci generali hyolia, Tu samocdaaTi
wlis manZilze amas kidev oci daemateba, oficris azriT, es saqarTvelos ueWveli
didi dawinaureba iqneba.
mwerali am epizodSi imasac gviCvenebs, rom adamiani aq imis mixedviTac fas-
deba, Tu ra Tanamdeboba uWiravs. sakmarisia oficers gaego, rom saqme aqvs ara
vinme sapatio Tanamdebobis pirTan, aramed daxlidarTan, rom myis Seecvala da-
mokidebuleba da Tavxedurad zemodan cqriT daewyo misi `damoZRvra-ganaTle-
ba~. xolo mwerali mgzavris am SeniRbvis xerxs imitomac mimarTavs, rom oficeri
arafriT ar SeizRudos da daubrkoleblad gadmoSalos Tavisi Tavi, mTeli Ta-
visi avladideba.
bevrma drom gaiara `mgzavris werilebis~ Seqmnidan, magram rusi oficris
saxe darCa, rogorc tipuri ganmasaxierebuli ruseTis imperiis samxedro moxe-
62
lisa. mas Zmebi gamouCdnen rogorc yofaSi, aseve literaturaSi (am mxriv Tun-
dac al. yazbegis naCalnikebi da generali rad Rirs). marTalia, icvleboda wyoba
da forma, magram ar icvleba imperiuli manqanis Sinaarsi.
rogorc adrec aRiniSna, myinvarisa da Tergis Sepirispirebis epizodSi
mwerali moZraobas, moqmedebas adamianisa da eris arsebobis namdvil Sinaarsad
aRiarebs. myinvarisa da Tergis Sepirispirebis aspeqtSi ganxilul sakiTxs avsebs
da afarToebs dRisa da Ramis Sepirispirebis epizodi. Rame yvelaferi mdumare-
bas eZleva. wydeba àdamianis morWmuli xmauroba~. sibnele aris saukeTeso dro
da asparezi àdamianis bedis SesaWedad~ borkilTa Wedvisa. sibnele aris xelSem-
wyobi ìm xelobisa, romelsac TvalTmaqcobas eZaxian da romelic adamianis dam-
frTxal gonebas ubedurebas bednierebad aCvenebs xolme~, magram mwerals is
asuldgmulebs, rom kvlav gaTendeba da sicocxlec amad Rirs.
erovnuli interesebis gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze mniSvnelovan
epizodad TxzulebaSi moxele lelT RuniasTan mgzavris saubaria CaTvlili.
ilia WavWavaZe lelT Runias piriT qadagebs umaRles erovnul ideals, romel-
sac arasodes moakldeba Zala da xibli. mWevrmetyveluria lelT Runias saxe im-
denad, ramdenadac igi amaRlebulia mwerlis erovnuli koncefciis simaRleze.
nawarmoebis am epizodSi uCveulo enobrivi formiT da didi mWevrmetyveluri
ZaliT aris naCvenebi fasi erovnuli Tavisuflebisa, `roca avad Tu kargad Cven
Cveni Tavni Cvenadve gveyudnes~. moxeves Zveli dro moswons imitom, rom eri Ta-
visufali iyo. mgzavri ekiTxeba moxeves — èxla rom mSvidoba aris?~. es kiTxva
TiTqos gangeb daismis, ramdenadac adrec da ilias Semdgomac mZlavr argumen-
tad moCans azri mSvidobis Sesaxeb, romelic didi damarwmunebeli ZaliT aris
warmoCenili genialuri n. b a r a T a S v i l i s mier jer poema `bedi qarTlisaSi-
~erekle mefis sityvebis saxiT: àxla ki droa, solomon, roma mSvidoba naxos sa-
qarTveloma~ da Semdeg leqsSi `saflavi mefis iraklisa~:
`sadac aqamdis xmliT da ZaliT flobda qarTveli,
mun samSvidobo moqalaqis marTavs aw xeli~.
Zalze mniSvnelovania da mravlismTqmeli lelT Runias pasuxi: `rais vaqnev
carial mSvidabas carial stvamaqiT. rai arn mSvidaba? uxmar satevars Jangi da-
edvis, usrbolo wyalCi bayayni, Wia-Wuai, qvemZromi gamravldis. udegar, usvenar
TergCi ki kalmaxi icis! rai arn mSvidaba cocxval kacTaTvis? rai arn mteroba,
Tu eri erobs? carial mSvidaba miwaCic gveyofis~. erTi sityviT, lelT Runias
mixedviT, fasi ara aqvs mSvidobas, Tu eri Tavisufali araa. Tu n. baraTaSvilis
dros uamravi omebiT dauZlurebuli qveynisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvneloba
hqonda mSvidobas, mosvenebas: radgan Tu `daakvirdeba kaci im saSinel garemoeba-
Ta, romelTac abezars moiyvanes Cveni eri... is ara gvgonia ise gakadnierdes, rom
am wyurvils dasvenebisas ukiJinos, xangrZliv SfoTebs Semdeg sveneba upriania,
rogorc calke kacisaTvis, isec mTeli erisaTvis. amas buneba iTxovs~ (V, 527),
ilia WavWavaZe ukve sul sxva ideals saxavda Tavisi droisaTvis. lelT Runias
piriT ilia axla 60-70-iani wlebisaTvis sxva azrs qadagebs: roca eri Tavisufa-
li iyo, èri erobdis, guli gulobdis, vaJai vaJabdis, qalai qalabdis~... danebe-
bis, damorCilebis fsiqologia, pirvel yovlisa, ers sulierad cems da zneobri-
vad ryvnis: àwina eroba daiSalis, meZav-mruSobai Camovardnis... mtroba-bZarvai
gaxSirdnis... eri davardnil galaxul arn, vrdomil-krTomil. warxda qarTvel-
Ta saxeli, qarTvelTa wesT-wyobai~. axlandel mSvidobas egebis kidev is dro
sjobda, mteri rom dagvecemoda asaklebad. `mters...far-xrmaliT SeveTamaSiT,
vigeriebdiT... adrida mterTan brZolaCi, sworebis jobinobaCi, saxel vSaob-
diT~... axla ki, moxevis azriT, `mavale svamexi ufros gvawiokebs, ufros saxls
gviklebs~... Tu mters far-xmaliT davuxvdebodiT da movigeriebdiT, `svamexs
63
rai eyvis, ver mosageriebel, ver SesaTamaSebel... svamexTan vaJai rai saxels Ca-
morCebis~.
ilia am metad damafiqrebel azrs kidev sxva drosac miubrundeba. gaivlis oc-
daaTze meti weli da ilia dawers: `xmlianma mterma ver dagvaTmobina, ver wagvarTva
Cveni miwa-wyali, Cveni qveyana. xmlians mters gavuZeliT, gadavrCiT. qveyana da saxe-
li SevinaxeT, saxsenebeli ar amovikveTeT, SevirCineT, saqolavi aravis avagebineT.
xmliT moseulma mterma vera dagvaklo-ra, SromiT da garjiT, codniT da xerxiT
mosuli ki Tan gagvitans, fex-qveSidan miwas gamogvaclis, saxels gagviqrobs, gag-
viwyvets, saxsenebeli qarTvelisa amoikveTeba da Cvens mSveniers qveyanas, rogorc
upatrono saydars, sxvani daepatronebian~... (`ra giTxraT, riT gagaxaroT~). xolo
am brwyinvale publicistur werils 20 wliT win uswrebs ilias didebuli leqsi
`kiTxva-pasuxi~, sadac sxva formiT, sxva emociuri ZaliT igive gulistkivilia gad-
moSlili:
`kargi rama xar, Cemo qveyanav,
lamazad morTul da mokazmuli;
magram ramdenadc mSvenieri xar,
imdenad ufro mikvdeba guli...~
ilia ara mxolod mxatvrulsa da publicistur naazrevSi gamoxatavs Tavis
gulistkivils mosalodneli saSiSroebis Sesaxeb, aramed praqtikuli saqmiano-
biTac amyarebs, rom qveyana gayidvisagan daixsnas, qarTuli miwa-wyali gadaarCi-
nos... rogorc iTqva, amis erTi didi gamoxatuleba iyo ilias moRvaweoba bankSi.
`mgzavris werilebSi~ warmodgenili programis, ideebis ganxorcielebas
Sealia ilia WavWavaZem ara marto Tavisi mZlavri mxatvruli niWi, aramed mTeli
Tavisi sulieri da fizikuri Zala da energia. swored amitomac, rogorc aRiniS-
na, es nawarmoebi ara marto samwerlo, aramed ilia WavWavaZis praqtikul-sazo-
gadoebrivi saqmianobis programasac warmoadgens.
`glaxis naambobi.~ilia WavWavaZe Tavis pirmSod prozaSi socialurad
mZafr `glaxis naambobs~ Tvlida. prozaul TxzulebaTagan `glaxis naambobiviT~
xangrZlivad arc erTi Txzuleba ar utarebia ilias, vidre sabolood gamokveT-
da `SemoqmedebiT quraSi~. rogorc miuTiTeben, `XIX saukunis Cvens qarTul mwer-
lobaSi pirveli mwerali ilia WavWavaZe iyo, romelmac personaJis mTeli sulie-
ri mdgomareoba uSualod misi yofiTi viTarebidan gamoiyvana~.1 iliam uCvena,
rom socialuri viTareba xels uwyobs adamianSi amgvari Tu imgvari interesebis
gabatonebas da sabolood mis xasiaTsac gansazRvravs.
usaqmuroba, ufleba adamianebze ganusazRvreli batonobisa, ugulebelyo-
fa yovelgvari movaleobisa, erTi adamianis mier meoris viTarca nivTis, ukeTes
SemTxvevaSi, viTarca pirutyvis flobis ufleba adamianSi badebs da aRvivebs ul-
mobelobis, Seubraleblobis, Jinianobis midrekilebebs. mTlad uarsayofi da
ukusagdebi axalgazrda ar iyo daTiko, masSi ukeTesi Tvisebebic iCenda Tavs. bav-
Svi xom `Zalian niWieri da gonieri bunebisa~ iyo. raRac adamianuri, vaJkacuri, Se-
udrekelobis, Tavmowonebisa da siamayis grZnobebi, grZnoba sinanulisa, rogorc
moTxrobidan Cans, man bolomde SeinarCuna. magram igi rom batoni iyo, aman iTamaSa
gadamwyveti roli mis avkacobaSi. sazogadod TviTneba da jiuti usaqmobam, ganuzo-
melma uflebebma, movaleobis Seugneblobam velur instinqtebs daumona, avxor-
cul-pirutyvulma Jinma aitaca igi da bevri gaaubedura, bolos da bolos man ar
daindo ZmasaviT Sezrdili glexis Svili gabrieli, Jins daemona, yvelaferi dai-
viwya, sibralulic, sinanulic, rasac mohyva samudamo gaubedureba gabrielisac da
pepias ojaxisac.
1
gr. k i k n a Z e, literaturis, Teoriisa da istoriis sakiTxebi, gv. 294.
64
ilia WavWavaZis pozicia naTelia: mwerali gmobs daTikos warmomSob socia-
lur garemos, igi mis srul mospobas moiTxovs, adamianma Tavisi Rirseba unda daib-
runos. sulieri moRvaweobis, saTnoebisa da sikeTis gziT svla ar aris piroba, sa-
fuZveli bednierebisa, sayovelTao saTnoeba unda gaxdes piroba darRveuli mTe-
lis gaerTianebisa.
mweralma am moTxrobaSi qarTveli mSromeli kacis codna-ganaTlebis miRe-
bis udides saWiroebazec miuTiTa da TvalnaTliv cxadyo, Tu ra didi zemoqme-
debis Zala aqvs maswavleblis cocxal sityvas da pirad magaliTs. ilia WavWava-
Zis mier daxatuli mRvdeli rCeba saxalxo maswavleblis, sulieri moZRvris
mZlavr tipad.
rogorc iTqva, ilias Semoqmedebis da moRvaweobis safuZvels qristianuli
eTika warmoadgens. es kargad Cans mTel mis SemoqmedebaSi, magram konkretuli
gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT am mxriv pirveli vrceli Txzuleba, romelic yuradR-
ebas iqcevs, swored `glaxis naambobia~. erTia qristianuli principebis qadageba,
magram meorea, rodesac am principebis individualizacia da konkretizacia,
mxatvrul saxeebSi warmodgena xdeba grZnobad-esTetikur planSi. swored am
mxriv aris mRvdlis STambeWdavi saxe gansakuTrebuli zemoqmedebis ZaliT aR-
beWdili. gamoTqmulia azri, romlis Tanaxmadac, ilia WavWavaZis mRvdeli viq-
tor hiugos `sabralonis~ episkopos mirielis gavleniT unda iyos Seqmnili.1 bu-
nebrivia, vifiqroT, rom ar SeiZleba arsebobdes hiugos `sabralonis~ zemoqme-
debis kvali `glaxis naambobze~ im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom v. hiugos `sabralo-
ni~ gamovida 1862 wels, e.i. swored im wels, roca sabolood dasrulda `glaxis
naambobis~ pirveli eqvsi Tavi, romelSiac mRvdeli da gabrielis ganswavlis
wlebi mTlianad aris aRwerili. gacilebiT ufro marTebuli Cans is mosazreba,
romlis Tanaxmadac ilias `glaxis naambobs~ safuZvlad daedo realuri faqtebi
mwerlis cxovrebidan, rom erTgvarad soflis mTavardiakvnis STagonebiT unda
iyos Seqmnili `glaxis naambobis~ mRvdeli. marTlac, `glaxis naambobis~ bevri pa-
saJi ilias yrmobis da siWabukis mogonebebiT, gancdiliTa da nanaxiT aris nakve-
bi da Rrma poeturobiTac gamoirCeva. am mxrivac aris saintereso nawarmoebis
eqspoziciuri nawili da gabrielis ganswavlis amsaxveli Tavebi. erTgvarad ami-
Tac aixsneba, rom iliasaTvis moucilebeli da Zvirfasia, saamayoa is, rasac igi
moTxrobaSi exeba da asasaxav masalad ixdis. es im werilebidanac kargad Cans, ra-
sac am moTxrobis SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT Tavis meuRles da Tavis megobrebs —
kirile lorTqifaniZes da niko nikolaZes swers. yovelive aRniSnuli am moTxro-
bas gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs CvenTvis.
`kacia-adamiani?!~ ilias prozis mSvenebas warmoadgens axalgazrdobis
Jams Seqmnili satiris ukvdavi nimuSi, moTxroba `kacia-adamiani?!~.
Tematikuri TvalsazrisiT aqac iseve, rogorc `glaxis naambobSi~, baton-
ymuri urTierTobaa asaxuli. Cveulebriv, mwerlebi batonymur urTierTobas
asaxavdnen, rogorc saSinel sisastikes, gulqvaobis gamovlenas-adamians abamen
kevrSi pirutyvsaviT da sulsa xdian, adamians mwevarSi cvlian an qor-Savarden-
Si, ymis Rirsebas Telaven, namuss xdian da a. S. aseTi viTarebaa asaxuli d. Wonqa-
Zis `suramis cixeSic~, ilias àCrdilSic,~ `ramdenime suraTSic....~ da `glaxis na-
ambobSic~ ... araferi amis msgavsi ar xdeba `kacia-adamianSi?!~. aq arc sisastikea,
arc yidva-gayidva, arc namusis axdaa naCvenebi. luarsabsa da darejans arc ara-
vin SeubamT kevrSi da arc aravin gauyidniaT. aba yma-glexis gaupatiurebis av
zraxvas luarsabi gulSi rogor gaivlebs. mere rogor Sexedavs Tavis erTgul
darejans TvalebSi. marTalia, saRamo xans bolTis sacemad gamosuli luarsabi
1
ase fiqrobs k. abaSiZe. aseve fiqrobs n. uruSaZe, ix. misi statia — ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis
paralelebi franguli literaturidan — ilia WavWavaZisadmi miZRvnil saiubileo krebulSi, 1939,
gv. 275.
65
èrTi-orjer msunagsaviT macduris TvaliT~ ki gadmoxedavs moxdenil glexis
patarZals, romelic meveleebis mier daWerili kameCis gaSvebas sTxovs qalba-
tons, `luarsabi miTam da samacdurod gaiRimebs~ da `Taviseburad kbilebs sia-
movnebis niSnad kidec daakraWunebs~, magram es aris da es, amaze iqiT ar midis mi-
si `danaSauli~. luarsabis `sisastike~ mouravisadmi mimarTul sayvedurSi Tu
gamoixateba, ratom 15 sabegro uremi ar gagzavna man, Tumca aTi sabegro urmis
meti Tavis dReSi ar Sebmula.
kneina darejanis mrisxaneba ki imaSi gamoixateba, rom ìq mujluguns wah-
kravda sakeravze mTvlemare wirplian gogosa, aq TavSi Cautyapunebda ZonZebSi
gaxveul patara murian biWsa... aq imas gauwyreboda — raze? TiTon kneinamac ar
icoda, razed, aq imas gamogilanZRavdaT, risTvis, arc es icoda kneinama~. luar-
sabisa da darejanis es da amgvari moqmedeba SeZrwunebas ki ar iwvevs, aramed Ri-
mils, ramdenadac dacinvis sagania es maTi usaqmuri saqmianoba. ilia WavWavaZem
am moTxrobaSi gviambo adamianTa moSvebulobisa da mconarobis, maTi cxovelu-
ri yofis, sulieri sicarielis istoria. gansxvavebiT `glaxis naambobidan~, ro-
melSiac, marTalia, batonymobaa gakicxuli, magram midgoma mwerlisa sinamdvi-
lisadmi seriozulia, `kacia-adamianSi?!~ Tavidan bolomde gamomJRavnebulia
satiruli midgoma, romelic ZiriTadad ironiis gziT xorcieldeba.
iliam am moTxrobaSi TvalnaTliv uCvena, rom gareSe yovelgvari sisastiki-
sa da mxecuri instinqtebis gaRvivebisa, Tavisi raobiT batonymuri urTierToba
TavisTavad aris damRupveli, ramdenadac igi abatonebs usaqmurobas, adamians
adamianis saxes ukargavs, adamiani cxovelis doneze dahyavs; sazogadoebriv aq-
tivobas aclis.
ilia WavWavaZe batonymuri urTierTobis Sefasebisasac, iseve rogorc yve-
la sxva SemTxvevaSi, xelmZRvanelobs erovnuli TvalTaxedviT. igi, ra Tqma un-
da, sruliadac ar fiqrobs, rom batonymobas sazogadoebis erTi fenisaTvis —
glexebisaTvis moaqvs ubedureba, ilia fiqrobs, rom ukeTes dReSi arc isini ari-
an, visac batonebi hqvia da visac ymebis nivTiviT flobis ufleba aqvT miniWebu-
li. daRupulni arian batonebic, ramdenadac saxeze gvaqvs maTi zneobrivi dace-
ma, gadagvareba, cxovelur doneze daSveba da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, gavelurebac. ba-
tonymuri wyoba sazogadod ukargavs adamians adamianis saxes imis miuxedavad,
batonia igi Tu yma. ilias sruliadac ar warmoudgenia viTareba ise, rom Cagru-
li fena TiTqos mxolod angelozebs warmoadgenen, zneobrivad srulqmnilT da
ucodvelT. batonymobas maTSiac Cauklavs adamianuri, sacodav cxovelebs dam-
sgavsebian isinic. ufro marjveni da moxerxebulni pirmoTneobisa da cbierebis
gzas dadgomian. ilia fiqrobs, rom batonymoba damRupvelia ara romelime feni-
saTvis, aramed saerTod sazogadoebisaTvis, erisaTvis. sazogadoeba gaTiSulia
or sruliad sxvadasxva nawilad, romelTa Soris araferia saerTo, iTeleba ada-
mianis pirovnuloba. ilias pozicia naTelia — mxolod batonymuri institutis
mospobis gziT, jansaR erovnul ZalTa gaerTianebiT, roca adamiani daibrunebs
warTmeul adamianur uflebebs da Rirsebas, socialur ZalTa urTierTTanam-
Sromlobis miRwevaSi aris qveynis WeSmariti xsnis gza.
òTaraanT qvrivi~. Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis mogviano xanaSi
ilia WavWavaZem Seqmna didebuli òTaraanT qvrivi~. am moTxrobaSi mweralma mis-
Tvis Cveuli sidinjiT ganixila xidCatexilobis, wodebaTa Soris urTierTobis
problema.
rogorc viciT, es problema iliasaTvis axali ar iyo da igi mTeli misi Se-
moqmedebis manZilze iCenda Tavs. idga igi `glaxis naambobSi~ da mTeli simwvavi-
Tac. magram `glaxis naambobisagan~ gansxvavebiT, aq problema axali socialuri
urTierTobis fonze ganixileba, gaRrmavebulicaa, ganxilvis aspeqtebic gafar-
66
Toebuli. pirvel yovlisa, es imasac mowmobs, rom ilia WavWavaZis saxiT socia-
lurad gamZafrebuli xedvis uaRresad fxizeli xelovani hyavda Cvens qveyanas.
mweralma òTaraanT qvrivSi~ dagvanaxa, rom, Tu adre, batonymobis piro-
bebSi xidis gadeba sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi fenis warmomadgenelTa Soris
principulad SeuZlebeli iyo, rac ar unda siaxlove yofiliyo batonsa da ymas
Soris, mainc sruli gaugebroba da ufskruli yofda maT, batonymobis gauqmebis
Semdeg axali socialur-ekonomikuri urTierTobis dros wodebaTa, adamianTa
Soris iuridiuli Tanasworoba iqna aRiarebuli, ramdenadac adamiani iuridiu-
lad ganTavisuflda, magram, rogorc irkveva, iuridiuli Tanasworuflebianoba
da Tavisuflebis aRiareba sruliadac ar niSnavs faqtobrivad TanabarRirebu-
lebis ganxorcielebas. socialur wodebebs Soris TavCenili fsiqoligiuri, in-
teleqtualuri da kidev sxva saxis jebirebi, gaugebroba maT Soris, aseTi Tanas-
worobis siyalbes mowmobs. gaugebroba exeba ara azrebis, ideebis sferos mxo-
lod, aramed iseT sferos, sadac TiTqos yovelgvari jebirebi adamianebs Soris
moxsnili unda iyos. `Sengan mefe monas eymoso~ — acxadebda aleqsandre WavWava-
Ze, roca siyvarulis yovlisSemZleobaze saubrobda Tavis didebul leqsSi. saq-
me swored siyvarulis grZnobas exeba. ilia WavWavaZem mxatvruli argumentebiT
cxadyo, rom siyvarulis sferoSic sruli gaugebrobaa. rogorc arCili eubneba
kesos, laparaki TanagrZnobas ki ar exeba — SesaZloa ar moswoneboda da ar eTa-
nagrZno qals vaJisaTvis da aq gvariSvilobis `cxraklite~ arafer SuaSi yofili-
yo. magram saqme isaa, rom `Rirsebis Tayvaniscemas~ viRa Civis, keso verc ki miux-
vda siyvaruls, kaci Turme Tavs evleboda, `wminda Suqi mSvenieris sulisa amaod
da uqmad-Ra javarsaviT efineboda~ da efineboda `civs kedels~.
ilia WavWavaZe faqizad aanalizebs ara marto Cveni qveynis da ara marto
ilias drois TvalsazrisiT erTob mtkivneul promlemas da misi gadawyvetis
perspeqtivasac Zalian frTxilad, poetur-figuraluri suraTis saxiT warmog-
vidgens. am mxriv aris gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebo da-Zmis, arCilisa da kesos sa-
ubari Txzulebis im TavSi, romelsac `dasawyisi ganTiadisa~ hqvia.
mwerlis upirvelesi da erTaderTi amocanac is aris, rom TvalnaTliv gva-
grZnobinos sinamdvile, is, rac aris; misi amocana araa gvaCvenos is, rac unda
iyos. Tu mweralma sinamdvile gvagrZnobina da SegvZra, amiT igi Tavis amocanas
maqsimalurad ganaxorcielebs. amdenad araa marTebuli mxatvrul qmnilebaSi
socialur-politikuri programa veZeboT. mxatvruli metyveleba Taviseburi fe-
nomenia da misi pirdapiri Targmani ekonomikur-politikur enaze sruliad dauS-
vebelia. erTi sityviT, araa marTebuli ilia WavWavaZisagan moviTxovoT pasuxi
iseT kiTxvaze, romelzec damakmayofilebeli pasuxi praqtikulad vera socia-
lur-politikurma programam ver gasca mTeli moazrovne kacobriobis masStabiT.
miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, aq erTi ram mainc SeiZleba iTqvas. jer kidev n. ni-
kolaZisaTvis iyo cnobili, rom ilia WavWavaZe wodebaTa faqtobrivi daaxloe-
bis, maT Soris arsebuli zRvaris Semcirebis erT-erT saimedo safuZvlad maTi
sulier-inteleqtualuri daaxloeba miaCnda. am SemTxvevaSi gadamwyveti sityva
unda eTqvas aRzrda-ganaTlebas. roca ilias mTel Semoqmedebas viTvaliswinebT
da ara marto mis òTaraanT qvrivs~, es mosazreba safuZvlianad gvesaxeba.
jer kidev k. abaSiZis droidan isic cnobilia, rom xidCatexilobis proble-
mas òTaraanT qvrivSi~ aqvs sxva aspeqtic — aspeqti adamianTa urTiergaugebro-
bisa pirovnul planSi, ufro sworad, sazogadod adamianis martoobis aspeqti,
rac sosia mewisqvilis tragediis saxiTac iCens Tavs, pirvel yovlisa, da oTara-
anT qvrivis, viTarca dedis, tragediis saxiTac. mwerlis azriT, es `saWirboro-
to da wyevlakrulviani~ sakiTxic dgas àm uTavbolo da uswormasworo wuTiso-
felSi~.
67
`sarCobelazed~. òTaraanT qvrivis~ Seqmnamde rva wliT adre daiwera Se-
saniSnavi moTxroba `sarCobelazed~, romelSiac sazogadoebisa da misi calkeu-
li wevris urTierTobis, danaSaulisa da sasjelis, uflebisa da movaleobis ma-
rad mtkivneul sakiTxebzea yuradReba gamaxvilebuli da sadac iliam mxatvru-
li sityvis sferoSi pirdapir gailaSqra sikvdiliT dasjis winaaRmdeg. ilia Wav-
WavaZem aq, am moTxrobaSi, cxadyo, rom sazogadoeba srul gulgrilobas da upa-
suxismgeblobas iCens Tavisi calkeuli wevrisadmi da ukve amiT faqtobrivad
adamians danaSaulisaken ubiZgebs. sazogadoeba damnaSavis gazrdas uwyobs xels,
raTa Semdeg gulgrilad dasajos igi. faqtobrivad sazogadoebam uari Tqva Ta-
vis umTavres funqciaze — iyos dainteresebuli Tavisi calkeuli wevris bediT,
radgan igi, sazogadoeba, wevrebisagan Sedgeba, xolo uaris Tqma umTavresze niS-
navs saerTod sazogadoebis moSlasa da gadagvarebas. aRniSnuli ise ar unda ga-
vigoT, TiTqos ilia mxolod sazogadoebas debs brals, xolo calkeul adamians
aTavisuflebs pasuxismgeblobisagan. iliasaTvis rom moraluri pasuxismgeblo-
bis sakiTxi erTi umTavresia, es misi `kacia-adamianis?!~ mixedviTac kargad Cans da
`glaxis naambobis~ mixedviTac. i. WavWavaZis azriT, adamiani, ra Tqma unda, agebs
pasuxs Tavis saqcielze, moqmedebaze, oRond mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mas
arCevanis SesaZlebloba aqvs. luarsab TaTqariZe, daTiko ageben pasuxs TavianT
saqcielze, radgan maT SeeZloT sxvagvarad ecxovraT, sxvagvarad moqceuliyvnen,
magram es maT ar indomes; xolo Tu adamians Tavisufali arCevanis SesaZleblobas
movuspobT, Tu mis win mxolod erTi gza da gamosavali iqneba, bunebrivia, igi
verc agebs pasuxs Tavis saqcielze.
Tu nawarmoebSi dasmul problemebs kidev ufro CavuRrmavdebiT, maSin gan-
sakuTrebul yuradRebas aq is faqti ipyrobs, rom mwerali maincdamainc adamia-
nis CamoxrCobis faqts gulubryvilo glexis, petres TvaliT gvayurebinebs. aq,
am nawarmoebSi, viTareba isea warmodgenili, rom araTu sazogadoebis aSkarad
gamokveTili damnaSave Zalebi — Zmebis, maminacvlis, dedis, mosamsaxure gogo-
biWebis, usulgulo adamianebis saxiT — amzadebdnen Zmebis danaSauls, aramed
faqtobrivad isinic xelSemwyobad gamodiodnen, visac Zmebi, `marTla, ecodebo-
daT~, magram SveliT ki verafers Svelodnen. amiTac aixsneba sruli ukompromi-
soba gaavebuli Zmebisa, romlebic `yvelas gadaemternen — maminacvals, dedas,
avsa da kargsa~. `patarebi viyaviT, — wers beJanis umcrosi Zma petres, — yvela xe-
davda, rom TvalnaTliv gvZarcvavdnen, aravin ar gamogvesarCla, aravin mogveS-
vela, aravin xma ar amoiRo, Cveni codva yvelam daido kisrad. maminacvalma ki
ara, Tqven yvelam gagvZarcveT Cven, Tqven yvelam mogviReT bolo...~
rogorc miuTiTeben, petre Zveli yaidis sofleli glexia, mas Tavisi Tavi
jer ar ugrZnia sazogadoebis wevrad, igi jer bunebasTan mWidro kavSirSia, vid-
re socialur RirebulebebTan. petre `sazogadoebis yvelaze pasiur wevrTa
ricxvSia. amdenad misi `danaSauli~ Tanacxovrebis kanonebisadmi yoveli calke-
uli adamianis winaSe aseve minimaluria da `pasiuri~. magram moxucma petrem esec
ar icis. igi udanaSaulod grZnobs Tavs, rogorc bunebis erTi natexi~.1 marTa-
lia, petrem ymawvilis gulSi maSin `tkbili naRveli Casaxa~, misma `gulkeTilo-
bam moinadira~, magram, — agrZelebs umcrosi Zma, isic gaqreba, vici. gana Sen ki
amxanagi ara xar Cemis maminacvlisa! gana Sen ki ar damirCe erTaderTi Zma! gana
Sen ki ar miiyvane is sarCobelamde~.
pasiuri, aramebrZoli sikeTec saboloo jamSi danaSaulis xelSemwyobad
gamodis da sinamdviles sasikeTod ver cvlis — ase SeiZleba gavaSinaarsoT is
mkacri ganaCeni, rac CamoxrCobilis Zmam SeZrwunebul, Tavzardacemul petres
gamoutana.
1
g . k a n k a v a , literaturuli werilebi, 1980, gv. 19.
68
`nikolooz gostaSabiSvili~. ilias moTxrobaTagan erTgvarad gamocal-
kevebiT dgas patara saSobao moTxroba nikolooz gostaSabiSvili. es moTxroba
yrmobisdroindel STabeWdilebebTan mibrunebas, maT gacocxlebas warmoadgens
da amasTanave rainduli suliskveTebiTaa aRbeWdili.
ilia WavWavaZe qarTul mwerlobaSi momZlavrebuli im tendenciis sawina-
aRmdegod, romlis Tanaxmadac viTareba ise ixateba, rom Cveni qveynis `mterni ka-
cismWamelni arian, qarTvelebis sisxlis msmelni, yovels adamianobaze xelaRe-
bulni da qarTvelebi ki yovlis adamianobiT srulni, erTi qarTveli aT da oc
momxdurs umklavdeba iolad~, iseT viTarebas xatavs, roca qarTvel vaJkacs
mteric Rirseuli vaJkaci Sexvdeba. nikolooz gostaSabiSvilis sulgrZelobiT
aRsavse saqciels — damarcxebuli mtris Rirsebis Seulaxaobas, Seurcxvenlobas
da sicocxlis Cuqebas mteric, agreTve vaJkaci, saTanado RirsebiT Rebulobs:
`mec sicocxles Tu visganme viCuqebdi, marto SenisTana vaJkacisagano~-, eubneba
igi gamarjvebul qarTvels.
am moTxrobis mTavari personaJi nikolooz gostaSabiSvili Tavisi maRali
SegnebiT, mtris vaJkacobis danaxviT da aRiarebiT rainduli gagebis mwvervalze
adis.
ilias prozis Tematikuri aqtualoba. ilia WavWavaZis moTxrobaTa didi

nawili TiTqos uaRresad konkretuli socialuri garemos, konkretuli socia-
luri wyobis kritikas isaxavs umTavres amocanad, xolo es garemo, socialuri
wyoba ki iyo da aRarasodes gameordeba. miuxedavad amisa, ar SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom ilia WavWavaZis Txzulebebma Tematikuri aqtualoba dakarges, rom am mxriv
isini CvenTvis aRar arian sagulisxmoni, rom Tanamedrove mkiTxvels isini am
mxriv saazrovno sazrdos ar awvdidnen. ratom xdeba mainc ase?
rogorc cnobilia, ilia WavWavaZe calkeul TxzulebaSi gansaxilvelad
iRebs erT umTavres sakiTxs da ara sakiTxTa wyebas da amas igi sruliad garkveu-
li mizniT mimarTavs. erTi mxriv, aseTi nawarmoebi aRsaqmelad ufro advilia da
mkiTxvelis interesic ufro mobilizebuli. ilias, rogorc mwerlis, amocana im-
TaviTve iyo sisadave da sicxadis Setana yvelaferSi, ise rogorc es CveviaT did
xelovanT, romelnic TavianT Txzulebebs mkiTxvelis aRzrdis funqciasac akis-
rebdnen. naTqvams adasturebs Tundac mwerlis muSaobis gaTvaliswineba moTx-
robebze `glaxis naambobi~ da `kacia-adamiani?!~. Tavdapirvelad mwerals Cafiq-
rebuli hqonda erTi moTxrobis dawera, romelic gaaerTianebda orive moTxro-
bis siuJetur xazebs. Semdgomi muSaobisas iliam es adrindeli Canafiqri or
moTxrobad daSala, or damoukidebel nawarmoebad. man ar miiCnia mizanSewoni-
lad erTbaSad ramdenime Temis erTad mowodeba. am dros naklebia mkiTxvelis mi-
er TiToeulis gaazrebis siRrme, yuradReba gadanawilebulia ramdenimeze.
amrigad, erT TxzulebaSi erTi umTavresi problemis dasmaa damaxasiaTebe-
li iliasaTvis, magram am problemas igi mravalmxriv gansjis, mravalmxriv aana-
lizebs. `mravalplaniania ilias TxzulebaTa umravlesoba. misi midgomis mra-
valplanianoba ar SeuzRudavs da Seukvecia mis naTelsa da garkveul mizan-
swrafvas, rogorc es TiTqosda mosalodneli iyo. es uTuod imiT aixsneba, rom
farToa ilias gaazreba da xedva. yvelafris yovelmxriv gamomkvlevia is da amiT
icilebs igi Tavidan SesaZlo calmxrivobas~.1 mivmarToT magaliTisaTvis ilias
ukvdav `kacia-adamians?!~. rogorc miuTiTeben, aq satirul formaSia gakicxuli
batonymuri urTierToba da esaa nawarmoebis mTavari Sinaarsi, magram, cxadia,
1
g r. k i k n a Z e, literaturis Teoriisa da istoriis sakiTxebi, 1978, gv.274.
69
rom `kacia-adamianis?!~ mTavari Sinaarsi amiT ar mTavrdeba. es rom ase yofili-
yo, am moTxrobas Tavisi istoriuli funqcia Sesrulebuli eqneboda da axla
mxolod literaturis istoriis TvalsazrisiT Tu iqneboda saintereso. aseT
Txzulebebsac xom uamravs icnobs literaturis istoria. magram cxadia, rom
luarsab TaTqariZis cxovrebis istoria ar eZleva daviwyebas, luarsabi Cvengan
moucilebeli personaJia, mudam Cveni Tanamdevi.
am moTxrobis gamZleobas, pirvel rigSi, isic apirobebs, rom mxolod erTi
socialuri wyobisaTvis specifikur urTierTobebze, adamianTa qcevebze da moq-
medebebze ar amaxvilebs mwerali yuradRebas. iliam am moTxrobaSi Tavisi asaxvis
obieqtad gaixada Rrmadmdebare adamianuri Tvisebebi da mankierebebi — mconaro-
ba da uqnaroba, sizarmace da gonebis mTvlemareba, gaumiznavi Surianoba, qiSpoba
da Widili maxlobelTa Soris, udardeloba da pirmoTneoba. es Tvisebebi ki arc
batonymobas moutania da arc mas gahyolia Tan. isini yvela xelsayrel pirobebSi
SesaZloa xelaxali ZaliT wamotivtivdnen.
`risTvis movidnen da risTvis wavidnen?~ — kiTxulobs mwerali da es ukve is
kiTxvaa, romelic gvaiZulebs davfiqrdeT. erTi sityviT, am nawarmoebSi mkafi-
od dgas problema adamianis arsebobis azris, misi umTavresi misiis Sesaxeb.
moTxrobaSi yofiTi wvrilmanebis momarjvebiT, maT safuZvelze, sruliad
CveulebrivSi, erTferovansa da yoveldRiurSi aRmoaCina ilia WavWavaZem uaR-
resad mniSvnelovani erovnuli satkivari da safiqrali.
marTalia, didi xani gavida mas Semdeg, rac istorias Cabarda is socialuri
instituti, romlis RviZli Svilebic iyvnen moTxrobis personaJebi da romlis
gaSiSvlebac iyo mwerlis erTi didi amocana, magram isic xom faqtia, rom moTx-
robas ar daukargavs, Tu ar moumatnia mxatvruli Rirseba da mniSvneloba Cvens
gulSi da es imitomac, rogorc iTqva, rom ilia gamZle adamianur Tvisebebze,
urTierTobebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, romelnic raRacnairi formiT yovel-
Tvis arseboben da romelTa win wamoweva, gabatoneba `TaTqariZeobis~ gamococx-
lebis saSiSroebas yovelTvis aCenen...
ilia WavWavaZe dResac gvafrTxilebs da socialuri sifxizlisa da aqtivo-
bisaken mogviwodebs, es momentic apirobebs am Txzulebis Tematikur aqtualo-
bas.
aseve sadReisodac gvafiqrebs moTxroba `sarCobelazed~. yvela droSi sagu-
lisxmo iqneba sakiTxi sazogadoebisa da misi calkeuli wevris uflebebisa da mo-
valeobebis Sesaxeb, danaSaulisa da sasjelis Sesaxeb. Tu sazogadoeba araa ubra-
lo jami adamianebisa, aramed moraluri erTeulia, maSin igi pasuxismgebelia misi
calkeuli wevris winaSe da wevrisaTvis. sazogadoeba ar SeiZleba gulgrili iyos
calkeuli wevris bedis mimarT. mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi aqvs sazogadoebas uf-
leba moiTxovos calkeuli wevrisagan, pasuxi agos Tavis moqmedebaze.
sanamde adamians sanetaro naRvels auSlis yrmobis suraTebis gaxseneba, sa-
namde bavSvobis wlebis gaxsenebis survili da xalisi Seswevs, manam ar SeiZleba
ar aaRelvos igi ilias saSobao moTxrobam. xolo vin ar daisaxavs idealad, ro-
mel droSi SeiZleba ar iyos siamovnebis momgvreli is siCauqe da rainduli si-
maRle qarTveli kacisa, rac Rirseuli mowinaaRmdegis dandobasa, misi vaJkaco-
bis danaxvasa da aRiarebaSi gamoixateba.
`glaxis naambobis~ mRvdelTan ziareba, misi swavlebisa da namoqmedaris
gancda-gaSinaarseba xom yoveli drois axalgazrdobas aamaRlebs sulierad da
`pirad aRdgomas adResaswaulebs~, rogorc ambobda didi pedagogi iakob goge-
baSvili.
70
gana òTaraanT qvrivSi~ dasmuli sakiTxebia darCenili da mijaWvuli mxo-
lod mecxramete saukunesTan? òTaraanT qvrivSi~ dasmul sakiTxTa wyeba da
grZnobebi CvenTvisac Zvirfasia da moucilebeli. adamianTa TanabarRirebule-
bis sakiTxi, adamianis Sinagani Rirsebebis danaxva da aRiareba yovelTvis iqneba
gansjisa da mowonebis obieqti. mainc romelma drom, romelma moZRvrebam gadaW-
ra adamianTa Soris uTanabrobis problema, gana sxvadasxva socialuri fenis,
adamianTa erTianobis, eris erTianobis problema araa Cveni drois umwvavesi
problema? Sromis didebuli himni, rac am moTxrobaSi oTaraanT qvrivis daxasia-
Tebis aspeqtSic da giorgis daxasiaTebis planSic rom JRers da saxierdeba, Ta-
vis fassa da Rirebulebas, bunebrivia, arc CvenTvis kargavs. veraviTari agita-
cia da moralizeba ver Seenacvleba mas Sromis fasisa da Zalis Cvenebis Tvalsaz-
risiT.
dedaSviluri grZnobis iseTi niuansebia aq warmodgenili, dedaSvilobis
grZnobis iseTi RaRadisi ismis, rom igi arc erTi drois mkiTxvels ar datovebs
gulgrils da SeZravs, ramdenadac am grZnobas Caqroba ar uweria.
erTi sityviT, ilias TxzulebebSi yvela faqtsa da movlenas axlavs gan-
xilvis moraluri plani, rac yvela droisaTvis mniSvnelovnad da aqtualurad
aqcevs maT. ase icileben droiT SemosazRvrulobis samoss ilias qmnilebebi, ase
maRldebian drozec da garkveul socialur viTarebazec.
ilia WavWavaZis prozis mxatvruli mxare. rac ar unda zogadsa-

yovelTao Sinaarsisa da aqtualobisa iyos saTqmeli Sinaarsobrivad, sabolood
igi mainc ver gansazRvravs Txzulebis Rirsebas da misi gamZleobis sazomad ver
gamodgeba. nawarmoebis gamZleobas, pirvel yovlisa, misi mxatvruli Rirsebebi
gansazRvraven. mainc ra mxatvruli Taviseburebebi gamoarCeven ilias qmnile-
bebs. ra arsebiT niSan-Tvisebebze SegviZlia axla gavamaxviloT yuradReba?
pirvel yovlisa, am mxriv yuradRebas iqcevs ilias prozaul TxzulebaTa
masala. ilia WavWavaZemde Cvens sinamdvileSi ZiriTadad mweralTa yuradReba ga-
maxvilebuli iyo gamogonili, ucxo da ucnauri ambebisadmi. TavisTavad cxadia,
rom aseTi masala nakleb atarebda erovnul xasiaTs. ilia WavWavaZem uari Tqva
ucxosa da gamogonilze, ucnaursa da Soridan momdinareze. man Tavis nawarmoe-
bebSi qarTveli kacis erovnuli Taviseburebebis Cveneba daisaxa miznad. iliam
sruliad Segnebulad uari Tqva TvalismomWrelsa da damainteresebelze; man
Cvens literaturaSi daamkvidra sruliad Cveulebrivi, yofiTi masalisadmi in-
teresi. mis moTxrobebSi asaxulia yovlad Cveulebrivi Cveni mosawyeni cxovre-
bis erTferovneba da masSia danaxuli mwerlis mier erTob seriozulica da mniS-
vnelovanic. swored yofis prozaulobaSi aRmoaCina man uaRresad erovnuli
satkivari da es aqcia Tavisi asaxvis sagnad. ilias mier asaxuli sinamdvile yve-
las Tvalwin mimdinare movlenebia, magram ara yvelasaTvis SesamCnevi. amas mxo-
los didi mwerlis maxvili Tvali amCnevs da CvenTvisac SesamCnevs xdis.
ilia WavWavaZem qarTveli mkiTxvelis gemovnebis gardaqmna da xelaxali aR-
zrda moindoma da gaakeTa kidec.
iliam Tavisi Txzulebebis sayrdenad ambebi ar aiRo, faqtobrivad, man uari
Tqva yovelgvar saintereso, gamarTobel ambebze. rogorc aRniSnaven, ilia Wav-
WavaZis dainteresebas sruliad ubralo ambavi iwvevs, radgan iq xedavs igi yve-
laze mniSvnelovans. sruliad umniSvneloze, TiTqos wvrilman ambebze aago ili-
am Tavisi ukvdavi `kacia-adamiani?!~. am moTxrobaSi araferi xdeba iseTi, ramac
SeiZleba ambis TvalsazrisiT daZabos mkiTxveli. mTeli nawarmoebi erTi qar-
Tveli Tavadis ojaxis uazro cxovrebas mogviTxrobs, col-qmris yoveldRiuri
71
saubrebis, maTi garemos daxasiaTebas warmoadgens. ilia aq dascinis kidec sent-
imentaluri, saintereso ambebisadmi mimarTuli gemovnebis mkiTxvels da Tavis
mimarTebas masalisa da asasaxi obieqtebisadmi Zalian mkafiod warmoadgens.
ilia WavWavaZe — mwerali rom dainteresdes, usaTuod siuJeti sruliad sada da
ubralo unda iyos. ambavi ar ganagebs `kacia-adamianis?!~, òTaraanT qvrivis~
Txrobas. es Txzulebebi agebulia personaJTa cxovrebis mxolod ramdenime epi-
zodze, romlebic arsebiTia am personaJTa ragvarobis gasaTvaliswineblad da ag-
reTve Zalze mniSvnelovanis — qarTuli cxovrebis arsebiT momentebze misaTiTeb-
lad. ilia swored am momentebs uRrmavdeba, maT aanalizebs sxvadasxva mxridan da
ase aqcevs maT mkiTxvelisTvisac Zalze mniSvnelovnad, ahyavs igi esTetikuri aR-
qmis sruliad axal safexurze.
sagangebod miTiTebulia da daxasiaTebulic iliaseuli detalizaciis ma-
Ralmxatvruloba. ilia movlenebis dasaxasiaTeblad, dasaxatavad iseT detalebs
irCevs, iseT detalebs ixdis dakvirvebis sagnad, iseT niuansebs amCnevs, romlebic
sxvisTvis SeumCnevelia, anda romelTa mxatvruli Rirebuleba iliamde sxvaTaTvis
cxadi sruliadac ar iyo. ilia WavWavaZem swored aseT wvrilmanebs mianiWa arsebi-
Tis gamoxatvis funqciac, swored am umniSvnelom da sxvaTa mier SeumCnevelma Sei-
Zina iliasTan udidesi Rirebuleba. ilias mTeli yuradReba swored aseT wvrilma-
nebzea gadatanili. aRniSnulis TvalsaCino dadasturebaa `kacia-adamiani?!~ da gan-
sakuTrebiT ki luarsabis saarsebo garemos vrceli aRwera-daxasiaTeba. es detale-
bi, wvrilmanebi iliasTan udides Tvisebriv datvirTvas iZenen, metad mniSvnelova-
nis mimTiTeblad gamodian. swored wvrilmanebi miuTiTeben ilias mier daxatul
personaJTa, movlenaTa namdvil Sinaarsze da namdvil bunebaze.
mxatvruli nawarmoebis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi adamiania. Txzulebis ideur-Te-
matikuri simdidre, misi dakvirvebisa da analizis unari, sazogadod mwerlis
mxatvruli SesaZleblobebi umal personaJTa miseul gansaxierebaSi iCens Tavs.
ilias mier daxatuli personaJebi mkiTxvelis warmosaxvaSi Rrmad iWrebian da
mere misgan moucilebeli xdebian. naTqvami vrceldeba ilias mier daxatul yvela
personaJze. Znelia daxatva iseTi personaJisa, romelic tipis myari niSan-Tvisebe-
biT gamoirCeva. bevr mwerals vicnobT, romelTac an saerTod ar dauxatavT tipi,
Tumca bevri weres, an daxates TiTo-orola. i. WavWavaZis mier daxatuli personaJe-
bi, rogorc miuTiTeben, uklebliv yvela tips warmoadgenen. tipia luarsabic, da-
rejanic, lamaziseulic da mouravi daToc, ìamSCikic~ da rusi oficeric, oTara-
anT qvrivic da arCilic... ilia WavWavaZis mier daxatuli tipebi mxolod literatu-
rel Rirebulebebs ar warmoadgenen, aramed maT Rrma socialuri datvirTvac aqvT,
socialuri gamZleobaa maTi arsebiTi niSani.
i. WavWavaZe ar gaixdis Tavisi asaxvis obieqtad imgvar movlenas an arsebas,
romelsac socialuri mniSvneloba ara aqvs. SemTxveviTi ar aris ilia WavWavaZis
dakvirvebisa da asaxvis sagani. misTvis amasTanave niSandoblivia, rom persona-
Jis daxatvisas mis arsebiT niSnebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, niSnebze, romelTac
misi, am personaJis, socialuri raobis Cvenebis funqcia ekisreba. Tanac ilia mi-
iswrafvis, rac SeiZleba meti sisruliT, meti niSniT warmoaCinos igi.
i. WavWavaZisaTvis, rogorc xelovanisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT misi Semoqmede-
bis adreul safexurze niSandoblivia konkretuli garegnuli portretebis mo-
wodeba. Tanac portreti, ise pirdapir da sruladaa gansaxierebuli, rom mkiTx-
vels warmodgena eqmneba masze, mis warmosaxvas TiTqmis arafris damateba aRar
sWirdeba. amasTanave, ilias bevri personaJi imTaviTve warmoCndeba sulieri
ragvarobiTac. mwerali e.w. pirdapiri daxasiaTebis gzas adgas am SemTxvevaSi.
CvenTvis personaJi misi xasiaTis TvisebebiT imTaviTve gamokveTilia, Semdgom
da Semdgom masze mkiTxvelis warmodgena mdidrdeba mxolod faqtobrivi masa-
liT.
72
i. WavWavaZe personaJis daxasiaTebis mizniT farTod, detalurad mimarTavs
misi saarsebo garemos Cveneba-daxasiaTebas. garemo organuli nawilia personaJis
portretisa. amitom ilias mier aRwerili garemos gaTvaliswineba arsebiTad ti-
pis portretis gaTvaliswineba da misi warmodgenaa. swored am mxrivaa mniSvnelo-
vani luarsab TaTqariZis kar-midamos farTo detaluri daxasiaTeba. rogorc mi-
TiTebulia, luarsabis kar-midamos srul antipods warmoadgens oTaraanT qvri-
vis saxl-kari da isic pirdapir personaJis portretze mimTiTebelia. garegnuli
portretizaciis gzas mihyveba mwerali Tavis adreul TxzulebebSi da ramdenadme
Semdegac. magram ilia, rogorc didi xelovani, ar ifargleba mxolod gansaxiere-
bis aseTi pirdapiri gzis gamoyenebiT. ilia WavWavaZem Tavisi ukvdavi òTaraanT
qvriviT~ daamtkica, rom misTvis gansaxierebis sxvagvari gza araa ucxo. ilia Wav-
WavaZem arc erTi garegnuli niSniT ar migviTiTa oTaraanT qvrivis portretze,
magram ise mZlavria am personaJis xasiaTis gaSla, rom mkiTxvels araviTari ukma-
risobis grZnoba ar uCndeba, TiTqos garegnuladac kargad icnobs mas. TviTon sa-
xelic ki ar icis mkiTxvelma misi. arc kesos, giorgis garegnuli portretebi dau-
xatavs mwerals. isinic naTlad aRimarTebian mkiTxvelis warmosaxvaSi da es mxo-
lod maTi sulieri Tvisebebis, moqmedebisa da qcevis TvalnaTliv daxasiaTebis
xarjze xdeba.
rogorc aRiniSna, ilia WavWavaZis bevri personaJis xasiaTi imTaviTve war-
modgeba, nawarmoebis Semdgomi msvlelobis manZilze mxolod masalobrivad iz-
rdeba, xolo personaJTa meore nawilis xasiaTi TandaTanobiT iSleba da izrdeba
nawarmoebis ganviTarebis manZilze. isini nawarmoebis dasasruls aRweven Tavis
gamokveTilobas. am TvalsazrisiT aris saintereso gabrieli da daTiko, oTara-
anT qvrivi da giorgi; maSin, roca luarsabis, darejanisa da daTos xasiaTebi imTa-
viTvea mocemuli.
ilia WavWavaZe personaJTa Sinagani samyaros, gancdebis, sulieri mdgoma-
reobis gadmosacemad sxvadasxva gzas mimarTavs, magram misTvis gansakuTrebiT
niSandoblivia garegani moZraobebis, moqmedebebis aRwera. am moqmedebebiTa da
moZraobebiT mwerali uSualod miuTiTebs personaJTa Sinagan Tvisebebze. maSa-
sadame, iliasaTvis safuZveli adamianis moqmedebaa da masze dayrdnobiT aris
gaSlili adamianTa gancdebi. mwerali ki ar mogviTxrobs, ras ganicdis misi gmi-
ri, aramed TvalnaTliv gviCvenebs mis gancdas.
nawarmoebis kompoziciuri daxasiaTebis TvalsazrisiT sazogadod cnobi-
lia, rom nawarmoebis umniSvnelovanes nawilebs Seadgenen misi dasawyisi da da-
sasruli.
ilia WavWavaZis moTxrobaTa dasawyisebze dakvirveba cxads xdis, rom ilia
ambis Txrobas iwyebs arsebiTis CvenebiT, umTavresis Tvalwin dayenebiT, raTa Sem-
deg TandaTanobiT gadmogviSalos am mTavris Casaxvis pirobebic, ganviTarebac da
dasasrulic. erTi sityviT, gaaanalizos igi. rogorc aRniSnulia, ìlia WavWavaZes,
rogorc mwerals, Zalian emarjveba konstruqtuli motivis gamokveTa, e.i. gamokve-
Ta imisa, rac misTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovania. ra mizniTac yvelaferi danarCeni
aris gadmocemuli. am konstruqtul motivs ilia Weds mkiTxvelis gonebaSi~.1
rac Seexeba ambavTa dasasruls, ilia WavWavaZis moTxrobaTa umravlesoba
SekiTxviT mTavrdeba. SekiTxviT mTavrdeba `kacia-adamianis?!~ ambavi — `risTvis
movidnen da risTvis wavidnen?~; SekiTxva ismis moTxroba `sarCobelazed~ bolo-
Si — `marTla-da Cveni beberi petre ra SuaSi unda iyos?~. faqtobrivad aseve Se-
kiTxviT mTavrdeba òTaraanT qvrivi~ — `marTla ro codoa... magram sxva vin ar
aris codo? erTic es aris saWirboroto da wyevlakrulviani sakiTxavi am uTav-
bolo da uswormasworo wuTisofelSi~. Tu imasac miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, rom
1
g r . k i k n a Z e , ilia WavWavaZe rogorc xelovani, wignSi ìlias krebuli~, I, 1998, gv. 55.
73
ritorikuli SekiTxviTve mTavrdeba axalgazrdobisdroindeli `mgzavris weri-
lebi~, aRmoCndeba, rom mwerali aiZulebs mkiTxvels, isic dafiqrdes, masac Ta-
visi problemebis rkalSi iTrevs. xolo hiugos sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `SegeZlos
aiZulo, rom ifiqros, es iSviaTi unaria, es rCeulTa niWia~.
ilia WavWavaZis moTxrobaTa kompoziciuri Taviseburebebis gasaTvaliswi-
neblad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba imis Cvenebasac, Tu ra adgili uWiravs aq bune-
bas da rogor aris igi gansaxierebuli. Tu gavixsenebT `mgzavris werilebs~, aq
bunebis farTo suraTebia aRwerili. bunebis suraTebi aq sazogadoebrivi cxov-
rebis, adamianuri cxovrebis analogons warmoadgens. buneba mwerlis mier soci-
alur enazea Targmnili da radgan mwerlisaTvis mTavari socialur-politikuri
sakiTxebia, buneba am sakiTxebis gansaxilvelad, am sakiTxebze misaTiTebladaa
moxmobili. `ra didebuli ramaa myinvari!~ — ase ambobs mwerali, es Cveni gancdac
aris. Cvenc amis msgavsi grZnoba dagveufleba myinvaris danaxvisas. magram mwer-
lis Semdgomi aRwera myinvarisa ukve sakuTriv ilias grZnobisa da poziciis ga-
moxatulebas warmoadgens. `glaxis naambobis~ dasawyisSi `nadirobis trfialis~
vrceli aRweraa mocemuli, xolo am aRweras is mniSvneloba aqvs, rom swored na-
dirobasTan aris dakavSirebuli mTxrobelis Sexvedra glaxasTan, moTxrobis
mTavar gmirTan da, garda amisa, es nawili erTgvari miniSnebacaa moTxrobis mTa-
vari laitmotivisa.
sazogadod buneba ilias TxzulebaTa kompoziciaSi mtkicedaa Casmuli da
igi aucilebel elements warmoadgens nawarmoebis Semdgomi gaSla-gaRrmavebi-
saTvis. amitom bunebis suraTebi ilias moTxrobebSi ZiriTadad mokledaa moWri-
li, mwerali did dros ar uTmobs mas; Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, es suraTebi ar
aris moklebuli damoukidebel cxovelmyofelobasac, xasiaTdebian TvalsaCi-
noebiT, radgan isini erTob TvalsaCino, dinamizmiT savse formiT warmodgebian.
aRniSnuli ki imasac gulisxmobs, rom ilias bunebis sxvagvarad xilvac SeuZlia,
mas bunebis mSvenierebiT TavisTavadi tkbobis unaric aqvs, magram Tu ar eZleva
amgvar grZnobas, sazogadod amgvari suraTebis mowodebas, mxolod imis gamo,
rom mas sul sxva saTqmeli aqvs mkiTxvelisaTvis — didi da seriozuli da bune-
biT tkbobisaTvis adgils ar itovebs. es rom marTlac asea, ilias rom Tavisuf-
lad SeuZlia bunebis TavisTavadi mSvenierebiT datkbes, mis winaSe gairindos,
kargad Cans, magaliTad, òTaraanT qvrivis~ im Tavebidanac, romlebic asea dasa-
Taurebuli `javri dedisa~ da èZaxis~.
ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa kompoziciuri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswine-
ba imis garkvevasac gulisxmobs, Tu rogor mTxrobelTan gvaqvs saqme misi saxiT.
ilia WavWavaZe, rogorc amboben, faqtebis mweralia, magram igi faqtis do-
neze arasdros ar rCeba. igi am faqtebs saguldagulod aanalizebs. ilia WavWava-
Ze — mTxrobeli — yovelTvis Cans Tavis nawarmoebebSi. igi Tavdapirvelad yo-
velTvis gvamzadebs ambisaTvis. mkiTxvelsa da ambavs Soris garkveuli manZili
arsebobs, am manZilis arseboba mwerals aucileblobad miaCnia. ilia mkiTxvels
uSualod gadasawyvetad ar utovebs sakiTxs, TviTon warmarTavs mkiTxvelis
fiqrTa dinebas. ilia ara marto aRwers Tavisi gmirebis qcevebsa da moqmedebebs,
aramed gansjis kidec. igi srul kmayofilebas, rogorc xelovani, maSin aRwevs,
roca Tavis mimarTebas gamoxatavs. ilia msjavrmdebeli xelovania. amdenad aris
gasagebi ilia WavWavaZe satirikosi da moralisti.
roca ilia WavWavaZis Txzulebebs vkiTxulobT, Cven yovelTvis vgrZnobT
sityvis uCveulo Zalas. ZarRviania da gamZlea ilias sityva. frazis siaxlisa da
sinedlis gancda ar gvtovebs ilias kiTxvisas. sruliad Cveulebrivi sityvebic
ki masTan uCveulo konteqstSi eqcevian da axlebur sicocxles, axlebur Sina-
arss iZenen. es garemoeba ki ilias did niWzec miuTiTebs, frazis grZnobazec da
mis did pirovnul Zalazec.
74
ilia WavWavaZis publicistika. SeuZlebelia ilia WavWavaZis Semoq-
medebaze raime garkveuli warmodgenis Seqmna misi mdidari publicisturi mem-
kvidreobis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.
arc erTi mxatvruli qmnileba rom ar daewera ilia WavWavaZes, igi mainc darCe-
boda qarTul literaturaSi, rogorc didi mwerali, didi reformatori qarTuli
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa, axali qarTuli saliteraturo enisa.
mxatvruli Semoqmedeba, rogorc aRiniSna, mxolod erTi ubania ilias Semo-
usazRvreli memkvidreobisa. meore did ubans warmoadgens Rrma filosofiur-
socioligiuri, socialur-ekonomikuri, literaturul-esTetikuri, iurispru-
denciuli, istoriuli... interesebiT gamsWvaluli peblicistika. rogorc ambo-
ben, ar darCenila marTlac arc erTi ubani qarTuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebi-
sa, qarTveli xalxis sazrunavisa da satkivarisa, romelsac ilias publicisturi
kalami ar Sexebodes da Tavisi arsebiTi sityva ar eTqvas.
cnobilia, rom publicistikas literaturis sxva gvarTagan gamoarCevs Ta-
namedroveobis mtkivneuli, aqtualuri sakiTxebiT daintereseba. am azriT, pub-
licistika yvelaze TvalnaTliv uCvenebs garkveuli drois, epoqis, momentis
moTxovnebsa da sazrunavs. publicistika, rogorc miuTiTeben, am azriT Tanad-
roulobis istorias warmoadgens. publicistikis umTavres amocanas ki Seadgens
sazogadoebriv azrze, sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze uSualo da pirdapiri zemoq-
medebis moxdena. garda amisa, `WeSmariti publicistikis qmediTi Zala Seudareb-
lad ufro Zlieria da efeqturi sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis asamaRleblad,
vidre azrovnebis raginda ra sxva formisa~ (i. evgeniZe).
rogorc istoria gviCvenebs, publicisturi literaturis gansakuTrebuli
gamococxleba, wina planze wamosvla iseT epoqebSi xdeba, rodesac sazogadoeba
didi kataklizmebis, gaWirvebis, an aRmavlobis gzaze dgeba. XIX saukuneSi, Cveni
qveynisaTvis garkveulad mZime pirobebSi, roca qveyanas uSualod daemuqra erov-
nuli gadagvarebisa da dacemis safrTxe, swored publicistika aRmoCnda litera-
turis is ubani, romelic didma mwerlebma, didma mamuliSvilebma eris mtkivneul
sasicocxlo sakiTxebze msjelobisas eris gamosafxizleblad, sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaze zemoqmedebis mosaxdenad gamoiyenes.
amgvari viTarebiTac iyo dapirobebuli, rom SemoqmedebiTi simwifis asakSi
myofma iliam sruliad Segnebulad uari Tqva mxatvrul Semoqmedebaze da mTli-
anad publicistikas mimarTa. qveynis moWirnaxules da did moralists miaCnda,
rom swored publicisturi sityva iyo im qmediTi Zalis mqone, rac axla qarTve-
li eris Rirsebebis dacvis saqmes sWirdeboda.
rogorc ukve aRniSnulia, ìlias erTi didi damsaxureba imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom qarTul sinamdvileSi man Cauyara mtkice safuZveli publicistikas — am sity-
vis farTo da saukeTeso gagebiT. marTlacda, ilia WavWavaZemde Cven ver davasaxe-
lebT verc erT moRvawes, romlis statiebsa da gamosvlebs ase Tu ise TvalsaCino
kvali daetovebinos Cveni mwerlobis am dargis ganviTarebaSi. publicistikas ilia
WavWavaZem moupova sruli moqalaqeobrivi ufleba qarTul mwerlobaSi da manve
aiyvana igi iseT simaRleze, romelsac ver wvdeba da ver Seedreba verc erTi publi-
cisturi gamosvla mTeli XIX saukunis manZilze~.1
miuTiTeben, rom publicistika yovelTvis aris an faruli an Ria brZola
garkveuli poziciis, mosazrebis dasamkvidreblad. amdenad, publicistikisaTvis
niSandoblivia tendenciis pirdapiri gamoxatva, polemikuri xasiaTi. ilia WavWa-
vaZe Cvens sinamdvileSi iyo nimuSi mebrZoli publicistisa. ilias publicisturi
sityvis udidesi Zala azris erTob naTlad gamoxatvaSi mdgomareobs. ilia wvdeba
mowinaaRmdegis azris arsebiT mxares da Seuvali logikiT TandaTanobiT gamok-
1
g r . k i k n a Z e , qarTuli satirisa da iumoris ganviTarebis istoriisaTvis, 1972, gv. 308.
75
veTs mis srul usafuZvlobas, uazrobas. xSirad ilias midgoma satirulia gansaqi-
qebeli obieqtisadmi, am dros mis SesaZleblobebs sazRvari ara aqvs. gansakuTre-
biT niSandoblivia misTvis gakicxvis ironiuli gza. ilia marjved iyenebs cnobil
xalxur gamoTqmebs, andazebs, cnobil gavrcelebul striqonebs mxatvruli na-
warmoebebidan da maT iseT konteqstSi aqcevs, rom sruliad axlebur Sinaarss ani-
Webs...
ilia WavWavaZis publicisturi sityva gansakuTrebiT mZafria, roca igi
Cveni qveynis Rirsebas icavs gareSe Tu Sinauri mtrebisagan, roca ilia Tavs es-
xmis Cveni istoriis gamyalbeblebs, icavs qarTveli xalxis wmidaTawmidas, erov-
nul saunjes — qarTul enas, mis uflebebs.
gansakuTrebiT iCina Tavi ilias publicisturma SemarTebam rusifikatoruli
politikis Semotevis Jams — 80-90-ian wlebSi, roca araTu qarTuli ena gamoacxades
kanonis gareSe, aramed sityva `saqarTvelos~ xmarebac ki akrZales. aseT mZime piro-
bebSi ambobda ilia gadamwyvet sityvas. ilia Tavganwiruli mebrZoli iyo. marTalia,
am brZolaSi ilias ar aklda sifrTxile da taqti, magram sifrTxile momdinareob-
da erovnuli saqveyno saqmis interesebidan — TviTon saqveyno saqme ar dazianebu-
liyo aCqarebuli mouzomeli nabijiT — ai, ra azriT xelmZRvanelobda ilia.
ilia brZolaSi Seupovari iyo. igi Cveni qveynis mtrebis mimarT daundobe-
li iyo da pirgamexebuli. bevria amisi magaliTebi, romelTagan gansakuTrebiT
gamoyofen ilias galaSqrebas reaqciuli gazeTis `moskovskie vedomostis~ re-
daqtor katkovis winaaRmdeg, roca am gazeTSi eris abuCad amgdebi statia dai-
beWda; statia, romelSiac daufaravad iyo gamJRavnebuli zizRi Cveni xalxis,
Cveni qveynis warsulis mimarT. saqme is iyo, rom qarTul TeatrSi daidga d. eris-
Tavis drama `samSoblo~. patriotulma warmodgenam xalxi aRtacebaSi moiyvana, me-
tadre maSin, roca scenaze qarTuli droSa gaSales. es ambavi myisve acnobes mos-
kovSi katkovs da isic maSinve amxedrda. misi gazeTi Tavxedurad urCevda qarTve-
lebs — miatoveT Tqveni sizmrebi, Tavi daanebeT bodvas da rotvas raRac warsul-
ze. rac Seexeba Tqvens droSebs, girCevT axlave CaabaroT godfruas cirks, iq jam-
bazebi da takimasxarebi ukeT gamoiyeneben, vidre Tqveni Teatrio.
iliam Cveuli simZlavriT da simZafriT gasca pasuxi katkovs. marTalia, zne-
dacemul katkovs ver moarjulebda ilias mrisxane pasuxi, magram, i. mansvetaSvili-
sa ar iyos, qarTvels ki imedi Caunerga, agrZnobina, rom gaWirvebaSi marto ar iyo,
rom mas hyavda eris gambedavi winamZRoli.
aseve iyo maSinac, roca qarTveli enis dauZinebelma mterma, ganaTlebis
mzrunvelma ianovskim ganizraxa, skolebSi qarTuli enis swavleba moespo. qarTve-
lebma maSinac ilias miapyres Tvali. ilia WavWavaZem saqmis mTeli arsis gaTvalis-
winebiT, didZali pedagogiuri literaturis damuSavebisa da gaazrebis safuZ-
velze dawera iseTi werili, rom TviT specialistebic ki gaakvirva.
ilia WavWavaZe yvelas ar Tvlida pasuxis gacemis Rirsad. iliasTan polemikis,
misi gakenwvlis mosurne bevri ireoda mis garSemo, magram igi xmis amaRlebas mxo-
lod maSin CaTvlida saWirod, Tu metoqe angariSSi Casagdebi iyo da sakiTxic sazo-
gadoebrivs, erovnuls Seexeboda, erovnuli Rirseba Tu ilaxeboda nebsiT Tu uneb-
lieT.
ilia sagangebod awon-dawonida, gansjida sakiTxs da mxolod amis Semdeg
daeZgereboda mowinaaRmdeges. igi Rrmad iyo darwmunebuli Tavis simarTleSi
da amitomac iyo udreki da uSiSari.
rogorc iTqva, publicistika Tanadroulobis problemebiTaa gamsWvaluli;
amdenad, igi mainc lokalur drosTan da garemoebebTan aris mijaWvuli da garkve-
uli drois gasvlis Semdeg Tavis fersa da elvarebas kargavs, radgan Zveldeba
masSi dasmuli problemebi da, bolos da bolos, literaturis istorikosis inte-
resis obieqtiRa rCeba. TiTqos ilia WavWavaZis publicistikac am ulmobel kanon-
76
zomierebas unda daqvemdebareboda, TiTqos drois msaxvral xels misTvisac unda
waerTmia Tavdapirveli aqtualoba, magram es ar moxda... da imitomac, rom ilias
publicistika yvelaze TvalnaTliv gviTvaliswinebs XIXs. saqarTvelos sazrunav-
sa da safiqrals. am azriT, ilias publicistika aris mecxramete saukunis donis
gamomxatveli. mas arc sadReisod mohklebia aqtualoba da ara marto imitom, rom
ilias droindeli bevri satkivari isev sazrunavad da satkivarad rCeba saqarTve-
los, aramed imitomac, rom ilias problematika Cveni qveynis, eris sasicocxlo amo-
canebs ukavSirdeba da momavlis safiqralsac gviTvaliswinebs. yvela droSi mimar-
Taven ilias naazrevs; yovelTvis eqneba did ilias uaRresad sagulisxmo saTqmeli
gulisyurmipyrobili qarTveli mkiTxvelisa da aramarto qarTveli mkiTxveli-
saTvis.
77
akaki wereTeli
(1840-1915)
akaki wereTeli axali qarTuli literaturis udidesi warmomadgenelia. man

Seqmna Seudarebeli mxatvruli Sedevrebi lirikis, eposisa da dramaturgiis
dargSi. masve ekuTvnis brwyinvale narkvevebi, feletonebi, memuarebi, publi-
cistur-kritikuli werilebi, statiebi literaturismcodneobis, Teatris, is-
toriis, xalxuri Semoqmedebis, qarTuli enis, swavla-aRzrdisa da sxva sakiTxeb-
ze. Tavis umdidres SemoqmedebaSi akaki wereTelma gamoxata epoqis mowinave ide-
ebi, xalxis saukeTeso fiqrebi, miswrafebebi, mebrZoli suliskveTeba da momav-
lis mtkice rwmena.
poetis mTeli mxatvruli memkvidreoba STagonebulia xalxis saukeTeso ide-
alebiT. SoTa rusTavelis Semdeg TiTqmis arc erT qarTvel poets ar Rirsebia
iseTi Zlieri siyvaruli da sxivmosili popularoba, rogoric, ilia WavWavaZes-
Tan erTad, wilad xvda akaki wereTels. akakim iliasTan erTad XIX s. meore naxev-
ris qarTul literaturaSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZola daukavSira
mSromelTa ganTavisuflebis ideas.
akaki wereTlis Semoqmedeba xasiaTdeba mebrZoli patriotizmiT. poeti da-
undoblad ebrZoda crupatriotebs, Sovinistebs da umReroda xalxTa Soris me-
gobrobas da siyvaruls. akakis rwmeniT, adamianma yvelaferi, TviT sicocxlec
ki unda Seswiros samSoblos.
`vinc mamuls sulsac ar swiravs, imas ar hqvia mamuliSvili~, qveynisTvis Tav-
ganwiruli gmiri ukvdavia, igi `sikvdilSi poebs sicocxles da is iqneba TviT uk-
vdaveba~ — werda akaki.
ganuzomelia akakis damsaxureba axali qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis
saqmeSi. Tavisi mowinave SexedulebebiT man, iliasTan erTad, mtkice safuZveli Cau-
yara Semdgomi periodis qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebas.
akakisa da ilias saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli saerToerovnuli axali qarTuli sa-
literaturo enis ganviTareba, qarTul literaturaSi kritikuli realizmis dam-
kvidreba.
akaki wereTelma aamaRla qarTuli mxatvruli sityva, ganaviTara poeturi
gamosaxvis formebi. man sabolood daamkvidra xalxisaTvis gasagebi, misawvdomi,
namdvili saxalxo mwerloba, romelsac axasiaTebs naTeli, gamWvirvale saxeebi,
klasikuri sisadave, Rrma ideuroba, maRali ostatoba. SemoqmedebiT muSaobas
poeti nayofierad uTavsebda udides sazogadoebriv-saxalxo moRvaweobas. ar
yofila CvenSi arc erTi sayuradRebo amocana, romlis gadawyvetaSi akakis aqti-
uri, xelmZRvaneli monawileoba ar mieRos.
cxovreba da moRvaweoba
akaki wereTeli daibada 1840 wels, 9 (21) ivniss zemo imereTis erT-erT ula-
mazes sofel sxvitorSi, saCxeris maxloblad. am soflis Sesaxeb TviTon poeti
wers: `sofeli sxvitori daba saCxeris nawilia da mdebareobs mdinare Cixuris pi-
rad, gaRma-gamoRma gorakebze~. am kekluc sofels dahyurebs maRal kldeze age-
buli Zveli cixe `modinaxe~, romelic akakis daxasiaTebiT, `cixeT-cixe, amayi ci-
xea~, mtrebis winaaRmdeg qarTveli xalxis gmiruli brZolebisa da mravali mware
droebis mowme.
STamomavlobiT akaki warCinebul feodalTa gvareulobas ekuTvnoda. wereT-
lebi cnobili Tavadebi iyvnen. saqarTvelos saistorio wyaroebsa da mxatvrul
literaturaSi xSirad gvxvdeba am gvaris gamoCenil pirTa saxelebi. cnobilia we-
reTelTa saCxerisa da sxvitoris Sto. akakis mama — rostom rostomis Ze wereTeli
sxvitoreli wereTlebis STamomavali iyo, erTaderTi memkvidre Tavisi mSoblebi-
sa. mamis adre gardacvalebis gamo saTanado swavla-ganaTleba ver miuRia. dedi-
serTa oboli bavSvi mometebulad Sin izrdeboda da ZiriTadad Sinauri swavla-ga-
naTlebiT dakmayofilebula. rostom wereTeli sakmaod Wkviani, gonebamaxvili da
moswrebuli mosaubre yofila, Wadrakis kargi moTamaSe. akaki igonebs: `mamaCemi,
Zlieri gonebis kaci iyo, moswrebuli da enamWevri, Tumca ki xSirad enamwarec. de-
daCemi ityoda xolme: àm Cems Svilebs mamamisis ena gamohyvaT daxurdavebulio~.
rostomi ojaxis saqmeebSi ar ereoda. miuxedavad misi axirebulobisa da gulficxi
xasiaTisa, sasaxleSi is qalbatonze ufro hyvarebiaT. gareSeebic siyvaruliT eq-
ceodnen Turme rostoms da `mTavrobac did pativsa scemda~.
akakis deda — ekaterine iyo cnobili feodalis ivane abaSiZis asuli. man mTeli
sicocxle qmar-Svilis erTgulebas Sealia. ekaterine metad gamrje, bejiTi, Wkvi-
ani da Sromismoyvare adamiani yofila. ojaxis mTel saqmes is ganagebda. dilidan
saRamomde gamudmebiT Sromobda. ekaterines didi Rvawli miuZRvis Svilebisa da,
kerZod, akakis gonivrul aRzrdaSi. igi ar anebivrebda Svilebs xSiri alersiTa da
xvevna-kocniT. ekaterine didad dainteresebuli yofila qarTuli literaturiT.
igi student Svils avalebda axali wignebis gamogzavnas. akaki mTeli sicocxlis
manZilze saTuTad atarebda dedisadmi Rrma pativiscemasa da usazRvro siyvaru-
lis grZnobas.
Zveli Cveulebis Tanaxmad, patara akaki aRsazrdelad ZiZas miabares maxlo-
bel sofel savaneSi. aq izrdeboda akaki ZiZis, glexis qalis, farsadan yanCavelis
meuRlis — mano saduniSvilis ojaxSi. glexis ojaxSi gabarebam udidesi roli Se-
asrula momavali poetis fizikur, zneobriv aRzrdasa da gonebriv ganviTareba-
ze. savaneSi akaki mTel dReebs atarebda glexebTan yanebSi, tyeSi saqonlis mov-
laSi. akaki Zlier afasebda soflad glexis ojaxSi mSromelTa SvilebTan gata-
rebul cxovrebas, laRi bunebis wiaRSi `pirveli Skolis gavlas.~ àr SemiZlia ar
gamovtyde, rom Tu ki ram darCa CemSi keTili da kargi, ufro imis wyalobiT, rom
me sofelSi viyavi gabarebuli da glexebis SvilebTan erTad vizrdebodi.~
eqvsi wlis akaki mSoblebma ZiZas moaSores da mamis saxlSi daabrunes. sasaxleSi
akakis sruliad axali cxovreba unda daewyo. savaneSi glexis biWebTan cxovrebas
miCveul bavSvs sasaxleSi Tavdapirvelad moswyinda. dedam bavSvs glexis biWebi miu-
Cina gasarTobad. patara akaki dedis meTvalyureobiT aqac glexis biWebTan atareb-
da dros.
ufrosma dam, anam, patara akakis Seaswavla qarTuli wera-kiTxva. bavSvi xarbad
daewafa qarTuli wignebis kiTxvas, mas ramdenjerme gadaukiTxavs `vefxistyaosa-
ni.~
1850 wels akaki quTaisis gimnaziaSi miabares. maSindeli gimnaziebis mizans
ruseTis imperiis erTguli qveSevrdomebis aRzrda Seadgenda. saswavlebelSi ga-
mefebuli iyo fizikuri dasja, dasmena, mliqvneloba da saswavlo masalis uaz-
ro, meqanikuri dazepireba. akakize mZime STabeWdileba moaxdina saswavleblis
cxovrebam. miuxedavad amisa, akaki, rogorc gamorCeuli niWis axalgazrda, beji-
Tad swavlobda da klasidan klasSi qebis furclebiTa da sxvadasxva jildoTi
gadadioda.
79
gimnaziis meSvide, damamTavrebel klasSi yofnisas akakim gadawyvita saswav-
leblidan gamosvla da samxedro saswavlebelSi Sesvla. es azri poetma miiRo mi-
si sayvareli maswavleblis, poloneli rodzieviCis gavleniT. rodzieviCs aka-
kisTvis gaucvnia didi poloneli klasikosis, adam mickeviCis poemis Tavganwi-
ruli gmiri — konrad valenrodi da misi saarako ambavi. konradi mtris banakSi
gadavida, daeufla samxedro saqmes, uebro mxneobiT da gmirobiT maTi ndoba da-
imsaxura da xelT igdo mTavarsardloba da, bolos, moxerxebulad gamoiyena Ta-
visi mdgomareoba — Suri iZia mterze da misi jarebi gaanadgura, samSoblos ki
Tavisufleba moupova. akaki gaitaca samxedro samsaxurSi Sesvlis survilma da
valenrodiviT Tavisi qveynis daxsnis mizanma. mamam Svils samxedro saswavle-
belSi Sesvlis ganzraxva mouwona da akakimac gimnaziis daumTavreblad peter-
burgs miaSura, sadac samxedro samsaxurSi imyofeboda misi Zma iliko.
peterburgis qarTvel studentTa zegavleniT da gamoCenili qarTveli mec-
nieris general petre bagrationis rCeviT, akakim gulidan amoiRo adrindeli
ganzraxva da sabolood gadawyvita universitetSi Sesvla. igi Tavisufal msme-
nelad Cairicxa peterburgis universitetis aRmosavlur enaTa fakultetze. am
periodSi peterburgis universitetsa da sxva umaRles saswavleblebSi ramdeni-
me aTeuli qarTveli studenti swavlobda, maT Soris ilia WavWavaZe, niko RoRo-
beriZe, besarion RoRoberiZe da sxv. erTi wlis Semdeg peterburgSi Cavida aka-
kis siyrmis megobari kirile lorTqifaniZe, xolo 1861 wels qarTvel studen-
tTa wres Seematnen niko nikolaZe, giorgi wereTeli da sxv. qarTvel studentTa
meTauri da ideuri xelmZRvaneli ilia WavWavaZe iyo. studentobis wlebSi akaki
energiulad mecadineobda.
1861 wels peterburgSi daiwyo studentTa gamosvlebi. am moZraobaSi monawi-
leobas iRebda qarTveli studentobis mowinave jgufi. bevri maTgani daapatim-
res. kerZod, n. nikolaZe, k.lorTqifaniZe, g. wereTeli, b.RoRoberiZe da sxv. sapa-
timrodan ganTavisuflebis Semdeg zog maTgans aukrZales peterburgSi cxovreba,
maT Soris n. nikolaZes. peterburgSi aralegalurad mcxovreb n. nikolaZes TavSe-
safari akaki wereTelma misca.
peterburgis periodi metad nayofieri aRmoCnda akakis safuZvliani ganaT-
lebis, erovnuli TvalTaxedvis ganmtkicebis da poeturi kulturis amaRlebis
saqmeSi. akaki pirdapir damswre iyo ruseTis mowinave moazrovneTa gamosvlebi-
sa, azrTa mZafri Widilisa, romelsac 60-ian wlebSi adgili hqonda peterburgSi.
akaki wereTlis ideuri da politikuri kulturis Semdgomi ganviTarebis
saqmeSi garkveuli roli Seasrula peterburgis mowinave qarTvel studentTa
literaturul SemoqmedebiTma wrem. studentebis am wreSi poeti xSirad kiTxu-
lobda Tavis nawarmoebebs.
1862 wels akakim daamTavra sauniversiteto kursi da waradgina sakandidato
Sroma, dRevandeli gagebiT sadiplomo Sroma, `vefxistyaosnis~ originalobis
Sesaxeb. universitetma moiwona es naSromi, magram akakim ver waradgina gimnaziis
damTavrebis mowmoba, ris gamo man verc universitetis damTavrebis diplomi mi-
iRo.
akaki daqorwinda moskovSi da amis Semdeg dabrunda samSobloSi da Seudga
metad rTul da nayofier sazogadoebriv da SemoqmedebiT muSaobas.
eris interesebisaTvis mebrZolma poetma iaraRad kalami moimarjva da pirdapir
daudga aboboqrebul cxovrebas.
poeti ar daTanxmda Sesuliyo iseT samsaxurSic ki, romelsac cnobili qar-
Tveli moRvaweebic ar gaurbodnen. magaliTad, erT dros quTaisis saadgilmamu-
lo bankis sazogado krebam akakis erTxmad SeaZlia bankis direqtoroba, magram
poetma kategoriuli uari ganacxada am erTgvarad sapatio Tanamdebobis dakave-
baze. madlobis Semdeg krebas Tavisi uari Semdegnairad dausabuTa: `me rom di-
80
reqtoroba vikisro, sakuTrad me moxeleobas unda daudva guli da eg iqneba Cem-
Tvis borkili. Tumca oqros borkili CemTvis piradad sasargebloa, magram mainc
borkilia da im saqmeSi xelisSemSleli, romelsac me amdeni xani vemsaxurebi~.
akaki wereTeli samudamod darCa profesiul poetad. arsad samsaxurSi ar Se-
sula. mTeli sicocxle erovnuli Cagvrisagan samSoblos ganTavisuflebas da so-
cialuri usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg brZolas Seswira.
da, marTlac, akaki friad nayofier SemoqmedebiT muSaobasTan erTad udides
sazogadoebriv da kulturul moRvaweobas eweoda. ar darCenila CvenSi im dros
arc erTi RirsSesaniSnavi Tu naklebad mniSvnelovani saqme, romelSic Tavisi
mniSvnelovani wvlili sityviT Tu saqmiT ar Seetanos: akakim uaRresad princi-
puli brZola Caatara cxovrebis konservatuli formebis da Zveli yofis winaaR-
mdeg. am SemTxvevaSi igi gverdiT edga meore did samocianels — ilia WavWavaZes.
man didi da nayofieri muSaoba gaswia mTel rig kulturul-saganmanaTlebo da-
wesebulebaTa dafuZnebisa da ganviTarebis saqmeSi.
akaki wereTels didi Rvawli miuZRvis axali qarTuli realisturi Teatris
ganaxlebasa da ganviTarebaSi. rusuli mmarTveloba yovelmxriv aviwroebda qar-
Tul kulturul-saganmanaTleblo da saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo dawesebulebebs,
maT Soris Teatrsac, romelsac ar hqonda sakuTari Senoba, saTeatro mowyobi-
loba, ar hyavda msaxiob-reJisorTa da dramaturgTa kadrebi. Tavis mogonebaSi
poeti werda: èrTxel ilia Semovida CemTan da miTxra: daviRupeTo!... Teatri xe-
lidan gamogvacales da ase kargad dawyebuli saqme unda SevaCeroT am sezonSi da
es xom daRupvaao!... mec Cemi guldawyveta gamovucxade. mere momibrunda da
miTxra, modi erTi Sen mohkide xeli am saqmeso~... ilias winadadebiT akakim ikisra
dasis direqtoroba, samxatvro nawilis xelmZRvaneloba. daiqirava Senoba, Semo-
ikriba msaxiobebi da gamarTa warmodgenebi. Semdeg wels iliasa da akakis inicia-
tiviT daarsda `qarTuli dramatuli sazogadoeba~, romelic mravali wlis man-
Zilze xelmZRvanelobasa da materialur daxmarebas uwevda qarTul Teatrs. aka-
ki am sazogadoebis gamgeobis Tavmjdomaris moadgiled airCies (Tavmjdomare
ilia WavWavaZe iyo).
akakis daxmarebiT qarTul scenas SeeZina mravali RirsSesaniSnavi moRvawe,
maT Soris gamoCenili msaxiobi mariam safarova, qarTuli Teatris reformato-
ri kote marjaniSvili da sxvebi. Tavisi mravali dramatuli TxzulebiT akakim
gaamdidra Teatris repertuari da qarTuli literatura.
gansakuTrebiT nayofieri muSaoba gaswia akaki wereTelma qarTuli periodu-
li presis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. poetis energiuli mxardaWeriT da monawileo-
biT daarsda im dros TiTqmis yvela Jurnal-gazeTi. akaki Tavisi SesaniSnavi
mxatvruli produqciiT, feletonebiT, publicisturi werilebiT, xalxuri Se-
moqmedebis nimuSebiTa da istoriul-literaturuli narkvevebiT asazrdoebda
qarTul presas. poeti TanamSromlobda iseT organoebSi, rogoric iyo: `ciska-
ri~, `droeba~, `krebuli~, ìveria~, `Temi~, `kvali~, `jejili~, `Teatri~ da sxv.
scemda Tavis sakuTar Jurnals — àkakis Tviuri krebuli~.
akaki wereTelma axali qarTuli saliteraturo enis ganviTarebis, srulyofi-
sa da damkvidrebis istoriul saqmeSi didi roli Seasrula. poeti Rrma principu-
lobiTa da TavdadebiT ibrZoda uniWobis moZalebis winaaRmdeg literaturaSi,
xalxisaTvis gasagebi, saerTo erovnuli literaturuli enis ganviTarebisa da
dacvisaTvis.
akaki wereTels saWirod miaCnda qarTuli literaturuli enis Sevseba, misi
gamdidreba saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi Semonaxuli sityvebiT da gamoTqme-
biT, magram im pirobiT, Tu aseTi enobrivi masala deda enis kanonebis Tanaxmad
iqneboda aRmocenebuli da mSobliuri enis bunebriv, kanonzomier ganviTarebas
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xels Seuwyobda. amasTanave, akaki gabedulad icavda mSobliur enas rusifikato-
ruli politikis mkacri Semotevisagan. poets Rrmad swamda, rom
ènaSi aris Zalac
saidumlo gonebis!
vinc dahkargavs, gaxdeba
wera sxvisi monebis~.
akaki wereTels yovelTvis izidavda xalxuri Semoqmedeba. mTeli sicocxlis
manZilze igi dauRalavad iRvwoda xalxuri sityvierebis Segrovebisa, Seswavli-
sa da gamocemisaTvis. `zepirsityvaoba, — werda poeti, aris sarke Cvenis warsu-
lis, rogorc xorcielis, ise sulieris cxovrebisa. imis dakargva, daviwyeba Cve-
ni sikvdilia da Tu sikvdili ar gvinda, unda male miveSveloT da SevagrovoT...
da bevrs margalits SeviZenT saSviliSvilod xelixel sagogmanebels~. akakis
iniciativiT daarsda folkloris Seswavlis specialuri fondi. garda amisa, Ta-
vis JurnalSi — àkakis Tviuri krebuli~ — man pirveli adgili folkloris beW-
dvas dauTmo.
akaki wereTeli iyo erT-erTi iniciatori `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis ga-
mavrcelebeli sazogadoebis~ daarsebisa, `qarTuli wignis gamomcemelTa amxana-
gobis~ da sxva kulturul-saganmanaTleblo sazogadoebaTa Seqmnisa. poeti
bevrs muSaobda `vefxistyaosnis~ saredaqcio komisiaSi.
akaki metad did da nayofier muSaobas eweoda sajaro leqciebisa da salite-
raturo saRamoebis CatarebaSi. akaki xalxis sayvareli leqtori, mxatvruli, ga-
mometyvelebiTi kiTxvis didi ostati da literaturuli saRamoebis mSveneba
iyo.
akaki sistematurad mogzaurobda saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, qalaqebsa
da soflebSi, safuZvlianad swavlobda xalxis cxovrebas, mis miswrafebebs. akaki
qarTlis, kaxeTis, samegrelos, afxazeTis, guriisa da sxva kuTxeebis xSiri stumari
iyo. poetma triumfaluri mogzauroba Caatara raWa-leCxumSi da erTxel ewvia sva-
neTsac.
1908 wlis dekemberSi qarTvelma xalxma didi zeimiT gadaixada sayvareli po-
etis samwerlo-sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis ormocdaaTi wlis iubile. akaki we-
reTlis saxelovani moRvaweobis iubile saxalxo dResaswaulis niSniT Catarda
da ruseTis kolonialuri politikis winaaRmdeg protestis demonstraciad ga-
daiqca. TbilisSi zeimze saqarTvelos yoveli kuTxidan Camovidnen delegaciebi.
zeimSi monawileoba miiRes sxva xalxebis warmomadgenlebma. sayovelTao aRtace-
ba gamoiwvia scenaze didi vaJas gamoCenam da misma momxibvlelma leqsma, rome-
lic ase bolovdeboda:
`madlobeli var guliTa,
SoTais sulis lxenama,
samSoblos samsaxurisTvis
Cangi gikurTxos zenama~.
akakis saiubileo saRamoebi saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela qalaqsa da sofelSi
Catarda. didi sazeimo saRamoebi gaimarTa baqoSi, moskovsa da peterburgSi.
bolo dros akaki avadmyofobda. 1909 wels igi samkurnalod gaemarTa pariz-
Si. parizis gazeTebma gulTbili werilebi uZRvnes didebul qarTvel poets da
misi samSoblos gmirul istorias. safrangeTidan dabrunebuli akaki peterbur-
gsa da moskovSi imyofeboda da ruseTis orive did qalaqSi mas sagangebo Sexved-
rebi mouwyves.
1914 wlis bolos akakis dambla daeca. mis sanaxavad sxvitorSi sistematurad
modiodnen qarTveli sazogadoebis mowinave warmomadgenlebi. 1915 wlis 25 ian-
vars avadmyofs kvlav Caeqca sisxli tvinSi da Ramis pirvel saaTze akaki garda-
82
icvala. qarTvelma xalxma sayvareli poeti uRrmesi mwuxarebiTa da pativisce-
miT waasvena sxvitoridan Tbiliss da didi gloviT dakrZala mTawmindaze qar-
Tvel mweralTa da moRvaweTa panTeonSi.
akaki literaturisa da xelovnebis Sesaxeb . akaki wereTeli esTe-

tikis Teoretikosi ar yofila, magram werilebSi, recenziebSi, mxatvrul Semoq-
medebasa da sxva saxis nawerebSi araerTxel gauSuqebia da Camouyalibebia Tavisi
esTetikur-literaturuli Sexedulebani; gamouTqvams sayuradRebo mosazreba-
ni mwerlisa da mwerlobis daniSnulebis, misi mniSvnelobis, xasiaTis, mimarTu-
lebis, specifikisa da ideur-mxatvruli Rirsebis Sesaxeb. akakis kritikulma we-
rilebma, recenziebma, calkeulma statiebma, mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi gamoT-
qmulma Sexedulebebma da uaRresad mdidarma SemoqmedebiTma moRvaweobam udi-
desi roli Seasrula gasuli saukunis meore naxevarSi qarTuli esTetikuri az-
rovnebis ganviTarebisa da kritikuli realizmis damkvidrebis did istoriul
saqmeSi.
qarTuli literaturis Tavisebureba gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi ganapi-
roba erovnuli da socialuri Cagvrisagan qveynis ganTavisuflebisaTvis brZo-
lis istoriulma procesebma. samSoblos siyvarulma, adamianis daCagrulma
mdgomareobam, `mTa-barobam uswormasworo cxovrebisa~, mSromelTa idealebis,
maTi `sanatrebisa~ da miswrafebebis, maTi glovisa da sixarulis, Wirisa da lxi-
nis, Zulebisa da siyvarulis aSkarad danaxvam da saxeobrivma gamoxatvam farTo
gasaqani pova realistur mxatvrul mwerlobaSi, xelovnebasa da publicistika-
Si, gamoiwvia qveynis samsaxurSi Cadgomis Zlieri miswrafeba, rameTu, samocia-
nelTa azriT, xalxia cxovrebis mamoZravebeli Zala, fesvi erovnebisa, fuZe
qveynisa da erovnebis didebisa. amitom aRiarebul iqna mwerlobis Rrma moqala-
qeobrivi da mebrZoli xalxurobiT STagonebuli paTosi. am periodSi gansakuT-
rebiT gamdidrda da gamravalferovnda literaturisa da xelovnebis Tematika,
sinamdvilis asaxva daiwyes Rrma ideuri, revoluciur-demokratiuli Tvalsaz-
risiT.
qarTvel samocianelTa SemoqmedebaSi erovnuli da socialuri motivebis
urTierTmWidro kavSirSi, koloniuri Cagvris gamwvavebis gamo, farTod aisaxa
nacionalur-ganmaTavisuflebuli brZolis motivi, koloniuri Cagvris winaaR-
mdeg brZolis paTosi, samSoblos siyvarulisa da mebrZoli patriotizmis su-
liskveTeba. es STagoneba samocianelTa TviTmyobadi Tvisebaa, maTi esTetikuri
mrwamsis ganxorcielebis qvakuTxedia. demokratiulma, mebrZolma, WeSmaritad
patriotulma idealebma ganapiroba mxatvruli literaturis Rrma ideuroba,
aamaRla misi sazogadoebrivi da politikuri funqcia. amis gamoa, rom samocia-
nel moRvaweebs mwerloba did saxalxo, qmediT Zalad miaCndaT. erovnuli da so-
cialuri Cagvris winaaRmdeg brZolaSi akaki wereTeli mTavar iaraRad mwerlobas
Tvlida. igi aRiarebda poeziis sabrZolo paToss: `kilo Cemis mwerlobisa, — acxa-
debda akaki, — sul sxvagvari iqneba: iseTs, iseTs davyef, rom kurdRlebi Cirgveb-
Si akankaldnen da mxecebi soroebidan gamoviyvano. gamoval RreniT Saragzazed
da vinc Rirsi iqneba, kunTebs gamovglej... vici, bevrjer mesvrian qvas... bevrje-
rac damitataneben, magram me mainc, sanam cocxali viqnebi, Cemsas ar moviSli: pata-
ra xel-fexis mslaqvel finiasaviT sxvis kalTaSi Tbilad wolas da nebivrobas Sa-
ra-gzazed yefis dros sikvdili mirCevnia.~
akaki wereTeli sazogado moRvawisagan, mwerlisagan moiTxovda SekavSirebu-
li ZaliT brZolas qveynis keTildReobisaTvis. am brZolaSi igi gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas aniWebda simarTlis mqadagebel mebrZol mxatvrul sityvas.
akaki wereTeli mwerals upirveles amocanad usaxavda sazogado saqmeze we-
ras, xalxis interesebis gamoxatvas da ara kerZo, sapirado xasiaTis sakiTxebi-
83
sadmi gamodevnebas. ìs rom vTqvaT, — werda akaki, — romelime mazris ufrosi anu
msajuli ras sWams, ras svams, ras icvams an ras ixuravs, es, rasakvirvelia, kerZo
saqme iqneba, magram Tu ki isini sxvas staceben lukmas da ise sWamen, xalxs atyave-
ben da miT tans imosaven, amazed rom xma amoviRoT, es sazogado saqme iqneba da
ara sapirado da arc gvmarTebs morideba~. akaki sazogado moRvawisagan moiTx-
ovda Seupovarsa da piruTvnel moqmedebas, simarTlisaTvis Tavdadebas, msxver-
plis gaRebas.
akaki, rogorc TviTmyofadi xelovani, sxva qveynis moazrovneTa Sexedule-
bebs kritikulad swavlobda da SemoqmedebiTad iyenebda Tavis mdidar da mra-
valferovan SemoqmedebaSi. poeti gmobda brma mimbaZvelobas, literaturasa da
xelovnebaSi sxvaTa azrebisa da tradiciebis uniadago wamxedurobiT gadmotanas,
erovnuli cxovrebisagan mowyvetil literaturasa da xelovnebas. misi azriT, na-
sesxebi Tu originaluri ideebi da poeturi qmnilebani `mSobliuri xalxis dar-
jakSi~ unda iyos gatarebuli, mwerlis mier Rrmad Sesisxlxorcebuli, sakuTar
poetur quraSi gamowrTobili, sakuTari grZnoba-gonebiT awonili, sakuTari sis-
xliT nasazrdoebi da gazrdili. uamisod akakis SeuZleblad miaCnda namdvilad
TviTmyofadi erovnuli da sakacobrio mniSvnelobis literaturisa da xelovne-
bis WeSmariti ganviTareba.1
akaki, rogorc TviTon acxadebda, gmobda `wminda xelovnebas~ da masTan erTad
xelovnebis uarmyofel nihilistebs. akakis Sua gza hqonda arCeuli. yvelaze kolo-
ritulad Tavisi adrindeli esTetikuri Sexedulebani axalgazrda akakim gamoTqva
1865 wels `ciskarSi~ dabeWdil recenziaSi `raodenime sityva `Canguris~ Sesaxeb~,
romelic kirile lorTqifaniZis mier peterburgSi gamocemul qarTvel poetTa
leqsebis krebuls — `Congurs~ mieZRvna.
aRniSnuli werilis pirveli striqonebidanve igrZnoba axalgazrda Semoqme-
dis esTetikuri Sexedulebebis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi, misi azri xelovnebis daniS-
nulebis Sesaxeb. igi gmobs mwerlebis mier unayofo ocnebiT gatacebas, usagnod
cis laJvardSi mimofrenas, xalxis cxovrebisagan mowyvetas, usargeblo `tkbil-
xmovnebisadmi~ gamodevnebas. akaki aRiarebs sinamdvilis, yoveldRiuri WeSmari-
tebis asaxvas, mSromeli xalxis cxovrebis, misi yofis, sulis, fiqrebisa da mis-
wrafebebis gamoxatvas. amitomaa, rom poeti aRfrTovanebiT miesalma `Congurs~
da aRniSna: Canguri aris pirveli wigni, romelsac asxia qarTuli xorci, udgia
qarTuli suli, stiris da kvnesis qarTvelebis kvnesiT da maS raRa saeWvoa, rom
yovel rigian qarTvelT naTesavTaTvis sasixarulo iqnebao misi gamocema.2
am werilSi akakim `wminda xelovneba~, moZRvreba `xelovneba xelovnebisaT-
vis~ da am TeoriaTa mixedviT formis TviTmiznad aRiareba realuri cxovrebisa
da sazogadoebrivi interesebis nacvlad, usagno, ganyenebuli, Sinaarsisagan
daclili `tkbilxmovnebis~ gamodevneba Seadara bulbulis galobas, SaSvis
stvenasa da mercxlis WikWiks. yurs am frinvelTa galobac atkbobs da, maS, abso-
luturi xelovnebis mimdevrebma Citebic poetebad unda aRiarono, ironiulad
dasZenda recenzenti.
sagulisxmoa da mravlismetyveli, rom akakis Zalzed moswonda ilias sap-
rogramo leqsi `poeti~ da samarTlianad miiCnia igi didi azris, Rrma ideebis
Semcvelad. ilia am leqsiT mkacrad ilaSqrebda uideo, `tkbilxmovani Txzule-
bebis winaaRmdeg. akakim aRtacebiT miuTiTa leqsis Zalasa da STambeWdaobaze da
aRniSna: ai, ras niSnavs kacoba da ara bulbulobao~.
aRsaniSnavia, rom axalgazrda akaki am recenziaSi nawarmoebis mxatvrul mxa-
res TiTqos ver afasebs. igi ise gaitaca `wminda xelovnebis~ Tvalsazrisis kri-
1
a k a k i w e r e T e l i , TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli 15 tomad, t.XIII, gv.356.
2
a k a k i w e r e T e l i , TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli 15 tomad, t. XI, gv. 20.
84
tikam, rom ilia WavWavaZis leqsebis Sefasebisas dauSva erTgvari nihilisturi
xasiaTis Secdoma. igi werda: `Tu WavWavaZis leqsebSi marto xelovnebas mivaq-
cevT yuradRebas, maSin mis leqsebs ar eqneba didi Rirseba, magram Cven marto xe-
lovnebas ar veZebT... Cven veZebT Wkvian azrebs da amas kidevac vpoulobT WavWa-
vaZis leqsebSi~. amave werilSi ki akaki didad afasebda ilias da aRniSnavda: `ba-
raTaSvili da WavWavaZe swored erTs taxtzed sxdomis Rirsebi arian, erTis ga-
uwyvetelis jaWviT gadabmulebi erTi meorezed~.
akakis nihilisturma recidivebma Tavi iCina besikisa da zogierTi sxva qar-
Tveli mwerlis Semoqmedebis Sefasebisasac, roca poetma maTi leqsebi moclili
kacis sasmenelTa damatkbobel saSualebad miiCnia.1
mogvianebiT poetma Tavisi pozicia da damokidebuleba zogierTi mwerlis
mimarT gadasinja da gulwrfelad aRiara: mesamoce wlebSi ruseTidan dabrune-
bulebs nihilistobis safuari cotad Tu bevrad yvelas gvqonda modebuli da
mitomac gagviZnelda xalxis daaxloeba ise male, rogorc Cven gvindoda da gve-
gonao.2
Tavisi Semoqmedebis mTavr sagnad akakis erovnuli da socialuri Tematika
miaCnda, xolo brZolis maxvil iaraRad ki — mwerloba. didi patrioti litera-
turasa da xelovnebas udides politikur, socialur da erovnul-moqalaqeob-
riv funqcias akisrebda da es kredo man praqtikuli SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobiT
ganaxorciela kidec. poetis rwmeniT, literaturam realuri cxovreba unda asa-
xos Tavisi mravalferovnebiT, gamoavlinos adamianTa urTierTobis manamde miC-
qmaluli aspeqtebi da Sexedos samyaros ara rogorc erTxel da samudamod moce-
mulsa da dadgenil statuss, aramed, rogorc ganviTarebadsa da cvlads. aqedan
gamomdinare, gasagebia, rom akaki mwerlisagan moiTxovda ara marto cxovrebis,
xalxisa da sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa mxatvrul asaxvas, aramed am movlenaTa
axsnasac, Sefasebas, msjavris dadebas, aqtiuri rolis Sesrulebas cxovrebis gar-
daqmnaSi.
aRiarebda literaturis ideuri sisavsis aucileblobas, magram poeti amave
dros gadaWriT uaryofda mxatvrulad mdare da sinamdvilis ubralo fotogra-
fiul aRweras; meqanikuri gadaReba yovelive imisa, rac cxovrebaSi xdeba, kriti-
kuli realizmi rodia. poeti acxadebda: `zogierTebi sazogadod im azrisa ari-
an, rom realizmi moiTxovs mwerlobaSi mxolod protokolur aRwerilobas
umet-naklebod, ise rogorc xedavs da esmis mwerals. ase rom, iq Tavisi ar unda
gaurios rao... es rom ase iyos, maSin fotografiul suraTebs upiratesoba eqne-
bodaT xelovnebiT mxatvrobaze da ubralo fotografi emjobineboda gamoCe-
nil mxatvars rafaels, magram es ase ar aris. marTalia, fotografia sworad aR-
wers, erT fiorsac ar daaklebs, magram ganmaxorcielebel suls ver Caudgams
imas, rasac mibaZviT uaxlovdeba da xelovani mxatvari ki imisTana ram damaxasia-
Tebel niSans aiRebs, SeurCevs misTana wams grZnoba-gonebis gamomxatvelobisasa,
rom suls Caudgams da ganaxorcielebs naxats. amaSia misi Semoqmedebis saidum-
lo Zala, romelsac ufro swrafgadamRebi, magram usulo fotografi ver mis-
wvdeba~. `poeti konkretulad saubrobs mwerlis movaleobaze, mis mxatvrul Se-
saZleblobebze. `niWierma mweralma stenografiulad ki ar unda gadaiRos yve-
laferi, rac gaigona da naxa, aramed Caweros, ara asisa, aTasi sityva-frazisagan
unda airCios masalebi, romelnic ukeT daaxasiaTeben misgan aRebul sagans, ra-
sakvirvelia, SemoqmedebiTi ZaliT~. am mosazrebaTa mixedviT akaki samarTlian
moTxovnebs uyenebda samoRvaweo asparezze gamosul mwerals: igi dajildoebu-
li unda iyos poeturi STagonebiT — `niWi unda hqondes~, saWiroa iyos `naswavli
1
a k a k i w e r e T e l i , TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli TxuTmet tomad, t. XI, gv. 25.
2
iqve, gv.22.
85
da ganviTarebuli~, Rrmad icodes da `Seswavlili hqondes is ena, romelzedac
apirebs weras~, unda axasiaTebdes gulwrfeloba, xalxis siyvaruli, `Tavis Tavs
ise unda uyurebdes, rogorc mociqulsa da qveynis moZRvars~, iyos uSiSari,
principuli, obieqturi, Seupovari, `rasac xalxs eubneba, is unda guliswmindiT
iyos naTqvami... piradoba Seswiros sazogados da mzad iyos, rom gaWirveba da
usamarTloba aitanos~.1
akaki fiqrobda, rom sityvakazmul mwerlobaSi maRal gemovnebas unda Seer-
wyas zomierebis grZnoba, azrma unda Seiguos gamoxatvis forma. mSobliuri enis
leqsikuri Semadgenlobis Rrma morevidan saWiro da moxdenili sityvebis SerCe-
vasTan erTad mweralma unda zomierad gamoiyenos da sizustiT moargos saT-
qmels idiomuri Tqmebi. mTavaria, — fiqrobs poeti, — pirvel mcnebad gaixados
yvela mweralma azrisa da sityvis zusti Sesabamisoba; zedmeti sityva mwerloba-
Si, ise rogorc zedmeti xazi mxatvrobaSi, miuRebelia. `gaberili, gabrtyelebu-
li da bundovani~ sityvebi da gamoTqmebi amaxinjebs mxatvrul nawarmoebs. akakis
miaCnia, rom mweralma urTulesi azri martivad da sadad unda miitanos mkiTxve-
lamde. amiT izomeba mwerlis Zala da ostatobis xarisxi. yoveli faqizi niuansi-
saTvis saTanado sityvaTa jgufis an sintagmis SerCeva, `sityvis umetnakleboba
niWierebis saswor-sazomia. niWiereba ori-sami sityviT gamoTqvams imas, rasac
Zaldatanebuli, viTom niWieri ramdenime striqons moandomebs. zomiereba iq Se-
Cerdeba, sadac uniWoba Tavs ver Seikavebs da gaaWianurebs saubars~.2 sityvaTa
brZnul, niWier da genialur SerCeva-gamoyenebisa da azris mokled, lakoniu-
rad, STamagoneblad da dinamikurad gadmocemis etalonad akaki SoTa rusTa-
vels asaxelebs da mas mweralTa misabaZ magaliTad saxavs. akakis Rrma rwmeniT,
Txzuleba ùtyuari... umetnaklebo, sworxazi unda iyos~. `WeSmariti lakonuro-
ba ak. wereTels xelovnebisa da literaturis erT-erT mTavar niSnad da Tvise-
bad miaCnda~.3
poetis azriT, leqsi xalxis STamagonebelia, `poezia RvTis cecxliTa da uk-
vdavebis wyaroTi momzadebuli sazrdoa. igi adamianis grZnoba-gonebis gasavi-
Tareblad, maTze zemoqmedebis mosaxdenad, aRfrTovanebis Semqmnel Zalad ga-
moiyeneba. `leqsi ra leqsia, Tu rom guls ar daesoba~. xelovnebas, `leqss aqvs
Tavisi kanonebi da Tavisi saidumlo~. madliani poeturi sityva mkiTxvelsac imas
unda ganacdevinebdes, rac avtors ganucdia da ugrZvnia. `mweralma Tu Tavisi
grZnoba sxvasac agrZnobina da Tavis mRelvarebiT sxvac aaRelva — kmara, meti
raRa unda mas~.4 xelovnebis `momxiblavma Zalam~ unda gaitacos yvela.5 poeti mi-
uTiTebs, rom `namdvili da niWieri mwerali is aris, romelic Zalauneburad, Ta-
visTavad ikvlevs gzas mkiTxvelis gulisaken da gulis ficarze dauviwyar asoe-
biT ibeWdeba, imitom, rom nawerSi yovelgvari kanonia mwerlobis daculi~.6 nam-
dvilad momxiblavi da STambeWdavi nawarmoebi ise umetnaklebod unda iyos Ses-
rulebuli, rogorc òboli margaliti Tanasworad asxmul yelsabamad~.7 poeti
sastikad ebrZvis arabunebriv, gazviadebul, uferul xelovnebas, realisturi
xelovnebis miucilebel Tvisebad racxs formis sisadaves, bunebriobas, misaw-
vdomobasa da sinatifes. arabunebrivi mokazmuloba da Seferadeba ucxoa WeSma-
riti xelovnebisaTvis: `xelovneba TavisTavad, martivad mSvenierebaa da Zlie-
reba, rogorc mzeTunaxavs ar eWirveba fer-umarili da morTva-mokazmva, ise arc
1
a k a k i w e r e T e l i , TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t. XIII, gv. 325.
2
a k a k i w e r e T e l i , TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t. XIV, gv. 444.
3
d . g a m e z a r d a S v i l i , narkvevebi qarTuli realizmis istoriidan, t. II, 1967, gv. 5 8 0 .
4
a k a k i w e r e T e l i , TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t. XIII, gv. 350.
5
a k a k i w e r e T e l i , TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t. XIV, gv. 442.
6
a k a k i w e r e T e l i , TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t. XIII, 446.
7
iqve, gv. 447.
86
xelovnur nawarmoebs — zedmeti sityva-kazmuloba da gacveTili azrebiT gael-
fereba. es ubralo WeSmaritebaa~. akakis rwmeniT, Rrmaazrovani da formiT
srulyofili `xelovneba mSvenierebaa da mSvenierebis Tayvaniscema upirvelesi
locvaa kacisaTvis~, xolo WeSmariti mwerali xalxis moZRvaricaa da mkurna-
lic: ès ori Zala da Rirseba, werda poeti, rogorc mkurnalisa, ise moZRvari-
sac, erTad unda hqondes SeTvisebuli mwerals. erTsa da imave dros umoZRvreb-
des da samkurnalo wamalsac aZlevdes xalxs. unda daufaravad amxeldes mis avsa
da kargs sazogadoebas... visac es ar SeuZlian, is nurc gamodis sazogado aspa-
rezzed~.
sainteresoa akakis azri mecnierebisa da xelovnebis erovnuli Tavisebure-
bebisa da TviTmyofobis Sesaxeb. `mecnierebasa da xelovnebas arc sazRvari aqvs
da arc sakuTreba ician, yvelas sazogadod ekuTvnian, magram samSoblo ki aqvT
da es ukanasknelia sasaxelo saerTod~. cxadia, poeti xelovnebisa da mecniere-
bis miRwevebs msoflio sakuTrebad miiCnevs, kacobriobis kulturuli saganZu-
ris kuTvnilebad aRiarebs. namdvili xelovneba erovnul sazRvrebs gadalaxavs
da moemsaxureba mTel msoflios. magram es imas rodi niSnavs, rom xelovnebasa
da mecnierebas sakuTari samSoblo ar gaaCndeT, piriqiT: xelovnebas aqvs garkve-
uli samSoblo da amiT xdeba igi sakacobrioc. literaturasa da mecnierebas Tu
samSoblo ar gaaCnia, eris geniisa da cxovrebis niadagze ar warmoSobila, eris
suliT, miswrafebebiTa da idealebiT ar aRzrdila, igi msoflio Sedevric ver
gaxdeba. WeSmariti xelovneba, upirveles yovlisa, `garkveuli eris geniis Sedev-
ria, misi xalxis sulieri saunjea~. `TiToeul ers Tavisi sakuTari, erTi meori-
sagan gansxvavebuli saxe aqvs da maT literaturasac, rogorc sarkes ama Tu im
erisas, gansakuTrebuli elferi unda edvas. Cveni mwerlobac utyuari sarke un-
da iyos qarTvelobisa: Sig unda isaxebodes saqarTvelos mravalferovani buneba
misi miwa-wyaliT, mTa-bariT, tye-veliT da sxvani. qarTvelis grZnoba-goneba
xorcSesxmulad unda moZraobdes Sig umetnaklebod, zomierad; awmyo warsuls
unda eTanxmebodes da orive erTad ki momavlisaken miiwevdes. Tu es ar iqneba,
Cveni mwerlobac umniSvnelo iqneba, rogorc ubralo ram usaxo landi~. Semdeg
iqve agrZelebs akaki, rom literaturas `Tavisi mSobliuri sarCul-sapire eWir-
vebao~.1 akaki mkacrad ekideba yvelas, vinc ver amCnevs, an ar surs dainaxos erov-
nuli literaturis TviTmyobadi damaxasiaTebeli da specifikuri Tavisebure-
bani, erovnuli safuZveli da mniSvneloba msoflio literaturis ganviTareba-
Si. ugvartomo kosmopolitebis winaaRmdeg poeti amtkicebda, rom nacionaluri
literatura SeuZlebeliao aRorZindes eris specifikuri pirobebis, misi suli-
eri cxovrebis Seswavla-asaxvis gareSe. eris cxovreba da miswrafeba literatu-
ris sarCul-sapirea da erovnuli TviTmyobadi literatura SeuZlebelia arse-
bobdes am `sarCul-sapires~ gauTvaliswineblad. am garemoebis ugulebelyofiT
mwerloba Tavis saxes dakargavs, igi ùmniSvnelo iqneba, rogorc ubralo ram
usaxo landi~. poeti aRiarebda aucileblis, progresulis, kargisa da sasargeb-
los sistematurad Seswavlas, kritikul aTvisebas, Segnebul `gadmoyvanasa~ da
`gadmonergvas~ mowinave qveynebidan, magram, poetis rwmeniT, àm Sromasac Tavisi
Sesaferisi wesrigi da kanoni aqvs: jer niadagi unda moumzadoT, Torem umisod
nergi ar ixarebs~.2 cnobilia, rom b. belinski mwerals mTeli sazogadoebis idu-
mal fiqrTa mpyrobelad Tvlida.3 akakis azriTac, mwerali mTeli xalxis moZRva-
ri, aRmzrdeli da mwvrTnelia: mwerals, rogorc qveynis did moZRvars, yurs ug-
deben aw da maradis da amitomac misi movaleoba da sarbieli didia. mweralma saku-
Tari piradoba sazogados unda Seswiros, radganac `ciuri niWi qveynis samsaxu-
1
a k a k i w e r e T e l i , TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.XIV, gv. 29-30.
2
iqve, gv. 30
3
b . b e l i n s k i , rCeuli Txzulebani, t. III, 1948, gv. 792.
87
rad aris gaCenili da ara sapiradod~. akakis aRniSnuli Sexeduleba uaRresad
amaRlebs mwerlisa da mwerlobis avtoritets, mis udides mniSvnelobasa da fun-
qcias xalxis cxovrebaSi.
mxatvruli nawarmoebis Seqmnisas poetis erT-erTi ZiriTadi `mizani misawvdo-
mi, gasagebi da naTeli xatis SeqmnaSi mdgomareobda da swored es misawvdomoba da
sicxade aris akakis xatovanebis uZiriTadesi niSan-Tviseba~.1 akaki gmobda naCqa-
rev, daumuSavebel da moumwifebel azrsa da grZnobamoklebul Txzulebebs; am-
gvar nawarmoebs igi adarebda bavSvisTvis gakeTebul saTamaSo sastvens da usul-
gulo xelovneba, xelovnebis aCrdilad, usargeblo drois kargvad miaCnda. poets
swamda, rom WeSmaritad mxatvruli ram jer mwerlis arsebaSi mwifdeba, gadaixar-
Seba, mwerlis SemoqmedebiTs brZmedSi SemuSavdeba da bolos da bolos guliT
didxans natarebi, grZnobasa da gonebaSi Rrmad damuSavebuli ibadeba. `rasac da
razedac wers mwerali, — acxadebs akaki, — Tu is gulSi didxans ar utarebia, saku-
Tari grZnoba-gonebiT ar usazrdoebia da Tavis droze ar warmouSobavs, garegnu-
lad mSvenieric rom iyos, sruli mainc ar eTqmis~.2 mwerali sakuTari Semoqmedebi-
Ti praqtikiT iZleoda imis naTel magaliTs, Tu ra didi Tavdadeba, titanuri ru-
duneba, Rrma codna, farTo ganaTleba da SemoqmedebiTi wvaa saWiro WeSmariti
mwerlobis warmoqmnisaTvis.
am moTxovnebs akaki uyenebda yvela mwerals: `rac ufro didi niWis patronia
kaci, ufro meti Sroma, swavla, ganaTleba da Tavdadeba sWirdeba Tavis samwer-
lo moRvaweobis pirnaTlad SesrulebisaTvis. ra aris marto niWi, Tu Tanve ar
exleba Sromismoyvareoba da gulwrfeloba~. poetis azriT, niWiT dajildoebu-
li mweralic ver Seasrulebs Tavis mowodebas, Tu ar eqna dauRalavi Sromis una-
ri, udidesi pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba, patriotuli Tavdadeba, Rrma codna da
farTo erudicia. `zogierTebs gaugoniaT, rom mwerlisaTvis zegardmo STagone-
baa saWiro da is aRar ician, rom imasac kibe eWirveba maRliT Camosasvlelad da
es kibe aris, niWis garda swavla, codna da Sromismoyvareoba~.3 akakis es Sexedu-
leba uaRresad principuli da safuZvliania, igi arasodes dakargavs Tavis did
mniSvnelobas. damwyeb poetebs akaki garkveviT eubneboda: `niWi getyobaT, magram
ganviTareba gakliaT da gauwvrTnelad niWi ra gamosadegia? xom gagigoniaT: uW-
kuo, magram naswavli da ganviTarebuli — maRla-maRla mfrinavi kaWkaWiao, Wkvia-
ni, magram uswavleli da uvici — jaWviT dabmuli lomio~.4 sxva SemTxvevaSi ki po-
eti acxadebda: `ganuviTarebeli niWi frTaSekvecili Sevardenia, romelic maR-
la veRara hfrens da dabla siarulsac ver axerxebs~, da dasZenda: `rogorc yva-
vili uciurnamod, ise niWi usulier-sazrdod sWkneba da nayofi veRar moaqvs~.5
poeti mkacrad akritikebda da mwared dascinoda im crurwmeniT gabruebul mo-
leqseebs, romlebic darwmunebulni arian, rom maTTvis swavla-ganaTleba da
grZnoba-gonebis ganviTareba sruliad saWiro ar aris, radganac isini zegardmo
CagonebiT arian gamsWvalulni da RmerTi elaparakeba maT! . . sakvirvelia, — das-
Zens poeti — `naxevar saukuneze metia, rac me leqsebs vwer, sxva xeloba ara maqvs
da erTxelac ar maxsovs, rom RmerTi damlaparakebodes!~.6 zemoaRniSnuli `poe-
tebis~ didi Secdoma is gaxldaT, rom isini gulubryvilod afasebdnen poeziisa
da poetis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb adre gavrcelebul warmodgenebs, ar uwevdnen
angariSs axali epoqis Sexedulebebs da uaryofdnen swavla-ganaTlebasa da poe-
ziaSi sakuTari mimarTulebis saWiroebas. marTalia, ilia mimarTavda gamoTqmas:
1
g r . k i k n a Z e , literaturis Teoriisa da istoriis sakiTxebi, 1978, gv. 314.
2
a . w e r e T e l i , TxzulebaTa sr. krebuli, 1961, t. XIII, gv. 355.
3
iqve, gv. 31.
4
iqve, gv. 326.
5
a . w e r e T e l i , TxzulebaTa sr. krebuli, 1961, t. XV, gv. 194.
6
a . w e r e T e l i , TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t. XIV, gv. 565-566.
88
`RmerTTan misTvis vlaparakob”, `me ca mniSnavs” da sxv. da amasTanave ilia da
akaki erTad acxadebdnen: poezia `ciuri niWia” da sxv. magram isini Sors idgnen
mwerlobis mistikuri da `romantikuli idealizmis gagebisagan” da, rogorc kri-
tikuli realizmis did mesveurebs, `Tavisi drois literaturuli vulgariza-
torebisagan gansxvavebiT... esmodaT, rom poezia Tavisi warmoSobiT, Tavisi bu-
nebiT aris adamianis maRali sulieri moTxovnilebis, misi SemoqmedebiTi geniis,
misi amaRlebis, mSvenierebisadmi, idealurisadmi swrafvis gamosxiveba~.1 maT
swamdaT, rom `poetsa xalxi dahbadavs da xalxis cxovreba ZuZus awovebs~.2
bunebamdidar kacs, rac ufro meti niWi aqvs, ufro meti masala eWirveba
grZnoba-gonebis gasaxurveblad, rom aenTos, midamos Suqi mohfinos, gaanaTos
da garemos siTbo ar gamoulioso — dasZenda akaki, magram namdvili mwerlisaT-
vis es yvelaferi rodia! WeSmariti xelovanis Tvisebad akakis miaCnda maRali
ideuroba, swori mimarTuleba, poeturi STagoneba, talanti, gulwrfeli Sinaga-
ni wva. xelovani unda iwvodes, rogorc patruqi, vinaidan `rac ar iwvis, ar ana-
Tebs~. amas rom werda, akaki qvecnobierad Tavis Tavs gulisxmobda: igi xom wmin-
da sanTlad enTo misi xatis — samSoblos winaSe da Suqs saxatesac — mTel qveyni-
erebasac hfenda.
akaki wereTlis mxatvruli Semoqmedeba. akaki wereTelma mdidari

SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreoba dagvitova. mis kalams ekuTvnis mravali origina-
luri, gadmokeTebuli da naTargmni Txzuleba.
akaki wereTeli axal qarTul literaturaSi kritikuli realizmis udidesi
warmomadgenelia. ilia WavWavaZesTan erTad man umaRles safexurze aiyvana mecx-
ramete saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli mwerloba.
akaki wereTlis lirika. akaki wereTeli, pirvel yovlisa, didi lirikosia. mi-
si lirikuli Sedevrebi Rrmad erovnuli da sakacobrio mniSvnelobisaa. àkakis
leqsebi gverdSi amoudga msoflio mwerlobas~ (al.xaxanaSvili). poetma Tavisi Se-
moqmedebiTi cxovreba lirikuli poeziiT daiwyo da imTaviTve miipyro xalxis yu-
radReba. gasuli saukunis samocian wlebSi erTbaSad cxadi gaxda, rom qveyanas moev-
lina sruliad axali poeturi samyaro, romlis fuZemdeblebi ilia da akaki iyvnen.
akakis lirikiT moxiblulma xalxma zepirad daiswavla poetis Sedevrebi, didi ga-
tacebiT aqcia isini tkbil simRerebad da momavlisaTvis brZolaSi win gaimZRvara.
lirika akakis stiqiaa. poetis mTel SemoqmedebaSi: poemebSi, moTxrobebSi, drama-
tul nawerebSi, publicistikaSi uxvadaa CarTuli lirikuli grZnobiT savse mRel-
vare leqsebi, rac kidev ufro amdidrebda mis memkvidreobas momajadoebeli li-
rizmiT.
akakis mTeli Semoqmedeba da maT Soris lirika STagonebulia maRali moqala-
qeobrivi interesebiT, qveynis erovnuli da socialuri Cagvris winaaRmdeg brZo-
lis idealebiT, samSoblosa da xalxis Rrma siyvaruliT, xalxurobiT, demokra-
tizmiT, mebrZoli humanizmiTa da optimizmiT. akakis leqsebSi pirvelad aisaxa
mSromeli glexobisa da samSoblos amaRelvebeli realisturi suraTebi. maTSi
didi mxatvruli ostatobiT da maRalemociurobiT asaxulia qarTveli xalxis mo-
winave miswrafebani, sibrZne, daucxrobeli mebrZoli suli, didi tradiciebi, gmi-
roba da vaJkacoba, sixaruli da aRtaceba, mwuxareba da tanjva, risxva da imedi.
akakis lirika samSoblos Tavisuflebis, misi bednieri momavlis, sicocxlis, si-
naTlis, silamazis, siyvarulisa da ubiwoebis didebuli himnia, xolo borotebis,
1
g . a s a T i a n i , vefxistyaosnidan baxtrionamde, 1974, gv. 200-201.
2
i l i a W a v W a v a Z e , TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, t. III, gv. 45.
89
sibnelis, Cagvris, simaxinjisa da biwierebis mrisxane laxvari da mowamluli isaria.
akakis lirika WeSmariti politikuri lirikis nimuSia. igi momavlis daucxromeli
simReraa.
akakis lirika gamoirCeva maRali ideuri sisavsiT, didi mxatvruli ostatobiT,
iSviaTi simsubuqiT, naTeli plastikuri saxeebiT, trfoba-siyvaruliT gamTbari
alersiani, guliTadi wminda xalxuri melodiebiTa da sagalobeli kilo-intonaci-
ebiT. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia mdidari metrika, momxiblavi riTmebi, sisadave, moq-
nili, ankara wyarosTvaliviT spetaki sufTa da gamWvirvale poeturi stili, mdida-
ri ena. akakis lirikis saerTo xasiaTs savsebiT Seesabameba poetis sityvebi: poezia
ucnauri ciuri xma da locvaa (òcneba Tarze~), xolo qveynis orgulTaTvis Sxam-
naRveli da Zirmwarea.
qarTul literaturismcodneobaSi akaki samarTlianadaa aRiarebuli, ro-
gorc fuZemdebeli axali realisturi poetikisa, man `mTebi dasdga margalitebis~
(galaktioni). didma iliam èris rCeuli~ uwoda akakis, romlis leqsebis qnari at-
kbobs xalxis grZnoba-gonebas. gamoCenilma pedagogma iakob gogebaSvilma akaki
daaxasiaTa, rogorc ìalbuzi qarTuli poeziisa~, xolo artur laistis azriT,
akaki TviTmpyrobeli meufe iyo poeziisa. didma mecnierma eqvTime TayaiSvilma
akakis `poeziis qurumi~ uwoda. gamoCenilma mkvlevarma vaxtang kotetiSvilma Ta-
vis droze aRniSna: akakis poezia ès rekaa alionis zarisa, mzisken miaxloebas rom
maxaroblobs;~ xolo cnobilma poetma aleqsandre abaSelma akakisadmi miZRvnil
leqsSi (àkakis~) aRniSna: `sdgas saqarTvelo oqros TasiviT, Seni leqsebis neqta-
riT savse~. akakis lirika qarTuli poeturi geniis mSvenebaa. igi maradiuli mov-
lenaa, erisa da kacobriobis mxatvruli sityvis uWknobi ganZia.
akakim bavSvobidanve daiwyo Sairebis gamoTqma. Tormeti wlisam dedis pativ-
sacemad ezos auzis qvis magidaze daawera akrostiquli leqsi. Semdeg, Wabukobi-
sas, ukve `ciskarSi~ aqveynebda leqsebs: `gabrwyindi Cemo kandelo~, `p.w,~, `Cems
veneras~, `navi~ da sxv. maTSi poeti erTgvar xarks uxdida romantikosTa gar-
kveul tradiciebs da cxovrebis ukuRmarTobis mimarT gamoxatavda sevdasa da
mwuxarebas. mas aRelvebs sikvdil-sicocxleze dafiqreba, iswrafvis cxovrebaSi
tkboba-siamisaken da gamoxatavs mSobliuri qveynis siyvaruls. leqsSi `gab-
rwyindi Cemo kandelo~ xanmokle, wamieri sicocxlis simbolod gamoyenebulia
anTebuli sanTeli, Ramisa da sibnelis damTrgunveli naTeli, sinaTle, gabrwyin-
vebuli kandeli, romelic ìwvis da TandaTan sdneba~. analogiuri saxeebi ufro
amaRlebul formebSi xSiria akakis SemoqmedebaSi, mag., `xatis win~ da sxv. TiTqos
poeti ar emorCileba swrafwarmavali cxovrebis bneleTs, ukuRmarT xvedrs da
acxadebs:
`gabrwyindi, Cemo kandelo,
minaTle bneli Ramisa!...~
amgvari ganwyobilebiT Wabuki poeti TiTqos exmaureba n. baraTaSvils.
leqsi `p.w~ daTariRebulia 1858 wlis 7 seqtembriT, xelmowerilia inicia-
liT `w~ da dabeWdilia Jurnal `ciskarSi~ 1859 w. 3. `ciskris~ amave nomerSi, aka-
kis leqsTan erTad daibeWda ilias leqsi: `mec Sav Tvalebs~.
friad nayofieri iyo akakis poeturi SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba studento-
bis periodSi. misi leqsebi xSirad ibeWdeboda `ciskarSi~. am drois leqsebma aka-
kis didi popularoba moutana da 20-22 wlis Wabukma erTbaSad uniWieresi poetis
saxeli, sayovelTao aRiareba da siyvaruli daimsaxura. am drois leqsebidan gan-
sakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia `saidumlo baraTi~, `qarTvlis salami~, `Zvel samefos~,
àmao Zebna~, `dedam rom Svili gazardos~, `salamuri~, `muSuri~, `sabralo guli~,
`lodini~, àpelaciis mcodne~, `futuro~, `fariseveli~ da sxv. mokrZalebuli po-
eti adre Tavis leqsebs avtoris xelmouwerlad, inicialebiT beWdavda, ar surda
90
Tavisi saxelisa da gvaris gamJRavneba, magram misdauneburad da Seutyoblad ma-
inc aSkara gaxda avtoris vinaoba. pirveli leqsi, romelic avtoris saxelisa da
gvaris xelmoweriT gamoqveynda, iyo `saidumlo baraTi~. `saidumlo baraTi~ akakis
lirikis erT-erTi Sedevria. igi trfobis mwveli grZnobiT gamTbari leqsia, tkbi-
li emociebiT aRsavse. dawerilia msubuqi, sada da gulSi Camwvdomi poeturi xil-
viT, suraTovania. amitom dabeWdvisTanave iqca igi sasimRero leqsad, satrfialo
himnad. saerTo mowonebasTan erTad arqaistebi iwunebdnen leqsis `mdabio, raRac
soflur enas~ da sTxovdnen poets `darbaisluris eniT wereo~.
ase daiwyo da gaiSala poetis didi SemoqmedebiTi muSaobis gza poeziis
mwvervalebisaken.
akakis mTeli Semoqmedeba, da kerZod lirika, mravalferovania. masSi, ro-
gorc iTqva, gansaxierebulia epoqis mwvave problemebi, erovnuli da socialuri
motivebi, mebrZoli patriotizmi, mSobliuri enisa da xalxTa Soris megobrobis
sakiTxebi, poetis da poeziis daniSnulebis sakiTxi, qalis, silamazis da siyvaru-
lis Taviseburi saxe, xasiaTi, funqcia da sxv.
akaki wereTelma realisturi Sexedulebebi mwerlisa da mwerlobis daniSnu-
lebis Sesaxeb gamoxata ara marto mraval publicistur-kritikul werilsa, sa-
jaro gamosvlasa da sityvaSi, aramed, upirveles yovlisa, Tavis lirikul leq-
sebSi: `poeti~, `Canguri~, `zRvao, aReldi, aReldi~, `pasuxi~, `poetis programa~,
`rCeva~ da sxv. akaki mwerlisagan moiTxovda brZolas qveynis keTildReobisaT-
vis. am brZolaSi igi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda simarTlis mqadage-
bel mxatvrul sityvas:
`sityva igiv Tesli aris,
norCi guli miwa-xnuli
da abibin-amwvandeba,
rom mouva gazafxuli~.
magram akaki yovelgvar sityvas ar aniWebda Rirsebas, igi ebrZoda usagno
mwerlobas da moiTxovda drosa da cxovrebis pirobebTan Sefardebul mebrZol
sityvasa da qmediT saqmes.
`mwerloba zneobiTi da gonebiTi mesarkeobaa. nawerSi, rogorc sarkeSi, naT-
lad unda isaxebodes mwerlis Tanadrouloba misi siswor-simrudiT; rom sais-
torio suraTebi gadaeces momaval droebas da rogorc sarkeSi is ixateba, rac
mxolod mis garSemoa da rac mas gulSi Cahyurebs, ise poetis nawerSiac imas unda
vxedavdeT, rac mis guls, rogorc xalxis Tanaziars mohxvedria, da maSasadame,
mwerals neba ara aqvs, rom yoveldRiur saerTo movlinebas, ragind wvrilmanic
iyos, Tvali aaridos. rac ufro niWieria poeti, ufro Zlierad eqvemdebareba am
zemomoyvanil pirobebs~.
akakis azriT, poeti `garemoebis sayviria~. es Sexeduleba poetisa da poeziis
Sesaxeb man mkafiod gamoxata leqsSi `poeti~, romelSic igi werda:
ès guli, sarked qceuli,
bunebis naTavxedia,
mxolod mis saxes giCvenebT,
rasac Sig Cauxedia;
enac mas ambobs, rac smenas
sxvisagan gaugonia,
an Tvals unaxavs da Wkuas
gauzom-auwonia!~
akaki wereTels swams, rom poeziis ZiriTadi daniSnuleba simarTlisadmi sam-
saxursa da mowinave, wminda azrebis ganmtkicebaSi mdgomareobs:
`me Canguri misTvis minda,
rom simarTles msaxurebdes,
91
ganamtkicos azri wminda,
guls siwmindiT axurebdes!~
(`Canguri~)
poets kargad esmoda, rom misdroindel sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi simar-
Tlis damcveli, marTlis mTqmeli, realuri sinamdvilis kritikulad amsaxveli,
xalxis keTilSobiluri miswrafebebis ganxorcielebisaTvis mebrZoli mwerali
sastik damcirebasa da tanjvaSi Cavardeboda: unda icodes mweralma, rom mas mo-
elis mtroba, SurisZieba da devna....patiosani da namdvili mwerali yovelTvis
unda moelodes risxvas, lanZRvas, ginebas, gaTrevas — werda poeti. akakis ar eSi-
noda devnisa da mtkiced acxadebda:
`gamiqvavdes maSin ena,
Tu rom vismes mivefero
da gamixmes es marjvena,
Tu simrudiT simT vaJRero!...
ragind bediT viyo kruli,
saSinelic meqnes bolo,
ar Sedrkeba Cemi guli,
ginda qviTac daviqolo!~
(`Canguri~)
akaki wereTels poeziis funqciad mCagvrelis ganadgureba da Cagrulis nu-
geSiscema miaCnda: daCagruli, romlis samsaxuric akakis mwerlobis ZiriTad da-
niSnulebad miaCnda, aris koloniuri Cagvris marwuxebSi moqceuli samSoblo da
socialuri usamarTlobis mZime uRelSi gabmuli mSromeli xalxi.
mxatvruli literaturis Rirsebas akaki mis mebrZol, revoluciur sulis-
kveTebaSi xedavda. igi gmobda usicocxlo poezias da umReroda mebrZol sulis-
kveTebas. myudroebaSi CaZiruli yovelgvari ganZi qveynisaTvis usargeblo da
dafarulia: mxolod mrisxane brZolis gziT SeiZleba saunjis salaro gaixsnas
da xalxis, qveynis sasargeblo da xelmisawvdomi gaxdes:
`margalitebis salaro
Seni ufskruli gulia,
myudroebis dros is ganZi
qveynisTvis dafarulia.
mxolod rodesac mrisxaneb,
guls uxsni mze da mTvaresa,
im margalitebs Sestyorcni
Sens Semkvrels aremaresa.
poeto, nurc Sen ekrZalvi
mrisxane gulis Relvasa! . .
Zilis dros quxils nu moSli
da sibnelis dros elvasa!~
(`zRvao, aReldi, aReldi~)
amrigad, akaki wereTeli literaturas sazogadoebriv funqcias akisrebda.
mas sinamdvilis kritikul-mxatvruli asaxva mwerlobis sagnad, xolo mwerali
xalxis moZRvrad, mkurnalad, qveynis interesebisaTvis Seudrekel mebrZolad
miaCnda.
samSoblos mZime mdgomareoba Zlier awuxebda poets da am niadagze mas zog-
jer mwvave naRveli da sevda eufleboda. mgosani mwuxarebiT moTqvamda samSob-
los tanjul bedze. akakis sevda erovnuli, sazogadoebrivi xasiaTisaa. am
grZnobis gamoxatvas poetma miuZRvna lirikuli poeziis Sedevrebi: `Siqasta~,
`Cemo Tavo, bedi ar giweria~, `muxambazi~, àRmarT-aRmarT mivdiodi me nela~,
àxali weli~ da sxv. 1863 wels dabeWdil leqsSi `Siqasta~ axalgazrda poeti naT-
lad aRiarebda, rom misi tragikuli gancdis, naRvliani cremlisa da sevdis sa-
92
fuZveli kerZoobiTi xasiaTis ki ar aris, aramed misi obieqtia samSoblos mware
xvedri:
`nurvin scdilobs, im cremlebSi
naxos kerZo siyvaruli!
iq iqneba saidumlo
gulgamxeTqi, dafaruli!
yovel wuTSi tanjvas naxavs
saqarTvelos gamomxatvels
da mwaresa nakadulSi
grZel moTxrobas, gulis damwvels~.
1872 wels gamoqveynebul leqsSi `muxambazi~ poeti miuTiTebda:
`ras miqvian piradi mwuxareba?
mokvdes kaci, Tu pirutyvs edareba?!
viRas axsovs Tavisi satkivari,
Tu satrfo hyavs im dros mas cocxal-mkvdari?~
sevdiani ganwyobileba da dramatizmiT aRsavse sulieri mwuxareba poetma ga-
moxata leqsSi `Cemo Tavo~... samSoblos mZime mdgomareobiT Sewuxebuli, avbedi-
viT guldamwvari mgosani naRvlianad uCivis avbedobas, mwvaved ganicdis mware gu-
lisZgeras da sevdianad gamoTqvams:
`Cemo Tavo, bedi ar giweria!
Cemo Cango eSxiT ar giJReria!
Cemo gulo tkbilad ar giZgeria,
radgan vxedav, satrfo Cemi mteria! ...~
satrfo-samSoblos mZime xvedriT gamwarebuli poetis gulSi tanjvis mZaf-
ri cecxli anTia da marad iwvis mwuxarebis aliT.
sulieri tanjviT mRelvare poets yvelgan mware naRveli da Sxamiani gveli
eCveneboda, igi ganapirebulad grZnobs Tavs, Zmurad aravin uwvdis xels, aravin
anugeSebs. Rrmad Sewuxebuli poeti swyevlis ukuRmarT sofels da naRvlianad
acxadebs:
àRara aqvs bolo am Cems satanjvels,
arvin maZlevs sanugeSod Zmurad xels,
Cems SarbaTSi naRvels vsvWvret da vardSi gvels,
misTvis vwyevli da vemduri am sofels,
romlisganac me gzebi ameria!.. ~
sevdiani poeti sabolood guls mainc ar itexs, mters ar axarebs da imedia-
nad acxadebs: `Tu xalxSi var, ZaliT Rrubels vadareb da mowyeniT Cemzed mters
ar vaxareb...~ sulis simtkiciT anTebuli lirikuli gmiri Tavisi mwuxarebiT aR-
savse guliTa da masTan erTad momavlisaTvis Tavdadebuli ZalisxmeviT aRvi-
vebda xalxSi mebrZol suliskveTebas.
leqsSi gamoyenebuli mxatvruli ganmeorebani: `Cemo Tavo, Cemo Cango, Cemo gu-
lo~ da masTan dakavSirebuli sevdiT aRvsili formebi: àr giweria, ar giJReria, ar
giZgeria~ da sxv., agreTve yoveli strofis Semdeg ganmeorebiT warmodgenili taepe-
bi: `Cemo Tavo...~ vidre `Cemi mteria~, dabolos pirveli strofis mTlianad refrenad
gamoyeneba aZlierebs lirikul gancdas, emociur da azrobriv STabeWdilebas, mwvave
sulier mRelvarebasa da dramatizms.
leqsi dawerilia oTx- da xuTtaepiani strofebiT da gamarTulia TerTmet-
marcvlovani metriT, riTac gaZlierebulia intonacia, melodiuroba, keTil-
xmovaneba da musikaloba. leqsis saerTo xasiaTi da mexuTe taepebis daboloeba-
ni: òxeria~, àmeria~, `gamiSveria~, `mtveria~ da sxv. muxambazur stils uaxlov-
deba.
93
1872 wels daibeWda leqsi `muxambazi~ (`naxevari cxovrebis gza gavlie~). leq-
sis lirikul gmirs ar Sordeba mwuxareba, radgan misi satrfo — samSoblo saRaTas
Zils miscemia da mtrisgan dabeCavebuli cocxal-mkvdar mdgomareobaSia. akaki aR-
niSnavs, rom misi satrfo, misi mwuxarebisa da sevdis obieqtia damonebuli, gaZar-
cvuli:
`magram iciT, Cemi satrfo vin ari?
Zveli turfa, dRes mkvdariviT mZinari!
fexSiSveli, Tavzed leCaqmoxdili,
ugrZnoblad xdis sawyals saRaTas Zili!~
samSoblos damcireba, dauZlureba da abuCad agdeba mwuxarebiT avsebda da
tanjvis cecxliT wvavda poets. cecxlmodebuli mgosani Tavs evleba momakvdav
satrfos da mware cremls Rvris, magram mtrebis Tvalis asaxvevad Wiris cremls
malavs da icinis: àr mSordeba mwuxareba da Wiri, magram mainc sul vicini, ar
vstiri~, — wers igi. guldaTuTquli poeti sabolood imeds ar kargavs da elo-
deba mZinari satrfos gaRviZebas, mis qorwils, gamarjvebis did zeims:
`mxolod amis gaRviZebas me vucdi,
Tu lodinSi udrovod ar movxucdi!
moveswrebi, rom gamifrTxos man Zili
da mimReros misi turfa qorwili!~
leqsi dawerilia xalxur melodiur hangze da xalxuri motivebis saxieri ga-
moyenebiT. igi dabeWdvisTanave iqca saxalxo simRerad.
sevdian poets arc axali wlis mosvla axarebs, radgan mas cxovrebam bevri
Sxam-naRveli Seasva, daukarga trfobis taxti, dauketa samoTxis kari da waarTva
tkbili momavali. ukmayofilo poeti naRvlianad acxadebs:
`maS nu milocavT me axal wels!
CemTvis erTia àxali~, `Zveli~,
Tu SarSan vsvamdi mwaresa naRvels,
am sasmels welsac veli da veli!~
(àxali weli~)
àRmarT-aRmarT mivdiodi me nela~.... dawerilia 1876 wels. poetis sevda, Rrma
mwuxareba, naRveli da mwvave tkivilebia gamoxatuli am brwyinvale SedevrSi. leq-
sis dasawyisSi avtori gviziarebs im did sulier aRfrTovanebas, romelic mas miani-
Wa mSobliuri bunebis aRqmam. mSobliurma bunebam poets sixaruli mohfina, STabera
mas sicocxlis cxovelmyofeli Zala da sikvdilis SiSi daaZlevina:
àRmarT-aRmarT mivdiodi me nela,
serze Sevdeq, Wmunvis ali menela,
mzeman sxivi momafina maSina,
sicocxle vgrZen, sikvdilma ver maSina~.
aRfrTovanebul mgosans moevlina poeturi STagoneba tkbili Cangis asaJRe-
reblad, magram sazeimo netareba xanmokle aRmoCnda. poeti mwared Caafiqra sam-
Soblos bedma da dainaxa, rom misi satrfo `sxvas hmonebda~ da àlersiT
mTvrals ver uxilavs isari~. motyuebulma da mtrisagan moxiblulma satrfom
ar usmina mwuxarebiT guldamwvar poets. sevdiT aRvsilma da sasowarkveTilma
poetma mwared amoikvnesa:
`Cemo Tavo, veRar gkurnen wamaliT!
daRmarT-daRmarT dauyevi, wa maliT!
iq CabrZandi, sad gelian lodebiT!
bariT, niCbiT, kuboTi da lodebiT!
daiviwye, vinc gaxsovda maradis
xeldakrefiT ganisvene maradis!~
94
leqsisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia majamuri forma, mosazRvre daqtiluri riT-
ma, simboluri da alegoriuli saxeebi, naRvliani, elegiuri kilo da intonacia,
rac aZlierebs lirizms da sevdian ganwyobilebas.
akaki gmobda pesimizms, uimedobas, umoqmedobas da didebiT umReroda Tavi-
suflebas, momavals, aqtiur moqmedebasa da brZolas. magram amasTanave optimis-
ti poetisaTvis ucxo rodia xalxis avbedobiT gamowveuli mwuxarebisa da sevdis
gamoxatva, piriqiT, igi mas bunebriv movlenad miaCnda da kicxavda kubosTan mom-
Rerals.
xalxis Wir-varamiT guldamwvar mgosans bevrjer ukvnesebia `guli wyluli~,
`suli kruli~, `Tvalni cremliT anatiri~ da misi mgrZnobiare mebrZoli lirika
araerTxel aJRerebula xalxis kvnesiTa da godebiT, misi mwuxarebiTa da sev-
diT, misi sasoebiTa da momavlis rwmenisa da mebrZoli suliskveTebiT. misi Cangi
STagonebulia Wmunvisa da sixarulis maRali grZnobiT da momavlis didi miswra-
febiT. igi werda:
`sad aris Cveni Canguri,
qveynis Wiri da lxinio,
samSoblos sisxli da xorci,
misive naRvel-tvinio?~
(`Temur-lengis tyve~)
an kidev:
`Cveni samSoblos sicili
da misi mware kvnesao. . .
orive — erTad simebma
Sig gulSi Caikvnesao~
(`Temur-lengis tyve~)
poetma Tavis sevdanarev lirikaSi asaxa mgrZnobiare gulis kvnesa, mRelvare
sulis tkivilebi, imis gamo, rom mas samSoblos ubedurebam mware Sxami Seasva da
cxovreba samsalad uqcia (`gaTxoveba~), rom, vidre misi satrfo ar ganTavisufle-
bula, misi `guli mkvdaria~, rom `sicili bevrjer cremlze mwarea~ (`muxambazi~),
rom poets wilad xvda sicocxlis mTels manZilze mxolod simware, tanjva da Wi-
ri, rom igi samSoblos mZime mdgomareobis gamo moklebulia Svebasa da bedniere-
bas, rom mas `vin aRirsebs sasufevels, jojoxeTi uZevs gulSi~ (`saRamo~), rom is
`jojoxeTs~ marad guliT atarebs da amis gamo Sewuxebuli poeti acxadebs: àRara
aqvs bolo am Cems satanjvels...~, rom cxovrebam mas gza-kvali auria da mwuxare
sityvebi warmoaTqmevina, magram mebrZoli poeti mudam gmirobis trubaduria, igi
STagonebulia brZolis paTosiT, revoluciuri optimizmiT. akakis damaxasiaTebe-
li Tvisebaa sinamdvilis SegrZneba, misi mxileba, dagmoba, mis mimarT siZulvilis
grZnobiT gamsWvalva da momavlis brZolis gaRviveba. amitom savsebiT gasagebia
poetis sityvebi: damWknari vardi cremlebiT ar ganeldeba.... arao! da WirSi tiri-
li ver uzrunvelyofs ubedurebisagan Tavis daRwevas. amitom, — acxadebs poeti,
— ar unda vitiroT, radgan `vaJkacsa ar Svenis cremliT glovani!...~
akaki momavlis didi momReralia. imedis SaravandediT mosil poets ver aSi-
nebda mozRvavebuli risxva da cxovrebis ukuRmarToba. optimizmiT STagonebu-
li poeti acxadebda:
`gavkaJebivar Sav bedsa,
davdivar Seupovari!
ver SemaSinebs risxviT ca,
Wirzeda Wiris mTovari!~
(`gamofxizleba~)
95
akaki gadmogvcems, rom gulis ficarze nemsis yunwis odena adgilic ver vi-
pove, rom ekliT ar yofiliyos naCxvletio. miuxedavad amisa, mis guls yovel-
Tvis amxnevebda momavlis rwmena. poeti werda: `Sua gulzed ewera didis asoebiT
ìmedi~, marjvena kuTxiT `gamarjveba Sromas~, marcxniv: `qeba gambedaobas~. akaki
STaagonebda xalxs: uimedoba, usasoeba da `gulis gatexa codvaa~.... dRes Tu aqa-
iq dasusxul yvavilebsa vxedavT, momaval nayofs gviCvenebs damwifebulsao da
gatacebiT umReroda diad momavals, mis simbolur xats: amirans, satrfos,
vards, cisartyelas, ganTiads, ciskris varskvlavs, gazafxuls, sinaTles,
mxsnel gmirebs da sxv. gmirulad ibrZoda erovnuli da socialuri Cagvris wina-
aRmdeg da mzad iyo sisxliT moerwyo brZolis veli:
`SevstrfiT, SevgalobT momaval vardsa,
aRarad vimCnevT dRevandels ekals!...
dee, gagvkawros! . . sxvebis saniSnod
sisxliT da ofliT movrwyavT gza da kvals~.
poets Rrmad swamda xalxis uSreti Zala, misi momavali da amitomac misi tan-
jva da sixaruli WeSmaritad saxalxo xasiaTs atarebda da STagonebuli iyo xal-
xurobiT, humanizmiT, demokratiulobiT da momavlis rwmeniT.
igi darwmunebuli iyo, rom boroteba damarcxdeboda, simarTle da sinaTle
gaimarjvebda, gaiRviZebda da ganikurneboda miZinebuli samSoblo, gamofxiz-
ldeboda xalxi, gaswyvetda jaWvs amirani, moispoboda Cagvra. am rwmeniT daje-
rebuli poeti, didi `trubaduri xalxis imedebisa~,1 alegoriul leqsSi àvad-
myofi~ naTlad gamoxatavda Cauqrobel imeds:
àr momkvdara, mxolod sZinavs
da iseve gaiRviZebs!...
vinc Senatris imis sikvdils,
umal masve daamiwebs!~
sastiki reaqciis periodSi gamoqveynda akakis alegoriuli leqsi `RmerTo,
wvima moiyvane~ (1882 w.), romelic momavlis rwmenisa da revoluciuri brZolis
namdvil mowodebad iqca. leqsis alegoriuli saxeebi naTeli da savsebiT gasage-
bia; igi mimarTulia carizmis winaaRmdeg da gamoxatavs brZolis paToss:
`RmerTo, wvima moiyvane
wiTeli da Sxapunao,
rom gavideT samuSaod
da davsZaxoT `hopunao!~
RmerTo wvima moiyvane,
miwis gamalbobelio,
rom gaswyvitos Wia-Wua,
qveynis damamxobelio!~
leqsis aSkara politikur xasiaTze garkveviT migvaniSnebs poeti im werilSi,
romelSiac CarTulia igi (`cxel-cxeli ambebi~). aq akaki werda: `maRlidan sicxe
gvaWers, Zirs dedamiwa ixrakeba da garSemo tyeebs cecxli ukidia... vidagebiT!..
vin dagvinelebs im cecxls, romelic Semoparebulad jadoqariviT gviberavs da
Zirs gvinaxSirebs?~, — kiTxulobs poeti da Tavad pasuxobs: ìmas Cveulebrivi
wvima veRaras uSvelis... misTvis saWiroa is wvimebi, nugzar erisTavis dros rom
yofilan, sisxlis wvimebi~; `wiTeli wvima~, `Sxapuna wvima~, `sisxlis wvimebi~2
xalxuri metaforuli saxea da masTan erTad ukavSirdeba istoriul ambebsac.
sxva adgilas poeti dasZenda: ekals, borotebas `Ziri amovugdoT, sisxliT vRe-
1
p . i n g o r o y v a , axali qarTuli literaturis fuZemdebelni, 1975, gv. 341.
2
a k a k i w e r e T e l i , Txzulebani, t. XII, gv. 188.
96
boT mTa da velio~ (`gogia meCongure~). leqsi dawerilia xalxur hangsa da kilo-
ze, rac kidev ufro Zlier STabeWdilebas axdens mkiTxvelze.
momavlis rwmena da ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis idea mkveTradaa gamoxatu-
li alegoriul leqsSi `WaRara~ (1893 w.). mebrZoli, gautexeli, bnelSi imediT mkve-
seli poeti ar epueba mCagvrelTa risxvas. cxovrebam mas usazRvro tanjva miayena,
didZali Sxami Seasva: àRmevso guli wveT-wveTad naRveliTa da SxamiTa... var bevri
`vais~ mnaxveli da bevri ùis~ gamgone~. mgosani gmirulad xvdeba gasaWirs, guls ar
itexs da Zlieri poeturi xmiT umReris momavals:
`magram imedi, cis niWi
rom gamielvebs glax gulsa,
Tavi tariel mgonia,
ocnebiT garemoculsa.
vuxmob fridons da avTandils,
mxari mxars mivceT, xeli-xels,
nestan-darejan qajebs hyavT,
moelis turfa gamomxsnels~.
poetma kargad icoda, rom xalxis sulieri amaRlebisa da gmirobisaTvis di-
di mniSvneloba hqonda genialuri `vefxistyaosnis~ da istoriul gmirTa saxee-
bis mxatvrul gamoyenebas da xSirad mimarTavda maT samagaliTo xatebs. imedis
didi rwmenisa da brZolis Rrma gamoxatulebaa sityvebSi:
`ra vuyoT, TeTri merios?!
sisxliT SevRebav WaRaras
da sul sxva xmaze davukrav
am Cems dafsa da naRaras~...
imedis mTesveli poeti qveynis mxsnel, meTaur gmirs elodeba da acxadebs:
àra, ayvavdes imedi!...
guls ver gamitexs WaRara!...
gmirebs uZaxis, uyivis
Cemi dafi da naRara!...~
ufro adre (1881 w.) akakim mkveTrad gamoxata momavlisadmi rwmena da brZo-
lis suliskveTeba:
ìs danaSTen sicocxleSi
ar natrobs mets aRarasa,
rom samSoblos mtris sisxliTa
iRebavdes WaRarasa!...~
(ùkanaskneli natvra~)
mogvianebiT (1893 w.) akakim sxva situaciaSi kvlav gamoxata brZolis medgari
suliskveTeba da momavlis rwmenisadmi erTguleba:
`poetis guls, gaxurvebuls
sadac elavs, Relavs grZnoba,
ras daaklebs TviT WaRara?
ras daaklebs xnovanoba?~
mebrZoli optimizmi bolomde mihyveba akakis Semoqmedebas.
sastiki reaqciis wlebSi poeti momavlis rwmeniT amxnevebda xalxs da eubne-
boda: ìs niadagi, is xalxi, romelmac warmoSoba didi mouravi, mTawmindelebi,
petriwi, rusTaveli da sxva msoflio gmirebi... kidev warmoSobs imisTana gmi-
rebs, romelic Tqven geWirvebaT da moeliT... me ver moveswrebi im momavali gmi-
ris mirqmas, magram gulSi imedebiT ki Caval saflavSi da Cemi ukanaskneli simRe-
ra iqneba: ar momkvdara, mxolod sZinavs-meTqi~.
97
samSoblos usazRvro siyvaruli akakim gansakuTrebuli siZlieriT Semosa
leqsSi `ganTiadi~. didebulma mgosanma didi gulwrfelobiTa da iSviaTi mxat-
vruli ostatobiT umRera `ca-firuz, xmeleT-zurmuxtovan~ samSoblos siyva-
rulis unazes grZnobas, misTvis Tavdadebis gmirul ideas:
`ca-firuz, xmeleT-zurmuxto,
sulis Camdgmelo mxareo,
Seni var, SenTvis movkvdebi,
Senzedve mgloviareo!...~
`ganTiadi~ poetma uZRvna cnobili qarTveli moRvawis — dimitri yifianis xsov-
nas. amas adasturebs leqsis striqonebSi moxsenebuli `Tavdadebuli~, `raindsa,
urCsa mtrisasa~, romelic gulisxmobs veragulad moklul qarTvel moRvawes, xo-
lo `saSviliSvilo samare~, `Tavdadebulis saflavi~, romelsac `mnaTobi sxivebs
maRliT hfens~, `mdinare nanas umReris~ da `mTawminda gulSi ixutebs~ — dimitri yi-
fianis saflavs. leqsis dasawyisSi asaxulia mSobeli qveynis buneba da misi dedaSvi-
luri zrunva samSoblos erTguli Svilisadmi. mTawminda Cafiqrebuli Sehyurebs
ciskris mokaSkaSe varskvlavs, cis mnaTobebi sxivebs hfenen Tavdadebuli gmiris
saflavs. mSobliuri bunebisa da samSoblos unazesi siyvarulis gamo grZnobamore-
uli mgosani Tavis gulispasuxs umReris turfa saqarTvelos:
`ca-firuz, xmeleT-zurmuxto,
Cemo samSoblo mxareo,
sneuli davbrunebulvar,
mkurnalad Semeyareo!...
ver avitane obloba,
sisxlis cremlebi vRvareo;
wamZlia sulma da gulma,
Sens naxvas daveCqareo...~
leqsSi Caqsovilia samSoblosadmi usazRvro siyvarulisa da Tavdadebis
idea.
msoflio literaturaSi iSviaTia meore iseTi didi poeti, romelsac akakis
msgavsad emReros samSoblos keTilSobilur siyvarulze. didi mgosani ganuSo-
reblad Tavs dastrialebda mSobel xalxs da gulSi samaradisod Camwvdomi ufa-
qizesi grZnobiT umReroda:
`mSveniero, Sen getrfi
Seni mona erTguli!
SenTvis suldgmuls, Senganve,
SenTvis miZgers es guli!~
didi STagonebiT, warmtaci ferebiTa da aRmafreniT, ganumeorebeli sisada-
viT da uSualobiT umReroda deda samSoblos poeti leqsSi `suliko~:
`sayvarlis saflavs veZebdi,
ver vnaxe, dakarguliyo!...
gulamoskvnili vCiodi:
`sada xar, Cemo suliko!~
ekalSi vardi SevniSne,
oblad rom amosuliyo,
gulis fancqaliT vkiTxavdi:
`Sen xom ara xar suliko!...~
niSnad Tanxmobis kokobi
cvar-margalitiT ciuri
dabla cremlebiT dahyara... ~ da sxv.
es leqsi qarTvelma xalxma akakis sxva leqsebTan erTad sasimRerod aitaca
da mas axla msoflios mravali xalxi aRtacebiT mReris.
98
àkakim es maradiuli satrfo konkretul xatad aqcia, Tan iseT xatad, rome-
lic konkretulobasTan erTad didi ganzogadebis SesaZleblobebiT dajildoe-
buli aRmoCnda~.1
samSoblos siyvarulis satrfos siyvarulad simbolur-alegoriuli gamo-
xatva damaxasiaTebelia saerTod qarTuli literaturisaTvis. magram es xerxi
gansakuTrebuli sxivmosilebiT uaRresad farTo masStabiT ganaviTara da iSvia-
Ti mravalferovnebiT gamoiyena akaki wereTelma. poetma mas mianiWa naTeli gam-
Wvirvaleba da silamaze. Zveli mwerlobisagan gansxvavebiT, siyvaruls akakim da-
umkvidra realuri, konkretuli da mimzidveli Sinaarsi, mianiWa axali moqalaqe-
obrivi, politikuri funqcia. akaki wereTeli iseTi gatacebiT, imgvari grZno-
biT da vnebianobiT xatavs Tavis satrfialo sagans, rom zog SemTxvevaSi Zneli
gasarkvevia, namdvilad xorciel satrfos umReris poeti Tu satrfo-samSob-
los. akaki wereTlis patriotul lirikaSi samSoblos siyvarulis grZnoba gansa-
kuTrebul xasiaTs atarebs. mijnuroba, satrfos siyvaruli aq realur da ama-
Relvebel xasiaTs iRebs. igi ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis paToss STaagonebs
mkiTxvels.
akaki wereTlis patriotizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia humanizmi da gul-
wrfeli pativiscema da aRiareba sxva erTa Rirsebisa. amitom iyo, rom poeti ga-
nasxvavebda erTmaneTisagan ruseTis biurokratias, ruseTis xelisuflebis im-
periul, Sovinistur miswrafebebs da rus xalxs. akakis patriotizmi xalxTa me-
gobrobis ideiT aris gaSuqebuli.
akaki wereTlis SemoqmedebaSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel ideasTan aris
dakavSirebuli socialuri Cagvris mospobis idea. poeti medgrad ibrZoda ba-
tonymuri urTierTobisa da TviTmpyrobelur-memamulur-burJuaziuli wyobi-
lebis winaaRmdeg. akaki TanagrZnobiT da gulisxmierebiT ekideboda mSromeli
xalxis interesebs. poetma Tavisi Cangi imTaviTve uZRvna glexis beds, misi gan-
Tavisuflebis ideas. erovnuli da socialuri ganTavisuflebisaTvis brZolis
idea akaki wereTlis Semoqmedebis qvakuTxedi iyo. poeti gamoxatavda xalxis mis-
wrafebebsa da Tavisuflebis ideebs.
akakim Tavis poeziaSi gviCvena batonymuri uRlis qveS daCagruli ymisa da
Semdeg naymevi glexis tanjuli cxovreba. man ilia WavWavaZesTan erTad mkveT-
rad gailaSqra batonymobis winaaRmdeg da asaxa yma glexis uuflebo da autane-
li mdgomareoba. 1861 wels daweril leqsSi `muSuri~ poetma gamoxata yma glexis
ubeduri, tanjuli cxovrebis SemaZrwunebeli suraTebi:
`marto CvenTvis ar vmuSaobT,
sxvisac gvmarTebs samsaxuri:
batoni gvyavs, varT sawyali
upatrono, ubeduri~.
akakis daxasiaTebiT, yma glexisaTvis ar arsebobda samarTali. mas yvela Cag-
ravda da devnida. misi cxovreba gabmuli tanjva iyo. batonymuri wyobilebiT
sastikad devnili yma glexi mwuxarebiT acxadebda:
`Sindis wknelebze weria
Cveni saxeli da gvari. . .
ganvagrZoT, Zmebo, muSuri,
Cveni sevdis ganmaqari!~
(`muSuri~)
poeti moeloda, rom `reformebis~ Semdeg glexi ganTavisufldeboda Cagvri-
sa da tanjvisagan, moipovebda garkveul adamianur uflebas swavlisa da cxovre-
bisaTvis, amitom man leqsiT ìmeruli nanina~ 1864 wels miuloca yma glexis ax-
1
g r . k i k n a Z e , literaturis Teoriisa da istoriis sakiTxebi, 1978, gv. 324.
99
alSobil Svilebs momavali Tavisufleba. magram akaki wereTeli xedavda, rom
`reformebiT~ xalxis namdvili miznebi ar miRweula, amitom igi pawawina glexis
Svils afrTxilebda: `nu gZinavs!... gaiRviZe, ican qveyanao! Senc Seitye ama sof-
lis cru gamocanao!~ kargad iswavle, gaerkvie cxovrebis Rrma movlenebSi, `Seni
daCagruli Zmebi Sen unda ixsnao~. poetis samarTliani SexedulebiT, xalxTa gan-
TavisuflebisaTvis warmoebuli brZola `reformebiT~ ar damTavrebula. poeti
darwmunda, rom mefis mier Catarebuli `reformebi~ sruliadac ar aumjobeseb-
da mSromelTa mdgomareobas. sinamdvileSi TviTmpyrobelobis mier Catarebul
glexTa `ganTavisuflebas~ mSromelTa cxovrebis gauareseba mohyva. poeti kar-
gad amCnevda, rom batonymoba faqtobrivad kvlav ZalaSi darCa. `gagvibatonda
burJua, gamtkicda batonymobao~, — werda akaki. mSromeli xalxis amgvari auta-
neli mdgomareoba Zlier awuxebda akakis: igi Tavs dastrialebda glexkacis mwa-
re beds, `cud droSi danabadi~, `jojoxeTis saxnisiT~ guldaRaruli poeti Ta-
nagrZnobiT mimarTavda glexebs:
`mimxvdari aris eg Tqveni
SeubRalavi goneba,
rom pirutyvsaviT ar Svenis
mSromel kacs sxvisi moneba!~
(`muSebs~)
akakis swamda, rom adamians mxolod Sroma akeTilSobilebs da Sromaa misi bednie-
rebis wyaro, cxovelmyofeli Zala, Sroma adamianis udides gardamqmnel saSualebad
miaCnda poets. amitom mraval leqsSi (`simRera mkis dros~, `muSis natvra~, `muSuri~
da sxv.) umRera patiosan Sromasa da gamrje glexobas, romelsac uyvars Sroma, Sroma-
sa da saqmianobaSi Weds momavals, mtkice xasiaTsa da gamZleobas.
poeti gulwrfelad aqebda glexis Sromismoyvareobas, ubraloebas, gulkeTi-
lobas, amtanobas, maxvilgonierebas, pirdapirobasa da gamWriaxobas. sasikvdilo
sarecelze mwolare poetma glexebisagan naCuqari xonCa moiTxova da, rodesac Ca-
aTvaliera zed warwerili sityvebi: `gaumarjos akakis~ — Tavi veRar Seimagra, qvi-
Tini daiwyo. akaki wereTels mSromeli miaCnda momavali cxovrebis fesvad, glexo-
baze amyarebda xalxis ganTavisuflebis imeds.
ruseTis TviTmpyrobelobis winaaRmdeg brZolis wyurviliT aris gaJRenTi-
li akakis leqsi `xanjals~. igi dawerilia 1882 wels. gasuli saukunis 80-ian
wlebSi, Savi reaqciis mZvinvarebis dros es leqsi aRafrTovanebda xalxs mtris
winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad.
leqsi `xanjals~ TiTqmis meoTxedi saukunis manZilze aralegalurad, xelna-
weris saxiT vrceldeboda da mxolod 1905 wels moxerxda misi dabeWdva.
akaki wereTeli xedavda, rom yovelgvari Tavisuflebis mosapoveblad auci-
lebeli iyo ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg iaraRiT brZola. poeti samSoblos ga-
moxsnis imeds xanjalze, brZolis basr iaraRze amyarebda. galesili xanjali mas
miaCnda usamarTlod daCagrulis Semwed da megobrad:
`Seni Wirime xanjalo,
rkinao xvarasnisao,
Sen, erTaderTo imedo,
mtrisagan gamoxsnisao~.
xanjals evaleba mtris umowyalod ganadgureba, umarTlod daCagrulis gankur-
neba, mtris gulTan mociquloba.
cxovrebis maxinj movlenaTa da usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi akaki we-
reTeli uxvad iyenebda satirasac. poeti dauzogavad amaTraxebda yvelas, vinc
aferxebda erovnuli ganTavisuflebis saqmes. igi `gesliani isriT~ gabedulad
ebrZoda xalxis mtrebs. akaki satiras gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda.
100
satirul leqsSi àpelaciis mcodne~ akakim gakicxa biurokrati moxele, Can-
Curas Svili, vinc tyavs aZrobda xalxs, sCadioda aTasgvar usamarTlobas, meq-
rTameobas:
àmboben: — qrTami sZulso, ar iZRvnis arc qaTamsa,
mxolod maSin ar iwyens, Tu msuqani vacia.
magram es zvarakia! amas vin etyvis qrTamsa,
sxvam rom hqmnas, is sxva aris! es swavluli kacia!~
Tavisi satira akaki wereTelma mimarTa agreTve carizmis nasufraliT gamok-
vebili `finiebis~ winaaRmdeg. poeti iSviaTi moxdenilobiT amxelda amgvar pir-
Ta sasacilo moqmedebas:
`misi yefa mxolod marto Suria...
vis aSinebs sasacilo muria?!
magis xerxi erTi lukma puria:
gadaugdeb, gaCumdeba muria.
vinc gaaZRebs, misi Sinauria,
imas hmonebs da kuds uqnevs muria~
(`patara muria~)
akakim gakicxa TviTmpyrobelur-biurokratiuli reJimi. poetis moxdenili
daxasiaTebiT, TviTmpyrobelur-memamulur sazogadoebaSi Wkuas, guls da saer-
Tod yvela keTilSobilur grZnobas cvlis kuWi, sicrue, cbiereba, angareba. poe-
ti uSiSrad aaSkaravebs mefis xelisuflebis sibriyvesa da veragobas:
`qurdebi sWrian samarTals,
marTlebs uyrian borkilsa,
da qveynis mteri iuda
dascinis mamuliSvilsa.
briyvi da uswavlelebi
TavSi udgia Wkvianebs...
gahqres es Jami baremRa,
netavi ras igvianebs?!~
mourideblad amxelda poeti carizmis TvalTmaqcobas da borotmoqmedebas:
`Tvals mixveven, enas mglejen
da magdeben sakireSi!
urcxvad Svid-Svid paraskevsa
miTvlian me erT kviraSi~
(`Tvals mixveven, enas mglejen~)
es gonebadakarguli egoistebi mxolod piradi keTildReobisaTvis iyvnen
gatacebuli da xalxi, qveyana arafrad miaCndaT:
`mec is minda mec iq Seval,
sadac tkbila, sadac Tbila!
Torem, Tu me ar viqnebi,
qva qvazedac nu yofila!~
(`didi vinme~)
Tavisi drois arc erTi gasakicxi movlena ar gamorCenia poets, yvelas xvdeboda
misi mebrZoli satiris maxvili.
akakis lirikuli poezia uaRresad emociuri da STambeWdavia. masSi ostatu-
radaa gamoyenebuli mravalsaukunovani da mravalferovani tradiciebi da ma-
namde ucnobi poeturi xerxebi da formebi. akakis leqsebs axasiaTebs didi xe-
lovnebiT gamoyenebuli mxatvruli simboloebi, alegoriuli, igav-arakuli Jan-
ri da narTauli formebi. akakis poeziaSi gamoyenebulia mqadagebluri, mWev-
101
rmetyveluri, ritorikuli, mimarTvis, energiuli mowodebis, vedrebis, aRtace-
bisa da sxva poeturi formebi da intonaciebi.
akaki didi polemistia. igi Tavisi ideuri poziciis da miswrafebaTa mkafiod
gamoxatvisa da dacvis mizniT Tavis poeziaSi xSirad mimarTavda polemikas. misi
poeturi polemikisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ukompromiso, naTeli, argumentire-
buli, energiuli, mebrZoli paTosi. akakis polemika gvaocebs Tavisi enamoswre-
bulobiT, enawylianobiT, gonebamaxvilobiT, didi emociurobiT. akakis `Sxamna-
rev da Zirmware~ kalams, mis gamkenwlav àkakur enas~ yvela ekrZaleboda, uf-
rTxoda.
akakis poezias amSvenebs misTvis damaxasiaTebeli mxatvruli gamosaxvis mra-
valferovani da sulis SemZvreli saSualebebi. misi poezia uxvadaa nasazrdoebi
xalxuri masaliT, saxeebiT, versifikaciiT, riTmiT, erovnuli simRera-galobis im
musikaluri kiloTi, romelic, akakis azriT, àrc sxvisi eniT gamoiTqmis, arc kal-
miT aiwereba. imisi mxolod grZnoba SeiZleba~. igi eris `saunjea~ da vai im xalxs,
romelsac is grZnobis saunje, is kilo daekargeba.
akaki wereTlis istoriuli poemebi. mowinave idealebi, erovnuli Cagvrisa-

gan xalxis ganTavisuflebisadmi didi miswrafeba poetma gamoxata Tavis isto-
riul poemebSic. akaki wereTlis istoriuli poemebi, ise, rogorc mTeli misi Se-
moqmedeba, Rrma ideurobiTaa STagonebuli da maRali mxatvruli ostatobiT
Sesrulebuli. akaki wereTlis istoriuli poemebi qarTuli literaturis mSve-
nebaa.
gasuli saukunis samociani wlebidan gansakuTrebuli interesi gamoiwvia
qarTveli xalxis istoriuli cxovrebis Seswavlis, mwerlobaSi mSobliuri war-
sulis Tematikis gamoyenebisadmi farTo miswrafebam da realisturi poemebis
ganviTarebam. qarTveli samocianelebi didad afasebdnen qveynis istorias, misi
Seswavlis aucileblobas da mniSvnelobas awmyos gagebis, momavlis ganWvretisa
da xalxze zemoqmedebis saqmeSi.
warsuli cxovrebis Seswavlis mniSvnelobis Segneba, misi dafaseba, xalxis Si-
nagani ganviTarebis kanonebis gaTvaliswineba da mwerlobaSi istoriuli Tema-
tikis gamoyeneba gansazRvravda qarTveli xalxis mravalsaukunovani istorii-
sadmi akaki wereTlis damokidebulebas, mis politikur, mxatvrul-esTetikur
interess. xalxis Zvel namoqmedars qmediTi Zala aqvs, Tu mas SemoqmedebiTad
aviTvisebT da gonivrulad gamoviyenebT. akakis rwmeniT, gamocdileba da sasaxe-
lo tradiciebi keTili momavlis interesebs unda emsaxurebodes. Tu erma yo-
velgvari kavSiri gawyvita warsulTan, dakarga warsulis xsovna da samudamo da-
viwyebas misca istoriuli cxovrebis gamocdileba da yovelive is, rac sasargeb-
loa sazogadoebis ukeTesi mermisis damkvidrebisaTvis, aseTi eri, — akakis rwme-
niT, — daiRupeba.
akaki wereTeli Rrmad swavlobda Cveni qveynis warsuls, mis mdidar litera-
turas, xalxur Semoqmedebas, matianeebSi moTxrobil ambebs, Cveni qveynis warsu-
lis istoriuli cxovrebis amsaxvel rogorc qarTul, ise ucxour wyaroebs. am
masalebis gamoyenebis safuZvelze poeti xatavda warsulis realistur saxeebs...
akaki, rogorc realisti mwerali, movlenaTa realistur asaxvas ar aigivebda
protokolur aRwerilobasTan. igi realisti mwerlisagan moiTxovda aRebuli
sagnis `SemoqmedebiTi ZaliT~ daxatvas. SeiZleba dabejiTebiT iTqvas, rom saer-
Tod akakis istoriuli poemebis ZiriTadi siuJetebi agebulia istoriul wyaro-
ebSi dacul cnobebze. xandaxan akaki mimarTavs poetur gamonagonsac da moxdeni-
lad qargavs mas Txzulebis mxatvrul qsovilSi, magram es gamonagoni didi osta-
tis xeliT sinamdvilis fonzea mxatvrulad gamokveTili da Seesatyviseba war-
suli istoriuli cxovrebis garkveul viTarebas.
102
akaki wereTeli istoriul Tzxulebebs or jgufad yofda: namdvil istoriu-
lad da `viTom istoriulad~ anu ìstoriul gvarad~. orive saxis nawarmoebi po-
ets saerTod istoriuli xasiaTis Txzulebad miaCnda. `sazogadod istoriuli
Txzuleba, — werda akaki, — ueWvelia, WeSmaritebazed unda iyos damyarebuli;
magram aris erTgvari Txzulebac, Tumca ara namdvilad istoriuli, magram `vi-
Tom istoriuli~, anu ìstoriuli gvari~, rodesac TxzulebaSi, rogorc moqme-
deba, ise moqmedi pirebic gamogonilia ganZraxviT; magram ise namdvilad ki, rom
im drois, ra drosac ekuTvnis, xasiaTsa da viTarebas namdvilad gvixatavs, da
rac ambavi moxdeboda, swored ise unda momxdariyo, rogorc avtori gvixatavs
da ara sxvagvarad~1. poetis es Sexeduleba savsebiT naTelyofs istoriuli
Txzulebisadmi misi damokidebulebis xasiaTs.
akaki wereTlis istoriuli poemebidan gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva `bagrat
didi~, `naTela~, `kikolas naambobi~ da `Tornike erisTavi~. aRniSnuli poemebiT
daimkvidra akakim istoriuli poemebis didostatis ukvdavi saxeli. akakis es po-
emebi qarTuli literaturis mdidari saganZuris SesaniSnavi SenaZenia.
akaki wereTlis istoriuli poema `bagrat didi~ Seiqmna 1875 wels. cnobilia,
rom poema `bagrat didis~ fabula agebulia saqarTvelos istoriis erT-erT me-
tad mRelvare epizodze. nawarmoebSi asaxulia qarTveli xalxis gmiruli brZo-
la Temur lengis winaaRmdeg. am uTanasworo Tavganwiruli brZolis suraTebSi
daxatulia bagrat didis datyvevebis, misi garegnulad gamahmadianebisa da sam-
SoblosaTvis Tavdadebis didi istoriuli movlenebi. rogorc viciT, veragi yae-
nis, mrisxane Temur-lengis Semoseva udides ubedurebad daatyda Tavs qarTvel
xalxs. saqarTvelos manamdec didi gaWirveba unaxavs agresorebis ZaladobiT,
magram Temur-lengis SemoseviT gamowveuli aoxreba umagaliTo iyo. misma Semo-
sevebma `qveynis aoxrebiTa da didZali xalxis daRupviT saqarTvelo ise daasus-
ta, rom Cvenma qveyanam saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi gamokeTeba veRar SeZlo~.2 Te-
mur-lengi didZali jariT gamoemarTa saqarTvelos dasapyrobad. 1386 wels Te-
muri `nacadi rCeuli jariTurT uecriv... saqarTvelos dedaqalaqs Tbiliss mo-
adga, sadac TviT mefe bagrati imyofeboda~. mefe cixeSi gamagrda. daiwyo sasti-
ki brZola. qarTvelebi gmirulad ibrZodnen da zRva sisxlis fasad icavdnen de-
daqalaqs... Temur-lengi gars Semoertya cixes da brZaneba gasca, radac ar unda
dajdomodaT, SeemusraT cixesimagre. qarTvelTa gmiruli brZolis miuxedavad,
ricxvmravalma mterma aiRo Tbilisi. mterma bagrat mefe Tavisi ojaxiTa da ama-
liT tyved Caigdo. datyvevebul mefes yaenma gamahmadianeba mosTxova. qarTuli
da somxuri istoriuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, bagratma, Temurisagan Tavis daRwevi-
sa da samagieros gadaxdis mizniT, garegnulad mahmadianoba miiRo. Temurma uxvad
daasaCuqra qarTveli mefe. bagratma yaens aRuTqva mTeli saqarTvelos dapyroba
da gamahmadianeba. gaxarebulma Temurma 12000 rCeuli meomriT gamoistumra igi
saqarTveloSi. rodesac bagrat mefe mouaxlovda saqarTvelos sazRvrebs, man wi-
naswar gafrTxilebuli Svilis, giorgis meoxebiT mTlianad gaJlita Temur-len-
gis jari da amiT Suri iZia mterze.
aRniSnul istoriul movlenebze da gadmocemebze aago akaki wereTelma `bag-
rat didis~ fabula. poemaSi asaxuli movlenebi, rogorc aRvniSneT, ZiriTadad
istoriul wyaroebzea damyarebuli. mTavari personaJebic: bagrat didi, leng-
Temuri da mefis Ze giorgi istoriuli pirebi arian. TxzulebaSi arsebiTad da-
culia istoriuli simarTle. aq istoriuli movlenebis SemoqmedebiTad asaxvas-
Tan erTad didi poeturi ostatobiT isea gamoyenebuli `mxatvruli gamonagoni~
da `poeturi Sevseba~, rom isini savsebiT bunebrivad da kanonzomierad Seesaty-
1
a k a k i w e r e T e l i , Txzulebani, t. XII, gv. 138.
2
n . b e r Z e n i S v i l i , i v . j a v a x i S v i l i , s . j a n a S i a , saqarTvelos istoria, 1946, gv. 284.
103
visebian namdvil istoriul viTarebas. am poemaSi gardasuli drois mxatvrul-
SemoqmedebiTi asaxva STagonebulia qveynis ukeTesi momavlis ganxorcielebis
idealebiT, erovnuli Cagvris mospobisaTvis xalxSi nacionalur ganmaTavisuf-
lebeli brZolis gaRvivebis miswrafebiT. qarTveli xalxis tragikuli istoriu-
li epoqis, samSoblos TavisuflebisaTvis yovelgvari piradis gawirvis mxat-
vruli gansaxierebis safuZvelze poeti mZafrad akritikebda Tanadroulobas
da xels uwyobda xalxSi gamarjvebis imedis ganviTarebas.
poema `bagrat didis~ ideuri sidiade imaSic mdgomareobs, rom masSi samSob-
los siyvaruli, misTvis Tavdadeba, misi dafaseba da pativiscema, umaRles
mwvervalzea ayvanili. TxzulebaSi didi STagonebiT gatarebulia is azri, rom
adamianma yvelaferi unda Seswiros samSoblos keTildReobas. saWiro SemTxvevaSi
mamuliSvilma samSoblosaTvis unda daTmos ojaxi, colic, Svilic, yovelgvari
maRali mdgomareoba da TviT sicocxlec ki. pirovnulis uyoymanod gawirva sa-
zogadosaTvis, samSoblosaTvis — bagratisa da isak moZRvris dialogsa da mTel
poemaSi garkveviT xazgasmulia es uaRresad keTilSobiluri ideali:
`colis damkargvi sxva cols SeirTavs,
mkvdar Svils uqarvebs meore Svili,
magram magiers ki veRar poebs
kaci, Tu ar hyavs mas deda tkbili~.
aq `deda~ — samSoblos simboloa.
is azri, rom samSoblos da xalxis interesebs yvelaferi unda davuqvemdeba-
roT da, saWiro SemTxvevaSi, unda SevwiroT kidec sakuTari dideba, ojaxi, su-
lic da sicocxlec, warmoadgens poemis wamyvan ideur Sinaarss.
poemaSi xazgasmulia qarTveli xalxis gmiroba da simamace, misi qeduxreli
brZola mravalricxovan agresorTa winaaRmdeg. akakis daxasiaTebiT sastiki gan-
sacdelis Jams mxneobiT aRWurvil qarTvelebs `gulSi ar edoT SiSi~. poemaSi aR-
niSnulia, rom saqarTvelos bedma `mohfina viTa kalia, mZvinvare, mxecqmnili
mongolTa Zala!~qvemoT poeti dasZens: Temur-lengma `rom simxniTa verra ga-
awyo, man moindoma rom sZlios ricxviT~. magram mravalricxovan uTanasworo
brZolebSi qarTvelebi ar Sedrknen da saarako gmiroba gamoiCines. Zlieri sa-
xelmwifoebis dapyrobiTa da miwasTan gasworebiT galaRebuli da Tan auracxe-
li jaris imediT gaTamamebuli Temur-lengi darwmunebuli iyo, rom qarTveleb-
sac advilad daimonebda, magram motyuvda. gmirma qarTvelma xalxma bevrjer
agema mters damarcxeba. qarTvelebis es gamarjvebani TbilisisTvis brZolaSi
unda momxdariyo. Tbilisis garSemo didi brZolebisa da qarTveli jaris Seupo-
vari gmirobis Sesaxeb `qarTlis cxovreba~ mogviTxrobs: rodesac Temur-lengi
uricxvi jariT saqarTvelosken gamoemarTa `viTarca Relvani zR¢sani ganZ¢ne-
bulni~, gardmovlo aboci, TrialeTi, sabaraTiano, `saSinelebiTa da zariTa~
sastikad aaoxra dasaxlebuli mxareebi. amis mcnobi bagrati ar SeuSinda mZvinva-
re mters, gaamagra Tbilisi. Temur-lengi amas ar moeloda. igi ègreT hgonebda
T¢T mis lvasa da morCilebasa mefisa bagratisa, viTarca morCil eqmna aTabagi da
sxuanica mravalni~.1 brZolis velze gamovida mefe bagrat qarTveli jariT da
mtris urdoebs Seutia da ìqmna brZola Zlieri imier da amier, da moisrna or-
kerZove simravleni spaTani da ufrosRa mravalni moswyvides spani lang-Temu-
risani~.2 poeti poemaSi istoriuli simarTliT, realisturad xatavs qarTvelTa
gmirobas da moZalade mtrisadmi Seurigeblobas. akaki Temur-lengis sityvebiT
qarTvelebs ase axasiaTebs:
1
`qarTlis cxovreba~, t. II, 1959, gv. 449. teqsti dadgenilia yvela xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiS-
vilis mier.
2
iqve, gv. 450.
104
`...gana ar vici, raa qarTveli?
mis Sesadari arsad minaxavs,
Tumc aziisa var me momvleli!
suliT maRali da guliT mtkice!..
misi ganzraxva uzakvelia
da, sanam pirSi suli udgia,
mis damonebac ufiqrelia~.
qarTvelTa amgvari Tvisebebis win wamoweviT poeti nergavda Tanadroul sa-
zogadoebaSi xalxis Zalebisadmi rwmenas, aRvivebda erovnuli TviTSegnebis
grZnobebs da xels uwyobda ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis ganviTarebas. xalxis
uWknobi sibrZniT aris STagonebuli poemis Semdegi striqonebi:
`cocxal monaze umjobesia
Tavisuflebis ZebnaSi mkvdari!
imisi saqme STamomavlobas
bnels gaunaTebs rogorc lampari~.
monur cxovrebasTan SedarebiT Tavisuflebis ZebnaSi sikvdilis upirateso-
bis aRiareba savsebiT gamoxatavs xalxis gmirul, mebrZol suliskveTebas, mis qe-
duxrelobas. TavisuflebisaTvis daRupuli gmiris `saqme STamomavlobas bnels
gaunaTebs, rogorc lampari~, aseTia poemaSi gamoxatuli suliskveTeba.
rogorc aRiniSna, poemis mTavari personaJebi bagrat didi da Temur-lengi
istoriuli pirovnebebia. bagrat mefe (bagrat V) giorgi brwyinvalis Zis, davi-
Tis Svili iyo da mefobda meToTxmete saukunis meore naxevarSi, daaxloebiT
1360-1393 wlebSi. qarTul, somxur da berZnul saistorio wyaroebSi bagrati
moxsenebulia, rogorc `didi mefe~, `mefeT-mefe~, ùsaxelovanesi mxedarTmTa-
vari~, `Zlevamosili da Zlieri~. poetic bagrats axasiaTebs aseve, rogorc `sa-
xelganTqmul, dRemde svian~ mefes, gulads, gmirs. bagrats samSoblosaTvis òf-
li da sisxli erTad uRvria~, ver aSinebs ubedureba, igi gulmagari, mxne da lom-
guli gmiria. mzad aris `tkbil deda samSoblos~ yvelaferi Seswiros. bagratis
rwmeniT, vinc samSoblos gawiravs da dakargavs, ìs saukunod ukunisamde nuRa
moelis keTilsa bolos~. samSoblos gareSe mas arad uCns samefo gvirgvini, saxe-
li, dideba da piradi brwyinvaleba. bagrati Wkviani da moxerxebulia. man gareg-
nulad miiRo mahmadianoba da miT motyuebul Temur-lengs miuzRo samagiero.
saerTod istoriulad cnobili pirebi akakim, Tavisi mxatvruli amocanebis
Sesabamisad, umTavresad ise daxata, ra saxiTac iyvnen isini daxasiaTebuli da war-
modgenili ZiriTad saistorio wyaroebSi. poetma mdidari mxatvruli gamonagoni-
sa da mravalferovani istoriul-literaturuli masalis mxatvrul-Semoqmedebi-
Tad gamoyenebis saSualebiT poeturad Seavso, gaacocxla da garkveuli mizniT
warmarTa Txzulebis personaJTa urTierTobani, amasTanave uzrunvelyo saxeTa
istoriuloba da Tanamedroveobis mwvave problemebTan maTi dakavSireba.
poemis personaJi ioseb (berobaSi isak) moZRvari istoriulad cnobili pirov-
neba ar aris, igi `mxatvruli gamonagonia~, magram savsebiT Seesabameba istoriul
sinamdviles. did poetur quraSi gatarebuli istoriuli masalebi da garkveuli
koncefciiT daxatuli saxe isak moZRvrisa da masTan dakavSirebuli situaciebisa
warmoadgens iseT `mxatvrul gamonagons~, romelic savsebiT Seefereba epoqas da
simarTliT warmogvidgens iseT personaJs, romelic `ra drosac ekuTvnis, xasiaTsa
da viTarebas namdvilad gvixatavs~. igi savsebiT bunebrivad da mTeli uSualobiT
eqsoveba `bagrat didis~, rogorc istoriuli Txzulebis, saerTo mdinarebas. aseTi
tipebi namdvilad cocxloben Cveni xalxis cxovrebasa da warmodgenaSi. Txzuleba-
Si iosebis saxe warmodgenilia, rogorc didi patrioti, samSoblosa da qveynisaT-
vis Tavdadebuli, qeduxreli gmiri. iosebi mTeli siamayiT acxadebs:
105
`Cemi col-Svili, Cemi saxl-kari,
amqveyniuri me netareba,
yvela Sevwire tkbil samSoblosa,
mindoda misi bedniereba!~
iosebi mozRvavebuli mtris winaaRmdeg brZolaSi `sisxlze sisxls~ umateb-
da da, miuxedavad mravali avbedobisa, bolomde inarCunebda Rrma optimizms. is
bagrats moagonebs:
`TeTri ara maqvs Tavze imdeni,
ramdenic tanze mtrisgan Wriloba~
ar Semdrekia arodes guli,
miT davimtkice qarTvlisSviloba~.
TxzulebaSi es personaJi kalmis ramdenime mosmiTaa Sesrulebuli. igi er-
Tgvari epizoduri saxiTaa naCvenebi, magram iseTi poeturi STagonebiTaa Cafiq-
rebuli da iseTi aspeqtebiTaa gansaxierebuli, rom mkiTxvelze waruxocel STa-
beWdilebas axdens. am personaJis saxiT poetma gamoxata qarTveli xalxis sib-
rZne, gautexeloba, mtrisadmi Seurigebloba, moZaladisadmi daumorCilebloba.
mis dialogSi mefesTan igrZnoba xalxis didi rwmena, rom mtrisagan aoxrebuli
qveyana kvlav ayvavdeba, `gmiruli misi saxeli ukunisamde ar daaviwydeba~ da
`samSoblos maRal didebas~ adamianma yovelive piraduli unda Seswiros.
poemis pirvel karSive asaxulia lang-Temuris mier Tbilisis aRebisa da bag-
rat didis datyvevebis epizodebi. ZiriTadad aq aris mocemuli Txzulebis eq-
spozicia. meoreSi ki warmodgenilia datyvevebuli bagrat didisa da misi moZR-
vris, isakis dialogi. orive gmiri mzadaa sakuTari interesebi da TviT sicocx-
lec ki anacvalon samSoblos interesebs, misi Tavisuflebis saqmes. am keTilSo-
biluri miznis misaRwevad Tavdapirvelad maT erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli gza
aqvT arCeuli: isaks —simtkice, aSkara brZola da qeduxreloba, bagrats ki — xer-
xis gamoyeneba, sarwmunoebis garegnulad Secvla, miT veragi lang-Temuris mo-
tyueba da Semdeg SurisZiebiT samSoblos ganTavisufleba. mamuliSvilebi bo-
los gaugeben erTmaneTs, isakic bagratis mier arCeul gzas daadgeba. arsebiTad
am karSi inaskveba nawarmoebis siuJeturi kvanZi. mesame karSi lang-Temurisa da
bagratis dialogSi asaxulia movlenaTa iseTi Semdgomi kulminaciuri ganviTare-
ba, romliTac sabolood uzrunvelyofilia gmir qarTvel patriotTa sabrZolo
meTodebis ganxorcieleba — Temuri aZlevs 12000 jariskacs bagrats, gzavnis sa-
qarTvelos dasapyrobad. bagratis xerxma gaWra. ukanasknel meoTxe karSi qarTvel
gmirTa ocnebis ganxorcielebaa daxatuli. bagratma Temuris jarebi viwro xeoba-
Si moaqcia da igi winaswar gandobili Svilis — giorgis daxmarebiT sul erTianad
gaJlita. aq movlenaTa siuJeturi ganviTareba mTavrdeba da finali aSkaraa.
saerTod poema kompoziciurad Sekrulia da TiTqmis sruliad Tavisufali
zedmeti xlarTebisagan. aRsaniSnavia, rom TxzulebaSi personaJebi Zalze gansazR-
vruli raodenobiTaa warmodgenili. amasTanave, maTi xasiaTebi araa sisruliT gaS-
lili. poema Tavisi ideuri mizandasaxulebis Sesabamisad Sesrulebulia xan liri-
kuli, xan paTosiT aRsavse intonaciiT. istoriuli ambis sidiadisa da siRrmis gad-
mosacemad poets aurCevia ZiriTadad aTmarcvlovani leqsis zoma. aRniSnuli gare-
moebis gamo poema erTgvarad moklebulia ritmul mravalferovnebas, magram sama-
gierod miRweulia warsulis tragikuli movlenebis kolorituli asaxva da mopo-
vebul gamarjvebaTa sazeimo STamagonebeli gadmocema. TxzulebaSi TiTqos ig-
rZnoba poema `bedi qarTlisas~ erTgvari qrola (bagratisa da iosebis dialogi,
mwvave paeqroba, bolos Serigeba da sxv.).
samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia azri, rom poema `bagrat didi~ aka-
kis cnobil poemebTan SedarebiT mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT ver dgas Tavis si-
106
maRleze~.1 poemaSi àr igrZnoba is simsubuqe da uSualoba, rac ase SesamCnevia
mis sxva nawarmoebebSi~.2 aRniSnuli mosazrebebi gasagebia, Tu poema `bagrat di-
dis~ mxatvrul Taviseburebebs marTlac SevafasebT akakis sxva, ufro maRal-
mxatvrul poemebTan Sedarebis TvalsazrisiT. magram samarTlianoba moiTxovs
isic aRiniSnos, rom calke aRebuli es nawarmoebi xasiaTdeba saintereso mxat-
vruli TaviseburebebiT. igi, rogorc akakis pirveli dasrulebuli istoriuli
poema, Tavisi RirsebebiT garkveul yuradRebas imsaxurebs. poema TavisTavad
moklebuli ar aris lirikul sifaqizes, paToss, kompoziciur Sekrulobas da si-
uJetur simaxviles. poemis ena sada da xalxuria. amasTanave isic unda aRiniSnos,
rom poemas aklia erTgvari damuSaveba, ris gamoc garkveuli strofebi da situa-
ciebi yovelTvis ar JReren akakisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli poeturi xmiT.
poemis daxasiaTebisas isic saTqmelia, rom am poemis Seqmnisas, garda erovnu-
li niadagisa da erovnuli istoriisa, erTgvari impulsi gaxda jer kidev gimna-
ziaSi swavlisas akakis maswavleblis — poloneli rodzieviCis saubrebi da didi
poloneli poetis, adam mickeviCis poema `konrad valenrodis~ gacnoba.
akakis `bagrat didisa~ da adam mickeviCis `konrad valenrods~ Soris garkve-
uli msgavsebis elementebi aSkarad SeiniSneba. akaki moswavleobidanve iyo gata-
cebuli didi poloneli mwerliT da misi gmiriT da roca saqarTvelos istoria-
Si valenrodis gmirobasTan damsgavsebuli faqti aRmoaCina, mas siamovnebiT mis-
wvda.
poema `kikolas naambobi~ dawerili unda iyos 1885-1886 wlebSi. arsebobs az-
ri, TiTqosda kikola sxvitoris axlomdebare sofel orRulis mkvidri kikola
kalmaxeliZea. akaki am glexis ambavs gascnobia mezobeli glexebis meSveobiT.
cxadia, poemis dawerisas akakim gamoiyena sxva masalebic, kerZod xalxuri gad-
mocemebi, qarTuli Tu sxva istoriuli wyaroebi, krwanisis omis momswre-monawi-
leTa monaTxrobebi an maT STamomavalTa mier gadmocemuli cnobebi. `kikolas
naambobs~ gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs akakis istoriul poemebSi. Tu sxva
TxzulebebSi mTavar personaJebad ZiriTadad mefeebi da didebulebi arian war-
modgenili, `kikolas naambobSi~ ZiriTadi moqmedi gmiria xalxis dabali fenidan
gamosuli yma glexi kikola. avtoris mizans Seadgenda SaravandediT Seemosa sam-
SoblosaTvis Tavdadebuli saxalxo gmiri — glexi kikola da masTan erTad mSro-
meli mosaxleobis is razmi, romelmac saarako gmiroba gamoiCina Semoseuli
mtris winaaRmdeg sastik brZolaSi.
aRa-mahmad-xanma qarTl-kaxeTis samefos kvlav kategoriulad mosTxova
ìranis uzenaesobis cnoba... qarTl-kaxeTis mowinave wreebma da mefem civi ua-
riT gaistumres aRa-mahmad-xanis mociquli~.3 maT ruseTTan hqondaT xelSekru-
leba dadebuli da pirobas ar uRalatebdnen. amas mohyva veragi Sahis didZali
jariT Tavdasxma saqarTveloze. mteri Tbilisis karibWes moadga. krwanisis vel-
ze unda gadawyvetiliyo qveynis bedi. dadga qarTveli xalxis yofna-aryofnis
sakiTxi. poemis ZiriTadi siuJeti am tragikul movlenazea agebuli. am brZolaSi
qarTvelTa mxedrobam erekle meoris xelmZRvanelobiT kvlav uCvena kacobrio-
bas Tavisi gmiruli SemarTeba, samSoblosTvis saarako Tavdadeba.
am istoriul simarTles rom asaxavs akaki wereTeli, iqve gviCvenebs qarTvelTa
damarcxebis mizezsac. mZafri guliswyromiT aris mxilebuli gadagvarebuli feoda-
lebis veragoba, batoniSvilTa urTierTSuRli da gautanloba.
Tavdapirvelad naCvenebia qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mZime saSinao da sagareo
mdgomareoba. brZolebSi gaWaRaravebuli erekle uCivis xandazmulobas, amas-
1
am b e r k i g a C e C i l a Z e , akaki wereTeli, 1949. gv. 93.
2
S . r a d i a n i , a xali qarTuli literatura, 1954, gv. 329, Sdr. guram asaTiani, vefxistyaosnidan
baxtrionamde, gv. 305-306.
3
i. c i n c a Z e , aRa-mahmad-xanis Tavdasxma saqarTveloze, Tb., 1963, gv. 3.
107
Tan, siberis Jams RmerTs movsZuldio, — acxadebs gvirgvinosani. swored aseT
dros moiSala Sinagani erTianoba da gareSe mtrebmac axla moices Zalao. amas
zed isic daerTo, rom batoniSvilebs Soris Tanxmoba aRar aris, isini erTmaneTs
hglejen kalTas, sxvadasxva mxriv miiweven. momravldnen moRalateebic. swored
amiT isargebles gareSe mtrebmac da qveyanas Tavs daatyda sparselTa Tavdasxma.
poemis es eqspoziciuri nawili mrume ganwyobilebas qmnis miT ufro maSin, roca
mkiTxvelis winaswar Sesamzadeblad avtori aviTarebs eris konsolidaciis ide-
as. aq mkafiod aris Tqmuli:
`mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelo
or nawilad gayofila,
mSvidoba da mosveneba
aRarc erTSi ar yofila.
gvaviwydeba, rom Zmebi varT,
erTmaneTis ganayari;
erTis sisxliT morwyuli gvaqvs
mindori, tye, mTa da bari~.
kikolasaTvis warmoudgenelia ZmaTa Soris uTanxmoeba. igi Tavs erTiani
qveynis moqalaqed grZnobs da tomobrivi gankerZoeba misTvis iseve ucxoa, ro-
gorc mamulis Ralati. es aris glexTa wridan gamosuli WeSmariti mamuliSvili.
kikolas kontrastuli saxea misi Zma, batonis yurmoWrili mona-morCili, vinc
daemorCila sakuTari mebatonis gulisTqmas da ar gahyva meomrebs mamulis dasa-
cavad. TviT kikolas dedac wyevlis kikolas umadur Zmas. deda kikolas mimar-
Tavs: Svilo, dRemde giglovdi, Senze vicvamdi Savsao, dReidan vigloveb im Sens
Zmas, moRalates da avsao~.
zurab wereTlis saxe — es aris moRalate feodalis saxe, romelic `yizilbaSu-
ri~ medidurobiT zians ayenebs saqarTvelos. zurabi istoriuli piria. istoriu-
lad mas didi wvlili miuZRvis imereTis samefos ruseTTan dakavSirebaSi, magram
akaki mas yvelgan uaryofiTad gvixatavs. zurabs, rogorc mefis pirvel saxlTuxu-
cess, samefo karze didi gavlena moupovebia. mefec ki ùmisod veras hbedavda~. igi,
rogorc mebatone, sastiki da daundobelia. man sastiki mopyrobiT Suri iZia kiko-
lasa da mis ojaxze, ar daindo xalxis sayvareli mkurnali oTar TurmaniZe, xolo,
rodesac mefem saTaTbirod miiwvia qarTl-kaxeTis daxmarebaze, uaryofiTi rCeva
misca mefes. saerTo-saxalxo saqme man imereTisaTvis Soreul da saziano saqmed ga-
moacxada. gamTiSveli politikis mimdevarma ase ganacxada: `raT daviwyluloT sxvi-
saTvis guli, roca isari Cven ar gvesobao~. es zviadi feodali veragulad atyuebs
mefe erekles, radgan daaimeda igi, Caaba sastik omSi da TviTon ki imereTisaken gab-
runda... poemis mixedviT, moRalate wereTelma muxanaTurad daRupa mefe solomo-
nic, risTvisac xalxi mas wyevla-krulviT ixseniebda.
poemaSi mravali istoriuli movlena simarTliT aris warmosaxuli, magram imis
aRniSvna, rom TiTqos solomonsa da zurab wereTels krwanisis omSi monawileoba
ar mieRoT, istoriul WeSmaritebas ar gamoxatavs. aRniSnulis irgvliv azrTa sxva-
dasxvaobaa. zogi wyaro uaryofs imerTa mxedrobis — solomon mefisa da zurab we-
reTlis monawileobas am brZolaSi, zogi ki aRiarebs. rogorc Cans, poeti `kikolas
naambobis~ werisas emyareboda rusi avtorebis — butkovisa da dubrovinis tenden-
ciur monacemebs. maSindeli qarTuli istoriografiis dabali done da problemaTa
Seuswavleloba akakis aiZulebda dayrdnoboda oficiozur cnobebs, aman ki isto-
riuli simarTlis damaxinjeba gamoiwvia mis poemaSi. mogvianebiT poetis mimarT say-
veduris werilebic daibeWda, akakic Caeba kamaTSi, magram problemis gaSuqebaSi
gardatexa maSin ar momxdara.
rac Seexeba poemaSi asaxul qarTvelTa gmirobas, obieqturi sinamdvilea da
ara poetis fantaziis nayofi.
108
poema saerTod maRalmxatvruladaa Sesrulebuli. leqsi moqnili da elas-
tikuria. yoveli mxatvruli saxe naTeli da gamWvirvalea. moqmedeba dinamiku-
ria. poeti gvevlineba epikuri Txrobis didostatad. nawarmoebSi uxvadaa gamo-
yenebuli xalxuri leqsika, brZnuli Tqmebi, hiperbolebi, Sedarebani da sxva.
akaki wereTeli mTel Tavis SemoqmedebaSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uT-
mobda erovnuli konsolidaciis, qarTveli xalxis mtkice erTianobis, sruliad
saqarTvelos mTlianobis ideas. poema `naTela~ swored am sakiTxs exeba. poema
pirvelad daibeWda 1897 wels. TxzulebaSi gadmocemulia qarTvelTa patriotiz-
mi. samSoblosaTvis Tavdadeba da gmiruli paTosi erTmaneTs erwymis. gmir qar-
Tvel mamakacebTan erTad aq daxatulia gmiri qarTveli qalis patriotuli saxe.
poeti gviCvenebs Cveni qalebis siwmindes, zneobriv ubiwobas, ojaxisa da qmris ga-
nuzomel siyvaruls. akakis azriT, Cveni qalebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT patriotiz-
mia damaxasiaTebeli.
poema `naTela~ istoriul Temazea agebuli. masSi SemoqmedebiTadaa gamoye-
nebuli mematianeTa cnobebi, qarTul da ucxour enebze arsebuli saistorio
wyaroebi, mxatvruli literatura da folkloruli masalebi, poemis siuJeti
gamdidrebulia poeturi gamonagoniT. poemaSi asaxulia qarTveli xalxis avbe-
doba monRolTa Semosevisas da amer-imerTa imdroindeli aSliloba, Ralati da
sisxlisRvra. damxobili Zmobisa da erTobis daSlis niadagze `dadga bneli, sa-
zareli dro mxecebis sanavardo!... mzis sxivebis veRar mWvreti gaxma ia, daWkna
vardi~. amiT isargebles agresorTa urdoebma da Savi dRe gauTenes qveyanas: yo-
veli mxriT gaismoda sulTambrZoli `vai, viSi~ da dacemul qarTvelobis aRar
hqondaT mis mtrebs SiSi~. moZaladeebma qveyana gaanadgures, `mTa da bari gaas-
wores, SeaerTes zRva da vake~.
poemaSi didi simZafriTaa dagmobili samefoTa da tomTa Soris Ralati da
daundobeli brZola. aq xazgasmulia, rom mZime viTarebaSi saqarTvelos moevli-
na kidev ufro didi ubedureba: ZmaTa Soris Suri, gautanloba, undobloba da
sisxlisRvra. separatizmis, urTierTqiSpis, Ralatis niadagze adre ZlierebiT
ganTqmuli saxelmwifo dauZlurda da daeca, gadagvarebisa da gadaSenebis dro
daudga. `naTelaSi~ daviT guramiSvilis cnobili striqonebis gamoyenebiT, akaki
xatavs amereTsa da imereTs Soris arsebuli uTanxmoebis suraTs:
`mama-papis waRma xnuli
SviliSvilTa daRma farcxes!
da amereT-imereTmac
erTmaneTi daamarcxes~.
jer kidev 1867 wels gaz. `droebis~ furclebze akaki miuTiTebda: `Sav-ukuR-
marT droebisagan daTesili ZvelTaganve uTanxmoeba ubedurad moimko saqar-
Tvelom, rodesac is, saqarTvelo, ganawilda ramdenime samefod da samTavroe-
bad... Zmuri kavSiri gawyda maT Soris da mizezic es iyo saqarTvelos dacemisa da
gaoxrebisa~. poeti kargad xedavda mecxramete saukuneSi qarTveli xalxis erov-
nuli konsolidaciis process da imediTa da sasoebiT Sehxaroda am mniSvnelovan
movlenas.
poemis personaJi, samegrelos mTavari cotne dadiani istoriulad cnobili
pirovnebaa. is iyo erisTavT-erisTavis, Sergil dadianis vaJi da cxovrobda XIII
saukuneSi. mematieneni mas didi pativiscemiT ixsenieben da axasiaTeben rogorc
saTno, warCinebul da brZolaTa Sina saxelovan kacs. sxva adgilas JamTaaRmwere-
li cotnes Sesaxeb wers: cotne dadiani iyo `saTnoeba maRali da gansaTqmeli,
saqme sakvirveli da yovlisa qebisa Rirsi~. misi gmirobis ambavi Taobidan Taoba-
ze gadmodioda. cotne dadiani monawileobda monRolTa batonobis winaaRmdeg
mowyobil koxtas Tavis SeTqmulebaSi. igi sruliad saqarTvelos patriotebTan
erTad amer-imerTa erTiani sabrZolo SekavSirebiT lamobda qveynis gaTavisuf-
109
lebas. Sendobilebma gadawyvites ajanyebis mowyoba da droc daTqves. manamde
unda ezrunaT jaris Sekrebaze. cotne gaemarTa Tavis samTavroSi laSqris sawve-
vad. saubedurod, SeTqmuleba gamJRavnda. monRolebma gandobilni Sepyrobilni
waiyvanes qalaq anisSi da noinis brZanebiT Seudgnen maT saSinel wamebas — xel-
fexSekrulni, gaSiSvlebulni daawvines mzeze. cotnem gaigo ra SeTqmulTa Sepy-
roba, vaJkacurad gaiziara maTi bedi. noinma didad gaikvirva dadianis amgvari
qceva. am gmirobiT aRfrTovanebulma gaaTavisufla qarTvelni.
saistorio wyaroebze dayrdnobiT akakim warmosaxa cotnes STambeWdavi saxe.
man SemoqmedebiTad gaiziara JamTaaRmwerlis cnobebi. amasTan, poemaSi CaurTo sa-
intereso, momxibvleli epizodebi, gaamdidra igi poeturi gamonagoniT: adidebuli
mdinaris (yvirilas) vaJkacurad gadalaxva (sxvaTa Soris, es xerxi akakis sayvareli
xerxia. gavixsenoT glaxa baqraZis mier adidebuli aragvis gadalaxva moTxrobaSi
`baSi-aCuki~), naTelasTan gamocxadeba, patriotuli davalebis miReba, pirobis Ses-
ruleba, qorwili xopSi, sxvadasxva mxridan patriotTa sasaxlis aRwera, tyved-
pyrobil SeTqmulTa werili, cotnes saubari noinTan, naTelasTan Sexvedra urdo-
Si da sxv. am poemaSi akakisaTvis ufro damaxasiaTebelia zogadi StrixebiT persona-
Jis gamokveTa. cotnes daxatvisas avtori iyenebs folklorul personaJTa damaxa-
siaTebel niSnebs, `vefxistyaosnis~ mZleTamZle personaJebis zog Tvisebas.
poemis ideuri Sinaarsis gaSlis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani personaJia mo-
dinaxes cixis mflobelis, qveli wereTlis asuli naTela. am saxis Seqmnisas aka-
kis fantazias asazrdoebda Cveni qveynis istoriuli cxovrebis cnobili movle-
nebi, mxatvruli literatura da xalxuri Semoqmedeba. qarTul saistorio wya-
roebsa da folklorSi mravali gmiri qalis saxe gvxvdeba, romelnic Semkobilni
arian Rirseuli TvisebebiT. wlebis manZilze xalxi umReroda, qeba-didebas as-
xamda patriot qalebs, xolo xalxur mTqmelebs da mematianeebs ar aviwydebodaT
maTTvis saTanado adgilis miCena. akakimac marjved waatana xeli masalebs da maT
Targze aago naTelas saxe. poeti gmir qals axasiaTebs, rogorc qarTveli xalxis
erovnuli erTianobisaTvis mebrZol patriots, visTvisac umTavresia samSob-
los momavali. mas Tavi ubedurad manamde miaCnia, sanam qarTvels monRolis uRe-
li adgas, guls uklavs is viTareba, rom `lixs iqiT moZme qarTveli ymad gauxdia
monRolebs~, misTvis Zvirfasia imgvari davalebis micema satrfosaTvis, rome-
lic qveynis ganTavisuflebis saqmes emsaxureba. am mxriv igi nestan-darejans Ca-
mohgavs. akaki poeturi aRmafreniT xatavs qalis saxes. modinaxes cixis patroni,
qveli wereTlis asuli oblobaSi gazrdila, `ciT mowyvetili varskvlavi edemSi
rguli vardia... odnav upoben lal-bageT kbilebi margalitisa, Tan axlavs ena
bulbulis da moWikWike Citisa~. naTelas sulieri sidiade misi momxibvleli ga-
regnobis sruli adekvaturia. garegnul portrets avtori did yuradRebas uT-
mobs. `tanadoba aqvs alvis xis da Tvaladoba mTvarisa, Rimili ciskris var-
skvlavis, sxivosan moelvarisa~. cisferTvaleba naTela `samoTxis Camsaxvelia,
koWebamde scems xuWuWi, Savi ukuni bnelia~. naTelas momxibvlelobiT mravali
vaJkaci dainteresebula, magram `vefxistyaosnis~ gmir qalTa darad masac guli-
dan ar scildeba Segoneba `sjobs, sayvarelsa uCvenne saqmeni sagmironia!~ da na-
Telac swored imas igulvebs saqmrod, vinc samSoblos mtrebs risxvad moevli-
neba. akaki mravalnair xerxs iyenebs personaJis bunebis ukeT warmosaCenad. naTe-
las simRera `Congurs simebi gavubi~ saqarTvelos mTlianobis ideiTaa STagone-
buli da sruliad saqarTvelos erTobis, eris konsolidaciis gamomxatveli him-
nia. naTelas simRera xalxma aitaca da sayvarel simRerad aqcia:
`Conguri saqarTveloa,
simebi Cven varT yvelao,
sxvadasxva kuTxis mcxovrebni
odela-dela, delao!.
110
erTi maTganic rom gawydes,
maSinve unda Svelao,
rom ar gafuWdes Conguri
odela-dela delao...~
akakis mouSoreblad awuxebda eris konsolidaciis problema. am motivTan da-
kavSirebiT man 1876 wels gaz. `droebaSi~ gamoaqveyna feletoni `Canguri~. aq akaki
werda: `saqarTvelo es aris Conguri, romlis simebsac Seadgenen: qarTli, kaxeTi,
imereTi, guria, samegrelo, afxazeTi, svaneTi, aWara, lazistani da sxv. TiToeuls
amaTgans Tavisi sakuTari xma aqvs, magram kerZod TavisTavad arc erTs ara aqvs Za-
la, Tu erTmaneTs ar SeuTanxmdnen~. es motivacia mgosanma mravaljer gaimeora.
kerZod `vefxistyaosanze~ wakiTxul leqciaSic ki. xolo dasrulebuli kompozici-
is leqsis saxiT warmoadgina poema `naTelaSi~.
akaki wereTlis epikur TxzulebebSi gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva poema `Tor-
nike erisTavi~. igi xasiaTdeba ubadlo mxatvruli ostatobiT da Rrma ideuro-
biT. am nawarmoebiT poetma SemoqmedebiTad ganaviTara da gaamdidra axali qar-
Tuli literaturis Zvirfasi saganZuri. aRniSnul poemaSi akaki wereTelma didi
poeturi xedviT asaxa Cveni qveynis gmiruli warsulis didi istoriuli movlene-
bi, xalxis sibrZne, saxelovani tradiciebi, gautexeli mxneoba, uSreti Zliereba,
humanizmi, maRali idealebi da didi mxatvruli ZaliT daayena igi Tanadroulo-
bis interesebis samsaxurSi.
poemis siuJeti agebulia meaTe saukunis meore naxevris istoriul movleneb-
ze. aRniSnuli epoqa metad saintereso xanaa qarTveli xalxis cxovrebaSi. am pe-
riodSi, ramdenadac es im dros SesaZlebeli iyo, safuZveli Caeyara saqarTve-
los gaerTianebas, èrovnulad dakuwuli sxeulis gamTelebas~,1 qveynis politi-
kur Zlierebas, ekonomikur aRmavlobas da kulturul-literaturuli cxovre-
bis warmatebas. am xanaSi sakmaod momwifda da ganviTarda qarTveli xalxis erov-
nuli TviTSegneba. im dros saqarTvelo tols ar udebda mezobel xalxebs, qar-
Tvelebi agebdnen kulturis centrebs TviT bizantiaSic da Tavdadebulad iR-
vwodnen qarTuli mecnierebisa da kulturis ayvavebisaTvis, mSobliuri enis
ganviTarebisa da misi Rirsebis dacvisaTvis. imdroindeli saqarTvelo axlo ur-
TierTobaSi imyofeboda msoflios Zlier da mowinave saxelmwifoebTan. qarTve-
lebs Zala SeswevdaT daxmarebodnen Zlier saberZneTs da daexsnaT igi barda
skliarosis darbevisagan.
saistorio wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom bizantiis samefos aujanyda sardali
barda skliarosi. mojanyem zedized daamarcxa bizantiis keisris — basilis ja-
rebi, miadga sataxto qalaqs da lamobda mis aRebas. SeSinebulma, udao damarcxe-
bis saSiSroebis winaSe mdgarma basilma, daxmarebisaTvis mimarTa tao-klarje-
Tis mefe daviT kurapalats. daviTma miaSvela keisars Tormeti aTasi qarTveli
Tornike erisTavisa (Tornike im dros berad iyo Semdgari aTonis mTaze) da jo-
jikis mTavarsardlobiT. qarTvelma meomrebma sastikad daamarcxes barda skli-
arosi da saberZneTi gadaarCines darbevas. cnobilia, rom barda skliarosis
ajanyeba daiwyo 976 wels da grZeldeboda 979 wlamde. ufro sworad, Tornikem
skliarosis jarebi sabolood daamarcxa 979 wlis 24 marts2.
poeti Txzulebis pirvelsave taepebSi gvacnobs qarTveli xalxis gmirobasa
da vaJkacobas. poets Rrmad swams, rom qarTveli eri kvlav cocxalia, ar mom-
kvdara da gvasuldgmulebs ukeTesi momavlis imedi:
`naSTi Zveli didebisa
ar gamqrala jerac yvela...
1
k. k e k e l i Z e , Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, t. I, 1951, gv. 44.
2
k. k e k e l i Z e , etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriidan, t. II, gv. 224.
111
dResac misi SaravandiT
niSans gvaZlevs cisartyela!...
Svid samTavros mogvagonebs
moelvare is Svidferi
da gvimRerebs ar momkvdara,
gaiRviZebs isev eri~.
poemaSi asaxuli mTavari movlenebi, ZiriTadad istoriuli faqtebi qveynis
cxovrebis sinamdvilidanaa aRebuli. nawarmoebis mTavari personaJebi: daviT
kurapalati, ioane da Tornike erisTavi, bizantiis imperatorebi konstantine da
basili, dedofali Teofania, barda skliarosi, moqis Tavadi afraniki da sxv. is-
toriuli pirebi arian. yvela maTganis mxatvruli saxe mdidar istoriul wyaro-
ebsa da xalxur gadmocemebs eyrdnoba. poetma mdidari istoriuli faqtebi, masa-
lebi istoriuli simarTliT aametyvela, mianiWa maT maradiuli poeturi ukvda-
veba. `Tornike erisTavi~ namdvilad istoriuli, saxalxo heroikuli poemaa.
poeti aRniSnavda ra winaparTa did damsaxurebas qveynisa da msoflios, gan-
sakuTrebiT saberZneTis winaSe, miuTiTebda, rom Cven valdebuli varT Seviswav-
loT Cveni warsuli, gavicnoT Cveni mama-papebi da maTi Rvawli, rom Cvenc maTis
mibaZviT, droisa da adgilis Sesaferad awmyoSi momavlisaTvis viSromoT.
akaki wereTlis mier `Tornike erisTavSi~ qarTveli eris istoriuli damsa-
xurebis xazgasmas udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda qarTvelebis erovnuli siamayis
grZnobis gaRvivebisaTvis, misdami pativiscemis, misis avtoritetis aRiarebisa
da zrdis saqmeSi. amiT poeti xalxSi aRvivebda patriotizmis suliskveTebas, ko-
loniuri Cagvris winaaRmdeg brZolis miswrafebas.
saistorio wyaroebSi gakvriT aris moxsenebuli zemoqveynebis qarTlisaT-
vis gadmocemis Sesaxeb. akakim am cnobas sagangebo mniSvneloba mianiWa, rogorc
did erovnul da saxelmwifoebriv movlenas. es aris xazgasmuli Tornike eris-
Tavis sityvebSi mefesTan da kaTalikosTan saubarSi:
`samagierod qarTls hpirdebian
zemo qveynebis dabrunebasa;
mxolod amisTvis me daveTanxme
imaT survils da imaT nebasa~.
saistorio wyaroebiT dasturdeba, rom zemoqveynebi adre marTlac qarTve-
lebs ekuTvnodaT (sabinini), xolo skliarosis damarcxebis Semdeg bizantiis ke-
isarma is dapirebis Tanaxmad daubruna saqarTvelos. poemaSi aRniSnulia, rom,
brZolis velidan gamarjvebuli qarTveli jaris dabrunebisas, Tornike eris-
Tavma mefes gadasca upirvelesi da gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebo saCuqari — ze-
moqveynebis dabrunebis sigeli. es suraTi iSviaTi sazeimo STagonebiTaa poemaSi
daxatuli.
am sakiTxis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos istoriis wignSi aRniSnulia: `madlierma ba-
silma am daxmarebis sanacvlod daviTs didi miwa-wyali aCuqa: karinis anu erzeru-
mis olqi, mezobeli basianis olqi (amJamad paseni), harqisa da apahuniqis olqebi,
metad mniSvnelovani cixe xaldo-ariWi da klisura (zekari) mTavar gzaze erzeru-
midan trapizonisaken da sxv.~.1 cnobilia, rom bizantia am droisaTvis msoflioSi
saxelganTqmuli qveyana iyo Tavisi ganviTarebuli kulturiT, mdidari mwerlobi-
Ta da swavla-ganaTlebiT. am kulturiT dainteresebuli iyo saqarTveloc. igi yo-
velTvis cdilobda `bizantiis kulturis centrSi SeWras~ (k.kekeliZe) da es miswra-
feba ganaxorciela kidec barda skliarosis damarcxebis Sedegad miRebuli alafis
gamoyenebiT — aTonis mTaze iveriis monastris agebiT. es istoriuli cnoba mTeli
mxatvruli simarTliT da didi poeturi ZaliT daxata akakim Tavis poemaSi.
1
n. be r Z e n i S v i l i , iv. javaxiSvili, s. janaSia, saqarTvelos istoria, 1946, gv. 158.
112
poemaSi asaxulia mravali vnebebis, miswrafebis, aqtiuri moqmedebisa da wrfe-
li grZnobis Semcveli xasiaTebi... am mxriv gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva qarTveli sar-
dlebis: orbeliZis, jojikis, javSaniZis da lomkac savarsamiZis epizoduri saxeebi.
aRniSnuli personaJebi ZiriTadad istoriulad an gadmocemebiT cnobili pirebi
arian.
Txzulebis pirvel TavSive gviCvena avtorma sardal orbeliZis SesaniSnavi
saxe da misadmi simpatiuri grZnobiT Sepyrobili mkiTxveli nawarmoebis bolom-
de ganicdis mis mdgomareobas, Sestrfis mis vaJkacobas, wuxs misi avbedobiT da
Seuwyveteli, didi interesiT adevnebs Tvalyurs masTan dakavSirebul movle-
nebsa da situaciebs.
poemaSi daviT kurapalati daxatulia im amaRlebuli saxiT da momxiblao-
biT, rogoric Seefereboda mis istoriul rolsa da saqveyno avtoritets. davi-
Ti gamoCenili istoriuli pirovnebaa, igi saqarTvelos, ufro zustad, tao-
klarjeTis Zlieri mefe iyo, saqarTvelos erTian saxelmwifod SekavSirebis fu-
Zemdebeli. daviT kurapalati TxzulebaSi iSviaTad gamoCndeba xolme, igi epi-
zodur CarCoebSia moqceuli, magram yoveli misi gamoCena did STabeWdilebas ax-
dens mkiTxvelze.
Tornike erisTavi, rogorc viciT, istoriuli pirovnebaa. poetma Tanamed-
roveobis progresuli ideebis Suqze asaxa igi ìstoriuli sunTqviT~. Tornikes
mxatvruli saxe scildeba epoqis CarCoebs da Tavisi keTilSobiluri Tvisebe-
biT, moraliT, moqalaqeobrivi idealebiT exmaureba Tanamedroveobis, mowinave
kacobriobis suliskveTebas. Tornike erisTavis Sesaxeb wyaroebSi SedarebiT
mcire cnobebi moipoveba. giorgi mTawmindelis TxzulebaSi `cxovreba iovanesi
da efT¢mesi~ mxolod ramdenime Strixia warmodgenili am didi mxedarTmTavris
cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. aq aRniSnulia, rom `didi Tornik T¢isa que-
yanasa monazon iqmna~. Tornikes aTonSi misvlisas `friadi sixaruli iqmna monas-
tersa Sina mas dResa, rameTu arca didi aTanasi umecar iyo Tornikis saqmesa da
warCinebulobasa da àxovanebasa~.1 xolo amave TxzulebaSi sxva adgilas naTqva-
mia: `....didi Tornik wyobaTa Sina aRzrdil iyo da salaSqroTa saqmeTa... ubnoba
da hambavi uyuarda~.2
Txzulebis siuJetur ganviTarebaSi poeti TanmiyolebiT amdidrebs Tornike
erisTavis saxes. skliarosis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi naCvenebia qarTveli mxedar-
TmTavris didi gamocdileba, uswrafesi mosazrebuloba, razmTawyobis ubadlo
xelovneba, saomari moqmedebis brZnuli strategia da taqtika.
barda skliarosTan SedarebiT Tornike erisTavi erTgvarad kontrastuli
saxea. skliarosi, marTalia, frTxili da gamocdili sardalia, magram amasTanave
igi brazmoreuli, nerviuli da mousvenaria: `kbilebs ilesavs brazmoreuli, arc
dRe, arc Rame aRar aqvs Zili~; Tornike erisTavi ki dinji, auRelvebeli, winda-
xeduli, SorsmWvreteli, brZeni, iSviaTi gulisxmieri, uaRresad energiuli da
didi taqtis sardalia. mxcovanebis miuxedavad, axasiaTebs Wabukuri simxne. gan-
sakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia Tornike erisTavis mebrZoli humanizni. mtrebTan omSi
dauzogvels, mxnes utex mxedarTmTavars damarcxebuli mtris mimarT udidesi
pativiscema da gulisxmiereba axasiaTebs. mas amoZravebs rainduli suliskveTe-
ba. damorCilebuli mtris mimarT SurisZieba damamcirebel, Seuracxmyofel
grZnobad miaCnia.
`vaJkacs rom bedi sxvas daamonebs,
dasatanjavad isic eyofa!~
1
g i o r g i m T a w m i n d e l i , cxovreba iovanesi da efT¢mesi, 1946, gv. 17.
2
iqve, gv. 29.
113
— aseTia Tornikes pozicia. mtris banakidan tyved Cavardnil meomarTa Rirsebis
dasacavad sardali Tavisianebs ubrZanebs: nurvin gabedavs datyvevebulebs, rom
miayenos Seuracxyofao. kacTmoyvareobis maRali grZnobiTaa gamTbari gamar-
jvebuli mxedarTmTavris sityvebi: `sikvdili yvelas aTanasworebs: Tvisians,
ucxos, mters da moyvares!~. gmiri qarTveli mxedarTmTavris omis Semdeg gace-
muli brZaneba aseTia: `gaurCevelad, qarTveli iyos, ginda sparseli, ginda ber-
Zeni, ginda somexi, sul erTianad mohkideT xeli!... vecadoT yvelam da nu davak-
lebT daWrilebs movlas da mkvdrebs samares~.
amrigad, Tornike erisTavis saxe samSoblosa da xalxis diadi sagmiro saqmee-
biT, misi sibrZniT, mdidari grZnobebiT, saukeTeso miswrafebebiT aris STagone-
buli. amitomaa, rom igi qarTvel gmirTa gundSi ise brwyinavda, rogorc gvir-
gvinSi pirveli Tvali~.
poema `Tornike erisTavi~ didi mxatvruli ostatobiTaa Sesrulebuli. igi
gamoirCeva iSviaTi poeturi saRebavebiT, sada, daxvewili saxeebiTa da ambavTa
saintereso ganviTarebiT. poemis mxatvruli Taviseburebebi pasuxoben epopeis
ideur mizandasaxulobas. Txzulebis fabula, kompozicia, siuJeti personaJTa
daxatvis ostatoba, poeturi gamosaxvis saSualebaTa SerCeva-gamoyeneba, bune-
bis suraTebi, ena da mxatvruli asaxvis sxva saSualebebi savsebiT emsaxureba na-
warmoebis ideis srulyofilad STamagoneblad gadmocemis amocanas.
poeti didi ostatobiT xatavs batalur scenebs, brZolis suraTebs. uaRre-
sad STambeWdavad aris aRwerili brZolis yvela epizodi:
`kiJina, kvnesa, wyeva, muqara
da Caxa-Cuxis xma gulsazari
areulia da fexiT gaaqvT
cxenebs daWrili da cocxal-mkvdari~.
gansakuTrebiT did eqspresiulobas da mxatvrul uSualobas aRwevs poeti
omis Semdgomi suraTis daxatvaSi. poemis es Tavi STagonebulia Rrma humanizmiT,
sastiki protestiT kacTa borotnamoqmedaris, adamianTa xocva-Jletis, kacob-
riobis gamanadgurebeli omebis winaaRmdeg. SeuZlebelia mRelvarebis gareSe wa-
ikiTxos adamianma tragizmiT aRsavse striqonebi, romlebic gvisuraTeben mTva-
riT ganaTebuli naomari velis suraTs:
`gaanaTa da gamoaCina
dasanaxavi gulSesazari,
TiTqos undoda eCvenebina
kacisTvis borotnamoqmedari.
sul daWril mkvdrebiT mofenilia
xeoba, Rele, tye da mindori!
visic sicocxle dilas hyvaoda,
axla Seqmnila leSi da mZori~.
poeti uWknobi SaravandediT mosavs im mamuliSvilis ukvdav saxels, romel-
mac `Tavis samSoblo qveynis xsovnaSi samaradisod daxuWa Tvali~:
`dedis cremlebis man sapasuxod
aq brZolis velze sisxli daRvara...
da Seasrula miT Rirseulad
mamuliSvilis ukvdavi vali,
Tavis samSoblo qveynis xsovnaSi
samaradisod daxuWa Tvali!~
uaRresad faqizad aris poetis mier Sesrulebuli Wabuki gmiris erTgvari
datireba. Wabuks did saqveyno movaleobasTan erTad guls uxurvebda sxva faqi-
zi grZnobac. magram sikvdilma yvelaferi ferflad aqcia, ganuxorcielebeli
datova bevri misi ocneba:
114
`vin icis, radara saidumlo
man saiqios Tan waitana?
Sors sadme qarTlSi dedam gamoscnos,
an gulis satrfom es gamocana!~...
es striqonebi da aRwerili epizodebi saerTod TavianTi didi mxatvruli STa-
gonebiT aRviveben xalxSi omebis, kacTa xocva-Jletis winaaRmdeg mimarTul pro-
tests.
poemis mxatvrul RirsebaTagan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs leqsis
simsubuqe, misi maRali poeturi aRmafrena. poemaSi umTavresad gamoyenebulia
aTmarcvlovani leqsi da rvamarcvlovani Sairi. literaturuli da xalxuri
formebi, andazebi da aforizmebi, Tqmulebebi (amirani), brZnuli Tqmebi gabneu-
lia mTel poemaSi. amiranis leqsis CarTviT poetma ufro naTlad da aSkarad ga-
nasaxiera Tavisi erovnuli idealebi.
poema `gamzrdeli~. `gamzrdeli~ akakis poeturi muzis brwyinvale mwverva-
lia. igi Tavisi SinaarsiT, TematikiT, problemaTa aqtualobiT, ideuri mizanda-
saxulobiTa da mxatvruli ostatobiT axali qarTuli literaturis erT-erTi
mSveneba da gvirgvinia.
poema pirvelad gamoqveynda 1898 wels da swrafad gavrcelda xalxSi. iTar-
gmna mraval enaze.
poema miZRvnilia pedagogebisadmi (saTauris qveS miniSnebulia: `namdvili
ambavi. vuZRvni Cvens pedagogebs~).
`gamzrdeli~ mravalplaniani nawarmoebia. masSi asaxulia sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis aqtualuri problemebi: axalgazrdobis aRzrdis, aRmzrdelis roli-
sa da pasuxismgeblobis problema, adamianis harmoniuli aRzrdis, zneobriv-mo-
raluri da maRalmoqalaqeobrivi Tvisebebis gamomuSaveba-ganmtkicebis auci-
lebloba, WeSmariti, wminda siyvarulis mniSvneloba da Zala adamianis cxovre-
baSi da sxv.
poemis eqspozicia ixsneba moqmedebis adgilis aRweriT:
`mTis mwvervalze, cis maxloblad,
mercxlis buded raRac moCans,
TvalT isari Senatyorcni,
ver arCevs mis sigrZes da gans~.
am Tvaluwvdenel simaRleze dgas patara facxa, romelic gvxiblavs Tavisi
ubraloebiT. es ubralo `sadgomi~ Tavisi siturfiT aWarbebs didebul nagebo-
bebs. es haerovani facxa samyof savaned aurCevia axalgazrda afxazs — baTus. ba-
Tus cxovrebis sakuTari filosofia amoqmedebs. misi cxovrebiseuli pozicia
naTelia: mas surs Tavisufali, laRi, tkbili da bednieri cxovreba, xolo umTav-
resi da gadamwyveti xibli da gataceba baTus STagonebisa aris wminda da erTgu-
li siyvaruliT gamTbari, bednieri trfobisa da mSvenebis madliT aRvsili neta-
reba. poemis dasawyisSive SuqfeniT asaxulia baTusa da nazibrolas wminda siyva-
ruli. baTum da nazibrolam mTlianad, mtkiced da mTeli arsebiT daukavSires
erTmaneTs TavianTi sicocxle. samegrelos asuli nazibrola saarakod momxib-
lavi sulieri silamaziT da `xorcieli niWiT~ iyo damSvenebuli. igi, poetis da-
xasiaTebiT, `mowyvetili cis varskvlavi, edems alvad asulia~. poeti aRtacebiT
amkobs nazibrolas silamazes:
èlferobiT vardi aris,
sinaziT ki morcxvi ia...
trfobisaTvis jer pirvelad
gulis kari gauRia~.
115
poetis azriT, col-qmris maRali zneobrivi siwminde da fizikuri mSvenebiT
momadlebuli `sulTa kavSiri~ burjia saocnebo ojaxis `salocavi taZrisa~ da
èris siyvarulisa~. amitom Sehxaris mgosani baTusa da nazibrolas wminda siyva-
ruls da laR netarebas:
`netavi maT, maT siyvaruls
da maT uxmo aRsarebas!...
erTad grZnoben am qveynadve
sasufevlis netarebas...
siyvarulis wminda grZnobam aamaRla baTusa da nazibrolas adamianuri Rir-
sebani da SeaZlebina maT `mTis mwvervalze~, `cis maxloblad~ nivTierad ubralo
cxovreba amaRlebul netarebad ganecadaT. eqspoziciis bolo strofiT poeti
migvaniSnebs tragikul situaciaTa moaxloebaze:
`magram xangrZliv es sofeli
gaaxarebs vismes gana?
TaflSi urevs mware naRvels!
mtrisas misi gamocana!..~
poemis Semdegi siuJeturi ganviTareba xasiaTdeba erTimeoreze moyolebuli
mZafri tragikuli movlenebiT, Rrma sulieri tkivilebiTa da mZime gancdebiT.
tragizmiT aRsavse situaciebis asaxvas win uZRvis bunebis sastiki mZvinvarebis
suraTi. aseT mZime viTarebaSi baTus estumra Zmadnafici mordu safar-begi,
romlis stumrobasac aRfrTovanebiT egebeba.
safar-begma ZiZiSvils auwya Tavisi gasaWiri. igi mouxiblavs silamaziT gan-
Tqmul zia-xanums. am `jadoqarma~ trfobis safasurad daavala: `Tu giyvarvar da
xar Cemi mogvareo, inalifas lurji cxeni am sam dReSi momgvareo~. safar-begs
erTaderTi gza aqvs inalifas cxenis xelSi Casagdebad — moparva. baTum mordus-
Tvis Tavi gawira da ikisra am metad saxifaTo saqmis Sesruleba:
`Sen eg saqme me momande,
me vizam Sens magivrobas:
an mogiyvan im cxens, an Tavs
Sevwirav Sens megobrobas!~
facxaSi marto darCenili safari sZlia cdunebam da gamousworebeli codva
Caidina. baTus Tavzari dasca erTguli da saTayvano meuRlis agre ganadgure-
bul mdgomareobaSi xilvam, `da rom krintic ar dauZravs, iqve uxmod Caikeca~. aq
gamoCnda kidev erTxel baTus sulieri simaRle, man anugeSa tanjuli nazibrola:
`Cu, nu stiri genacvale!
rac ginaxavs, sizmaria,
daiviwye isev male!..
me da Seni siyvaruli
wminda aris, viT lampari~.
baTu namdvili raindia. gamoirCeva iSviaTi moTminebiT, nebisyofis simtkiciT,
ubadlo TavSekavebiT. igi gvaocebs sulieri wonasworobiTa da vaJkacobiT. uaRre-
sad mwvave tkivilebis gancdisas baTu TavSekavebuli, `mSvidi saxiT~ da RimiliT aR-
viZebs codvil stumars. stumars Tavisi guliswyroma maspinZelma mxolod mas Sem-
deg acnoba, rac ojaxidan karga manZilze gaacila: `safar-bego, pirSaoba Seni vici,
Semityvia!.. da dReidan Cven ors Sua mociquli aris tyvia!~ baTus Rrma rwmeniT,
morduoba rjulze umtkicesi da xelSeuxebelia. ragind didi Secodeba da danaSau-
li miuZRodes, mas ZiZiSvili mainc ver Seexeba.
116
safar-begis ZiriTadi ubedureba nebisyofis sisusteSia, mas ara aqvs TavSe-
kavebis unari, gadaWarbebiT emociuria da vnebaTaRelvis amyoli, kontrols ver
uwevs sakuTar moqmedebas da qcevas.
poemaSi safar-begi calmogvad ar aris daxatuli. poeti mis saxes warmogvid-
gens SedarebiT rTuli formiT, gviCvenebs rogorc uaryofiT, ise dadebiT Tvi-
sebebsac. igi ar aris umecari, gamoucdeli da jabani, icnobs cxovrebas, aris Se-
upovari da uSiSari vaJkaci. safar-begi grZnobs Cadenil mZime danaSauls da
mwvaved ganicdis sindisis qenjnas. igi gulwrfelad aRiarebs Tavis codvas da
gulwrfeladve iTxovs sikvdilis fasad gamoisyidos danaSauli, sikvdiliT ga-
imrTelos sindisi. man Seigno Tavisi umsgavso saqcielis biwiereba da morCile-
biT uCvena gulmkerdi haji-usubis mier SemarTul dambaCas. magram yvelaferi
dagvianebuli iyo. misi uzneo saqcielis gamosworeba aRar SeiZleboda. igi mor-
duobis gamtexia da `Cveulebis gadamgdebi~, xalxisa da aRmzrdelis Semarcxveni.
marTalia, is borotebis Cadenis winaswari ganzraxviT ar misula ZiZiSvilis
ojaxSi, magram, rac ar unda iyos, man upatiuri saqcieli Caidina. aRsaniSnavia,
rom saxelovani qalebi mijnurisa da saqmrosagan moiTxovdnen saqveyno saqmi-
saTvis Tavdadebas, gmirul-patriotul Tavganwirvas, safar-begi ki daemorCila
zia-xanumis ukadris survils. marTalia, Zlieri patronisagan bedauris motace-
bas erTgvari vaJkacoba da SemarTeba sWirdeboda, magram es saqveyno saqmed ar
iTvleba. safar-begi am SemTxvevaSic erTgvari sulmokleobis da ganusjeli ga-
dawyvetilebis mimyoli gaxda.
poemaSi sagangebodaa aRbeWdili gamzrdelis roli da misi maRali pasuxis-
mgebloba adamianis aRzrdis metad sapatio saqmeSi. poeti did pativs scemda WeS-
marit maswavleblebs da pedagogiuri moRvaweoba xalxis cxovrebis erT ukeTes
da umaRles sarbielad miaCnia. pedagogikis klasikosTa msgavsad, poeti aniWebda
ra aRzrdas udides mniSvnelobas, aRmzrdelis movaleobas uaRresad keTilSo-
bilur da friad sapasuxismgeblo movaleobad Tvlida.
aRmzrdelis rolis, pasuxismgeblobisa da mniSvnelobis problema didad
ainteresebda da ainteresebs yovel xalxs, msoflio sazogadoebas. aRniSnuli
problemis Sesaxeb imTaviTve gamoiTqva mravali saintereso azri. gansakuTrebu-
li paeqrobisa da mecnieruli msjelobis sagani gaxda amjerad CvenTvis sainte-
reso problema:
a) bavSvis suli, cnobiereba aris dauwereli sufTa qaRaldi (Whita paper), anu
laTinurad, aristoteledan momdinare, Tabula rasa — sufTa dafa. mecnierebi uar-
yofdnen Tandayolil ideebs da aRiarebdnen, rom aRmzrdels SeuZlia nebismie-
ri sasargeblo Tvisebebi daweros bavSvis sufTa gulze, aRzardos igi garkveu-
li mimarTulebiT. aRzrda yovlisSemZlea da garemo wre udides zegavlenas ax-
dens mozardisa da ymawvilebis xasiaTze, Tvalsazrisze da sxv. (jon loki).
b) sapirispiro azris mixedviT, bavSvis suli da cnobiereba ar aris sufTa da-
fa. mas Tan dahyveba memkvidreobiTi, bunebrivi monacemebi — STamomavlobis ge-
nebi, rasac angariSi unda gaewios adamianis aRzrdis procesSi, romelTa Tanaar-
seboba garkveul SemTxvevaSi arTulebs an aadvilebs aRzrdas. yovel SemTxveva-
Si, mZime Tandayolili Tvisebebis gasworeba zogjer SeuZlebeli xdeba.
aRzrdis Sesaxeb uamravi socialur-politikuri, istoriul-filosofiuri,
pedagogiur-fsiqologiuri, humanitarul da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa
miRwevebiT warmoqmnil mimarTulebaTa, principTa, SexedulebaTa, Teoriul da
praqtikul gamocdilebaTa mier dagrovil masalaTa Soris akaki angariSgasawev
faqtorad miiCnevda bunebriv, garemo wris, Tandayolil memkvidreobiT monace-
mebsac da acxadebda:
117
`magram marto wvrTna ras izams,
Tu bunebamc ar uSvela~.
amis gamo safar-begis sruli, yovelmxrivi aRzrda SeuZlebeli gaxda, miuR-
weveli Seiqna misi bolomde sasurveli aRzrda, misi fsiqo-fiziologiuri xasia-
Tebisa da TvisebaTa mTlianad gardaqmna. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc iTqva, akaki
adamianis aRzrdis mTel pasuxismgeblobas aRmzrdels akisrebs. yovel SemTxve-
vaSi, poema `gamzrdeli~ STagonebulia keTilSobiluri idealiT, rom aRmzrde-
li Tavis moRvaweobas ise unda afasebdes, rogorc sakuTar sicocxles. cudad
Tu kargad aRzrdilis pasuxismgebloba pirvel rigSi aRmzrdelma unda gaizia-
ros da pasuxi agos sakuTari Tavisa da xalxis winaSe. amgvari aRmzrdeli imsaxu-
rebs xalxis did siyvaruls, ndobas da pativiscemas.
akakim erTi kalmis mosmiT gaacocxla brZeni, idealuri aRmzrdelis saxe. ha-
ji-usub `cnobilia mxolod WkuiT da gonebiT~, igi ganaTlebuli pirovnebaa:
`zRva da xmeli movlili aqvs, mnaxvelia ca da qveynis~. cxovrobs xalxis WiriTa
da lxiniT. yvelasaTvis misabaZi, brZeni moZRvaria, `sadac kia gvariSvili, yvela
misi aRzrdilia~. am olimpiur xats aciskrovnebs saqmisadmi usazRvro pasuxis-
mgebloba da gmiruli Tavganwirva. igi safar-begs eubneba:
`Sen sikvdilis ra Rirsi xar!
sasikvdilo me var mxolod,
rom kacad ver gamizrdixar!~
didma moZRvarma `safeTqelSi miiWeda cxeli tyvia!~..
`Caikeca sulTambrZoli,
wamlis kvamlSi gaexvia...~
gamzrdelis saxis CvenebiT poetma Taviseburi naTeli sxivi Seitana pedago-
gikis arsis sakacobrio problemaTa gadawyvetis saqmeSi.
`gamzrdeli~, ise rogorc poetis sxva mxatvruli Sedevrebi, gvxiblavs Tavi-
si uaRresad naTeli warmtaci da sada poeturi formebiT. poemis yvela saxe Ta-
visi Rrma dramatizmiT, mZafri sulieri gancdebiT izidavs da ajadoebs mkiTx-
vels.
Txzuleba Sesrulebulia lakoniuri, dinamikuri stiliT. aq yoveli poetu-
ri sityva da gamoTqma isea SerCeuli da Casmuli mxatvrul qsovilSi, rom sityva-
Ta minimumiT miRweulia azrisa da gancdis erTianoba.
akaki wereTlis mxatvruli proza. sazogadod, gavrcelebuli Sexe-

dulebis mixedviT, akaki wereTlis mxatvruli Semoqmedebis stiqia lirikaa, mag-
ram amasTanave dabejiTebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom akaki mxatvruli prozis didi
ostatia. man Tavis SesaniSnav prozaul TxzulebebSi farTod gamoiyena am Janris
saxelovani tradiciebi da, ilia WavWavaZesTan erTad, xeli Seuwyo axali qarTu-
li prozis Semdgom ganviTarebas. leqsebisa da poemebis werasTan erTad, akaki
nayofier SemoqmedebiT muSaobas eweoda prozaSi. SedarebiT mcire moculobis
prozauli nawarmoebebis gverdiT poetma mogvca ufro farTo mxatvrul-proza-
uli tiloebi — `Cemi Tavgadasavali~ da `baSi-aCuki~, romlebSiac asaxa epoqis
mwvave problemebi. akaki wereTlis mxatvruli prozis ZiriTadi motivebi igivea,
rac poetis mTeli SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. akakim
ramdenime aTeuli patara da ori farTo moculobis moTxroba dagvitova. misi
mcire moTxrobebis saTanado Seswavla praqtikulad mxolod am bolo dros da-
iwyo. SedarebiT meti yuradReba eTmoboda mis or mniSvnelovan moTxrobas — `Ce-
mi Tavgadasavali~ da `baSi-aCuki~.
118
èSmakebi~. akakis dRemde cnobili yvelaze adrindeli prozauli nawarmoe-
bia èSmakebi~ p. ingoroyvas azriT, igi dawerilia 1865-1868 wlebSi. èSmakebi~ sa-
Tavgadasavlo Janris nawarmoebs warmoadgens~.1 moTxrobaSi asaxuli unda iyos
avtoris cxovrebis erTi epizodi. ambavi Tavidan bolomde pirveli piris Txro-
biT miimarTeba. zafxulis sicxisagan Sewuxebuli mTxrobeli peterburgidan sa-
agarakod gaemgzavra qalaqis maxloblad mdebare sofel pargolovoSi. aq mas ga-
daxda sakmaod mZime usiamovneba. Txzulebis erT-erTi gmiris, lidia ivanovnas
mijnurma, Savwverebianma kacma, romelsac ucxoeTSi uswavlia TvalTmaqcoba,
isargebla soflis mcxovrebTa crumorwmuneobiT da eSmakuri maqinaciebiT dai-
kava erTi glexis sacxovrebeli saxli. yvelas swamda, rom am saxls dapatrone-
bodnen eSmakebi, romelTa gaZeveba SeuZlebeli iyo. eSmakebi saxlSi aravis ane-
bebdnen cxovrebas. maTi SiSiT soflelebi axlosac ver ekarebodnen im adgil-
samyofels. saagarakod Camosulebic, raki gaigebdnen saqmis viTarebas, uars acx-
adebdnen am saxlSi cxovrebaze. Txzulebis mTavari gmiri ar SeuSinda èSmake-
bis~ TvalTmaqcobas da daiwyo cxovreba swored am saxlSi. misma am gabedulma
moqmedebam yvela gaakvirma. pirveli Rame ùcnaurma~ mdgmurma normalurad gaa-
Tia saxlSi, magram meore Ramidan mas Tavs daatyda mravali usiamovneba da SiSi.
TvalTmaqcobaSi daxelovnebuli Savwverebiani kaci RamiT èSmakebis~ saxiT ev-
lineboda moagarakes da saSinel SiSs, tanjvas da faTeraks ganacdevinebda. mag-
ram ganawameb mdgmurs erT Rames moulodnelad gamoecxada didi xnis unaxavi
mijnuri da yvelaferi gairkva. mZime saTavgadasavlo SemTxvevebi Tavidan moici-
la. natanji gmiri Tavis mijnurTan erTad axal binaSi gadavida da amieridan saa-
mo dasvenebas mieca, xolo mis mier adre daqiravebuli saxli ki Savwverosan kac-
sa da mis mijnurs darCaT. am martiv fabulaze agebul TxzulebaSi akaki gakvriT
sakmaod saintereso sakiTxs Seexo. poetma mwvave satiriT gakicxa loToba, alko-
holizmiT daavadebuli adamianebi da miuTiTa glexobaSi am mavne Cveulebis war-
momSob socialur pirobebze. akakis azriT, glexobaSi loToba inergeboda xal-
xis usazRvro Cagvraze damyarebuli policiuri reJimis gamo. am seniT daavade-
buli adamiani, miuxedavad imisa, rom mwvaved ganicdis Tavis ubedurebas, mainc
Tavs veRar aRwevs mas. moTxrobaSi gamaTraxebulia carizmis moxeleebi, romle-
bic sargebloben ganuzomeli uflebiT da mourideblad Zarcvaven glexobas.
TxzulebaSi mkveTradaa naCvenebi socialuri ukuRmarTobis gamo dabeCavebuli
glexebis CamorCeniloba, SezRuduloba da crumorwmuneoba, agreTve kerZo in-
teresebiT gatacebuli zogierTi inteligentis gaiZveroba.
specialuri literaturidan cnobilia, rom èSmakebi~ Sesrulebulia nove-
liseburi maneriT. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia sxarti, mokveTili, sada da dina-
mikuri Txroba. moTxrobis siuJeti swrafad da metad sainteresod viTardeba.
mkiTxvels Zlier itacebs moxerxebulad ganviTarebuli fabula, mtkice kompo-
ziciuri mTlianoba, moqnili da lakoniuri dialogebi, movlenaTa swrafi mdina-
reba, personaJTa cocxali da mimzidveli saxeebi.
akakis poeziisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli satirul-iumoristuli midgoma sinam-
dvilisadmi mkveTrad aisaxa akakis prozaSic. `rogor Temazec ar unda iyos dawe-
rili akaki wereTlis prozauli Txzuleba, TiTqmis yvelgan Cans mwerlis satiru-
li da iumoristuli tendencia. movlenisadmi aseT damokidebulebas amJRavnebs
mwerali yovel SesaZlo SemTxvevaSi — iqneba es Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi viTa-
reba, epizodi Cveni istoriuli warsulidan, Tu romelime SemTxvevaSi misi piradi
cxovrebidan~.2
1
l . a s a T i a n i , cxovreba akaki wereTlisa, 1953, gv. 229.
2
g r . k i k n a Z e , qarTuli satirisa da iumoris ganviTarebis istoriisaTvis, 1953, gv. 362.
119
moTxroba èSmakebi~ umTavresad iumoristul xasiaTs atarebs. masSi asaxuli
sinamdvile ZiriTadad mwerals komikuri gaazrebiT aqvs warmodgenili. aq sava-
lalo, samwuxaro da gansakuTrebiT SiSis momgvreli movlenebis gverdiT vxvde-
biT Rimilis momgvrel situaciebs, romlebiTac kidev ufro naTlad da garkve-
viT warmovidgenT movlenaTa srul saxes, personaJTa xasiaTs. udavod, Rimilis
momgvrelia akakis mier daxatuli mTvrali glexis suraTi. mTxrobelis SekiTx-
vaze: `ramdeni xania mas ukan, rac Tavisufleba gamoacxadeso~, glexi upasuxebs:
`muxins rom Zroxa daexrCo, maSin~; an kidev saxlis mepatrone glexis mimarTva
mdgmurisadmi: àr SeiZleba, rom sul axlave miboZoT? vin icis rom rame agite-
xon eSmakebma, CamogaxrCon Tqvenc im nemeciviT, mere vinRa gadamixdis danaSTen
fulebs? rac dagrCebaT, imasac sxvebi waiReben, Tqveno brwyinvalebav!~. diliT
gamoRviZebuli msaxuri xmamaRla, seriozulad ekiTxeba oTaxSi myof batons:
`Tqveno brwyinvalebav! CamogaxrCven eSmakebma, Tu isev cocxali brZandebiTo?~.
personaJTa amgvari miamiti damokidebuleba movlenebisadmi da msjeloba uTu-
od Rimils iwvevs.
TxzulebaSi didi ostatobiTaa gamoyenebuli moulodnelobisa da saidum-
loebis xerxi, rac metad aZlierebs mkiTxvelis interess. aq gvxvdeba zRapruli
elementebi. mag., revolveridan gasrolili eqvsi tyviis acileba moCvenebis mi-
er, civi tyviebis saTiTaod msrolelisaTvis dabruneba da sxv. saidumloeba-mo-
ulodnelobis xerxebis ostaturi gamoyenebiT mwerali moxdenilad aRwevs
Txzulebis siuJeturi xazis saintereso gaSla-ganviTarebas. mkiTxveli mouT-
menlad elis gasaidumloebul ambavTa Sinaarsis da saidumloebiT moculi situ-
aciebis gaxsnas, xolo movlenaTa moulodneli gaxsnis Sedegad miRweulia mxat-
vruli emociurobis Semdgomi mZlavri aRmavloba.
`Cemi Tavgadasavali~. akaki wereTlis prozaSi moTxroba `Cemi Tavgadasava-
li~ gamoirCeva Tavisi Janrobrivi TaviseburebiT. igi ZiriTadad avtobiografi-
uli xasiaTis mxatvruli nawarmoebia.
aRniSnul TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebis safuZvelze SeiZleba samarTlia-
nad miviCnioT qarTul literaturul kritikaSi `Cemi Tavgadasavlis~ Sesaxeb ga-
moTqmuli azri: `CvenSi amgvari mwerloba ar aris ganviTarebuli. am mxriv SeiZ-
leba akaki wereTeli novatoradac CaiTvalos. es novatoroba ki mniSvnelova-
nia~.1 marTlac, msoflio literaturaSi farTodaa cnobili avtobiografiuli
xasiaTis Txzulebebi, is CvenSic gavrcelda. sxvas rom Tavi davaneboT, sakmarisi
iqneba davaxasiaToT d.guramiSvilis `daviTianis~ zogierTi adgili, giorgi we-
reTlis `Cveni cxovrebis yvavili~, al. yazbegis `namwyemsaris mogonebani~ da sxv.
am aRniSnul TxzulebebTan SedarebiT akakis `Cemi Tavgadasavali~ Tavisebu-
ri nawarmoebia. igi Tavisi mxatvruli ostatobiT, siuJetur-kompoziciuri in-
dividualobiTa da arqiteqtonikiT, movlenaTa danaxvisa da Sefasebis Tvalsaz-
risiT garkveviT gansxvavdeba miTiTebuli Txzulebebisagan da warmoadgens
axal, novatorul specifikur avtobiografiul mxatvrul nawarmoebs, romelSi-
ac avtobiografiul masalasTan erTad ostaturadaa Caqsovili mogonebebi, bi-
ografia da daxasiaTebani cnobili qarTveli moRvaweebisa da sazogadoebrivi
movlenebis Sesaxeb. mTeli nawarmoebi, romelSic asaxulia erTimeorisagan gan-
sxvavebuli mravali masala da cxovrebis metad saintereso movlenebi, gaerTia-
nebulia ZiriTadi moqalaqeobrivi motivis — mowinave erovnuli da socialuri
idealebis garSemo. igi xasiaTdeba garkveuli mTlianobiT; gadmocemis erTiani
mxatvruli stiliT. mwerali didxans muSaobda am nawarmoebis Seqmnaze. erTi fe-
letoni saTauriT `fareSoba~, romelic garkveuli cvlilebiT `Cems Tavgadasa-
1
v. k o t e t i S v i l i , qarTuli literaturis istoria (XIX s.), d. gamezardaSvilis redaqciiT, 1959, gv.
397.
120
valSi~ Sevida, poetma gamoaqveyna gazeT `droebaSi~ jer kidev 1877 wels. cxadia,
akaki didxans atarebda gulSi Tavis Canafiqrs, xolo 90-ian wlebSi dawyebuli
intensiuri meSaobis Sedegad Txzulebis pirveli nawilis pirveli Tavi ukve da-
beWda `kvalSi~, xolo pirveli nawili mTlianad gamoaqveyna Tavis `krebulSi~
1897-1899 wlebSi. meore nawilis pirveli Tavi akakis 1908 wels unda daemTavrebi-
na. amrigad, `Cemi Tavgadasavali~ drogamoSvebiT, sul mcire, 15-20 wlis ganmav-
lobaSi uweria.
Txzuleba avtors farTo gegmiT hqonia gaazrebuli. masSi asaxuli unda yo-
filiyo poetis mier nanaxi da sarwmunod gagonili, namdvili sarke qarTveli
xalxis naxevarsaukunovani cxovrebisa. igi mravaltomiani mxatvruli nawarmoe-
bi unda yofiliyo. amis Sesaxeb pirveli nawilis calke gamocemasTan dakavSire-
biT akaki sazogadoebas auwyebda: àm TxzulebaSi yvelaferia moxsenebuli, rac
ki naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi minaxavs da sarwmunod gamigonia... aq arian
moxsenebuli: 1. Cveni moRvaweebis werilebi, magaliTad: gabriel episkoposis,
dimitri yifianis, iakob gogebaSvilis, giorgi wereTlis, niko nikolaZis, vano
maCablis da sxvaTa mravalTa, visi werilic ki sazogado saqmes Sexebia, 2. biogra-
fia sazogado moRvaweebisa da Cemi piradi Sexeduleba maT Sesaxeb, 3. bankebis da-
arseba CvenSi, wera-kiTxvis sazogadoebis, Teatrisa da maT gamo gamowveuli ar-
Cevnebi, zedmoyolebuli avan-CavaniT, 4. batonymobis ambavi, 5. Zveleburi zne-
Cveulebani, 6. maTi gadavardna da samagieros SemoReba, 7. saistorio anegdotebi
da sxvani.... erTi sityviT, Cemi SeZlebisadagvarad, namdvili sarke naxevari sau-
kunisa! es nawarmoebi, romlis xelmZRvanelobas TviT me vkisrulob, rom Cemda
gunebisad gamoices, mravaltomiani iqneba. da radganac erTad maTi gamocema ar
moxerxdeba, jer unda gamoices pirveli tomi, romlis beWdvasac am ianvridan Se-
vudgebi~.1
rogorc vxedavT, mwerals ver ganuxorcielebia farTo gegmiT mofiqrebuli
am mravaltomiani Txzulebis Seqmna. marTalia, bevr im sakiTxze, romlebic winas-
war ganzraxul gegmaSia navaraudevi, akakis xSirad gamouTqvams Tavisi azri da
maTTvis saqveynod cnobili leqsebi, statiebi, feletonebi, Tu sxvadasxva nar-
kvevic ki miuZRvnia, magram erTiani stiliT, mTliani Sinagani kavSiriT Sekruli
mravaltomiani Txzulebis Seqmna, rogorc es gegmiT hqonia ganzraxuli, mainc ga-
nuxorcielebeli darCa. Semdeg poets ucdia `savsebiT~ gamoexata Tavisi cxovre-
bis istoria leqsis formiT, magram am mizniT wamowyebuli Txzuleba `Cemi Tavga-
dasavali~ (leqsad) daumTavrebeli aRmoCnda. yoveli es aSkarad miuTiTebs, rom
akaki wereTeli udidesi SemoqmedebiTi miswrafebiT iRvwoda miTiTebuli mxat-
vruli CanafiqrebisaTvis xorci Seesxa, magram, rogorc vxedavT, am SemTxvevaSic
Tavisi ganzraxva bolomde ver miuyvania.
cnobilia, rom ugrZnoblad, usulod da zerelad Seqmnili nawarmoebi akakis
namdvili xelovnebis aCrdilad miaCnda. `rasac da razedac wers mwerali, Tu is
sakuTar grZnoba-gonebiT ar usazrdoebia, didxans gulSi ar utarebia da Tavis
droze ar warmouSobavs garegnaT mSvenieric rom iyos, sruli mainc ar eTqmis~.2
akakis am esTetikuri Sexedulebis Suqze naTeli xdeba, Tu ratom afasebda
igi ase didad `Cems Tavgadasavals~ da ratom uyvarda igi gamorCeuli siyvaru-
liT. am grZnobas poeti aSkarad gamoxatavda Tavis cnobil gancxadebaSi: èrTa-
derTi Cemi TxzulebaTagani, romelic gansakuTrebiT miyvars da gasaoxreblad
menaneba, aris `Cemi Tavgadasavali~. naTqvamia: `yvavsac Tavisi baxala moswonso~.
SeiZleba didi ar iyos-ra, magram me ki wminda guli da wrfeli suli maqvs Sig Ca-
debuli~.3
1
a k a k i w e r e T e l i , Txzulebani TxuTmet tomad, t. XIV, gv. 163.
2
a k a k i w e r e T e l i , Txzulebani TxuTmet tomad, t. VIII, gv. 14.
3
a k a k i w e r e T e l i , Txzulebani TxuTmet tomad, t. XIV, gv. 163.
121
`Cemi Tavgadasavali~ Taviseburi mxatvruli nawarmoebia. masSi, rogorc aR-
vniSneT, avtoris TavgadasavalTan erTad asaxulia metad mniSvnelovani sazoga-
doebrivi cxovrebis movlenebi da daxasiaTebulia gamoCenili qarTveli moRva-
weebi.
Txzulebis mTavari gmiris cxovreba daxatulia farTo sazogadoebrivi yo-
fis fonze. nawarmoebis siuJeti namdvil ambebzea agebuli. am TxzulebaSio, wer-
da akaki, yoliferia moxsenebuli, rac ki minaxavs da sarwmunod gamigoniao. mwe-
rali Rrmad flobs aRebul masalas, mas garkveviT aqvs warmodgenili asaxvis
obieqti, adamianTa yofa-cxovrebisa da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis movlene-
bi.
avtori gamsWvalulia rwmeniT, rom `yoveli arsi, sulieri Tu usulo, xilu-
li Tu uxilavi erTsa da imave msoflio kanons eqvemdebareba: daibadeba, izrde-
ba, daberdeba, kvdeba!~. cxovrebis mimdinareobis am sayovelTao kanons emorCi-
leba bunebisa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yoveli movlena da masTan erTad
adamianic. amitom cxovrebis evoluciis Sesacnobad aucilebelia movlenebis
dasabamidan, warmoSobidanve gaTvaliswineba. am mizniT poeti Tavgadasavals
iwyebs gmiris (TviTon mwerlis) dabadebidan da mis ganviTarebas gviCvenebs far-
To sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis asaxvisa da ganxilvis rTul situaciebSi. nawar-
moebSi asaxuli movlenebi da situaciebi gaerTianebulia am ZiriTadi magistra-
luri xazis garSemo. upirveles yovlisa, poeti xatavs mSromelebs, rogorc
cxovrebis mamoZravebel mTavar Zalas; gaxazulia dabali fenebis moralur-zne-
obrivi sispetake da cxovelmyofeloba. akaki kicxavs batonymur wyobilebas, fe-
odaluri urTierTobis dromoWmulobas, mebatoneTa gaunaTleblobas da Ca-
morCenilobas. am movlenaTa asaxvis fonze uaRresi pativiscemiT xatavs glexo-
bis cxovrebas da gansakuTrebiT afasebs glexis ojaxSi gatarebul bavSvobas.
cnobili sityvebi: — ar SemiZlia ar gamovtyde, rom Tu ki ram darCa CemSi kargi
da keTili ufro imis wyalobiT, rom me sofelSi viyavi gabarebuli da glexebis
SvilebTan erTad vizrdebodio, — mWevrmetyvelurad RaRadebs glexobisadmi poe-
tis mier uaRres pativiscemas. sainteresodaa naCvenebi glexobis brZola siko we-
reTlis usamarTlo moqmedebis winaaRmdeg da sxv.
TxzulebaSi sagangebodaa xazgasmuli xalxuri Semoqmedebisa da TamaSobaTa
udidesi roli adamianis keTilSobiluri aRzrdis saqmeSi. TxzulebaSi didi
uSualobiTa da sada, bunebrivi mdinarebiT aris asaxuli bavSvis fsiqologia, mi-
si gancdebi, sulieri mdgomareoba da Cvevebi. dauviwyaria mkiTxvelisaTvis pa-
tara akakis gancdebi — gamowveuli kurdRlis daWeris, `wiTeli wuwki~ Roris da-
marcxebis, nesvis moparvis, Saqris namcecebis akrefis da sxv. saerTod am Txzu-
lebaSi poeti gvevlineba bavSvis sulieri cxovrebis mxatvruli asaxvis didos-
tatad. yuradRebas iqcevs Zveli skolis uaryofiTi mxareebis aRwera. mwerali
udidesi xelovnebiT axasiaTebs gasuli saukunis ormocdaaTiani wlebis skolaSi
gamefebul swavlebis sqolastikur meTodebsa da aRzrdis CamorCenil wesebs.
igi udidesi guliswyromiT amxels moswavleTa fizikur dasjas, mSobliuri enis
devnas, gimnaziis Savrazmel, biurokrat maswavleblebs. mwerlis xatovani daxa-
siaTebiT maSindeli gimnazia sazarel bneleTs warmoadgenda. nawarmoebSi asaxu-
lia mowinave maswavlebelTa mimzidveli portretebi (rodzieviCi, troe). akakis
mier daxatuli Zveli skolis cxovrebis suraTebi, swavlebis miuRebeli wesebi
da meTodebi iseTi mxatvruli sinamdviliTaa daxatuli, rom igi gamoyenebulia
pedagogikur mecnierebaSi Zveli skolis dasaxasiaTeblad.
gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs TxzulebaSi moTxrobili akakis studento-
bis periodis ambebi da peterburgis universitetSi moswavle qarTvel studen-
tTa garkveuli jgufebis daxasiaTeba. samocianelTa Soris akaki pirveli mwera-
lia, romelic diferencirebulad miudga qarTveli studentebis Sefasebas da
122
maTSi mosawon TvisebebTan erTad aSkarad xedavda uaryofiT movlenebsac. poe-
ti sastikad gmobda studentTa Soris gavrcelebul orpirobas, gautanlobas,
cilismwameblur moqmedebas da sxv., ris gamoc erTgvari devnili poeti yvela
maTgans CamoSorda, garda orisa — erTi maTgani iyo kirile lorTqifaniZe da me-
ore — niko nikolaZe. am wreSi kiTxulobda akaki studentobis periodSi daweril
Txzulebebs. didi mniSvneloba aqvs ruseTis kulturuli cxovrebis, literatu-
ruli brZolebis, didi rusi moazrovneebis: CerniSevskis, dobroliubovis, pisa-
revis, zaicevisa da peterburgis universitetis Sesaxeb moTxrobil epizodebs
maSindeli ruseTis sazogadoebriv-kulturuli cxovrebis gasaTvaliswineblad
da akakis SexedulebaTa Sesaswavlad.
metad mniSvnelovania nawarmoebis bolo nawilSi warmodgenili gamoCenil
qarTvel moRvaweTa Taviseburad da sainteresod Sesrulebuli portretebi. aq
Cven gvaqvs mxatvruli sityvis ubadlo ostatis mier erTi xazis mosmiT Sesru-
lebuli cocxali da metad mimzidveli suraTebi, romelTa STambeWdavad daxat-
viT qarTveli xalxis iseT gamoCenil moRvaweebze, mwerlebze, rogorebic arian:
grigol orbeliani, dimitri yifiani, al. orbeliani, ivane kereseliZe, lavrenti
ardaziani, giorgi wereTeli, niko nikolaZe, sergei mesxi da aleqsandre yazbegi
— TiTqmis sruli STabeWdileba grCebaT.
`Cemi Tavgadasavali~ STagonebulia patriotuli idealiT. misi avtori
mkiTxvelebs mouwodebs qveynis keTilReobisaTvis Tavdadebuli, principuli
brZolisaken. Tavisi poeturi cxovrebis sazogadoebriv-istoriuli movlenebis
fonze daxatviT akaki wereTeli STaagonebs mkiTxvels, rom adamianma unda iaros
win da piradi interesebi sazogadoebrivis samsxverploze unda miitanos. `pira-
dobaze xelaRebuli viyavi... mxolod sazogado maxalisebda da Seupovrad da ga-
bedviT mivdiodi Cemi gziT momavlis molodinSi~, — wers akaki.
avtori gmobs umoqmedobas, inertulobas da mouwodebs moZraobisa da brZo-
lisaken. yvelaze ufro metad afasebs Wabukur gatacebas da amitom guli Wabu-
kobisaken miuwevs, rac, misi gagebiT, uSreti energiis, dauRalavi da Tavganwiru-
li brZolis simboloa. akaki ilia WavWavaZiseburi gagebiT etrfis giJmaJ xevis
wyals — Cixuras, rogorc daucxromeli moZraobis gamoxatulebas.
rogorc specialur literaturaSia aRniSnuli, `Cemi Tavgadasavali~, ise
rogorc akakis zogierTi sxva moTxroba, gamoirCeva Txrobis lirikuli formiT.
gadmocemis aseTi forma avtors saSualebas aZlevs Tavisi gancdebisa da Sexedu-
lebebis meti sisruliT gamosaxatavad, movlenebisa da situaciebis meti momxib-
laobiT gadmosacemad. miuxedavad imisa, rom `Cemi Tavgadasavali~ Tavisi poetu-
ri formiT, mxatvrul TaviseburebaTa mixedviT ar aris agebuli erT uwyvet si-
uJetur qargaze, igi mainc mTliani, erTiani Sinaarsis matarebeli nawarmoebis
STabeWdilebas tovebs. kompoziciuri Sekruloba aq miRweulia avtoris poetu-
ri cxovrebis gadmocemiT sazogadoebriv movlenebTan kavSirSi, an kidev, sazo-
gadoebrivi cxovrebis qargaze poetis Tavgadasavlis asaxviT.
nawarmoebi sruliad Zaldautaneblad da bunebrivi mdinarebiT viTardeba. mim-
zidveli ferebi, sada metyveleba, movlenaTa asaxvis maRali ostatoba, avtoris go-
nebamaxviloba, moxdenili iumori pirdapir momajadoebelia.
`baSi-aCuki~. istoriuli moTxroba `baSi-aCuki~ mecxramete saukunis qarTu-
li prozis mSvenebaa. am TxzulebaSi mkafio gamoxatuleba pova Cveni xalxis is-
toriis erTma metad dauviwyarma xanam: meCvidmete saukunis movlenebma. kerZod
ki kaxeTis 1659 wlis ajanyebam. am tragikul periodSi qarTvelma xalxma gamoav-
lina Tavisi saukeTeso erovnuli Tvisebebi, maRali patriotizmi da kaxeTis saq-
me mTliani saqarTvelos saqmed miiCnia.
moTxrobis wera akakim 1896 wels daamTavra. pirvelad igi daibeWda. `kvalSi~.
123
nawarmoebis istoriuli garemos gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia misi mxatvru-
li faqturisa da ideuri mizandasaxulobis ukeT gasarkvevad. amitomac saWiroa
aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos cxovrebis aRniSnuli xanis suraTebi gulmodgineT
SehqondaT qarTvel JamTaaRmwerlebsa da mematianeebs TavianT foliantebSi.
akaki wereTeli uxvad sargeblobda am moRvaweTa naSromebiT.
akakis did daxmarebas uwevda literaturuli tradiciac. jer kidev grigol
orbelianma miaqcia yuradReba aRniSnuli epoqis gmirebs — ajanyebis meTaur bi-
Zina ColoyaSvils da mis TanamebrZolebs — elizbar da Salva qsnis erisTavebs.
es adamianebi `sadRegrZeloSi~ didebis SaravandediTaa Semosili. giorgi eris-
Tavma òsuri moTxroba~ anu `zare da yanimaTSi~ kaxeTis ajanyebis momwyobTa
gmiroba asaxa, xolo anton fucelaZem poemaSi `wyaloba~. arc vaJa fSavelam da-
tova uyuradRebod es Tema. poema `baxtrionSi~ warmosaxulia epoqis umniSvne-
lovanesi momenti.
aRsaniSnavia, rom miTiTebul TxzulebebTan SedarebiT akakis `baSi-aCuki~
Sinaarsobrivad ufro farTodaa mofiqrebuli da gadawyvetili. kaxeTis ajanye-
ba aq danaxulia mTeli saqarTvelos wmidaTawmida saqmed, qarTveli eris didebi-
sa da saxelis saqmed. `baSi-aCukSi~ kaxeTis gaTavisuflebisaTvis warmoebul
brZolaSi qarTl-kaxeTis, TuS-fSav-xevsureTisa da mTiul-moxeveebTan erTad
gamoyvanilia dasavleT saqarTvelos warmomadgenlebic.
Txzulebis mravalplanian siuJetSi yuradRebas iqcevs gare politikuri vi-
Tarebis amsaxveli movlenebis logikuri, mwyobri dalagebis akakiseuli manerac.
mravalsaukunovani, uTanasworo brZolebiT dauZlurebul qveyanas mosvenebas
ar aZlevda sparseTi da osmaleTi. aRmosavleTis es ori veSapi lamobda qarTve-
li xalxis srul damonebasa da mospobas. sparseTis Sahis cbieri da mzakvruli
politikiT aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi kaxelebi unda ayriliyvnen da maT adgi-
las unda Camosaxlebuliyvnen ulusebi. amis Semdeg Sahi mTel amierkavkasiaSi ga-
batondeboda. qarTveloba umagaliTo gmirobiT umklavdeboda mters. xalxis
erTi nawili xsnis imeds erTmorwmune ruseTze amyarebda. rusuli orientaciis
gaZlierebam saqarTveloSi didad SeaSfoTa isedac mZvinvare Sahi. am ambavma di-
dad Caafiqra osmaleTis sulTanic. iranis Sahi, `kaci mzakvari da aRsavse yovel-
Tave siborotiTa~ sastikad gamZvinvarda, uricxvi jariT Semoesia kaxeTs da
cecxliTa da maxviliT musri gaavlo qveyanas. Sahis politika nel-nela srulde-
boda: aiCexa venaxebi, ganadgurda baRebi, moiSala sarwyavi sistemebi, gailewa
tyeebi, gadaiwva xexilis koromebi. mcxovrebTa umravlesoba an gaixizna, an sxva-
gan gadasaxlda, didZali xalxi tyved Cauvarda sparsul mxedrions da sparseTis
cixeebSi Rafavda suls. vaxuSti bagrationi aRniSnavs, Sahma `mosrna moswyevna,
ahyarna, moaoxrna da ganZarcvna~ kaxeTi; `wariyvana ayrilni kaxni tyved da das-
xna romelnime mazandars, xvarasans da ferias~. `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ vkiTxu-
lobT: `Saabaz Cavlo kaxeTi da amoswyvita, moaoxra, da sxvani ahyarna da Tana wa-
asxna... da rac-odenni Seipyres, colSvilianad ahyares da waasxes, romelime fe-
risa~.
es momenti qarTlis samefos cxovrebisa daaxloebiT amgvaradve aqvs gamo-
xatuli akaki wereTels.
cnobilia, rom Teimuraz pirveli sistematurad agzavnida elCebs ruseTSi
da moskovs daxmarebas sTxovda iranel agresorTa winaaRmdeg samarTlian brZo-
laSi. rodesac Teimurazi CrdiloeTidan mokavSires moeloda, iran-osmaleTis
mmarTvelni uqmad ar isxdnen. isini gafacicebiT adevnebdnen Tvals am maTTvis
saSiSari megobrobis ganmtkicebis ambavs. isini elCebs elCebze agzavnidnen da
moiTxovdnen ruseTTan urTierTobaze xelis aRebas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi isi-
ni ganadgureba-darbeviT imuqrebodnen. morRveulma da darbeulma qveyanam ma-
inc ruseTis orientacia irCia da amiT orive agresoris mrisxaneba daitexa Tavs.
124
moTxrobaSi es mZime viTareba aseTnairadaa warmosaxuli: oTaxSi martodmarto
Caketil Teimuraz mefes `win edva ori werili. erTi CrdiloeTidan da meore aR-
mosavleTidan gamogzavnili. pirveli tkbili iyo, alersiani da imediT gamamxne-
vebeli, meore — rCeva-sayvedurebiTa da muqariT savse; erTi gulSi uxicinebda,
da meore ki gulze hkbenda: `Teimuraz-xan, — swerda Sah-abaz pirveli, — Sevityve,
rom papiSenis kvals Sesdgomixar da gadamTieli ginda karze momayeno saWirbo-
rotod... Teimuraz-xan! gadaigde gulidan eg orivesaTvis mavnebeli survili,
Tvara, Tavman Cemman, veRar gadaurCe Cem samarTlian risxvas, veRarc Sen da ve-
Rarc Seni samefo~. am werilis wakiTxvis Semdeg Teimurazma, Rrmad Cafiqrebul-
ma, gadawyvita sparselebTan yovelgvari kavSiris gawyveta da ruseTTan samuda-
mo dakavSireba... man saswrafod Sekriba didebulebi da imave `dRes darbazma xmis
umetesobiT gadawyvita, rom gaewyvita kavSiri sparseTTan da mihkedleboda
CrdiloeTs~. Teimurazis aRniSnul nabijs mohyva Sahis sastiki wyroma.
bevri istoriuli piris mxatvrulad gardasaxuli saxe SemogvanaTebs Txzu-
lebidan, magram yvelaze mkafio maT Soris mainc centraluri gmiri — baSi-aCu-
kad monaTluli imereli ymawvili kaci... igi xalxis wiaRidan gamosuli erovnuli
gmiria. mis SegnebaSi Rrmad aris damkvidrebuli azri, rom mamuli upirvelesi
safiqralia. mas uangarod unda emsaxurebodes kaci. igi amayad acxadebs: `Cemi
gansacdeli raRa saxsenebelia, Seni Wirime, maSin rodesac mTeli saqristiano
gansacdelSia Cavardnili?!~. baSi-aCuki rogorc garegnobiT, aseve Sinagani meo-
biTac gamorCeuli pirovnebaa.
aseve sulierad da xorcielad wminda adamiania biZina ColoyaSvili. man sam-
Soblos Tavisuflebas Seswira Tavi. Tavis biZas — jandiers, romelic sparsele-
bis mxareze gadasvlas urCevda, biZinam ase ganucxada: ùwmindur sicocxles me
wminda sikvdili mirCevnia.. me CemdaTavad gazafxulis maxaroblobis dros sikvdi-
li mirCevnia zamTris winaswarmetyvelebaSi medidurad sicocxles... aq am patara
axmetaSi, — ambobs igi, yvelaferi malamod ecxeba Cems grZnoba-gonebas: miwa, wya-
li, mTa, tye, klde da veli, yvela erTad naTesauris kavSiriT gadabmula CemTan!..
vgrZnob raRac erTsisxlxorcobas maTTan!~.
avtorma metad amaRelvebeli da RrmaSinaarsiani sityva aTqmevina moTxro-
bis erT-erT mTavar gmirs. moxuci kaci elizbar qsnis erisTavi samefo darbazis
winaSe ambobs: `rac foTlebia xisaTvis, Cvenc iseve varT qveynisaTvis da rac we-
liwadia foTlebisaTvis, ise saukunea CvenTvis~... saqarTveli Cveni cxovrebis
xea... sanamdis misi Ziri ar Sesustdeba, Rero ar SeinZreva da fesvebi magrad eqne-
ba gadgmuli, Stoebis SerxeviTa da foTlebis dacveniT ara uWirs ra: Cvenc erTi
foTolTagani varT, adre Tu gvian dasacveni, da Cveni mizeziT raT unda miadges
gaWirveba samefos?~.
amgvari magaliTebi avtors ara mxolod imisaTvis sWirdeba, raTa aCvenos
warsulis sidiade, aramed imisaTvisac, raTa Tanamedrove qarTvelobas `saxed
da xatad~ warmoudginos ZvelTa saqmeni sagmironi, misabaZi ideali daanaxos Ta-
namedrove qarTvels.
calkeul personaJTa garda kidev erTi saintereso personaJi gamoiyvana mwe-
ralma — es gaxlavT eri, xalxi, mSromeli glexoba. im dros, roca morRveuli
qveynis Tavadaznaurobis erTi nawili gadagvarda da moRalateobis gzas daadga,
swored am tragikul momentebSi qveynis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZrao-
bas Zalas matebda mSromeli glexoba. `glexobas, — vkiTxulobT TxzulebaSi, im
muSa-xalxs, romelic yoveldRe mama-papebis mowamur sisxls samSoblos mTa-bar-
ze msxverplad danTxeuls, patiosan Sromis ofls aRvrida, ar hqonda jer kidev
saero kavSiri gawyvetili... igi mzad iyo, rom kvariviT anTebuliyo, da ucdida
mxolod naperwklebs, saidanme monakvess!~. mSromelma glexobam, xalxma da misma
125
sibrZnem Causaxa biZina ColoyaSvils mtris damarcxebis imedi da sabolood STa-
agona sayovelTao ajanyebis brZnulad, xerxianad mowyobis gza.
xalxis wiaRidan gamosuli adamianebisagan Semdgari partizanuli razmebi
anadgurebdnen da SiSis zars scemdnen verag dampyroblebs, maT agentebs. swo-
red xalxis Zlevamosili laSqris meoxebiT SeZles mowinave Svilebma qveynis ga-
Tavisuflebac.
akaki Tanabar siTbosa da qebas miagebs qarTvel mandilosansac. am moTxroba-
Sic qalebi gamoyvanilni arian mamakacebis Tanabrad. pirimTvarisa, pirimzisa da
melano Seudarebeli patriotebi arian. isini TavdadebiTa da, amave dros, sazri-
anad ibrZvian mamakacebis gverdiT. amave dros, maSinac ki, rodesac Tavs icaven,
aCveneben ucxo tomis warmomadgenlebs Seudarebel zneobriv simtkices, sulier
simdidres.
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs pirimTvarisas portreti da Sinagani Seuva-
loba. mtris xelSi fufunebiT cxovrebas man amjobina garduvali sikvdili. igi is-
toriuli pirovneba ar aris, magram misi saxe moqargulia realuri qarTveli qalebis
Tvisebebze dayrdnobiT. aq mxatvruli gamonagoni da istoriuli sinamdvile erTma-
neTs ar ewinaaRmdegeba, piriqiT, urTierTs avseben. `pirimTvarisas msgavsi qalebi,
wers akad. k. kekeliZe, — feodalur qristianul saqarTveloSi SesaZlebeli da warmo-
sadgenia~.1
akaki wereTlis realizmis Zlieri mxare isaa, rom igi istoriis wiaRidan mxo-
lod sasaxelo da dadebiT momentebs ki ar gamoixmobs, aramed uaryofiT, dasag-
mob momentebsac. am TvalTaxedviT metad sainteresoa im moRalate TavadTa sa-
xeebis Cveneba, romelTac SemaZrwunebeli roli Seasrules qarTveli xalxis is-
toriaSi. TxzulebaSi gakicxulia Tavadi abaSiZe, romelmac aTi erTmaneTze uke-
Tesi qaliSvili mihgvara saCuqrad mefes. misma moqiSpe wereTelma ki baqraZis
tyupebi ar daindo da amiT asiamovna vaxtang mefes (Saxnavazs). akakis basr kalams
gaukicxavi ar darCenia qarTl-kaxeTis zogierTi mefe, maTi axlo winaprebi da
samefo karis moxeleni.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelo naxevrad gaTaTrda, Semovida sparsuli zne, Cveu-
leba, rjuli da kanonebi, ena SeibRala, samarTalwarmoeba ucxo enaze mimdinare-
obda, moRalate Tavadaznauroba dabal wodebas daawva Tavze. `qarTul tkbil
RiRins, vaJkacur Sexmatkbilebasa da sasoebis momgvrel galobas bolo mouRo
TaTrulma Seqaqanebam!.. tkbili Canguri da salamuri zurna-Wianurma Caylapa~..
mxolod òrovela~ da `mumli muxasa~ SerCenia muSa xalxs~.
maSindeli sparsuli politikis nayofi da Sedegi rom aCvena, amiT mweralma
Tanamedrove qarTvelebs daanaxva mefis carizmis politikis arsic, kolonia-
lizmis sisastike da veragoba.
rac Seexeba moqmed pirT: zaal aragvis erisTavs, biZina ColoyaSvils, eliz-
bar da Salva qsnis erisTavebs, Teimuraz pirvels, qarTlis mefe vaxtangs, Sahna-
vazad wodebuls, Sah-abass, ali-yuli-xans, feiqar-xans da sxvaT, isini istoriu-
li pirovnebebia. maT Sesaxeb uxvi masala moipoveba saistorio wyaroebsa da do-
kumentebSi, literaturul nawarmoebebSi.
qarTveli mematiane kaxeTis saxalxo ajanyebis meTaurad zaal aragvis eris-
Tavs asaxelebs. zaal erisTavma `Semoifica qsnis erisTavi Salva da elizbar da
kaxi sufraji biZina ColoyaSvili da Semoifices mTis kacni fSav-xevsur-TuSni...
amaT gaatana Tana zurab, Ze Tvisi, da warvidnen Ramesa erTsa. daesxnen Tavsa
sultansa baxtrions da amowyvites, da mosrnes baxtrionis cixeSi mdgomni elni,
da rac iyvnen, mihyvnen iqidame meotiTa, Cavidnen alaverds da, romelnica mun iy-
1
k. k e k e l i Z e , `baSi-aCukis~ erTi epizodisaTvis (akaki wereTlisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo kre-
buli, Tsu, 1940, gv. 198).
126
vnen TaTarni da elni, rac esaxla, yovelni mosrnes piriTa maxvilisaTa~ (qar-
Tlis cxovreba, t, II, 1959, gv. 438).
saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT, zaal erisTavi xSirad amxedrebula mtrebis
winaaRmdeg da mravalgzis gaumagrebia zurgi Teimuraz pirvelisaTvis agresor-
Ta winaaRmdeg brZolebiT. magram igi xSirad icvlida orientacias da xan Teimu-
razs emxroboda da xanac mis mtrebs umegobrdeboda. igi ar yofila samSoblo-
saTvis Tanmimdevari mebrZoli, erTguli da umwikvlo mamuliSvili. mas kaxeTis
ajanyebisas piradi interesebi asuldgmulebda. igi yaenis winaaRmdeg amxedre-
bula imis gamo, rom am ukanasknelma samefo taxtze zaalis nacvlad dasva ros-
tom mefis Svilobili vaxtangi, Sahnavazi. yovelive amis gamo, rogorc Cans, aka-
kim mizanSewonilad ar miiCnia kaxeTis ajanyebis meTaurad misi gamoyvana, amito-
mac amgvar centralur figurad biZina ColoyaSvili aRiara. aRniSnuls isic
uwyobda xels, rom mixeil sabininis mier `saqarTvelos samoTxeSi~ gamoqveyne-
bul anton pirvelis TxzulebaSi kaxeTis ajanyebis meTaurad biZina ColoyaSvi-
lia gamoyvanili, zaal erisTavi ki meryev TanaSemwed.
`baSi-aCukSi~ asaxuli mravali movlena antonis Txzulebas mihyveba.
zaal aragvis erisTavis saxe `baSi-aCukSi daxatulia, rogorc mSobliuri miwa-
wylis moamage da samSoblos moyvaruli pirovneba. igi mtkivneulad ganicdis qvey-
nis mZime mdgomareobas. kiriles sizmris pirveli mosmenidanve is veRar faravda
Tavis ganwyobilebas da `qveyniur zraxvebs veRar aRwevda Tavs~. akaki zaalis sasax-
lesac qveynis imedad saxavs: `kldovani kidis Tavze, Rrublebidan gamosuliyo
uzarmazari cixe-darbazi, Seupovrad gadmomdgariyo da sanugeSod gadahyurebda
are-mares~. amave sasaxleSi Seikribnen SeTqmuli erisTavebi da Seeficnen erTma-
neTs samSoblos ganTavisuflebisaTvis sabrZolvelad.
zaali TanaugrZnobs qveynis ganTavisuflebis ideas, magram Seqmnil viTare-
baSi mtris uricxavi jaris damarcxeba SeuZleblad miaCnia. aragvis erisTavs ga-
mocdileba afiqrebines, rom es ori aTasi qarTveli mxedari sul tyuilubra-
lod gawydeba ricxvmraval mtris winaaRmdeg brZolaSi da Semdeg ganrisxebuli
dampyrobi kidev ufro met ubedurebas daatexda Tavs dauZlurebul qveyanas.
zaali iCens sifrTxiles da erTgvar gaubedaobas. kiriles sizmrisa da meuRlis
SegonebiT zaali daTanxmda ajanyebaSi monawileobaze.
saistorio wyaroebis cnobiT, kaxeTis mmarTvelad 1659 wels Sah-abasis mier
daniSnuli iyo selimxani. moTxrobaSi ki xan ali yuli xania kaxeTis mmarTvelad
gamoyvanili, xan feiqar xani da xanac orive erTdroulad. rogorc Cans, anton
pirvelis nawarmoebis safuZvelze Seutania akakis Tavis TxzulebaSi selim xanis
nacvlad feiqar xani.
`baSi-aCuki~ xasiaTdeba maRalmxatvrulobiT. akaki ambis didebuli mTxrobe-
lia. mis mier SeTxzuli fabula momxibvlelia Tavisi moulodnelobebiT, liri-
kuli adgilebiT, iumorisa da tragizmis ostaturi SerwymiT. akakis prozas Ta-
viseburi ritmic moepoveba. akakis stilisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia isariviT win-
mswrafi kompozicia. igi arafers iseTs ar CarTavs TxzulebaSi, rasac SeuZlia
dinamikurobis Seneleba. amitomacaa, rom TxzulebaSi ar gvxvdeba arc erTi uad-
gilo detali, gaWianurebuli dialogi an monologi.
`baSi-aCukis~ avtori personaJTa xatvis didostatia. mis mier gamoqandakebu-
li saxeebi samaradJamod rCebian mkiTxvelis xsovnaSi da mkafioobiT xasiaTdebi-
an. avtori personaJis vrcel daxasiaTebas ki ar iZleva, aramed mokles, xolo Zi-
riTadad gvixasiaTebs mas moqmedebaSi, dinamikaSi. personaJTa vnebebi, sulieri
ltolvani savsebiT saxiers xdian maT.
akaki arc portretis xatvis tradiciul wess icavs. TiTqmis araferia naT-
qvami istoriul pirTa garegnobaze. samagierod mwerali ufro metad zrunavs
gamogonil personaJTa garegnuli iersaxis mkafiod gamoxatvaze. am mxriv saq-
127
restomaTioa baSi-aCukis brwyinvale portreti: `tanmaRali, welSi werweti,
mxarbeWiani, fafanak ukangadagdebuli, gaCeCili TmiT da gawkvertilis ulvaSe-
biT titvela pirze, swored sasiamovno Sesaxedavi iyo.~ sxartadaa gamokveTili
abduSahilis portretic: èrTi SexedviT, Casxmuli, uzarmazari, Savi marmari-
los qandakeba egoneboda kacs. Savi wverebi tevrad eyreboda gulmkerdze, didi
ulvaSebi aqeT-iqiT totebad scemdnen sigrZisad. didi Savi Tvalebi, sqeli war-
bebiT gadmoxurul-daCrdilulebi, saocrad brialebdnen.~
mwerali didi ostatobiT gviCvenebs mTavari personaJis pirvel gamosvlas.
mTavari figuris pirveli gamoCena — es akakisaTvis udidesi mniSvnelobis prob-
lebaa. am problebas igi warmatebiT wyvets. baSi-aCuki pirvelad vaJkacuri saqmi-
Ta da moqmedebiT SemoiWreba moqmedebaSi — guldagul gadalaxavs modidebul
aragvs da rwmenas da imeds unergavs yvelas. Tavdapirvelad moxveWili simpaTie-
biT baSi-aCuks momgebianad warmoaCens mkiTxvelis winaSe mTxrobeli Txrobis
manZilze.
moTxrobaSi xSirad aris gamoyenebuli zRaprebi, xalxuri Tqmebi, gadmoce-
mebi, andazebi, idiomuri gamoTqmebi da sxva. yvelafer amas akaki Tavisebur iers
aniWebs da mSvenier saSen masalad iyenebs moTxrobis mxatvruli qsovilisaTvis.
Cvens literaturas sakmao tradiciebi moepoveba sizmris literaturul ma-
salad gadamuSavebisa. am wess arc akaki Ralatobs. zRaprul motivebze agebuli
kirile mRvdlis sizmari maRali esTetizmiT gamoirCeva, damainteresebelicaa
da siuJetis ganviTarebasac xels uwyobs. sizmarma Caafiqra yvela, zogierTs ra-
Raca eniSna, zogierTs ki sifxizle gaumaxvila, zogsac eWvianoba gauorkeca. man
gaamxneva Salva da elizbar qsnis erisTavebi, gaaaqtiura zaalis meuRle da sxve-
bi. amave dros zRapari sxva mxrivac aris sayuradRebo. igi TiTqosda fokusSi aq-
cevso nawarmoebis mTel ideur-Sinaarsobriv mizandasaxulobas, amkafioebs qar-
TvelTa miswrafebas Tavisuflebisaken da gvamcnobs maT dajerebul optimizms.
igi simboluri saxea qveynis gaTavisuflebisa da momavali aRorZinebisa.
TxzulebaSi kargadaa Casmuli saxalxo garTobebisa da zeimebis amsaxveli pa-
saJebic. isini umTavresad sakvanZo sakiTxebis gamovlenisa da siuJetis daZabu-
lad gaSlis mizniT arian gamoyenebulni. aseTi saxalxo gasarTobebia jiriTi, ya-
baxi, agreTve sazeimo ceremonialebi mefeTa karze da sxv. aseTi pasaJebi TiT-
qosda damoukidebeli mniSvnelobisani arian, sinamdvileSi ki personaJTa xasia-
Tis gaxsnas emsaxurebian. amas garda, isini siuJetis ganviTarebasac uwyoben
xels.
amrigad, niWieri xelovanis xelSi erTi da igive literaturuli xerxi ramde-
nime mizans eqvemdebareba.
avtoris erT-erT didebul miRwevad iTvleba idumalebis xerxis didosta-
turi gamoyeneba. amgvari idumalebiT arian mosili tyupebi, abduSahili... didad
damainteresebeli da damZabvelia abduSahilis mier Svlis daWra, trial mindor-
ze tyeSi mzeTunaxavTan Sexvedra, Svlis goniereba, qalis gauCinareba, pirimTva-
risas Tavganwirva, abduSahilis fexze eqvsi TiTis qona da sxv.
mweralma leo qiaCelma sagangebod miuTiTa `baSi-aCukSi~ gamoyenebul mra-
valferovan poetur xerxTa gamoyenebis Taobaze. gansakuTrebiT gaamaxvila yu-
radReba moulodnelobisa da saidumloebis xerxebis Tavisebur gaSlaze.1 mar-
Tlac, mkiTxvels ajadoebs siuJetis amgvari gaSla. moulodneli momentebiTa
da idumalebiT mosili pirovnebebis mier Seqnili situaciebi erTmaneTis ganvi-
Tarebis pirobacaa da mTliani siuJeturi xazisac. am mxriv brwyinvale magali-
Tebia: zaal aragvis erisTavis meuRlis ucabedi Sekivleba, abduSahilis pirov-
neba, rom igi mkiTxvels TaTari hgonia, magram garkveulad kidev ukvirs misi ra-
1
l.q i a C e l i , Txzulebani, t. IV, gv. 345.
128
Racnairi lmobiereba da adamianuroba. bolos ki aRmoCndeba, rom igi qarTveli
yofila da yvelaferi naTeli Seiqneba. abduSahils satrfo mkvdari hgonia da igi
cocxali aRmoCndeba. saidumloebiT iyo mosili melanosa da abduSahilis da-
Zmobis ambavic. moulodnelad gairkva, rom isini marTlac sisxliT da-Zma yofi-
lan.
literaturis specialistebi xSirad miuTiTeben, rom WeSmariti literatu-
ra — es aris damajereblis daujereblad, xolo daujereblis damajereblad mo-
wodebao. am formulis mixedviT Tu ganvsjiT, maSin `baSi-aCukis~ avtori prozis
klasikosia. es jadosnuri Tviseba man moTxrobaSi Warbad gamoavlina.1
Tavisi kompoziciis mosxletilobiT, enobrivi poziciiTa da mxatvruli saxee-
bis originalobiT `baSi-aCukma~ qarTveli xalxis didi siyvaruli moixveWa. am na-
warmoebiT akaki wereTelma Taviseburi stili da xatvis manera daamkvidra qarTu-
li mxatvruli prozis ganviTarebaSi.
dramatuli poemebi. `Tamar cbieri~ akaki wereTlis pirveli leqsad da-

werili istoriul-dramatuli poemaa. poemis adrindeli redaqcia daiwera 1885
wels. saboloo redaqcia gamoqveynda 1898 wels. didma qarTvelma kompozitorma
meliton balanCivaZem am Txzulebis mixedviT dawera opera `Tamar cbieri~.
`Tamar cbieri~ agebulia Cveni qveynis istoriis uaRresad mZime da tragikul
epoqaze. dramaSi asaxulia imereTis samefos XVII s. meore naxevris, gansakuTre-
biT ki giorgi gurielis mefobis (1681-1683) tragikuli periodi. masSi CarTulia
darejan dedoflisa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos cxovrebis garkveuli epizo-
debi. mefeTa da dedofalTa da mTavrebs Soris samefo taxtis dauflebis mizniT
gamudmebulma mtrobam, samSoblos Ralatma qveyana udides gansacdelSi Caagdo.
TavianTi miznebis gansaxorcieleblad qveynis moRalateebi xSirad iwvevdnen
dampyrob agresorebs, iranis Sahebs, osmaleTis sulTnebs da faSebs, romlebic
kidev ufro anadgurebdnen isedac dauZlurebul qveyanas. imereTis samefoSi
uaRresad tragikuli mdgomareoba Seiqmna aleqsandre mefis gardacvalebis Sem-
deg. taxtze misi Ze bagrati avida. igi isiZa cbierma dedinacvalma darejan de-
dofalma, Teimuraz I asulma, aleqsandre mefis qvrivma; miaTxova mas Tavisi Zmis
— daviTis asuli. eqvsi Tvis Semdeg veragma darejanma Seipyro bagrati, àRmoax-
dina Tvalni, wargvara coli, SeirTo qmrad vinme vaxtang WuWunaiSvili, daeufla
taxts da amefa vaxtangi~. bagratis momxreebma faSa moixmares, romelmac taxtze
isev dabrmavebuli bagrati dasva. darejanma moqrTama faSa, romelmac xelaxla
gaamefa darejani da misi meuRle. male darejani da vaxtangi SeTqmulTa mier iqnen
mokluli da isev bagrat uTvalo gamefda. amasTanave, imereTs moadga qarTlis me-
fe vaxtang V (Sahnavazi) da imereTis mefed Tavisi mcirewlovani Ze arCili dasva
(Semdeg cnobili mefe da poeti), xolo dadianad dasva Samadavle, uwoda mas leon
da `misca Zmiswuli Tvisi Tamar meuRled~. arCili iZulebuli gaxda male daeto-
vebina imereTis taxti da kvlav bagrati gamefda. qarTlis mefesTan damoyvrebiT
gaTamamebulma leon (levan) dadianma ar indoma bagratis mefoba da didZali ja-
riT ekveTa mas. brZolaSi damarcxda dadiani, mefem igi Seipyro da Tamari TviTon
SeirTo colad.2
dadiani isev ekveTa bagrats, sZlia da daibruna Tamari. bagratma osmalebis
da giorgi gurielis daxmarebiT, didi sisxlis Rvris fasad kvlav daamarcxa da-
diani da isev waarTva meuRle. ase uwyalod oxrdeboda qveyana, Tamari xelidan
1
akakis prozis da, kerZod, `baSi-aCukis~ poeturobas sagangebod ikvlevs gr. kiknaZe. ix. misi lit-
eraturis Teoriisa da istoriis sakiTxebi, gv. 277-294.
2
qarTlis cxovreba, II, daviT CubinaSvilis gamoc., 1854, gv. 202-205. Sdr. qarTlis cxovreba, II, sim.
yauxCiSvilis red., gamokv. da SeniSvnebi, 1959; nik. dadiani, qarTvelT cxovreba, teqsti gamosca,
winasity., gamokvleva, komentarebi, saZieblebi, leqsikoni daurTo S. burjanaZem, 1962, gv. 162-163.
129
xelSi gadadioda. bagratis gardacvalebis Semdeg (1681 w.) samefo taxts da Ta-
mar dedofals daeufla giorgi gurieli.
yvelaze metad iCagreboda mSromeli glexoba, qeduxreli patriotebi gmiru-
lad ibrZodnen rogorc Sinauri, ise gareSe mtrebis winaaRmdeg da sisxlis fa-
sad icavdnen qveyanas.
akakis drama `Tamar cbieris~ ZiriTadi motivi patriotizmia. TxzulebaSi
samSoblos siyvaruli aRiarebulia, rogorc uzenaesi grZnoba, romelsac yvela-
feri emorCileba. naCvenebia poetis uzenaesi valdebulebis da moqalaqeobrivi
pasuxismgeblobis Zala. nawarmoebSi daxatulia avtoris ideali siyvarulis
grZnobis, misi daniSnulebis, fizikuri silamazis da maRali sulieri mSveniere-
bis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb. motivTa amgvari siuxve da misi gadawyvetis
dros gamovlenili pozicia `Tamar cbiers~ erTob sayuradRebo dramatul
Txzulebad aqcevs.
Tamar dedofali istoriulad cnobili pirovnebaa. saistorio da litera-
turuli wyaroebis daxasiaTebiT, Tamari iyo `friad kekluci da aRmatebuli
mSvenierebiTa, srul umetesad~ (vaxuSti, qarTlis cxovreba). akakim Seudarebe-
li poeturi aRmafreniT daxata Tamar cbieris xorcieli siturfe, qveynad gan-
xorcielebuli edemuri fizikuri mSveniereba da zneobrivi biwiereba, sakuTari
siamovnebisaTvis qveynis gawirva.
akaki didad afasebda silamazes, `ciur niWad~ Tvlida. magram `Tamar cbier-
Si~ sagangebod xazgasmulia, rom marto garegani silamaze yovelTvis rodi am-
Svenebs adamians. maSin, rodesac mSveniereba xdeba biwierebis, mruSobisa da siZ-
vis, veragobisa da Ralatis, dacemis mizezi, amgvari silamaze uarsayofi, sa-
zizRari da dasagmobia. swored aseT uaryofiT movlenad miaCnda poets Tamar
cbieris silamaze da TviT Tamari. `leCaqis nacvlad eSmakis qseli mas Tavze xu-
ravs da imereTi misgan garyvnili dRes borotebis morevSi scuravs~.
goCa-mgosnis mier dedoflis saocari silamazisa da SemoTavazebuli siyva-
rulis uaryofa da SeCveneba gamomdinareobs akakis naTeli poziciidan, rom siy-
varuli mxolod garegnuli Tviseba ki ar aris, aramed igi sulis Tvisebaa, nam-
dvili siyvaruli sulTa kavSirSia. xorcieli da sulieri silamaze da amaRlebu-
li siyvaruli, akakis rwmeniT, patriotuli STagonebis xarisxiT fasdeba.
Tamar cbieris zRapruli silamazis gamo aoxrda qveyana; mis gamo erTmaneTs
ejaxebodnen mefe, mTavrebi, erisTavebi da aCaRebdnen ZmaTa sisxlismRvrel
omebs. erTi sityviT, Tamar cbieris silamaze amaRlebuli sulieri mSvenierebiT
ki ar iyo STagonebuli, aramed igi qveynis damRupvel Zalad iyo movlinebuli da
amis gamo gakicxuli, uaryofili da dagmobilia misi silamaze da siyvarulic;
amitom uaryo goCam Tamaris silamazec da mis mier SemoTavazebuli siyvarulic.
goCas mier Tamaris trfialis uaryofam ukiduresad gaamwara dedofali da das-
wama mgosans Zalad Seuracxyofis mcdeloba da dilegSi Caamwyvdevina. cxadia,
Txzulebis am nawilSi gamoyenebulia bibliuri gadmocema. faraonis meuRlisa-
gan SemoTavazebuli siyvarulis iosebis mier uaryofis gamo, gamwarebulma de-
dofalma cili daswama mas da faraons moaxsena, CemTan dawola moisurvao. gan-
risxebulma faraonma iosebi sapyrobileSi Seagdo.
Tamar dedofali goCas Segonebisa da zogi sxva situaciis zemoqmedebis Se-
degad, aRiarebs Tavis Secodebas da iTxovs Sendobas, codvebis mitevebas. `Ta-
mar cbieris~ adrindeli xelnaweris mixedviT dedofali Sendobil iqna mefis mi-
er. darbazSi sazogado gaocebaa, mgosani aRtacebiT wamoiZaxebs `RmerTo!~ eSve-
ba farda. aRniSnuli redaqciis mixedviT dedofali Tavs ar iklavs. momdevno
redaqcia poets Seucvlia. aq Segonebuli dedofali acxadebs:
ìs, vinc sicocxliT ver gamaZRara,
sikvdiliT igrZnobs srul netarebas!~
130
axdis beWdis Tavs da Seswovs Sxams. momakvdavi Tamari mimarTavs mefes: `me-
feo, mgosans nu moiSoreb... qveynis ... di....deba~. dedofali kvdeba. mgosani wamoi-
Zaxebs: `ra drosa kvdeba!~ eSveba farda. bolo redaqcia naTlad gviCvenebs poe-
tis principul pozicias, rom moRalate, avxorci, Tundac Segonebuli da Sendo-
bili qalis, dedoflis taxtze darCena SeuZlebelia. amasTanave, akaki marTebu-
lad miiCnevs, rom samSoblos da xalxis moRalate Sendobil iqnas, igi mkacrad
unda daisajos; Tamar cbiermac Sesaferisi sasjeli gamoutana Tavis Tavs. axali
redaqciiT Zlierdeba dramatizmi. Tamar cbieris saxe kidev ufro tragikuli
xdeba. poeti Tavisi mxatvruli mizandasaxulobis Sesabamisad gverds uvlis gar-
kveul istoriul cnobebs da Tamar cbieris saxes aqac amdidrebs mxatvruli ga-
monagoniT. istoriulad cnobilia, rom Tamar dedofals Tavi ar mouklavs. igi
dedoflad darCa aleqsandre bagratis Zis mier giorgi gurielis samefo taxti-
dan gaZevebamde, magram istoriuli realiebi amis Semdeg poets aRar gamouyene-
bia. man Tamar cbieris ganwmendiT daasrula drama.
akakis mier gansakuTrebuli poeturi STagonebiTaa daxatuli xalxis wridan
gamosuli goCa mgosani. igi mowodebulia samSoblos mtrebis winaaRmdeg brZo-
lisaTvis, misi idealia dacemuli qveynis aRdgena, gaerTianeba da gaZliereba.
akakis rwmeniT, rogorc iTqva, WeSmariti poeti xalxis winamZRolia, igi maRali
moqalaqeobrivi idealebiT unda iyos STagonebuli, iyos nimuSi qveynisaTvis
Tavdadebisa. goCas saxe avtorma Semosa zneobrivi sxivmosilebiT, brwyinvale
poeturi SaravandediT.
mgosani zizRiT ukuagdebs Tamar dedoflis mier SeTavazebul tkbil da ne-
bier cxovrebas. goCa-poeti saTaveSi udgas Tamar dedoflis ganadgurebisaTvis
aRZrul saxalxo moZraobas, xolo, roca veragma darejanma ùkuRma scara Cveni
qveyana~ da `taxtze asuli farisevloba sisxliT da cremliT, Sav pirs ibanda~:
`maSin gavida xalxSi mgosani,
saero cremli Cangze damRera
da xalxis guli miZinebuli
gamoafxizla da aaZgera~.
mgosnis Zala ganusazRvrelia. man poeturi STagonebiT SeZlo xalxis gamof-
xizleba, aRelveba, sabrZolvelad gamoyvana da borotebis daTrgunva.
darejan dedoflis winaaRmdeg xalxis ajanyebis sulisCamdgmelad goCa-
mgosnis aRiareba scildeba istoriul WeSmaritebas, igi avtoris mxatvruli
fantaziis nayofia da Seesabameba mwerlis akakiseul ideals.
goCas saxe aRbeWdilia agreTve metad keTilSobiluri miswrafebiT — saqar-
Tvelos erovnuli konsolodaciisaTvis, ufro zustad, sxvadasxva samTavrod
da samefod daqsaqsuli da dasustebuli qveynis erT mTlian saxelmwifod gaer-
Tianeba da mterTa Cagvrisagan samSoblos ganTavisufleba aris mgosnis ideali.
erTgan akaki werda: `damarcxebuli mxolod maSin aris kaci, rodesac sasoebas
dahkargavs ... da Zalmomreobas SiSiT daemorCileba! Torem visac simarTle da WeS-
mariteba imediT SekavSirebuli gulSi uRviva, is yvelgan da yovelTvis gmiria~.1
swored amgvar pozicias emyareba goCas poeturi saxe. igi darwmunebulia Tavisi ke-
TilSobiluri idealebis ganxorcielebaSi da momavlisaTvis brZolaSi mosalodne-
li damarcxebis SemTxvevaSic uaRresad amaRlebul saxalxo gmirad rCeba. igi mefes
mimarTavs:
`mSvidobiT, mefev! Sen aq darCebi
samefo taxtze monad mjdomare!
me ki mefurad Sevxvdebi sikvdils!
darbazis nacvlad melis samare!~
1
a k a k i w e r e T e l i , Txzulebani, t. XIII, gv. 131.
131
saerTod, goCa-mgosnis saxe erT-erTi brwyinvale furcelia da saintereso
masala mwerlobisa da mwerlis daniSnulebis Sesaxeb akakis mrwamsis naTelsayo-
fad.
giorgi gurieli istoriuli pirovnebaa. igi guriis erTi Zlieri mTavari iyo,
ris gamoc mas samefoSi garkveul angariSs uwevdnen. mas mravaljer miuRia mona-
wileoba imereTSi mefeTa, dedofalTa, mTavarTa, maRal sasuliero pirTa mier
Zalauflebis aRebis mizniT atexil ZmaTa sisxlismRvrel brZolebSi da qveynis
aoxrebaSi. mefe bagratis gardacvalebis Semdeg gurieli daeufla imereTis
taxts, kanonieri coli gauSva — bagratisa da Tamaris asuli darejani da colad
SeirTo sidedri, mefe bagratis qvrivi, dedofali Tamari, riTac, ganarisxa
RmerTi, saaqaos Sercxva da saiqios wawymda~ (farsadan gorgijaniZe). qveynis dam-
Svidebis, borotebis aRkveTis nacvlad, mefe giorgi nebier cxovrebas eweoda.
saxelmwifo marTvis sadave uzneo dedofalma Caigdo xelT.
amgvari daxasiaTebis Semdeg akaki erTgvarad apoeturebs gurielis saxes.
akakis poemis mixedviT, giorgi gurieli TiTqos keTilSobili idealebiT iyo
STagonebuli, magram garemoebam, pirvel rigSi ki Tamar cbierma ar misces saSua-
leba maTi ganxorcielebisa, ris gamoc igi tragikul gmirad iqca. poeti Tanda-
Tan gvamzadebs mefe giorgis mimarT simpaTiurad ganwyobisaTvis. mefem Seigno
Tavisi umweo mdgomareoba da qveynisaTvis saziano moqmedeba dagmo, moinania
codvebi da aRiara:
`gana mefoba eTqmis cocxal-mkvdars!
mefe rom viyo, sxvisi brZanebiT
gavimetebdi gana megobars?!~
goCa-mgosnisa da masxaras SegonebiT mefe giorgim xasiaTi da moqmedeba Seic-
vala. igi kvlav gaitaca saqveyno saqmis keTilSobilurma idealebma, Seimosa Zli-
eri nebisyofiT, gamoerkva, moikriba Wkua-goneba, icno qveynis mokeTeebi da aR-
tacebiT warmoTqva:
àw kmara! isev mefe var,
mefe var, mefe gvirgvinosani!
da TanaSemwed ori kaci myavs:
erTi masxara, erTic mgosani~.
saistorio wyaroebis cnobiT, giorgi gurielma sul ori weli imefa (1681-
1683). xonTqaris daxmarebiT 1683 wels imereTis taxts daeufla bagratis Ze
aleqsandre, giorgi gurieli gadaixvewa guriaSi da imereTis taxtis dabrunebis
mizniT moawyo axali SeTqmuleba. Zlier brZolaSi `moisrnen orgniTve umrav-
lesni~ da moklul iqna giorgi gurieli (1684 w.) es cnobebi akakis poemaSi aRar
Seutania.
masxara da cira xalxis Svilebia. isini gmirulad ibrZvian samSoblos keTil-
dReobisaTvis. isini gabedulad amxelen mmarTveli wris mier qveynad gabatone-
bul Znelbedobas, aoxrebas, sisxlis Rvras. orive personaJi aqtiurad monawile-
obs SeTqmulebaSi. maT sjeraT, rom Tamar dedoflis mokvliT moisxamen `mTeli
qveynis madls~. masxaras simRerebsa da sityvebSi Caqsovilia xalxis miswrafebebi.
ara marto me-17 saukunis, aramed akakis Tanadroulobis sastiki mxilebaa xumaras
simReraSi:
`maRliT cecxlis wvima modis,
dabla dgeba sisxlis Rvari...
ca da miwa gadabrunda,
gagvisworda mTa da bari!..
Zma Zmas swiravs, mama-Svilsa,
megobarsa megobari~.
132
aseve ara marto me-17 saukunis imereTze SeiZleba gavrceldes Semdegi stri-
qonebi:
ès sofeli swored sagiJeTia:
yvela sCemobs Wkuas, grZnobas, gonebas!..
veRar varCevT marTals da moCvenebuls!
vin gadurCes ugnurebis monebas?!
garegnoba, Wreli sanaxaoba,
TvalsaCino, saTvalTmaqco Tviseba,
ai, qveynad ra amaRlebs kacad kacs!...
vis rad unda WeSmariti Rirseba?!~
akaki, didi optimisti da momavlis ubadlo momRerali, masxaras simReraSi
aqsovs Tavis Rrma ideals da mouwodebs:
`cao, cao, moiwminde,
dagviyene isev dari,
Sevardeno, frTa gaSale,
cis kamaras Tavi hkari!...~
mebrZoli suliskveTeba SaravandediT mosavs masxaras saxes.
cira ubralo moaxlea. igi goCas naTluli da Svilobilia. mas Segnebuli aqvs
qveynis umweo mdgomareoba da mzad aris msxverplad Seewiros samSoblos intere-
sebs. mas ezizReba mefe giorgisa da Tamar dedoflis bilwi moqmedeba. cira gu-
liT uTanagrZnobs gurielis kanonier meuRles, romelic dedam da qmarma gaswi-
res da udabnoSi gamoamwyvdies. Txzulebis mixedviT, Taliko (unda iyos: darejani
— p.k.) ciras dedis gazrdilia, misi ZuZu uwovnia. ciras patriotul miswrafebas Zi-
ZiSvilobis movaleobac aZlierebs da iwvevs sabrZolvelad. dobilisa da qveynis
gamoxsniT gatacebuli cira kisrulobs dedoflis mokvlas. cira Tavis satrfos
mouwodebs sagmiro saqmisaken da eubneba:
`nestan-darejan msxverplsa Txoulobs,
xataeTs gzavnis satrfos saomrad
da TinaTini mis gmirs avTandils
istumrebs xangrZliv moymis saZebrad...~
SoTas poemiT STagonebis safuZvelze cira Tavis satrfos awvdis xanjals da
avalebs Tamar dedoflis mokvlas: `Sen unda mokla qveynis orguli, samagierod
mec Seni var da SenTvis movkvdebi~. es saxalxo davaleba da ciras siyvaruli gada-
awyvetinebs niko guriels Tavisi valis aRsrulebas. cira dedoflis sarecelTan
misul guriels vaJkacurad amxnevebs, xeli ar agiTrToldes, gaupe gulio. Rrma
siyvaruliT anTebuli cira trfialze maRla saqveyno interesebs ayenebs da sat-
rfos pirobad udebs: sagmiro saqme aRasrule da Semdeg davemonebi Sens siyvaruls
da erTgulebaso. dabali wridan gamosuli cira poetma daxata rogorc samSoblos
erTguli gmiri qali.
`Tamar cbieri~ akakis pirveli leqsad dawerili piesaa. dramatuli poemis yve-
la moqmedeba erTmaneTTan logikuradaa dakavSirebuli. mecnierebaSi gavrcele-
buli klasifikaciis mixedviT replikebi orgvaria: rezultaturi da makavSirebe-
li (rgolebi).1 `Tamar cbierSi~ umTavresad gamoyenebulia moqmedebaTa damakavSi-
rebeli replikebi, e.i. iseTi replikebi, romlebic Seicaven movlenaTa ganviTare-
bis maniSnebel impulss, xazs da mkiTxvelis (mayureblis) interesebs apirobeben.
dramaSi yvela replika makavSirebelia. `Tamar cbieris~ pirvel moqmedebaSi ciram
ikisra dedoflis mokvlis organizacia da moqmedebis damaboloebeli mgosnis
sityvebi (replika): `nuTu mas, vinc es Cveni qveyana saocrad garyvna da daamcira,
pasuxs miagebs samagierod erTi ubralo moaxle cira?!~ da sxv. aq farda eSveba sa-
1
v. v o l k e n S t e i n i , dramaturgia, 1937, gv. 104 (rusulad).
133
intereso situaciaSi. replika amaxvilebs yuradRebas moqmedebaTa Semdgomi
msvlelobisadmi. meore moqmedeba mgosnis dapatimrebiT mTavrdeba. SeTqmulebis
mTavari xelmZRvaneli gansacdelSia. mkiTxveli (mayurebeli) gazrdili intere-
siT elodeba mgosnis bedisa da SeTqmulebis momaval msvlelobas, mis Sedegs. aqac
replika makavSirebelia. niko gurieli ciram daiTanxma dedoflis mokvlis aqtis
aRsrulebaze da ai nikos replika: `sicocxle ciras, sikvdili Tamars!~. analogiu-
ri funqciisaa meoTxe moqmedebis bolo replika da situacia kvlav damakavSirebe-
lia. CaiSala SeTqmuleba. cira daapatimres. mkiTxveli (mayurebeli) mouTmenlad
elodeba mexuTe moqmedebas.
`Tamar cbieris~ personaJTa daxasiaTebisas poets mravalmxrivi interesebi
amoZravebs. didi mxatvruli ostatobiTaa gamoyenebuli dinamikuri da emociu-
ri monologebi, mimzidveli dialogebi, personaJTa urTierTdamokidebuleba,
portretuli xatebi, replikebisa da lirikuli wiaRsvlebis moxdenilad gamoye-
neba.
Txzuleba Sesrulebulia 8,10,11-marcvlovani leqsiT. leqsis versifikacia
gamoyenebulia movlenaTa specifikuri xasiaTis Sesabamisad. mag., mgosnisa da
dedoflis, mefis... dialogebi da monologebi ZiriTadad gamarTulia aTmar-
cvlovani leqsiT. aRniSnuli zoma Txzulebis wamyvani formaa. zogierTi aspeq-
tis STambeWdaobis kidev ufro gaZlierebis, aRzevebuli grZnobebis, dinji da
Rrma Segonebisa da sxv. SemTxvevaSi poeti mimarTavs TerTmetmarcvlovan leqss.
masxaras monologebsa da dialogebSi poeti iyenebs rvamarcvlian leqssac. am-
gvari variacia xels uwyobs Txzulebis rogorc ideur-mxatvruli Sinaarsis, ise
moqmedi gmiris — masxaras saxis srulyofas. rvamarcvliani leqsia gamoyenebuli
iseT situaciebSi, rodesac masxara mware dacinviT, iumoriTa da gesliani sar-
kazmiT kicxavs uaryofiT personaJebs, movlenebs da amRerebulia igi xalxuri
Sairis hangze, xalxuri melodiis kiloze da gaformebulia narTauli an pirda-
piri TqmebiT.
leqsis versifikaciuli mravalferovneba, misi SerCevis principi da gamoye-
nebis ostatoba saerTod damaxasiaTebelia akakis poeziisaTvis.
`patara kaxi~. `patara kaxi~ xuTmoqmedebiani dramatuli poemaa. igi agebu-
lia meTvramete saukunis istoriul movlenebze, kerZod, Wabuki irakli bato-
niSvilis mier 1735 wels gareSe mtrebze saxelovani gamarjvebisa da qarTveli
xalxis patriotul SemarTebaze. analogiur Temaze aleqsandre jambakur-orbe-
lianma 1862 wels daamTavra da vrceli winasityvaobis darTviT dabeWda Jurnal
`ciskarSi~ prozauli formiT piesa `batoniSvilis iraklis pirveli dro anu
Tavdadeba qarTvelebisa~ (tragedia oTx moqmedebad). aRniSnuli nawarmoebi `pa-
tara kaxis~ erT-erTi literaturuli wyaroa.
akakis nawarmoebis istoriuli qarga aseTia: 1722 wlis zafxulSi ruseTis
Zlevamosili jarebi Zlieri sazRvao flotiT kaspiis sanapiroze idga da petre
pirvelis gegmiT iranSi SeWras apirebda. petre didma daxmareba sTxova qarTlis
mefe vaxtang VI-s. mefe `sixaruliTa didiTa~ Sexvda imperatoris gamowvevas da
30 Tu 40-aTasiani laSqriT 1722 wlis agvistos ganjaSi dadga. magram agvistos
bolos petre pirvelma daarRvia piroba, uRalata vaxtang VI-s, omi gadado da mo-
ulodnelad astraxans gabrunda. vaxtang VI TiTqmis sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi idga
ganjas da sasowarkveTili da imedgacruebuli gamobrunda Tbiliss. `Seeqmna me-
fes Wmunva didi~ (sexnia CxeiZe). iranisa da osmaleTisaTvis cxadi gaxda vaxtan-
gis zraxvebi. swored aman gansazRvra iran-osmaleTis uricxvi Semosevebi qar-
TlSi. qveyana moisra da ganadgurda. vaxtangs qarTlSi aRar daedgomeboda da
didi amaliT ruseTs gaemgzavra. am xanebSi kaxeTi eWira gamahmadianebul kon-
stantines, erekle pirvelis Zes, romelsac Saxis karze ewoda mahmad-yuli-xani.
134
Sahma vaxtang meeqvses CamoarTva mefoba da gadasca igi mahmad-yuli-xans, ro-
melic osmaleTis xonTqarma axalcixis faSas — usuf-faSas RalatiT moakvlevina.
amis Semdeg taxti konstantines Zmam, Teimuraz meorem daikava. magram gaZlierda
ra kaxeTSi osmal urdoTa da moTareSe lekTa Tavdasxmebi, qveynis rbevasa da awi-
okebas sazRvari aRar hqonda. mefes kaxeTSi aRar edgomeboda da amitomac `Teimu-
raz warvida fSavs da iyofeboda mun~ (vaxuSti). momxvdurni atyvevebdnen mcxov-
rebT da osmaleTis bazrebzed hyiddnen. mematianis gadmocemiT, ìyo tirili da
vaeba~... ase gaiafda tyve, rom `TiTos vaJkacs orol minalTunad aZlevdnen, rome-
lic ar gauvidisT, cxvruleb yelsa moWridian da zogs wyalSi yridian~ (papuna
orbeliani). amis gamo mosaxleobac mTianeTSi gaixizna.
qveyanas ganadgureba emuqreboda. `TiTqmis mTels saqarTvelos xalxsa gate-
nils Tofzed eZina~ (al. orbeliani).
qveynisaTvis metad tragikul aseT viTarebaSi gmiruli omi gadaixada 15
wlis Wabukma batoniSvilma ereklem (akakis azriT, meCvidmete welSi gadamdgarma
ufliswulma). Wabuki iraklis gmiruli saqmeni da Rvawli gamosaxa akakim Tavis
`patara kaxSi~. oman xerxeuliZe gadmogvcems: `welsa 1735 movidnen lekni da qi-
ziyi moarbives: maSin iyo Ze mefisa Teimurazisa irakli wlisas 15, romel-man Se-
moiyara soflebidam jari, ewia neiSnis mindorSi da Zlierad Semoebnen lekni.
garna TviT ese yrma, Ze mefisa Teimurazisa irakli, meored Sevida Sinagan jarsa
da lekisasa da pirvelad aman mokla kaci da amisa mxilvelTa kaxTa erT-pirad mi-
marTes yiviliT da wina wariqcies jari lekisa, ahyares tyveni da saqoneli da
moswyvites umravlesni, da movida maRaros gamarjvebuli, romlisTvis friad
mxiarul-iqmnen kaxni, ixiles ra simxne da mamacoba memkvidrisa Tvisisa~.
nawarmoebis ideur mxares gansazRvravs patriotizmi da ganmaTavisuflebe-
li brZolis paTosi. mxilebulni arian moRalateni, gamcemni, piradi interese-
biT gatacebuli adamianebi.
sainteresoa `patara kaxis~ Seqmnis istoria. akakis Tavdapirvelad dauweria
xuTmoqmedebiani drama proziT ìrakli batoniSvili~. sacenzuro komitets ua-
ri uTqvams nebarTvaze. akakis erTi wlis Semdeg dramatuli sazogadoebisaTvis
gadaucia drama garkveuli cvlilebebiT, uwodebia ra misTvis `gela~. 1889 wels
prozad dawerili ìrakli batoniSvili~ da `gela~ poets gauleqsavs da uwode-
bia misTvis `patara kaxi~. rogorc redaqciebis Sedareba cxadyofs, leqsad dawe-
ril `patara kaxSi~ patriotuli idea kidev ufro gamZafrebula.
scenaze ganxorcielebuli `patara kaxi~ aRtacebiT miiRo rogorc mkiTx-
velma, aseve mayurebelma.
`patara kaxis~ teqstze kompozitorma n. sulxaniSvilma dawera opera, rome-
lic, samwuxarod, dakargulia. SemorCenilia mxolod ramdenime aria (mag., `daig-
vianes... jer arsad sCanan~).
nawarmoebis personaJTa moqmedeba, miswrafebani, suliskveTeba STagonebu-
lia patriotizmiT.
erovnuli paTosi mkafiod gamoxata poetma Semdeg sityvebSi:
`kmara moneba! kmara moTmena!
dro aris adges erTpirad eri,
an brZolis velze suli dalios,
an moigeros mosuli mteri!~
didi STamagonebeli ZaliT JRers akakis mowodeba:
`sjobs monobaSi gadidkacebuls
Tavisuflebis ZebnaSi mkvdari!~
135
sanukvari saqarTvelos erTianobis idea am TxzulebaSic TvalsaCinodaa ga-
mokveTili poetis mier. aq xazgasmulia, rom kaxelTa ubedureba gaiziares mTie-
lebma, rom mTa dairazma baris misaSveleblad.
TxzulebaSi aRniSnulia, rom mijnurobaze maRla dgas samSoblos siyvaruli.
trfobis grZnobiT anTebuli levan qvabuliZe aRiarebs, rom siyvaruliT gataceba-
ze ufro ùdidesi win gviZevs vali~ da es valia mamulisaTvis Tavdadebao. levani-
saTvis, rogorc didi grZnobis patronisaTvis, es Sewirva ar aris advili saqme. igi
aRtacebuli turfas siyvaruliT ase acxadebda: àsi sicocxle rom mqonodes, er-
Tad Sen Semogwirav!... Sen daganacvlebo~. siyvaruli misTvis iyo udidesi netareba.
miuxedavad siyvarulis grZnobis ase mZlavrad tarebisa, samSoblos interesebi, mo-
valeoba qveynis winaSe man ufro maRla daayena.
Tavis mxriv, mwerlis CanafiqriT, turfas swored siyvaruli ubiZgebs mamu-
lis ganusazRvreli siyvarulisaken da igi Tavis satrfosTan erTad Tavs swi-
ravs mSobel qveyanas. ase rom, akakis SemoqmedebaSi saerTod da, kerZod, am Txzu-
lebaSi siyvaruli sazogadoebrivi, erovnuli poziciidanaa Sefasebuli, am
grZnobas didi sazogadoebriv-politikuri datvirTva aqvs.
poeti didad afasebda qarTveli qalis rolsa da damsaxurebas samSoblos wi-
naSe. rodesac qarTvelTa jari umZimes gansacdelSi aRmoCnda, mariam dedofal-
ma da masTan erTad brZolis xazis axlos myofma qalebma erTxmad mouwodes er-
TmaneTs: wavideT Cvens ZmebTan, qmrebTan da SvilebTan da maTTan erTad Cvenc
pirnaTlad warvsdgeT Cvens ZvelebTano. am sityvebis warmoTqmisTanave maT le-
Caqebi moixades da gmirul-patriotuli SemarTebiT gaemarTnen brZolis xazisa-
ken.
nawarmoebSi aris aseTi pasaJi: rodesac qarTveli jari mterma rkalSi moaq-
cia da meomrebs daRupva daemuqra, am dros isini moulodnelad ixsna brZolis
velze gamoCenilma glexobam. glexTa gundebs win qalebi uZRodnen. akaki, ro-
gorc didi demokrati, gansakuTrebul rols aniWebs qveynis gadarCenaSi mxo-
lod mSromel glexobas. swored glexobas axasiaTebda optimizmi. es gamoixata
maT simRerebSiac, mag., `yanao, muSis samoTxev~... da gansakuTrebiT `mumli muxa-
sa~. mgosani fiqrobs, rom mterze gamarjvebis saqmeSi gadamwyveti roli glexo-
bas ganekuTvneba: akakim mSromeli xalxis rolis asaxviT TiTqos Seavso `qar-
Tlis cxovrebis~ adgilebi da istoriul Temaze Seqmnil nawarmoebebSi Tavadaz-
naurobis gverdiT sapatio adgili miuCina glexobasac.
Zvel saqarTveloSi Tavdadebul patriotebTan erTad zogierTi iseTi Tava-
dic gamoereoda, romelic Ralatobda mamuls, gadadioda mtris mxareze. aseTi
SemTxvevebi gaxSirda e.w. `TaTrobis~ periodSi. dawvrilebiT am movlenis Taoba-
ze msjelobs vaxuSti: `kvalad iyo tura ramazaSvili... ganvida tura Wirsa Sina
da iwyo man Tavoba lekTa da kirTeba laSqrobiT kaxeTs, vinaTgan uwyoda adgil-
ni da simagreni da misaval-warmosavalni; garna etikobiTa misiTa mravalgzis
sZles WarelTa. mere kvalad mouxda tura da warudga amas paata moTaved kaxTa~.
magram omis dros paata cxenidan Camovarda da `mohkla turam TvisiTa wixliTa.
xolo sxvani mosrna da wavida alafiTa~.1 ase rom, akaki simarTliTa da dananebiT
laparakobs moRalate Tavadebisa da maTi STamomavlebis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli is-
toriuli faqti `patara kaxSi~ Semdegnairadaa asaxuli:
`mamamiss zaals kargad vicnobdi,
erTxel sikvdilsac gadavarCine,
rodesac tura ramazaSvili
mis win satevriT Zirs davawvine~.
1
qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, 1973 , gv. 614.
136
ramaziSvili rom movkalio, — ambobs gela, — misi jaric SekrTa da Sedrka,
ikadra ukuqceva da guladobisaTvis swored maSin Semarqves `guladi gelao~. po-
eti guliswuxiliT msjelobs moRalateTa veragobaze. igi acxadebs: `qveynis or-
guli rom ar dazogos, yvela kacsa aqvs sruli ufleba~.
TxzulebaSi asaxuli arian istoriuli pirni: mefe Teimuraz meore, Tamar de-
dofali, patara kaxi da givi ColoyaSvili. Teimuraz meore iyo erekle pirvelis
Svili. igi samwerlo moRvaweobasac eweoda. Teimurazi sakmaod dakvirvebuli po-
litikuri moRvawe iyo. Znel epoqaSi igi galomebiT ebrZoda gareSe Tu Sinaur
mters. TviTonve laparakobs amis Taobaze: `vwerdi cxens mjdomi, vlaSqrobdi
iqiT da aqeTo~. meistorieni aRniSnaven, rom `Teimurazma moineba ruseTs wasvla.
aramed ar utevebdnen kaxni. merme Camoiyvanes kvalad Telavsave 1731 welso~.
swored patara kaxis cnobili laSqrobis win, 1734 wels, oman xerxeuliZis
cnobiT, Teimurazma `Semoikribna kaxni... Tavs daesxa da gaemarjva osmalTa zeda
da mravalni mowyvitnes da ukan iqca usuf-faSa meoti da mieriT verRa-ra ikad-
res osmalTa Sesvlad kaxeTad~. akaki zustad rodi mihyveba saistorio wyaroebs.
akakim kargad icoda fasi Teimuraz II moRvaweobisa, àm Zveli arwivis~ damsaxu-
reba. igi Teimurazs gvacnobs, rogorc `saxelganTqmul da Tavmomwone, namdvil
gmirs~, magram amasTanave miawers mas gadaWarbebul sifrTxiles, rac iwvevdao
garkveul situaciebSi mis gaubedav moqmedebas. akakis azriT, Teimurazs ukve
aRar SeuZlia òmSi triali~, radgan is `gulis frialma~ daasneulao. akakis uar-
yofiT moqmedebad miaCnia Teimurazis mier baris datoveba da Tavis Sefareba
mTaSi. brma gela ki ambobs:
èh, Teimuraz, ra mtyuani xar,
rom moaSure am mTis simagres
da barelebi oxrad dahyare.
damnaSave xar, magram mefe xar
da vin ras getyvis? vin ras mogkiTxavs?~
akakim garkveul situaciebSi mefis esa Tu is Tviseba daupirispira batoniS-
vilis ama Tu im Tvisebas. aseT dros igi umTavresad iyenebs mxatvruli kontras-
tis xerxs. mama-Svilis SepirispirebiT-SedarebiTi daxatvis gziT avtori axer-
xebs mkafio saxe gamoxatos saqarTvelos momavali didebuli da brwyinvale me-
fisa.
istoriuli pirovnebaa dedofali Tamar. igi iyo vaxtang VI asuli `mSvenieri
da miuwTomeli~, saTnoebisa da sikeTis sruli gansaxiereba. istorikosTa daxasia-
TebiT, Tamari Wkviani da SorsmWvreteli yofila, didi avtoriteti mouxveWia ro-
gorc kaxeTSi, ise mis farglebs gareT. Tamar dedofals didi Rvawli miuZRvis ga-
reSe mtris winaaRmdeg brZolebSi. oman xerxeuliZis cnobiT, Sah-nadiri `ganZvin-
da saqarTvelosa zeda da ganigula ayra maTi da mowyveta qarTl-kaxeTis erisa.
hscna ra ese mefeman Teimuraz, waravlina dedofali Tamar, asuli mefis vaxtangi-
sa vedrebad yaenisa winaSe, raTa ara aswyvitos qarTl-kaxeTisa xalxi da dascxres-
ca mrisxaneba misi qristianeTa zeda: xolo movida ra dedofali Tamar daRestanSi
nadir-SahsTana da evedra auyrelobasa qarTl-kaxeTisasa da esreTve acnoba
ucodveloba Tvisisa mefisa Teimurazisa da erTguleba Zisa Tvisisa irakli meo-
risa, romlisaTvis myis Tanad lmobier-iqmna mZlavri igi pativ-sca, viTarca deda-
sa da yoveli Txovili mianiWa da gamouteva didiTa niWiTa kaxeTs~.1 analogiuri
cnobebi sxvasac moepoveba. poetic saTanadod iyenebs maT. poetis mier daxatuli
dedofali Teimuraz mefes gabeduli da gadamwyveti moqmedebisaken mouwodebs.
mas dauSveblad miaCnia gulis gatexva da usasod yofna. `sadac vera sWris sif-
1
o m a n x e r x e u l i Z e , mefoba irakli meorisa mefis Teimurazis Zisa (`qarTlis cxovreba~, II, 1854,
gv. 478).
137
rTxile... iqa sjobia gambedaoba~. Tamar dedofals miaCnia, rom Svili misi samSob-
los samsxverplod aRuzrdia:
`rogorc qarTvel qals, Cemi irakli
qveynis samsxverplod gamomizrdia
da sxva dedebTan mec erTad Cemi
movaleoba gadamixdia~.
rogorc iTqva, akaki bataluri scenebis xatvis didi ostatia. marTalia, `pa-
tara kaxis~ batalur scenebs mayurebeli scenaze ver xedavs (mis msvlelobas igi
meTvalyureTa da SikrikTa cnobebis mixedviT ecnoba), magram sabrZolo epizo-
debis amgvar gadmocemasac udidesi xibli axlavs akakis TxzulebaSi. akakim icis
moulodneli situaciebis, saidumlo ambebis, Sorisdebulebisa da sxva xerxTa
drouli CarTva Txrobis saerTo arqiteqtonikaSi da STabeWdilebac saTanadoa.
grZnobebi, emociebi dinamikurad cvlian erTmaneTs da nawarmoebidan statiku-
roba gandevnilia.
yvelaferi aRniSnuli imaze metyvelebs, rom `patara kaxi~ leqsad Sesrule-
buli qarTuli dramaturgiis erT-erTi saukeTeso nimuSia.
amrigad, uaRresad sagulisxmo da mravalferovania akakis SemoqmedebiTi
cxovreba. akakis Semoqmedeba da praqtikuli saqmianoba qarTveli xalxis didebi-
sa da Rirsebis dacvis, Tavisuflebisa da momavlis damkvidrebis did saqmes emsa-
xureboda. akaki mudam da ganuyrelad idga eris majiscemis sadarajoze. swored
amitom uwoda mas ilia WavWavaZem `rCeuli~ erisa; mas akakis poeziis gareSe verc
warmoedgina qarTuli lirika.
akakis Rvawli ukvdavia. sakacobrio idealebTan erTad mis SemoqmedebaSi or-
ganulad aris gaerTianebuli qarTveli xalxis saukeTeso idealebi, sibrZne,
fiqrebi da gancdebi, misi keTilSobiluri miswrafebani, faqizi survilebi. ami-
tom aris akaki namdvili saxalxo mgosani, amitom Seiyvara igi madlierma mSobel-
ma erma, aRiara sulier winamZRolad, did moWirnaxuled da Searqva mas qarTveli
xalxis ùgvirgvino mefe~.
138
giorgi wereTeli
(1842-1900)
cxovreba da moRvaweoba
giorgi wereTlis cxovreba, sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba da Semoqmedeba uaR-

resad saintereso da mravalferovania.
me-19 saukunis 60-iani wlebidan amave saukunis dasasrulamde Znelia davasa-
xeloT mniSvnelovani erovnuli saqme, siaxlis Semcveli saqveyno wamowyeba, rom-
lis meTauri da sulis Camdgmeli Tu ara, aqtiuri monawile mainc g. wereTeli ar
yofiliyo.
progresulad moazrovne am mweralsa da sazogado moRvawes usazRvrod uy-
varda Tavisi samSoblo; igi mudam mowiwebiT ixseniebda saqarTvelos diad war-
suls, TavgamodebiT ibrZoda awmyos Wrilobebis moSuSebisa da bednieri momav-
lisaTvis.
g. wereTeli iyo pedagogi, Jurnalisti, mxatvruli sityvis ostati, prozai-
kosi, poeti, dramaturgi; realisturi esTetikisa da kritikuli realizmis erT-
erTi damamkvidrebeli, filologi, literaturis Teoretikosi, kritikosi, Te-
atraluri moRvawe, istorikosi, ekonomisti, arqeologi, folkloristi, bune-
bismetyveli, Cveni qveynis soflis meurneobisa da mrewvelobis ganviTarebisaT-
vis Tavdadebuli moamage, progresuli azrebisa da ideebis mqadagebeli, erovnu-
li da socialuri uTanasworobis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli.
g. wereTlis mTel moRvaweobas, saerTo mizanswrafvas maRali sazogadoebri-
vi, socialuri da erovnuli idealebi asazrdoebs.
***
giorgi wereTeli 1842 wlis 14 maiss dabadebula zemo imereTSi, sofel gori-
saSi, saSualo SeZlebis aznaurisa da saxelmwifo moxelis, `naswavl kacad~ cno-
bil eqvTime wereTlis ojaxSi.
momaval mwerals deda ise adre gardaecvala, rom misi xsovnac ki ar SerCenia
Svils. bavSvs zrdida gulisxmieri, metad mzrunveli, mkacri, magram Svilis di-
dad mosiyvarule mama. dedis magivrobas uwevda ZiZa.
eqvTime wereTeli Tavisi droisaTvis ganaTlebuli da qveynisaTvis gulSe-
matkivari kaci yofila. mas kargad scodnia Zveli qaTuli literatura da sais-
torio mwerloba. ueWvelia, aseTi mama did gavlenas moaxdenda Svilis sasurve-
li midrekilebis ganviTarebaze, codnisadmi siyvarulis grZnobis gaRvivebisa
da saerTo ideuri miswrafebis Camoyalibebaze.
g. wereTels arc deduleTi hyolia uwignuri. giorgisa deda barbare iyo xo-
nis wminda giorgis eklesiis dekanoz Toma quTaTelaZis asuli da imereTis epis-
koposis, germanes diswuli. dedis Zma, germane episkoposi Semdeg quTaisis gimna-
ziaSi g. wereTels aswavlida qarTul enasa da saRmrTo sjuls. aseTma ojaxurma
da axlonaTesaurma wrem didi gavlena moaxdina g. wereTlis midrekilebasa da
ganwyobilebis formirebaze.
raki g. wereTels deda adre gardaecvala, igulisxmeba, unda hyoloda ZiZa,
aRmzrdeli. vin iyo es ZiZa da sad izrdeboda patara giorgi? Cvens yuradRebas
iqcevs is garemoeba, rom g. wereTlis `mgzavris wignebSi~, `gulqansa~ da `pirvel
nabijSi~ samegrelos bunebisa da yofis warmtaci suraTebia naCvenebi. `pirvel
nabijSi~ avtorma ara marto aRwera samegrelos is soflebi, gorakebi da Relee-
bi, romlebic im dros rukazedac ki ar iyo aRniSnuli, aramed maRalemociuro-
biT warmogvidgina am kuTxis mTisa da baris peizaJebi. garda amisa, g. wereTelma
moqmedi gmirebic umTavresad samegrelodan Semoiyvana. cxadia, warmodgenili
sinamdvilis gardasaxva SeuZlebeli iqneboda am mxaris yovelmxrivi gacnobisa
da Seswavlis gareSe. magram saidan, rogor? — ai kiTxvebi, romlebic pasuxs mo-
iTxoven.
rogorc gairkva, g. wereTeli izrdeboda samegreloSi da dedis magivrobas
uwevda mas megreli ZiZa. es faqti naTeli gaxda i. WavWavaZisadmi miwerili g. we-
reTlis baraTis mignebiT. g. wereTeli wers i. WavWavaZes: `...iqneb Tqven ar iciT
da me TviTon samegrelos dedis ZuZuTi var gazrdili da sxva mis meti ar max-
sovs. ès aris is adgilio,— ganagrZobs giorgi wereTeli, — sadac pirvelad de-
dis alersi migvrZnia, saca pirvelad gamixelia gonebis Tvali da samegrelos
mdidar bunebas aRuZravs CemSi ukeTesi grZnobebi!...~ aseTi gulSi Camwvdomi
sityvebiT ixseniebda mwerali saqarTvelos am mSvenier kuTxes, romelTanac mas
akavSirebda sayvareli ZiZa da bavSvuri tkbili mogonebani. amrigad, eWvmiutan-
lad cxadi gaxda, rom giorgi wereTels bavSvobis wlebi samegreloSi gautare-
bia. am niadagze daikava mis SemoqmedebaSi ase farTo adgili samegrelos bunebam,
yofam da sinamdvilis gansasaxiereblad saWiro literaturulma personaJebma.
saarqivo masalidan vigebT, rom g. wereTeli izrdeboda samegreloSi, axal-
senakSi, — Tanafia gabeskirias ojaxSi da rom Tanafias meuRle ZiZaa g. wereTli-
sa. cxadia, rom glexis ojaxSi bavSvobis wlebis gatarebam, glexur garemoSi
didxans yofnam g. wereTels gaacno xalxis cxovreba, romelic ase farTod war-
moadgina Tavis cnobil nawarmoebebSi.
mamis ojaxSi pirveldawyebiTi ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg g. wereTeli quTai-
sis gimnaziaSi Seiyvanes. im wlebis STabeWdilebani g. wereTelma ganzogadebuli
saxiT mxatvrulad warmogvidgina `gulqansa~ da `pirvel nabijSi~, `Cveni cxovre-
bis yvavilSi~. am nawarmoebebSi naCvenebia mowafeTa autaneli mdgomareoba da
daxasiaTebulia aRzrdis is policiuri meTodebi, romlebic gabatonebuli iyo
imdroindel skolaSi.
g. wereTeli erT-erT karg mowafed iTvleboda gimnaziaSi da warmatebiT da-
amTavra kidec igi. rusul da qarTul literaturaSi farTod gaTviTcnobiere-
bulma da sakmao codniT aRWurvilma Wabukma gadawyvita sauniversiteto ganaT-
lebis miReba.
***
gimnaziis damTavrebis Semdeg, 1860 wels, g. wereTeli gaemgzavra peterburgs

da Cairicxa universitetis fizika-maTematikis fakultetis sabunebismetyvelo
ganyofilebis studentad.
g. wereTels, rogorc niWier axalgazrdas, stipendia imTaviTve dauniSna kav-
kasiis komitetma. roca giorgi peterburgs Cavida, maSin iq swavlobda qarTveli
axalgazrdobis mTeli Taoba: i. WavWavaZe, a. wereTeli, n. nikolaZe, kir.lorTqi-
faniZe, b. RoRoberiZe, n. RoRoberiZe da mravali sxva.
140
qarTveli axalgazrdoba, maT Soris g. wereTelic, izrdeboda ruseTis mowi-
nave inteligenciisa da evropis mowinave adamianTa progresul ideebze; am gare-
moebam erTgvarad gansazRvra momavali mwerlis moRvaweobisa da SemoqmedebiTi
ganviTarebis gza.
1861 wlis Semodgomaze revoluciurad ganwyobilma peterburgis mowinave
studentebma mefis mTavrobis winaaRmdeg farTo demonstracia moawyves. am moZ-
raobaSi g. wereTelma aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo. mefis policiam sastik zomebs
mimarTa. sxvebTan erTad g. wereTelic daapatimres, jer daamwyvdies petre-pav-
les cixeSi, Semdeg ki krondStadtis satusaRoSi moaTavses. sapatimrodan gamoS-
vebis Semdeg mas aukrZales universitetSi swavlis gagrZeleba, magram g. wereTe-
li mainc axerxebs leqciebze daswrebas; 1862 wlis oqtombridan mas darTes neba
eswavla meore kursze.
studentTa moZraobaSi monawileoba giorgi wereTlisaTvis garkveuli sazo-
gadoebriv-revoluciuri naTloba iyo. es garemoeba Seiqmna safuZveli imisa,
rom g. wereTeli Tavidanve samociani wlebis mowinave adamianebis wreSi moxved-
riliyo. cnobilia g. wereTlis, rogorc student-revolucioneris, suraTi
krondStadtis patimarTa Soris. studentTa areulobis gamoZiebis saarqivo ma-
salebi, sxva oficialuri cnobebi metyveleben, rom qarTveli axalgazrdebi aq-
tiurad monawileobdnen studentTa mRelvarebaSi. Tumca g. wereTeli universi-
tetis pirveli kursidanve gatacebuli iyo sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebiT, ga-
dawyvetili hqonda kidevac mecnieruli muSaoba am gziT gaegrZelebina, magram
male dasZlia literaturisa da, saerTod, sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa siyva-
rulma da misi miswrafeba axali mimarTulebiT warimarTa.
g. wereTlis didi interesi mecnierebisadmi, Sromis unari, niWi studentoba-
Sive gamomJRavnda. meore kursis studentad yofnis dros g. wereTels garkveu-
li Sexedulebac ki gamoumuSavebia da sakuTari Teoriis SemuSaveba ucdia embri-
ologiaSi — CanasaxTa ganviTarebis mecnierebaSi. samociani wlebisaTvis peter-
burgSi ocdaaTze meti qarTveli axalgazrda swavlobda, romelTa goneba mdid-
rdeboda axali mowinave ideebiT. amdenad, peterburgi, rogorc yvela Cveni sa-
mocianelisaTvis, g. wereTlisaTvisac akademiuri wrTobis qalaqi iyo.
g. wereTlis, rogorc mwerlis, sazogado moRvawisa da moazrovnis, profili ga-
mokveTilad gamoCnda saqarTveloSi dabrunebisas. misi ideuri miswrafebis Sinaar-
sis saboloo Camoyalibeba SesaZlebeli gaxda qarTuli erovnuli kulturis safuZ-
velze, romelsac Seerwyo mowinave rusuli da evropuli kultura. evropuli kul-
turis monapovris g. wereTliseuli aTviseba gulisxmobda demokratizmis, humaniz-
misa da patriotizmis erTobliobas. es unaTebda gzas g. wereTlis mwerlobas, moR-
vaweobas.
***
cxovrebaSi ukve Rrmad Caxeduli, nakiTxi, ganswavluli da farTod ganaTle-

buli axalgazrda g. wereTeli 1863 wlis miwuruls peterburgidan samSobloSi
dabrunda da farTo sazogadoebriv-literaturul moRvaweobas Seudga.
g. wereTlis brwyinvale literaturuli debiuti iyo 1863 wels i. WavWavaZis
`saqarTvelos moambeSi~ g-Telis fsevdonimiT dabeWdili statia — `ciskars ra
akakanebda?~.1 am RrmaSinaarsiani weriliT daedo saTave g. wereTlis aqtiur
brZolas qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azrisa da Cveni qveynis cxovrebis ganaxlebi-
saTvis; masSi gamovlinda g. wereTlis mowinave literaturul-esTetikuri Sexe-
dulebani.
1
`saqarTvelos moambe~, 1863, 5.
141
statias — `ciskars ra akakanebda?~- dReisaTvis ara marto istoriuli, ara-
med garkveuli SemecnebiTi mniSvnelobac aqvs. yovlad SeuZlebelia imsjelo
TergdaleulTa saerTo, sazogadoebriv da literaturul Sexedulebebze, sa-
moRvaweo asparezze gamosvlis, mamaTa da SvilTa brZolis xasiaTze da am stati-
as gverdi auaro.
rogorc i. WavWavaZis werili `saqarTvelos moambeze~ ilias moRvaweobis sap-
rogramo werilia, aseve g. wereTlis `ciskars ra akakanebda?~ da `maTusalas aR-
sareba~ Seiqmna g. wereTlis literaturuli da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis Si-
naarsis ganmsazRvreli, samwerlo mrwamsisa da ideuri miswrafebis gamomxatve-
li.
am werilebis paralelurad g. wereTeli iwyebs mxatvrul nawarmoebTa gamoq-
veynebas. 1866-1867 wlebSi daibeWda misi ramdenime moTxroba, maT Soris `monadi-
ris naambobi~, `mgzavris wignebi~ da sxv. amas daemata isic, rom 1866 wels g. were-
Telma daaarsa gazeTi `droeba~, romliTac mis winaSe farTo Jurnalisturi
moRvaweobis asparezi gadaiSala.
g. wereTeli 1863-1866 wlebSi aqtiurad Caeba literaturuli da sazogado-
ebrivi cxovrebis ferxulSi. ruseTidan saqarTveloSi CamosvlisTanave, 1863
wlis miwurulSi, g. wereTelma daiwyo maswavlebloba jer quTaisSi da Semdeg
TbilisSi. quTaisSi misi mowafe yofila Semdgom saxelmoxveWili pedagogi da
moRvawe aleqsi WiWinaZe, xolo TbilisSi cnobili sazogado moRvawe g.TumaniS-
vili. orive mowafe g. wereTels axasiaTebs rogorc SesaniSnav maswavlebels.
am xnidan moyolebuli, g. wereTeli TiTqmis aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ar wyvets
kavSirs skolasTan da aswavlis mSobliur enasa da literaturas Tbilisis sxva-
dasxva saswavlebelSi.
g. wereTels ara marto maswavleblobis periodSi, aramed mTeli sicocxlis
manZilze ar Seuwyvetia zrunva skolebze, swavla-aRzrdis saqmeze. amis Tvalsa-
Cino magaliTia g. wereTliseuli cda da zrunva TbilisSi universitetis daar-
sebis Taobaze.
qveynis ganaTlebis, qarTveli xalxis sulieri kulturis amaRlebis mizniT
dainteresebuli g. wereTeli swavlisa da ganaTlebis yvela mxares aqcevda yu-
radRebas, iyenebda yvela SesaZlo moments am mtkivneuli sakiTxebis dayenebisa
da gadawyvetis mizniT. `droebis~ erT-erT nomerSi g. wereTelma moaTavsa nek-
rologi besarion RoRoberiZis gardacvalebis gamo. b. RoRoberiZe maswavlebe-
li iyo da g. wereTelma es faqti garkveuli ideuri mizniT gamoiyena. es mizani
iyo mSobliur enaze swavlebis principis damkvidrebis propaganda. b.RoRoberi-
Zes man did damsaxurebad CauTvala, rom igi TavgamodebiT zrunavda skolebSi
qarTuli enis danergvisaTvis. g. wereTeli sajarod moiTxovda mSobliur enaze
swavlebas: `xalxs unda ganaTleba Tavis enazeo~.
g. wereTeli yovelgvari mosalodneli devnis miuxedavad, daundoblad akri-
tikebs swavlebis gabatonebul sistemas, swavlebis uvargis meTodebs, saskolo
policiur reJims, ruseTis biurokratiul-Cinovnikuri mmarTvelobis Sedegad
damkvidrebul saaRmzrdelo reJims. g. wereTeli Wkuis, swavlis, zneobisa da ga-
naTlebulobis urTierTkavSirs ase warmogvidgens: `qveyanaze Zvirfasi Wkuisa
ara aris ra~... magram mwerals mxolod es ar miaCnia didi adamianobis sawindrad.
igi wers: `rac unda niWieri, mxne da SesaniSnavi sazogado moRvawe iyos kaci, Tu
rom mas zneoba ar uvarga, misi moqmedeba sikeTis magivrad borots SeamTxvevs
qveyanas~.1
qarTuli skolebis bediT dainteresebul g. wereTels 1893 wlis `kvalSi~ mo-
uTavsebia werili `swavlis saqme CvenSi~, sadac mohyavs magaliTad is, Tu rogor
1
`kvali~, 1893, 4.
142
gulcivad Sexvda mosaxleoba skolebis gaxsnas, roca gaiges, rom swavla qarTul
enaze ar iqneboda. qveynis saqmisaTvis gulSematkivari g. wereTeli ara marto
TviTon werda xalxisaTvis Camafiqrebels, STamagonebelsa da gamamxnevebel
statiebs, aramed Tavis Jurnal-gazeTebSi farTod aTavsebda saerTo erovnuli
viTarebis maniSnebel, mosaxleobis gamaTviTcnobierebel, sabrZolo ganwyobi-
lebis Semqmnel sxva werilebs. yovelive zemoTqmulidan cxadi xdeba, Tu raoden
didia g. wereTlis Rvawli qarTveli axalgazrdobis aRzrdis, swavlebis, ganaT-
lebisa da erovnuli gaTviTcnobierebis saqmeSi. amdenadve, didia misi damsaxu-
reba Cveni skolisa da qarTuli pedagogiuri azrovnebis istoriaSi.
***
g. wereTlis damsaxureba qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoriaSi ganusazRvre-

lad didia. mefis ruseTis policiuri cenzuris pirobebSi man SeZlo Seeqmna
Zlieri qarTuli presa. metad mZime viTarebaSi moaxerxa gamoeca ramdenime qar-
Tuli gazeTi, Jurnali da exelmZRvanela maTTvis.
g. wereTeli ara marto damaarsebeli, redaqtori da gamomcemeli iyo zemo-
aRniSnuli Jurnal-gazeTebisa, aramed, amave dros, igi iyo qarTuli da rusuli
presis progresuli azrebiT ganmsWvaluli maxvilkalmosani TanamSromeli.
g. wereTlis literaturulma moRvaweobam sistematuri xasiaTi miiRo mas
Semdeg, rac 1866 wels daarsda gazeTi `droeba~. `droebaSi~ gamoqveynda `mgzav-
ris wignebis~ garkveuli nawili, `gulqanis~ ramdenime Tavi; sxvadasxva xasiaTis
ramdenime publicisturi werili.
***
glexkacobasTan uSualo kavSiris damyarebis mizniT g. wereTelma 1868 wels

daaarsa `sasoflo gazeTi~. am gazeTSi qveyndeboda samecniero-popularuli we-
rilebi soflis meurneobis, zooveterinariis, medicinisa da, saerTod, glexka-
cobis yofa-cxovrebasTan dakavSirebul Teoriul da praqtikul sakiTxebze.
`sasoflo gazeTma~ imTaviTve gaiTqva saxeli mTel saqarTveloSi da dRes igi am-
Svenebs qarTuli presis istorias. Tumca mecxramete saukunis 70-iani wlebis sa-
qarTveloSi gamodioda gazeTi `droeba~, romelic qarTul sazogadoebriv azrs
uZRveboda, ers Wrilobas uSuSebda da xalxs afxizlebda, magram qveynis goneb-
rivma dawinaurebam kidev meti sulieri sazrdo moiTxova. sazogadoebriv cxov-
rebaSi momwifda niadagi axali literaturuli Jurnalis gamocemisaTvis. mar-
Talia, am dros gamodioda samecniero-literaturuli Jurnali `mnaTobi~, mag-
ram is martooden literaturuli organo ar iyo.
axalma ideurma miswrafebam, axalma esTetikurma moTxovnilebam Zlieri li-
teraturuli organos daarsebis aucilebloba dRis wesrigSi daayena. saWiro
iyo qarTuli mwerlobis saukeTeso nimuSebis saqveynod gamotana. am saWiroebam
progresulad moazrovne Cveni inteligenciis winaSe mkafiod moxaza axali Jur-
nalis Sinaarsis konturebi. saTanado sja-baasis Semdeg am saqmis organizacia g.
wereTelma iTava.
1871 wlis 25 ianvars g. wereTelma TxovniT mimarTa kavkasiis mefisnacvals
Jurnalis gamocemis nebarTvis Sesaxeb. `krebulSi~ ibeWdeboda ara marto qar-
Tvel da araqarTvel klasikosTa nawarmoebebi, qarTuli xalxuri sityvierebis
nimuSebi, aramed istoriuli, literaturuli, eTnografiuli da publicisturi
xasiaTis sazogadoebrivad saintereso statiebi, feletonebi, werilebi. `krebu-
143
li~ warmarTavda Cveni mxatvruli sityvis Semdgomi zrdis saqmes da tons aZlev-
da qarTuli mxatvruli azrovnebis ganviTarebas.
`krebulSi~ gamoqveynda: i. WavWavaZis `glaxis naambobi~, `mgzavris werilebi~;
a. wereTlis mravali saintereso leqsi; g. wereTlis `mgzavris wignebis~ orive
nawili, `Cveni cxovrebis yvavili~, komedia `jibri~. aqve daibeWda al. WavWavaZis,
n. baraTaSvilis, m.gurielis, g. waladidelisa da sxvaTa leqsebi da moTxrobebi.
`krebulma~ gamoaqveyna i. WavWavaZis mier Targmnili Seqspiris `mefe liri~, aka-
kis naTargmni molieris `skapenis cuRlutoba~, g. wereTlis mier germanulidan
Targmnili goeTes ègmonti~ da rusulidan Targmnili `doqtor krupovis Txzule-
bidan~. `krebulma~ udavod didi samsaxuri gauwia qarTvel mkiTxvelebs, qarTul
mwerlobas.
1873 wlis oqtombris ukanasknel ricxvebSi g. wereTelma, sazRvargareT was-
vlis gamo, `krebuli~ gadasca k. lorTqifaniZes. `krebuls~ amis Semdeg didxans
ar uarsebia, magram qarTul Jurnalistikas man dautova saxelovani tradicie-
bis mqone didi memkvidreoba, romelic didebiT mosavs g. wereTlisa da n. niko-
laZis saxelebs.
***
g. wereTeli, garda imisa, rom iyo damaarsebeli da redaqtori `droebis~, `sa-

soflo gazeTis~, Jurnal `krebulisa~, aqtiurad TanamSromlobda agreTve sxva-
dasxva qarTul Jurnal-gazeTSi.
1893 wels g. wereTlis CagonebiT anastasia TumaniSvilma daaarsa kvireuli sa-
mecniero da naxatebiani gazeTi `kvali~. marTalia, gazeTis gamomcemeli da redaq-
tori oficialurad anastasia TumaniSvili iyo, magram, faqtobrivad, 1898 wlamde
`kvals~ ideurad da teqnikuradac g. wereTeli xelmZRvanelobda. g. wereTelma Ta-
visi faqtobrivi xelmZRvanelobiT gamomavali `kvali~ axali azrebisa da Sexedule-
bebis gasamJRavneblad, gasavrceleblad daubrkoleblad dauTmo mesame dasis war-
momadgenlebs da 1898 wlidan TiTqmis mTlianad maT gadasca.
***
1877-1878 wlebSi g. wereTeli peterburgis yoveldRiuri politikuri da li-

teraturuli gazeTis — "Голос" -is specialuri samxedro korespondentia.
g. wereTlis mier "Голос"-is furclebze dabeWdil werilebSi profesionali
Jurnalistis xeli igrZnoba. g. wereTlis korespondenciebSi, arcTu ise iSvia-
Tad, mocemulia qarTveli xalxis didi warsulis ama Tu im mxaris istoriuli mi-
moxilva. saqarTvelos didi warsulis istoriuli mimoxilviT, saqarTvelos
mowyvetili qarTuli provinciebis sididis, simdidresa da strategiul mniSvne-
lobaze miTiTebiT, muslimanuri fanatizmisagan qristianTa daxsnis moraluri
ideebis qadagebiT g. wereTeli cdilobs daainteresos mefis mTavroba, samxedro
sardloba, rom ruseTma SemoierTos TurqeTis mier dedasamSoblos moglejili
saqarTvelos teritoria, gaanTavisuflos igi TurqTa batonobisagan. g. were-
Telma kargad icis, rom yvelaferi es advili araa, magram misi survilia, rogor-
me am omiT ruseTma daikavos iseTi strategiuli poziciebi, rom sazavo molapa-
rakebis dros dazaveba warmarTos ruseTis sasargeblod. es sargebeli saqarTve-
los sargebeli iqneboda. ruseTis mier aWarisa da lazeT-WaneTis dakaveba da Se-
momtkiceba TavisTavad gamoiwvevda am mxaris gaTavisuflebas Turqi dampyrob-
lebisagan, erTian saqarTvelos Seqmnas, rac mwerlis miswrafeba iyo.
144
g. wereTlis moRvaweoba centralur rusul presaSi martooden yoveldRiur
gamocemebSi TanamSromlobiT rodi isazRvreba. yuradRebas ipyrobs g. wereT-
lis monografiuli xasiaTis akademiuri Sromebi, romlebic rusul Jurnalebsa
da samecniero akademiur krebulebSi ibeWdeboda.
***
g. wereTels saTanado wvlili Sehqonda Tbilisuri rusuli presis saqmiano-

baSic. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa misi urTierToba literaturul-
pilitikur gazeT "Тифлисский вестник"-Tan.
Tavisi droisaTvis cnobili sazogado moRvawe g.TumaniSvili didi gulisxmie-
rebiT igonebs im ambavs, Tu rogor gauWirda ruseT-osmaleTis omis wlebSi da
omis damTavrebis Semdeg "Тифлисский вестник"-s da rogor miiwvies g. wereTeli am
gazeTis muSaobis gamosacocxleblad.
ar aris interesmoklebuli aRiniSnos, rom g. wereTlis istoriul, litera-
turul, eTnografiul, publicistur da sxva Sinaarsis Tu xasiaTis statiebsa da
werilebTan erTad rusulad ibeWdeboda misi mxatvruli Txzulebani. amdenad,
misi Tanamedrove rusi mkiTxvelisaTvis g. wereTlis arc mxatvruli proza iyo
ucnobi. `saqarTvelos moambidan~ `kvalamdis~ gavlili Jurnalisturi moRvawe-
obis istoria da rusul presaSi aqtiuri TanamSromloba g. wereTels did Jurna-
listad warmogvidgens.
***
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba, romelic gansazRvravs Tergdale-

ulTa moRvaweobis Sinaarss, moicavs qarTveli xalxis rogorc erovnuli da so-
cialuri Tavisuflebis, aseve xelovnebis, literaturisa da, saerTod, qveynis
kulturuli cxovrebis axali, progresuli gziT warmarTvis ideas.
am didi saqmis erT mniSvnelovan mxares g. wereTlis moRvaweobaSi warmoad-
gens qarTuli Teatris aRorZinebis problema. g. wereTels Rrmad swams, rom Te-
atrs didi wvlilis Setana SeuZlia xalxis gaTviTcnobierebis saqmeSi. xalxis
esTetikur aRzrdaSi Teatrs igi imdenad did mniSvnelobas aniWebs, rom mas
èrovnul taZars~ uwodebs. aq pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom ruseTi-
dan dabrunebisTanave sxva sazogadoebriv saqmianobasTan erTad g. wereTeli ga-
tacebiT ebmeba qarTuli Teatris ganaxlebisaTvis saWiro muSaobaSi; monawileo-
bas iRebs scenismoyvareTa wreSi — droebiT Teatralur dasSi. qarTvel scenis-
moyvareTa am dasis monawile g. wereTeli 1893 wlis `kvalis~ #51-Si gamoqveyne-
bul Teatralur mogonebaSi wers: àxalgazrdoba 1867 wels tfilisSi gaitaca
qarTul msaxiobTa TamaSobam... erTxel maxsovs Cven SevadgineT qarTul warmo-
madgenelTa dasi; vTamaSobdiT melodramas `maikos~ da komedia `Zunws~. g. were-
Teli aq dasaxelebul dramatul TxzulebebSi gulisxmobs g.jabadaris `maikos~,
romelic 1853-1854 wlebSi idgmeboda, da g.erisTavis `Zunws~.
g. wereTeli ara marto scenismoyvareTa dasis wevri da msaxiobi iyo mxolod,
aramed dasadgmelad gamiznuli piesebis, repertuaris Sedgena-SerCevisa da im
drois reJisorTa kolegiis saqmianobis dauzarebeli monawilec iyo.
1867 wels TbilisSi Semdgari scenismoyvareTa jgufi g. wereTlis monawile-
obiT amzadebs niadags axali, mudmivi Teatris Sesaqmnelad.
g. wereTeli qarTuli TeatrisaTvis daucxromlad imitom zrunavda, rom am
èrovnul taZars~ Tavis scenidan Tanmimdevrulad SeeZlo qarTveli xalxis yo-
velmxrivi ganviTareba, erovnuli grZnobis mZafrad gaRviveba. misi azriT, `sce-
145
na unda iyos sazogadoebis skola, mwvrTneli da mamxilebeli misi naklulovane-
bisa da ara Semaqcevari samasxro oxunjobisa~. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom g. we-
reTelma sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis asparezze gamosvlisTanave gaamaxvila sa-
zogadoebis yuradReba qarTuli Teatris arsebobis aucileblobaze. jer kidev
1866 wlis `droebis~ #11-Si man dramatuli xelovneba miiCnia xalxis gonebrivi
ganviTarebisa da zneobrivi amaRlebis erT-erT ZiriTad saSualebad, xolo Zlie-
ri qarTuli Teatris Camoyalibeba, maRali Teatraluri kulturis Seqmna, misi
popularizacia, speqtaklebis Sinaarsze sazogadoebis yuradRebis gamaxvileba —
maRali erovnuli idealebis samsaxurad. am ideiT Cagonebuli g. wereTeli gar-
dacvalebamde eweoda qarTuli Teatraluri saqmis propagandas, mis populariza-
cias. g. wereTlis TqmiT: `pirvelma Suqma ganaTlebisam sxvaTa Soris Teatris sa-
SualebiT SemosWvrita qarTvels sazogadoebaSi. erma dainaxa Tavisi cxovrebis
suraTi scenaze bevrnairi naklulovanebiTa, dainaxa agreTve ufro ganaTlebuli
cxovrebis suraTebica... qarTvelma sazogadoebam Seigno umjobesi gonebiTi da
zneobiTi natvra, anu rogorc ityvian ideali~. amitomac yoveli speqtaklisagan
igi moiTxovs gonebrivi da zneobrivi sawyisebis maRalemociur formebSi Cvenebas.
ideurobis gareSe g. wereTlisaTvis ar arsebobs xelovneba, am SemTxvevaSi Teat-
ri, warmodgenebi. Teatri ara marto ubralo gamrTobia mxolod, misi mizani sru-
liadac araa `saxumaro sityvebis an laTaiebis warmoTqma scenidan, aramed is aris
damafiqrebeli, sulis aRmZvreli da grZnoba-gonebis mwvrTneli~.
rogorc vxedavT, aq sworadaa gansazRvruli Teatris daniSnuleba. marTlac,
ra iqneboda Teatri am didi sazogadoebrivi funqciis gareSe? da g. wereTlis
eniT rom vupasuxoT — `dambaCebisa da Tofebis satkacatkuco, amoRebuli xanjle-
bis satrialo da saoxunjo asparezi~. mwerlis Rrma rwmeniT: `scena unda iyos nam-
dvili kacis bunebis da misi naklovanebis an Rirsebis gamomxatveli, rom sazoga-
doeba hpoebdes masSi an Tavis wvrTnas, an keTilSobilur gatacebas~.
realizmi, realisturoba — ai, pirveli moTxovna, rasac g. wereTeli uyeneb-
da piesas da speqtakls. amitomac werda igi molieris komediebis `colis SerTve-
vinebasa~ da `Zalad eqimis~ dadgmis gamo: `madloba RmerTs, rom bolos mainc gve-
Rirsa imisTana suraTis naxva, romelic cxovrebis sinamdviles cxadad warmog-
vidgens~.1 es bunebrivi da gasagebicaa, radganac igi yovelTvis amodis xelovnebis
realisturi Teoriis ZiriTadi principebidan.
g. wereTeli qarTuli scenidan STamagonebeli qarTuli sityvis gagonebas
moiTxovda— sityvas RrmaSinaarsiansa da moxdenili formis Semcvels, metyvele-
bas didi emociebis mqones, romelic mayurebels ganuviTarebda maRal gemovnebas,
gauRvivebda mSobliuri enis pativiscemas, siyvaruls da aRuZravda patriotul
grZnobas.
g. wereTlis mzrunvel damokidebulebas qarTuli Teatrisadmi, miswrafebas
misdami asuldgmulebda ara marto rwmena imisa, rom Teatri xalxis gaTviTcno-
bierebisa da aRzrdis saSualebaa, aramed isic, rom scena amaRlebs erovnul
grZnobas, xels uwyobs qarTuli enis daxvewas, gamarTuli saliteraturo enis
damkvidrebas. g. wereTels qarTuli scena erovnuli kulturis ganviTarebis,
axali azrebis danergvisa da dedaenis Rirsebis dacvis faqtorad miaCnda. qar-
Tuli metyvelebis bunebriobis dacvas, gamoTqmis Snosa da lazaTs igi xedavda
`namdvili qarTuli kilos gamoTqmaSi~ — intonaciaSi, rac varaudobda ucxo gav-
lenis acilebas, qarTuli enis siwmindis dacvas, gamoTqmis bunebriobis SenarCu-
nebas, metyvelebis literaturul gaformebas.
g. wereTeli TiTqmis yvela recenziaSi aqcevda yuradRebas enis sakiTxs. am
SemTxvevaSi mas ainteresebda sakiTxis ori mxare: a) rogori eniTaa dawerili
1
`droeba~, 1866, 11.
146
originaluri piesa da, Tu naTargmnia, rogoraa Targmnili; b) rogor ismis aqti-
oris metyveleba scenidan. amgvari moTxovnisa da Sefasebis mraval SemTxvevaTa
Soris davasaxelebT g. wereTlis recenzias a. sumbaTaSvilis dramis — `borki-
lis~ dadgmis gamo. am recenziaSi vkiTxulobT: `raica Seexeba qarTul Targmans,
ena SemuSavebulia da namdvili qarTuli kiloc ara aqvs. TviT moTamaSeebsac
vurCevT sityvebi Tanaswori xmis dakvriT gamoTqvan da dabolovebas nu hkveca-
ven~. qarTuli gamoTqmis bunebriobis dacvisa da damaxasiaTebeli intonaciis
SenarCunebisaTvis g. wereTeli ar erideba msaxiobTa swavlebasa da darigebas,
rom `qarTul enas ufro Svenis Tanasworad xmis dakvra da gamoTqma sityvebisa~.
cxadia, enobrivi faqti, metyvelebis gamarTuloba umniSvnelovanes rols
asrulebs, rogorc gagebinebis ZiriTadi saSualeba, magram scenaze mas unda mo-
vepyraT rac SeiZleba frTxilad, faqizad. scenidan unda ismodes sasiamovno
qarTuli metyveleba, gamarTuli qarTuli sityva.
***
Teatris ideuri gzis gansazRvrisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs reper-

tuars. nacionaluri Teatris Sinaarss qmnis nacionaluri repertuari. erovnu-
li dramaturgiis gareSe ver iarsebebs sisxlsavse Teatri da ver moaxdens saWi-
ro gavlenas xalxis sulieri cxovrebis ganviTarebaze.
g. wereTels gadaudebel amocanad miaCnda mtkice qarTuli repertuaris
Seqmna. mwerlis aseTi Sexeduleba ganpirobebuli iyo qarTuli esTetikuri az-
rovnebis xasiaTiT. xelovneba da literatura xalxisa da eris samsaxurSia; maSa-
sadame, Teatri da repertuari am saqmes unda emsaxurebodes. raki Cveni cxovre-
bis gamomsaxvel sityvakazmul mwerlobas, Teatrsa da speqtakls aqvs didi maor-
ganizebeli, esTetikuri, SemecnebiTi, socialuri da patriotuli mniSvneloba,
cxadia, gamarTlebulia g. wereTlis moTxovna — realisturi dramaturgia, rea-
listuri repertuari.
mtkice da saimedo safuZveli, romelsac unda emyarebodes Teatri, g. wereT-
lis azriT, esaa saerTod mSobliuri dramatuli literatura, erovnuli reper-
tuari. am principiT g. wereTeli icavs erovnuli repertuaris arsebiT upirate-
sobas Teatris saerTo repertuarSi: `gveyo amdeni gadmokeTebuli da ucxo xal-
xebis cxovrebidan aRebuli drama-komediebis cqera, — ayalibebs Tavis Tvalsaz-
riss am sakiTxze g. wereTeli, — Cveni sazogadoeba imaTgan verafers dids maga-
liTebsa da STabeWdilebebs veRar gamoitans, radgan ucxo cxovreba erTob da-
Sorebulia Cvens Sinagan yofa mdgomareobaze da xalxi im warmodgenebs ufro ise
uyurebs, rogorc ubralo gasarTobs da dros gasatarebels rame TamaSobas.
qarTul scenas am SemTxvevaSi ekargeba Tavisi umaRlesi mniSvneloba: is aRar
aris eris zne-Cveulebis sawvrTneli skola~. maSasadame, qarTul Teatrs ufro
meti saaRmzrdelo da mecnierul Zalas aniWebs nacionaluri repertuari, am
ukanasknelSi gamoCndeba xolme xalxis yofa-cxovreba, qveynis socialuri viTa-
reba, eris patriotuli miswrafeba.
g. wereTeli winaaRmdegi araa, rom ucxouri maRalmxatvruli dramatuli
Txzuleba Setanil iqnes Cvens repertuarSi da daidgas qarTul scenaze, zogjer
am faqts Zalian did mniSvnelobasac aniWebs, magram pirveli moTxovnilebis au-
cilebel saqmed is Tvlis qarTuli Zlieri repertuaris Seqmnas. g. wereTels
Rrmad aqvs Segnebuli erovnuli repertuaris fasdaudebeli mniSvneloba mayu-
rebelze ideuri da emociuri zegavlenis sicxovelis TvalsazrisiT. swored
amis gamo werda igi: `Cveni cxovrebidan aRebuli suraTi da saxioba, rac unda
naklovaneba hqondes mas, mainc ufro eintereseba qarTvel mayurebels, vidre na-
Targmnebi, gansakuTrebiT axlandel garemoebaSi, roca operaSi siaruli modad
147
gamxdara, qarTveli mayurebeli ase fiqrobs: ucxo qveynis repertuaridan na-
Targmnis cqeras, iseve operebSi wasvla mirCevniao da originaluri piesebis Se-
saxeb ki amas ver ityvis, radganac rac unda iyos, Cveni cxovrebis suraTebis sce-
naze dadgma axalsa da Tavisebur rasme mainc warmogvidgens~.
g. wereTeli ramdenime dramatuli Txzulebis avtoria. maT Soris komedia
`jibri~ daibeWda 1871 wlis Jurnal `krebulis~ meore wignSi, xolo dramebi —
òjaxis asuli~ da `dari~ ar dabeWdila. g. wereTlis rogorc gamoqveynebuli,
ise gamouqveynebeli piesebi oTxmocian wlebSi xSirad idgmeboda qarTuli Teat-
ris scenaze da misi repertuaris xarvezis mniSvnelovan Sevsebas warmoadgenda.
Tavisi droisaTvis am nawarmoebebs qarTuli Teatri garkveuli interesiT eki-
deboda, magram am dramatul nawarmoebebs dRes qarTuli scenisaTvis mxolod
istoriuli mniSvneloba aqvs.
qarTuli Teatris repertuaris gasamdidreblad g. wereTeli Targmnida ag-
reTve sazRvargareTuli dramatuli mwerlobis saukeTeso nimuSebs. am mxriv
gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis Rirsia Sileris `vilhelm teli~, romlis erTi na-
wilis (scena meore) Targmani daibeWda jer kidev 1868 wlis `droebaSi~.
g. wereTlis Teoriul-esTetikur Sexedulebebs, calkeul mosazrebebs Tu
SeniSvnebs Teatris Sesaxeb dResac ar daukargavs saerTo cxovelmyofeloba,
garkveuli mecnieruli da praqtikuli interesi.
***
g. wereTlis mdidar literaturul memkvidreobaze sruli warmodgena rom

gvqondes, unda vicnobdeT misi Semoqmedebis erT mxaresac — esaa g. wereTlis da-
mokidebuleba saqarTvelos did warsulTan. am damokidebulebis xasiaTis gasar-
kvevad saWiroa zogadad mainc gaviTvaliswinoT: 1. g. wereTlis daintereseba sa-
qarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebiT; 2. g. wereTeli, rogorc qarTuli literatu-
ris istorikosi, Teoretikosi, kritikosi, Cveni didi mwerlobis damfasebeli;
3. g. wereTlis urTierToba xalxur sityvierebasTan.
g. wereTlis samwerlo niWi, mravalmxrivi sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis Sina-
arsi, samSoblos samsaxuris grZnoba, patriotuli ganwyobilebis Seunelebeli
siTbo gamsWvalulia saqarTvelos didi warsulis Seswavlisa da popularizaci-
is, qarTveli xalxis awmyosTvis brZolisa da samSoblos momavlis Rrma rwmenis
keTilSobiluri ideebiT.
qarTveli xalxis kulturuli warsulis SeswavliT dainteresebul g. were-
Tels Rrmad aqvs Segnebuli: `...rom axali, Zvelis Seuswavlelad, fesvebdaWrili
xea, saTamaSod miwazed dayenebuli. gava ramdenime dRe da am xes foTlebi uWkne-
ba, scviva; TviT xe fuRurovdeba da male matlebi daxraven. romel xalxsac surs
Tavisi ieri SeinarCunos, Tavisi vinaoba darCes, is usaTuod unda CaRrmavdes da
gaicnos Tavisi istoriuli zrda~. g. wereTlis am xatovan TqmaSi didad sagulis-
xmo azria Caqsovili. g. wereTeli eris kulturis istorias uyurebs rogorc
ganviTarebis jaWvs, gapirobebuls obieqturi garemoebiT, istoriuli kanonzo-
mierebiT. movlenebis ganviTarebis axsnas eZebs mizezisa da Sedegis Sesabamiso-
baSi. am Sesabamisobis dadgenis SesaZleblobis safuZvelze cdilobs istoriuli
procesis xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebas. am saxelmZRvanelo principiT igi dgeba mec-
nieruli kvlevis marTebul gzaze. am niadagze miuTiTebs, rom `...xalxis cxovre-
bis keTil-warmatebis gamsazRvreli aris mravali xniT misi istoriuli cxovre-
bis nayofi, da ara kacis Zalas ageTi biji ar SeuZlian sazogadoebaSi rom moax-
dinos~. rogoria pirovnebis urTierToba am procesTan da ra rolis Sesruleba
SeuZlian mas? g. wereTeli am kiTxvaze pasuxobs: `TiToeuli piris cxovreba im-
gvarad aris SekavSirebuli mTel sazogadoebis cxovrebasTan, rom arc SeuZlian
misi zemoqmedebisagan Tavi ixsnas, arc misgan gacalkdes da arc maszed amaR-
148
ldes... misi gamWriaxoba da Rvawli, rogorc sazogadoebis win, agreTve STamo-
mavlobis win fasdeba, Tu ramdenad ucvnia imas es faqti... an Tu ra mxriT waru-
marTavs is, rom rogorme am faqts SesZleboda cxovrebisaTvis moetana imdeni
keTili, ramdenic misgan iyo SesaZlo~.
g. wereTlis azriT, istoriis Semoqmedi xalxia, magram gamorCeul pirovne-
bebs SeuZliaT warmatebiT Seuwyon xeli saqveyno saqmes. g. wereTels saqarTve-
los gmiruli warsulisa da kulturuli Zlierebis Cveneba sWirdeba, rogorc
safuZveli qveynis Tanamedroveobis ganwyobilebis asamaRleblad, ukeTesi mo-
mavlis SeqmnisaTvis, xalxis sabrZolo imedisa da rwmenis gasamtkiceblad. am
mizniT mwerals ainteresebs qarTveli xalxis SemoqmedebiTi Zalis sidiadis ga-
momsaxveli cxovrebis yvela sfero.
***
g. wereTels, upirveles yovlisa, is afiqrebda, rom saqarTvelos istoriis

wyaroebi, kulturis Zeglebi da masalebi mecnierul wesrigSi ar iyo moyvanili
da rom xalxma cota ram icoda Tavisi warsulis Sesaxeb. g. wereTlis istoriuli
Sromebis ara marto ganxilva, aramed saTauris CamoTvlac ki sakmaod naTel war-
modgenas miscemda mkiTxvels imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori interesiT ekideboda igi
mSobliuri qveynis istorias.
g. wereTlis kalams ekuTvnis oTxmocamde monografiuli Sroma, statia da
werili saqarTvelos istoriis, materialuri kulturis, arqeologiisa da eT-
nografiis Tu xalxis adaTisa da wes-Cveulebis sakiTxebze.
yovelive amas Tu davumatebT g. wereTlis cnobil naSromebs, romlebic dai-
beWda moskovis saimperio arqeologiuri sazogadoebisa da aRmosavleTis komi-
siis SromebSi, romlebmac sayovelTao aRiareba pova maSindel mecnierul wreeb-
Si, rogorc didi mecnieruli mniSvnelobis gamokvlevebma, maSin cxadi gaxdeba
mwerlis didi damsaxureba saqarTvelos mdidari warsulis Seswavlis saqmeSi. g.
wereTlis aseTi nayofieri muSaoba am dargSi miuTiTebs imaze, rom igi organu-
lad iyo dainteresebuli saqarTvelos saxelovani warsulis SeswavliT. rasak-
virvelia, interess didi da zogjer gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs, magram, amas-
Tan erTad, farTo ganaTleba, erudicia da dauRalavi Sroma mwerals gzas uka-
favda saqarTvelos didi istoriis Sesaswavlad, mis gamosamzeureblad.
g. wereTeli ara marto TviTon aqveynebda masalebs saqarTvelos warsulze,
aramed aRtacebiT egebeboda yovel axal gamokvlevas am dargSi. sagangebo aRniS-
vnis Rirsia 1880 wlis `droebis~ #17 da 19-Si dabeWdili misi vrceli recenzia
dim. baqraZis naSromze `mirian mefe da wminda nino~. aRfrTovanebuli recenzen-
ti maRal Sefasebas aZlevs aRniSnul gamokvlevas, rogorc didi Rirebulebis
mecnierul monografias da xazs usvams mis patriotul mniSvnelobas. aseTive
mowonebiT ekideboda mari broses, al. xaxanaSvilisa da sxvaTa damsaxurebas, rac
araerTxel gamouxatavs beWdurad Tu sityvierad.
saqarTvelos uZvelesi kulturis evropisaTvis gacnobis gzad rusuli pre-
sa iTvleboda. am saSualebas mizandasaxulad iyenebda g. wereTeli. igi usayve-
durebs qarTvelobas, rom Tavisi warsulis qveynis gareT gatanis saqmisaTvis Se-
darebiT cotas zrunavs. erT Tavis werilSi g. wereTeli gvamcnobs: èvropis ga-
naTlebuli erebi TandaTan did yuradRebas aqceven kavkasias da kavkasiis nia-
dagze uZveles droidan dabinavebul erebs. maT Soris pirveli adgili uWiravs
kulturuli mxriT qarTvelebs~. magram, askvnis is, Cven ver viCenT fxas, ver vaw-
vdiT saTanado masalaso. evropeli mecnierebis am dainteresebas gamoyeneba un-
da qarTuli kulturis farTod gacnobisaTvis, popularizaciisaTvis, magram
vinRaa gamkiTxavi. Tavadaznauroba fuqsavatur cxovrebas eweva, mamulebis ga-
yidviTa da udardeli cxovrebiTaa garTuli, inteligencia xelmoklea, lukma-
149
purs Zlivs Soulobs, amitomac ar SeuZlia `win miegebos evropis mecnierTa saqe-
bur guliswadils Cveni qveynis gacnobisaTvis. gahyves mas, auxsnas Cveni warsu-
li, naSTi Cveni istoriuli cxovrebisa~. g. wereTels gadaudebel saWiro saqmed
miaCnia, rom Cvenma sakredito dawesebulebebma gaiRon fuli, gauwion finansuri
daxmareba qveynis saqmis mcodne kacebs, rom maT masalebi da cnobebi miawodon
evropel mecnierebs, rac gamoiwvevda saqarTvelos saxelis Sors gatanas.
mwerali miuTiTebs im garemoebazedac, rom zogi qveynis warmomadgenelni
axerxeben msoflioSi gaitanon TavianTi qveynis kulturuli monapovari, Cven ki
ver mogvixerxebia. isini Tbili mopyrobiT, saWiro zrunviT, cnobebis droulad
miwodebiT imsaxureben ucxoel mecnierTa yuradRebas, iwveven aqeT, inadireben
maT guls, aCveneben yvela masalas da amiT gadian msoflio arenaze.
saWiroa gadavdgaT gabeduli da mtkice nabijebi. gavacnoT Cveni qveynis si-
diade evropis gamoCenil mecnierebsa da xalxebs, msoflios mivawodoT cnobebi
da masalebi Cven did warsulze. yovelive amisTvis gvWirdeba saxsrebi, mondome-
ba. saxsrebi gaiRon SeZlebulebma, mondomeba xalxma da inteligenciam unda ga-
moiCinos — aseTia mwerlis patriotuli survili.
g. wereTlis azri da goneba qarTvelologiuri saqmis yvela sferos swvdeba.
igi ara marto ukmayofiloa, aramed wuxs kidevac, rom Cveni qveynis warsulisa da
awmyos Sesaswavlad ara gvaqvs saWiro rukebi, igi wers: àmasTanave ar SemiZlian
mwuxarebiT ar vTqvaT, jer aqamde qarTul enaze aramc Tu rigiani, sulac ara gva-
qvs geografiuli karta~. es saqme isea miSvebuli, rom `yovel gonier kacs ewyine-
ba~. ra vqnaT am didi xarvezis Sesavsebad? mwerlis azriT, saqmis mosagvareblad
droulad unda daviwyoT mzadeba, moqmedeba, rom SevqmnaT pirveli rigis saWiro
rukebi. g. wereTeli wers: `dro aris SevudgeT dawvrilebiTs Seswavlas Cveni qvey-
nisas. amisaTvis aucileblad saWiroa Sesdges qarTuli geografiuli sazogadoe-
ba, romelmac Tavisi moqmedeba jer kartebis gamocemiT unda daiwyos~.1
saqarTvelos warsuliT daintereseba, Cveni eris istoriis sakiTxebis damu-
Saveba da amiT mowinave kulturuli erebis planSi moqceva Cveni samocianelebis
saerTo sazrunavi iyo. Tu ra aris eris istoria, ra adgili ukavia da ra mniSvne-
loba aqvs mas eris cxovrebaSi, amis Sesaxeb ilia WavWavaZe mogviTxrobs: `...isto-
ria igi didebuli taZaria, saca uwiravs erTians sulsa erisasa da saca aRumar-
Tavs ers Tavis didebul da didbunebovan kacTa uwmindesni xatni da zed waruwe-
ria didTa saqmeTa moTxroba, viTa saSviliSvilo anderZi... did-bunebovan kacTa
da saxelovan gmirTa magaliTebiT istoria swurTnis ersa, zrdis da didebuli
saqmeni kidev guls ukeTeben moqmedebisaTvis, aqezeben, amxneveben, Tu nametna-
vad is magaliTebi eris sakuTari istoriisani arian~.
g. wereTlis damsaxureba isaa, rom man jer kidev adre, sanam frTas gaSlida
ilias ìveria~, `droebasa~ da `krebulSi~ daayena es sakiTxi. amitomac saqarTve-
los didi warsulis SeswavlisaTvis aqtiur moRvaweobaSi g. wereTeli erTi pir-
velTagania.
g. wereTeli qarTuli mwerlobis didi moWirnaxulea. rodesac g. wereTelze
vmsjelobT, Cvens yuradRebas ipyrobs mwerlis mier gamocemuli ramdenime wig-
ni, statia da werili qarTul mwerlobaze, qarTvel mwerlebze.
1870 wels g. wereTelma, n. berZeniSvilsa da p.umikaSvilTan erTad gamosca d.
guramiSvilis TxzulebaTa krebuli `daviTiani~. am gamocemis vrcel winasityva-
obaSi mwerali gulistkiviliT aRniSnavs, rom Cveni didi mwerlobis saukeTeso
nimuSebi jer kidev xelmiuwvdomelia farTo mkiTxveli sazogadoebisaTvis da
rom saamayo warsulsa da umdidres mxatvrul literaturaze xalxs arasruli
warmodgena aqvs.
1
`kvali~, 1895, 20.
150
`daviTianis~ winasityvaobaSi metad sayuradRebo mosazrebania gamoTqmuli
rogorc literaturis istoriis, aseve literaturis Teoriis rTul problemeb-
ze. g. wereTeli akeTebs istoriul eqskurss, raTa mkiTxvel sazogadoebas garkve-
uli warmodgena misces saqarTvelos did warsulze, sakacobrio mniSvnelobis
mdidar qarTul literaturaze, kulturaze. mkvlevari maxvilgonierad uZebnis
axsnas Cveni mxatvruli literaturis sinamdvilesTan damokidebulebisa da Jan-
rebis ganviTarebis xasiaTs; sagangebod Cerdeba sakaro poeziasa da eposze.
rusTavelisa da `vefxistyaosnis~ sidiadis xazgasmisaTvis warmodgenilia li-
teraturuli motivisa da Sinaarsis zogadi Tu kerZo sakiTxebis axsna. g. wereTe-
li msjelobs literaturaTmcodneobisaTvis saintereso sakiTxze — miTsa da
zRaparSi warmodgenili sinamdvilis xasiaTze da am sakiTxis axsnas literaturis
sxva Janrebs ukavSirebs. ìs veeba cxra Taviani devebi, is grZneuli kacebi, — wers
g. wereTeli, — romlebic xan vefxvad gadaiqcevian, xan frinvelebad; is uzarmaza-
ri veSapebi, romelTac piridan cecxli amouquxT da piri Tu daaRes mTels so-
fels da qalaqs gadaylapaven — sul bunebis movleniT SeSinebuli kacis gonebis
monaWoria~.1 miTisa da zRapris am Tvisebis axsna ueWvelad sworia. magram CvenTvis
didi mniSvnelobis faqti isaa, rom es ganmarteba garkveul mizans emsaxureba da
gamoyenebulia rusTavelis genialuri qmnilebis sidiadis maCveneblad. miTiuro-
bis principis axsnidan gamomdinareobs sinamdvilis realisturi Cvenebis rusTa-
veluri gageba da g. wereTliseuli ganmarteba, rom `rusTavelma pirvelad poezi-
iT daanaxa saqarTvelos ers, rom bunebaSi saSiSi ar aris ra. is Tavis mravalfe-
rovnebiT kacis gonebis dasaCagravad ki ara, imis sawvrTnelad aris gaCenili~.
rusTavelisa da `vefxistyaosnis~ maxvilgonieri daxasiaTebisa da aRorZinebis
xanis mwerlobis mokle ganxilviT mkvlevari miiCqaris d.guramiSvilis poeziisa-
ken. igi gviCvenebs literaturul, kulturul da sazogadoebriv fons, raTa d.gu-
ramiSvili naTlad warmogvidginos qarTuli kulturis didi memkvidreobisa da
maRalpoeturi metyvelebis saxelovani tradiciis brwyinvale da originalur
gamgrZeleblad. am mizniT g. wereTeli qarTuli literaturis saTaveebidan ake-
Tebs eqskurss `vefxistyaosnamde~, ixilavs aRorZinebis xanis mwerlobas da Cer-
deba d. guramiSvilze. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom mkvlevriseuli aseTi mimo-
xilva mkiTxvels zogadad acnobs qarTul literaturas da kulturul warsuls.
meore mxriv igi qmnis winapirobas guramiSvilis poeziis gagebisaTvis, misi mniSvne-
lobis garkvevisaTvis. marTalia, qarTuli poeziis gvirgvinad mas `vefxistyaosani~
miaCnia, magram aqve warmoaCens im noyier niadags, romelzedac unda gafurCqniliyo
S. rusTavelis poeturi genia. analogiuri fonia warmosaxuli d. guramiSvilis poe-
ziis sididis Sesaqmnelad da naCvenebia, Tu ra niadagi aciskrovnebs d. guramiSvi-
lis poetur niWs.
g. wereTlis azriT, d. guramiSvilis didi poeturi Zalis sxivosnoba imaSia,
rom mas aqvs didi realisturi Sinaarsi. `guramiSvilis TxzulebebSi moWorili
ara aris ra. avtori rasac ambobs, sul misi TvaliT danaxuli da gamocdilia. is
Zalas ar atans Tavisi azris gamoxatvas~. saqarTvelos awewil-dawewilma mdgo-
mareobam ganapiroba d. guramiSvilis piradi bedi da poeziis Sinaarsi. magram ma-
mulis siyvaruliT gamsWvalulma poetma piraduli interesebi saqveyno sam-
sxverploze miitana.
g. wereTeli ara marto ikvlevs, afasebs da axasiaTebs qarTveli xalxis saxe-
lovan warsuls, mis kulturas, mwerlobas, aramed kidevac icavs mas yovelgvari
Tavdasxmisa da Semotevisagan.
1
`daviTiani~, 1870, gv. VII.
151
***
mecxramete saukunis meore naxevris saqarTveloSi Seqmnili literaturuli da-

jgufebebis, anu dasebis Camoyalibebisa da saqmianobis Sinaarsis gasaTvaliswineb-
lad g. wereTeli gvawvdis sayuradRebo cnobebsa da mosazrebebs. g. wereTeli werda:
`1890 wlidan dahbera kvlav axalma progresulma siom. qarTul literaturaSi gamoC-
nda araCveulebrivi mimarTulebis TiTo orola axalgazrda, romelmac Tavi iCina
`kvalSi~ 1893 w. Taviseburi programiT. eseni arian ekonomiuri materializmis Teo-
riis mimdevarni~.1
g. wereTelma mis mier SemCneulsa da monaTlul axaldaselebs farTod gau-
Ro `kvalis~ karebi da amiT maT misca SesaZlebloba es popularuli gazeTi gamo-
eyenebinaT axali azrebisa da miswrafebis gasavrceleblad. mweralma guliT
uTanagrZno mesame dass.
g. wereTlis mesame dasisadmi damokidebulebis sakiTxma literaturul kri-
tikaSi imTaviTve gamoiwvia azrTa sxvadasxvaoba. erTni g. wereTelSi marqsists
xedavdnen, meoreni — Ria gulis maspinZels, romelmac xelgaSlilad miiRo isini
`kvalSi~ da sxv. TviTon giorgim mwvaved Seutia k. abaSiZes im mosazrebis gamo,
rom g. wereTeli mesamedaselebma moarjules, gadaibireso da sxv. am niadagze
mweralma k. abaSiZes Cveni literaturuli cxovrebis istoriis ucodinarobaze
miuTiTa. g. wereTeli ideurad axlo grZnobda Tavs mesame daselebTan, arc mar-
qsiszmSi iyo gaurkveveli, Tumca, marqsisti ar yofila. igi mxolod samocianel-
Ta Soris ufro radikaluri miswrafebisa da ganwyobilebis gamomxatveli iyo.
g. wereTlis, rogorc mwerlisa da sazogado moRvawis, originalobasa da Ta-
viseburebas qmnis misTvis Cveuli siaxlis grZnoba — cxovrebis ganviTarebis
perspeqtivis danaxva, rom axali, mowinave azrebi da ganwyobileba magnitiviT
izidavs mis sulsa da guls. g. wereTlis cxovrebis istoria — studentobis pirve-
li dReebidan moyolebuli sicocxlis ukanasknel wuTamde — siaxlisken ltolvi-
sa da miswrafebis mkafio gamoxatulebaa. cxovrebis ganviTarebiT gamowveuli axa-
li moTxovnilebis pasuxis gacemis saWiroebiT aris gapirobebuli yovelTvis g.
wereTlis yofna mowinave ideebis saTaveebTan.
farTo ganaTlebis mqone mwerlis, Jurnalistis, publicistis, istorikosis,
arqeologis, literaturaTmcodnis da ekonomistis nayofieri kalami Rrmad
wvdeboda samSoblo qveynis interesTa sxvadasxva mxares.
unda SevniSnoT, rom g. wereTlis sicocxleSi calke wignad gamoica mxolod mi-
si ramdenime mxatvruli nawarmoebi da erTi krebuli or tomad 1893 wels; mwerlis
aseTma daudevrobam sakuTari literaturuli memkvidreobisadmi daazarala mwe-
ralica da mkiTxveli sazogadoebac. Tumc yvelas sjeroda, rom Zvirfasia g. wereT-
lis literaturuli memkvidreoba; amas aRniSnavda presa, literaturuli kritika,
calkeuli mkiTxveli, magram misi Txzulebebis gamocemis saqme mainc ver mogvarda.
g. wereTlis saflavTan warmoTqmul sityvaSi akaki SeniSnavda: `mova dro, rodesac
sazogado moRvaweebs sakuTari SegnebiT da ara sxvebis xmis ayoliT daafaseben da
maSin giorgis nawerebis sidiade, sikeTe gaakvirvebs yvelas~.
g. wereTlis mravali werilia dabeWdili qarTul da rusul presaSi fsevdo-
nimiTa da xelmouwerlad. fsevdonimebi ZiriTadad amoxsnilia, magram gamour-
kvevelia bevri xelmouwereli werili.
g. wereTlis mravalricxovani fsevdonimebidan davasaxelebT zogierTs:
g.-Teli — aseTi xelmoweriT g. wereTelma 1863 wels Jurnal `saqarTvelos mo-
ambeSi~ moaTavsa cnobili werili `ciskars ra akakanebda?~. amave fsevdonimiT aqvey-
nebda igi Tavis nawarmoebebs `droebaSi~, `krebulsa~ da `kvalSi~.
1
`kvali~, 1897, 46.
152
Teli — `droebasa~ da `saxalxo gazeTSi~.
g. goriseli — `droebaSi~, `krebulSi~, `kvalSi~.
`krebulis~ mkiTxveli, X, XX da imereli — gazeT `droebaSi~.
krazanasa da damswres fsevdonimiT `droebaSi~ daibeWda ramdenime werili
da agreTve zogierTi leqsi.
g. w. — am fsevdonimiT aTavsebda nawarmoebs ìveriasa~ da `kvalSi~;
g-eli; g.-li; XX-eli; damswre; X-eli; mazakvali — fsevdonimebiT ibeWdebo-
da `kvalSi~.
g. wereTlis mier fsevdonimebi umTavresad gamoyenebuli iyo JurnalistikaSi,
magram aris SemTxvevebi, roca igi xelmouwerlad an fsevdonimiT aqveynebda mxat-
vrul nawarmoebebsac. magaliTad, `mgzavris wignebi~ xelmouwerlad daibeWda
`droebaSi~, `krebulSi~ ki — xelmoweriT.
g. wereTlis fsevdonimebSi yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba mwerlis saxelTan da
gvarTan dakavSirebuli Semoklebebi da inicialebi, xolo rusul Jurnalistika-
Si amJamad cnobili fsevdonimebi mwerlis saxelisa da gvaris Sekvecidan momdi-
nareobs da warmodgenilia inicialebiT. rusul presaSi dabeWdil statiebs g.
wereTeli xels awerda: Г. Церетели, Церетели. Г. Ц. es ukanaskneli inicialebi ufro
metad gvxvdeba "Тифлисский Вестник"-Si.
***
g. wereTlis mravalmxrivi moRvaweobis Sinaarss mSobliuri qveynis didi siy-

varulis grZnoba aTbobda. saxelovani mwerali gardacvalebamde dauRalavad
emsaxureboda xalxis Tavisuflebis interesebs, naklebad zrunavda piradi
mdgomareobis uzrunvelsayofad.
g. wereTlis maRali miswrafeba sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba da Semoqmedebi-
Ti muSaoba iyo. mwerlis am midrekilebam imTaviTve iCina Tavi da studentobis
pirveli dReebidanve iwyo saqveyno saqmeebisaTvis fiqri da moqmedeba. es fiqri
da zrunva qveynis sikeTisaTvis, axali da progresuli ideebiT ganaTebuli, ara-
sodes Senelebia mas da samSoblos saqmis Tavkaci iyo yovelTvis. dauSreteli
energia, moZravi buneba, romantikuli gataceba, siaxlis grZnoba, moqmedebis
cxoveli interesi, romelic keTilSobiluri maRali ideebiT iyo gamiznuli, bo-
lomde SerCa did mwerals.
eris bedis gulSematkivari, mravalmxrivi nayofieri SromiT daqanculi moR-
vawe da saxelovani mwerali g. wereTeli gardaicvala 1900 wlis 12 ianvars, 58 wlis
asakSi.
g. wereTlis gardacvalebas qarTveli xalxi ganuzomeli mwuxarebiT Sexvda.
qarTuli da araqarTuli presa gulistkiviliT aRniSnavda am samwuxaro ambavs.
qarTulma dramatulma sazogadoebam glovis niSnad Teatris kari daxura, war-
modgenebi gadado, `kvalma~ rvagverdiani ori specialuri nomeri miuZRvna g. we-
reTlis gardacvalebasa da dakrZalvas.
g. wereTlis gardacvalebis gamo ìveria~ werda: `Zneli warmosadgenia qarTve-
li kaci, mcodne qarTuli wera-kiTxvisa, rom gansvenebulis g. wereTlis saxeli ar
gaegos, saxeli im kacisa, romelmac am ocdaaTi wlis (1862 w.) winaT aRapyro xeli Ta-
visi niWieri kalmiT da sikvdilamde Tavi ar gaunebebia mwerlobisaTvis. arc erTi
Jurnali, gazeTi ar dabadebula qarTul enaze, rom gansvenebuls giorgis mWrelis
maxvilisa da madlianis kalmiT daxmareba da Semweoba ar aRmoeCinos~.
g. wereTlis gardacvalebis xma moedo rogorc saqarTvelos, aseve kavkasiasa
da ruseTs. uamravi depeSa modioda qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxidan. depeSebi iyo ev-
ropidanac. mwuxarebas gamoxatavdnen ara marto qarTvelebi, aramed sxvadasxva
153
erovnebis warmomadgenlebic. depeSaTa Soris iyo ingliseli mwerlisa da sazo-
gado moRvawis, qarTuli kulturisa da qarTveli xalxis didi pativismcemlis
marjori uordropis depeSa. depeSebi imdenad bevri yofila, rom `kvali~ werda:
`yvela depeSis dabeWdvas mTeli nomeri moundebodao~.
i. WavWavaZis ìveriam~ g. wereTlis gardacvalebis gamo nekrologi mowinave
werilad misca, riTac gulistkiviliT auwyebda sazogadoebas didi mwerlis
gardacvalebas. am werilSi g. wereTeli daxasiaTebulia, rogorc mxatvruli
sityvis ostati da uangaro erovnuli moamage. ìveriaSi~ vkiTxulobT: `mesamoce
wlebis mraval moRvawe mweralTa saukeTeso gunds erTi, Cveni Raribi litera-
turis didi moWirnaxule wevri kidev gamoaklda. didis mwuxarebiT vacnobebT
mkiTxvelebs, rom guSin, oTxSabaTs, 12 ianvars, nasadilevis 4 saaTsa da 15 wuTs,
tfilisSi xangrZlivi avadmyofobis Sedegad gardaicvala Cveni mwerlobis erT-
erTi deda-boZTagani giorgi eqvTimes-Ze wereTeli~.1
ìveriam~ wereTlis dasaflavebis dRes, mwerlis xsovnis aRsaniSnavad, kvlav
mowinave miuZRvna. ilia da misi organos TanamSromlebi cxadad grZnobdnen im da-
nakliss, rac qarTulma mwerlobam ganicada. ai, ras vkiTxulobT am mowinaveSi: `Cven
pativsa vcemT cxedars im kacisas, romelic suliTa da guliT qarTveli iyo, ro-
melsac Tavisi erisa da qveynis sasikeToT hqonda guli aRZruli da Tavisis sazoga-
do moqmedebis sagnadac swored es erisa da qveynis sikeTe hqonda dasaxuli~.2
g. wereTlis dasaflavebis dRes, 16 ianvars, diliT, g. wereTlis cxedari bini-
dan qaSveTis eklesiaSi waasvenes. panaSvidis gadaxdis Semdeg xalxi didubisaken da-
iZra.
g. wereTlis kubosTan, didubeSi, pirveli sityva akakim warmoTqva: `Zvirfaso
amxanago, TanaSezrdilo da Tanave Seberebulo giorgi!~ — ase mimarTa akakim am did
moamages da Semdeg ase gaagrZela: `guli miRondeba, Tvalze cremli momdgomia da
tirils ki ver gibedav imitom, rom SenisTana gansvenebuls tirili ar SeSvenis~.
g. wereTlis gardacvalebas farTod gamoexmaura imJamindeli rusuli centra-
luri presac. am mxriv sainteresoa `Русские Ведомости", sadac daibeWda al. xaxanaSvi-
lis vrceli werili, romliTac daxasiaTebulia g. wereTlis damsaxureba mwerlo-
bisa da mecnierebis winaSe. xolo Tbilisurma rusulma presam didi qarTveli mwer-
lis gardacvaleba aRniSna ara marto gancxadebebiT, saerTo samgloviaro werile-
bisa da depeSebis moTavsebiT Tavis furclebze, aramed mwerlis pativiscema gamo-
xata imiTac, rom imave 1900 wels Targmna da dabeWda g. wereTlis moTxrobebi: `mami-
da asmaTi~, `mecxvaris naambobi~ da `Tofis srola~.
g. wereTlis gardacvalebas gamoexmaura inglisuri kvireuli gazeTi `Spec-
tator~, romelic 1900 wlis martis nomerSi aTavsebs cnobas g. wereTlis gar-
dacvalebis Sesaxeb, mimoxilulia misi moRvaweobac.
mowinave qarTveli inteligenciis TaosnobiT, 1900 welsve calke wignad ga-
moica g. wereTlis gardacvalebisa da dasaflavebisadmi miZRvnili krebuli, ro-
melSiac moTavsebulia mwerlis mokle biografia da TiTqmis yvela werili, leq-
si da sityva, Tqmuli Tu dawerili g. wereTlis gardacvalebis gamo.
1
ìveria~, 1900, 9.
2
iqve, 1900, 11.
154
giorgi wereTlis mxatvruli Semoqmedeba
farTo mxatvruli tiloebi
` mgzavris wignebi~. `mgzavris wignebi~, anu `kikoliki, Cikoliki da kudabzi-

ka~ mogzauruli Janris mxatvruli nawarmoebia. am Txzulebis pirveli oTxi Tavi
1867 wlis `droebam~ gamoaqveyna. rac Seexeba danarCen Tavebs, — mexuTe, 1870
wlis `droebis~ me-16 nomerSi, xolo meeqvse 22-e nomerSi daibeWda.
Janrulad Taviseburma da Tematikurad saintereso am nawarmoebma imTaviTve
miipyro sazogadoebis yuradReba da ori erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba Se-
muSavda. erTni savsebiT uaryofdnen `mgzavris wignebis~ mxatvrul Rirebulebas,
meoreni maRal Sefasebas aZlevdnen mas.
1874 wels Zveli seminaristis fsevdonimiT gr. orbelianma `ciskarSi~ dabeWda
statia saTauriT `mgzavroba svaneTisaken g. w.~ da ganixila g. wereTlis `mgzavris
wignebi~. werilis Sesaval nawilSi gr. orbeliani werda: `me ar Sevexebi avtoris
ideasa, arc mis mimarTulebasa. me veZieb qarTuls moTxrobaSi mxolod qarTulis
enis siwmindesa~.1 aseTi dapirebis miuxedavad, gr. orbeliani nawarmoebis sxva mxa-
reebsac Seexo da Txzulebis vrclad ganxilvis Semdeg gaakeTa daskvna: àra, es
mgzavroba aris raRac maxinji, dabadebuli avtoris gonebaSi! esoden Secdomile-
ba, esodeni ucodinaroba enisa, esodeni uazroba, rogor unda ipoebodes erTs pa-
tara TxzulebaSi~.2
poetma-kritikosma ugulebelyo nawarmoebis ideur-Sinaarseuli simaxvile,
xelaRebiT daiwuna g. wereTlis samwerlo ena da, amdenad, uaryo am nawarmoebis
ideur-esTetikuri mniSvneloba. marTalia, g. wereTeli uxvad xmarobda dialeq-
tizmebs, ar iyo daxvewili `mgzavris wignebis~ ena, magram savsebiT uaryofa am na-
warmoebisa ar iyo marTebuli. gr. orbeliani marTali iyo, roca calkeul sityvebs,
gramatikul formebs uwunebda g. wereTels, magram Tu mxolod calkeuli sityvebi-
sa da gramatikuli formebis mixedviT vimsjelebT, yuradRebas miipyrobs arqaizme-
bis uxvad gamoyeneba, romelic zogjer Zalian amZimebs da bundovans xdis Tavad
kritikosis metyvelebas.
raki gr. orbelianma `mgzavris wignebi~ ganixila ideur-Sinaarseul da mxat-
vruli mxareebis erToblivad warmodgenis gareSe, ver amoxsna Txzulebis Semec-
nebiTi da esTetikuri mTlianobis Sinaarsis WeSmariti buneba, amitom misi Sefa-
seba calmxrivi aRmoCnda.
arc anton furcelaZe yofila kargi Sexedulebisa g. wereTlis am nawarmoebze.
`mgzavris wignebi~ Seiqmna k.abaSiZis mcdari kritikuli Sexedulebis ganmsazRvre-
li, romliTac damcirebul iqna g. wereTlis samwerlo niWi. `g. wereTlis moTxro-
baSi, Tuki SeiZleba amgvar nawarmoebs moTxroba daerqvas, araks, naskvs ambavisas
aras dagidevsT~.3 k. abaSiZe ver gaerkva mogzauruli Janris nawarmoebis bunebaSi,
ver gaigo misi kompoziciuri xasiaTis Tavisebureba. sinamdvilis Cveneba mgzavro-
bis mxatvruli aRweriT, Janrulad imiT iyo saintereso, rom es xerxi mwerals aTavi-
suflebda kompoziciuri SezRudulobisagan, eZleoda farTo SesaZlebloba Txro-
baSi sasurveli pasaJebi Caesva, ideuri tendenciis gamomxatveli epizodebi CaerTo.
cdeboda didi poeti gr. orbeliani, cdeboda k. abaSiZec. orives Sexeduleba cal-
mxrivi da araobieqturi iyo.
mowinave qarTulma literaturulma kritikam imTaviTve daikava warmodgeni-
li Sexedulebis sawinaaRmdego pozicia. am mxriv sayuradReboa: n. nikolaZis, a.
1
`ciskari~, 1874, seqtemberi da oqtomberi.
2
iqve.
3
k . a b a S i Z e , etiudebi, t. II, 1912, gv. 47.
155
wereTlis, al. xaxanaSvilis da im droisaTvis cnobili sxva kritikosebisa da sa-
zogado moRvaweebis: Teofile xuskivaZis, xomlelis (r.fancxava), fxas (i.fancxa-
va) da sxvaTa Sexeduleba, romlebic maRal Sefasebas aZlevdnen am nawarmoebs da
saerTod g. wereTlis samwerlo niWs.
`mgzavris wignebi~ rom Zalian moewona sazogadoebas da siyvaruliT miiRo
is, amaze miuTiTebs cnobili sazogado moRvawisa da literaturis kritikosis n.
nikolaZis mier 1894 wels dabeWdili statia. igi werda: `roca am ocdaxuTi wlis
winaT mkiTxvelebSi TiTqmis imgvarive moZraoba Seiqna, rogoric cotaTi uwin
b-n ilia WavWavaZis `kacia-adamianma~ moaxdina. mgonia, cota ar aris amiT naTqva-
mi. mTelma sazogadoebam miaqcia yuradReba avtoris niWs. misi cxoveli suraTe-
bi, misi iumori, misi tipebi yvelas moswonda. ùcnobi ram gagvacno am kacmao~ —
ambobda Tu grZnobda mkiTxveli. didi imedebic dabada yvelaSi am bednierma da-
sawyisma. yvela eloda, ai, axali beletristi gauCnda Cvens mwerlobasao, fxiz-
lad da cocxlad metyveli Cveni qveynis cxovrebis ucnobi mxareebisa da sxv. im
dros — rogorc dResac — qarTuli beletristika mdidari rodi gaxldaT Sesa-
niSnavi, niWieri mSromelebiT. miT ufro saamo Seiqna qveynisaTvis am axali ta-
lantis asparezze gamosvla. yoveli axali xana misi `mgzavris wignisa~ axal aRta-
cebas, axal umaRles lodins da imedebs hbadebda~.1 es vrceli amonaweri, motani-
li n. nikolaZis statiidan, naTlad metyvelebs nawarmoebis maRal Rirsebaze, sa-
zogadoebis gulisxmier damokidebulebaze am Txzulebisadmi.
sazogadoebis interess nawarmoebisadmi aZlierebda sinamdvilis gadmocemis
iumoristuli toni, romelic ase emarjveba g. wereTels, da yovelgvari Seferade-
bis gareSe daxatuli Cveni qveynis duxWiri cxovreba, socialuri yofis mZafri su-
raTebi, batonymuri urTierTobisa da saqveyno cxovrebis sxva mankieri mxareebis
gakicxva.
g. wereTlis `mgzavris wignebSi~ aRwerilia mecxramete saukunis meore naxev-
ris saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi cxovreba, dasavleT saqarTvelos bunebis ko-
lorituli peizaJebi.
`mgzavris wignebis~ ideur-Sinaarseul mxareSi yuradRebas ipyrobs baton-
ymuri urTierTobis gakicxva, erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli ideis mxatvruli
gaRrmaveba, TviTmpyrobelobis, Cinovnikebisa da moxeleebis mxileba, angarebisa
da karieris moyvaruli inteligenciis Cveneba, qveynis momavlis Rrma rwmena.
nawarmoebSi naCvenebia Tavadaznaurobis daqveiTebuli mdgomareoba, glex-
kacobis duxWiri cxovreba, inteligenciis erTi nawilis ganwyobileba. `mgzavris
wignebis~ gmirTa saxeebi daxatulia reformamdeli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
fonze; mZafradaa warmodgenili batonymobis gauqmebis molodinis gancdebi;
gadmocemulia glexkacobisa da TviT avtoris siZulvili batonymobisadmi. aR-
weril movlenebs mwerali warmogvidgens iumoristuli toniT. qarTuli lite-
raturis mkvlevari prof.al. xaxanaSvili `mgzavris wignebis~ Sesaxeb werda:
`...cocxali eniT dawerili `mgzavris wignebi~ anu `kikoliki, Cikoliki da kudab-
zika~ gesliani satiraa Tanamedrove uwesobaze~.2 nawarmoebSi TvalnaTladaa naC-
venebi batonymuri urTierTobis mier adamianis rogorc fizikuri, ise sulieri
gadagvareba. es Seexeba yvela wodebas.
movigonoT mwerlis mier daxatuli, `rumbiviT gasiebuli, jorze Sedebuli~
odiSeli mebatonis Tavad dazgas saxe da misi mxleblebi, fexSiSveli, dakonkili
msaxurebiTa da mwevar-meZebrebiT. Tavad dazgas daukargavs kacuri saxe; baton-
ymur urTierTobas cxovelur mdgomareobamde miuyvania, gadaugvarebia igi ro-
gorc fizikurad, aseve sulierad. g. wereTeli ramdenime StrixiT gvaZlevs mkafi-
1
`moambe~, 1894, 3.
2
a l . x a x a n a S v i l i , qarTuli sityvierebis istoria, 1918, gv. 226.
156
od daxatul dazgas saxes. dazga socialurad luarsab TaTqariZis axlo naTesa-
via. magram igi dasavluri variantia, Romisa da mWadis motrfiale. ai, rogor war-
mogvidgens mwerali odiSel Tavads: `mTidan CamoToxarikda erTi Tagvisodena Sa-
vi jori, romelzedac didi Zaris sisxo kaci Sedebuliyo~; avtori agrZelebs daz-
gas daxasiaTebas epiTetebiT, SedarebebiTa da metaforebiT. kikolas moridebul
SekiTxvaze `maTi brwyinvaleba dazga yvelis vaWariviT gaikriWa da meti ara sTqva
ra. is ijda gamoSterebuli, duqnis win. imis sveli Tvalebi da axirebuli Rimili
TiTqos mudam Tevzsa da Roms Setrfoden. magram me ki ar mjera, rom am pativcemu-
lis arsebis muceli marto Roms gaeberos ase saSinlad... imas ufro bevri mWadis
gundebi unda eylapa Tavis glexebisa sasuq indoursaviT~.1 dabolos, sainteresoa
dazgas suraTis damamTavrebeli detalebi, romelic asea warmodgenili: `brwyinva-
le dazgam moiTxova Tavisi jori da isev zed Seedo. sawyali jori kuds cxared ac-
macunebda, etyoboda, rom mZime tvirTiT saqme hqonda gaWirvebuli; gaWirvebis da-
samtkiceblad kudis ZirSi muzika daukra da waToxarikda~.
odiSeli Tavadi dazga, Tumca ramdenime StrixiT, magram sruladaa daxatu-
li. dazga warmoCenilia groteskul planSi, ar iqneba gadaWarbebuli, Tu vity-
viT, rom dazga gacilebiT dabla dgas adamianurad, vidre luarsabi. luarsabi
dazgasTan SedarebiT `moxdenil da maxvilgonier~ raindad moCans.
aseve daukargavT adamianuri individualoba ymebsac im ukacuri cxovrebis
pirobebis gamo, romelSic batonymobas Cauyenebia isini. bunebis simdidre, sim-
Sveniere araraobadaa qceuli maTTvis. amis gamo gaRatakebisa da gadagvarebis
gzaze Semdgara mosaxleoba. SimSils, siSiSvles, autanel siRaribes SemaZrwune-
bel mdgomareobamde dauqveiTebia xalxi. gulis siRrmeSi Camwvdomi siZlieriT
xatavs g. wereTeli autanlad mZime adamianuri cxovrebis suraTebs: `Tav-gadax-
dili wnelis qoxebi, waqceuli Robe, ferdmimxmari ZaRlebi, romelTac Cems mis-
vlaze ymuili Seqmnes da zeze ki ar wamodgen, albaT SimSilisagan weli ver aeT-
riaT, ori sami kiser-moxexili Rori qeciani goWebiT... bolos erTs dabRunZuls
da kar-gaRebuls qoxs mivadeqi. Sig axalgazrda qali perangis amara ijda da ga-
nis Caqebi iRliebamdis Sexeuli hqonda, ase rom gul-mkerdi sul erTianad mo-
titvlebuli uCanda. akvanSi srulebiT titvela bavSvi egdo da artaSnebis magiv-
rad baliSis CiTis nafleTebiT iyo Cakruli... ucxo kacis danaxvaze qalma Tavi
CaRuna da mxolod titvela mkerdis dafarvas apirebda perangis nafleTebiT,
magram erT ZuZus rom daifaravda, meore maSinve Tavs gamoyofda. gamovtrialdi
da sxva qoxs mivaSure. ezoSi sami rva-rva wlis pawawina qal-vaJi TamaSobdnen da
Tavidan fexamdis rac dedis muclidan ar dahyolodaT, imis meti ara ebadaT ra
tanze...roca im meore qoxSi Sevixede, erTi Rrma moxucebuli kaci damxvda. pe-
rangisa da SemofleTilis perangis amxanagis meti imasac ara ecva-ra~.2 rogorc
vxedavT, SemaZrwunebeli suraTia daxatuli.
iseve rogorc ilias, g. wereTels batonymoba qveynis ubedurebad miaCnda.
amitomac aCvena `mgzavris wignebSi~ dazgas, glexebisa da, saerTod, gapartaxebu-
li soflis suraTebi, romlebic `kacia-adamianis?!~ msgavsad TvalsaCinod gvisa-
xaven batonymobis damRupvel Sedegebs.
`mgzavris wignebis~ gmirTa Soris xatvis sisruliT yuradRebas ipyroben Ci-
koliki, kikoliki da kudabzika. samive es gmiri tipuria, magram kudabzika yvela-
ze srulad, mkafiod da damajereblad aris daxatuli.
kudabzika dakninebuli aznaurobis warmomadgenelia. misi saxis gamomkveTi da-
maxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi Txzulebis sxvadasxva adgilasaa naCvenebi. am gmiris
saxeli, qceva, xasiaTi da Sinagani Tvisebebi ise ostaturadaa Serwymuli nawarmoe-
1
g. we r e T e l i , rCeuli nawerebi, t. I, 1947, gv. 52.
2
iqve, gv. 101-102.
157
bis qsovilSi, rom igi savsebiT tipuri, maRalmxatvruli saxea: `mardi da metiCara
iyo. imis qera Tmaze, niskartian cxvirze da wvrilad gawkipinebuls ulvaSebze rom
Segexedna, maSinve ityodi, es imereli unda iyoso. aseTi amayi da ukadrisi ram iyo es
dalocvili, tyuila ceri rom geCvenebina, erT adgilze Sexteboda. aseTs gaxre-
kils cxenze ijda, rom Zvlisa da tyavis meti ara iyo ra, swored wyalSi amowumpuls
virTagvas hgavda. kudabzika xSiraT mosWimavda xolme sadaves, rom Tavis bedauri-
saTvis kiseri moedrika da amasTanave hkravda dezebians quslsa, rom cotaze mainc
gaecundrukebina, viTom SemxedeT, rogors raSze vzivaro. sawyals virTagva cxens
imis dezebisagan gverdebi hqonda gaclili~.1 g. wereTels am gmiris Sesaxeb meti rom
araferi eTqva, am StrixiTac mainc cocxali warmodgena gveqneboda mis pirovneba-
ze, qcevaze, xasiaTsa da garegnobaze.
unda SevniSnoT, rom kudabzika mgzavrobis mTel manZilze gauTaveblad tra-
baxobs, rac TviTdaxasiaTebaa erTgvarad. misi mdgomareobasTan Seusabamo qceva
da ampartavnoba mkiTxvelis Rimils iwvevs yovelTvis. rogorc g.qiqoZe miuTi-
Tebs: `mkiTxvelis Tvalwin cocxlad dgas Tavisebur rosinantze, `virTagva be-
daurze~ mjdomare kudabzika, romelsac Tavisi winaprebis qonebrivi dovlaTi-
dan araferi SeurCenia da amitom ufro uazrod yoyoCobs da ufro Tavgamode-
biT ebRauWeba Tavis wodebriv privilegiebs~.2 n. nikolaZe werda: `mTel am Txzu-
lebaSi sruliad rom araferi yofiliyo, garda marto erTi kudabzikobis aRwe-
risa, maSinac Cvens mwerlobaSi ukvdavi darCeboda `mgzavris wignebi~, imitom
rom kudabzika — namdvili tipia~.3
kudabzikas daxatvaSi g. wereTelma gamoamJRavna didi iumoristuli niWi. iu-
mori, gesliani satira damaxasiaTebelia g. wereTlis SemoqmedebisaTvis. gro-
teskic araa ucxo g. wereTliseul xatvis maneraSi. marTebulad aRniSna al. xaxa-
naSvilma g. wereTlis Sesaxeb, rom `satiruli maTraxi, romelic man gaiRo qar-
Tuli sazogadoebis naklovanebaTa gasakicxavad, Cveulebrivi saSualeba ar iyo
Cvens mwerlobaSio~.4 es satiruli maTraxi gamoyenebulia imdroindeli uaryo-
fiTi sinamdvilis gasakicxad, dasagmobad. iumoristul-satiruli ferebiTaa
daxatuli am nawarmoebSi imdroindeli sazogadoebrivi sinamdvile, yvela uar-
yofiTi personaJi.
akaki wereTelma `mgzavris wignebi~ did nawarmoebad CaTvala, xolo kudabzi-
ka ara marto erovnul, aramed msoflio tipadac ki miiCnia: `zepirsityvierebam
erTi zRapruli tipi gadmogvca qarTvelebs: `nacar-qeqia~, romelic iseTive sa-
saciloa, rogorc `don-kixoti~, `falstafi~ da ìvane duraki~... axla gadavideT
im axal tipze, — wers poeti-kritikosi, — romelic Tvalwin xorcSesxmiT dagvi-
yena `mgzavris wignebis~ avtorma. es gaxlavT `kudabzika~. Tu marTla `don-kixo-
ti~ daZvelebuli raindobis tipia, es `kudabzika~ ususuri da swored ver gage-
buli kulturis nayofia. rodesac `kudabzika~ Tavis gaxrikul baxze zis, Tavs
uqinCavs, dezebs gverdebSi uCxukurebs da axtunebs, sruli darwmunebulia, rom
raSze vzivar da unda Tavi zecas miaWiros; magram rodesac misi raSi muclis tki-
viliT gamwarebuli miwaze kotrials daiwyebs, `kudabzikac~ sasoebadakarguli
dedamiwaSi apirebs CaZvrenas. amgvari tipebi, rasakvirvelia, msoflio tipebic
arian, magram kerZod ki namdvili nacionaluri tipia dRevandeli Cveni cxovre-
bisa~.5
kudabzikas qceva ise tipuria, rom kudabzikaseuli metiCroba, fxukianoba da
sasacilo ampartavnoba mkafiod vlindeba d. kldiaSvilis gmirTa qcevaSic. ku-
1
g. we r e T e l i , rCeuli nawerebi, t. 1, 1947, gv. 41.
2
g.q i q o Z e , etiudebi da portretebi, 1958, gv. 174.
3
`moambe~, 1894, 3.
4
al.x a x a n a S v i l i , qarTuli sityvierebis istoria, 1918, gv. 226.
5
`kvali~, 1894, 23.
158
dabzika imdenad marTladaa daxatuli, rom misi Tvisebebi naTlad warmogvidge-
ba siRaribisagan dakninebul, magram uniadago, wodebriv TavmowonebaSerCenil
imerel aznaurTa saxeebSi d. kldiaSvilisa da n. lorTqifaniZis TxzulebebSi.
kudabzikas gaZvaltyavebuli cxeni agrZelebs gzas d. kldiaSvilis `samaniSvi-
lis dedinacvalSi~.
kikoliki inteligenciis im nawilis warmomadgenelia, romelsac swavla-ganaT-
lebis miReba piradi keTildReobisaTvis gaumiznavs. am miswrafebas igi jer kidev
universitetis studentad yofnis dros amJRavnebda; codnac zerele hqonda, Tva-
li Tanamdebobis miRebisaken eWira.
igi cdilobs am qveynis ZlierTa guliswyroma ar daimsaxuros. pativmoyva-
rea, mas piradi keTildReoba, mSvidi cxovreba, didi Tanamdeboba asuldgmu-
lebs. kikolikis devizia `yovelma kacma yvelaze uwin TavisTavze unda izrunos~.
misi azriT, `Tu mxrebze sqeli jinjilebi gaqvs, Tu gulze didi ordeni gaqvs Ca-
mokidebuli, maSin xar pativcemuli da Cemis azriT, — acxadebs igi, — asec unda
iyos, vinc ufro Wkviania da moxerxebulia, is poulobs amaebs~.
kikolikis idealia piradi warmateba da bedniereba. yovelgvar saqmeebs pira-
dulobis ganaRdebis saSualebad iyenebs, es iqneba samsaxuri, mogzauroba Tu ga-
zeTebis gamocema. colis SerTvac ki angarebis grZnobas, materialur keTil-
dReobas daumorCila. moigoneT misi ocneba SeZlebuli sovdagris qalis Ser-
Tvis Taobaze. amitom ambobda kikoliki: `jer unda viSovnoT nivTieri keTil-
mdgomareoba da mere qveyanas sikeTe unda movfinoT~. Tanamgzavris guliswyro-
ma kikolikis mimarT, am SemTxvevaSi g. wereTlis mier mTeli simZafriT gamosaxu-
li, gvaZlevs srul warmodgenas kikolikis miswrafebaze da warmoadgens am per-
sonaJis mkafio daxasiaTebas. èhe, kikoliko, saiT gautie? gana iseTi droa, rom
bedniereba Tbil sawolSi unda eZios Cveneburma axalgazrdam? gana lamazi coli
da lazaTiani artala unda iyos Cveni gulis wadili? rom kidec eRirso magisTa-
na bednierebas, gana isargeblebdi? gana SegiZlia rbil doSakze lamaz qalTan Ca-
xutebuli dilis Tvlemas miece; Sens sasaxles gared aTasi da ori aTasi kaci rom
javrSi da unugeSobaSi iyos Cavardnili... nuTu Sen natrob tkbil gancxromas
funTuSa qalis mklavze, nuTu Sen natrob tkbilad daZinebas?~ magram qveynisa da
xalxis interesebiT gatacebul avtors kikolikma ironiulad Sexeda da `dacine-
biT waulaparaka — daiwyo Taviseburad...~ kikoliki individualistia mTeli Ta-
vis arsebiT, pirvel rigSi piraduli, sakuTari ojaxuri cxovrebis uzrunvelyo-
fa ainteresebs mas da ara saqveyno saqme. amitomac ambobs: `me mxolod maSin dav-
strialeb qveynis sasargeblo saqmes, roca Cemi kuWi gamZRaria da Cemi guli dak-
mayofilebuli~. ai, ra zraxvebi amoqmedebs kikoliks.
vin iyo kikoliki? kikolikis prototipad imTaviTve miCneul iqna niko RoRo-
beriZe, romelic 1861 wlis studentTa areulobis monawile iyo peterburgSi,
`droebis~ TanamSromeli, Semdeg quTaisis saTavadaznauro bankis Tavmjdomare,
bolos ki Savi qvis mrewveli WiaTuraSi. maSasadame, kikoliki namdvilad arsebuli
adamianis literaturuli saxea, romlis tipurobas aravin uaryofda.
mTxrobelis, ufro zustad, g. wereTlis kikolikTan damokidebulebis sabo-
loo garkvevisaTvis sainteresoa `mgzavris wignebis~ finali. ai, ras gvamcnobs
avtori: `Cemi navi agorebul zRvaSi iyo Securebuli. zRvis dawynarebis imedi ar
mqonda, magram warmoidgineT, me es sulac ar maSinebda, me mxiarulad viswrafo-
di win da, Tund kidev davRupuliyav, imedi mqonda, sikvdilis Jams mxiaruleba ar
moscildeboda Cems saxes. meore dRes kikoliks gavSordi im ganzraxviT, rom me-
ored aRar SevyriliyaviT. is abreSumis muTaqaze Tav-dadebuli tkbils ocneba-
Si davtove. me-ki Cemis gaukreWeli joriT Weqa-quxilSi gaWirvebis gzas Sevude-
159
qi~.1 es mxatvruli gancxadeba iyo g. wereTlis moRvaweobis gzamkvlevi. siRari-
bisa da mudmivi xelmokleobis miuxedavad, g. wereTeli mTeli Tavisi sicocxle
marTali gziT vidoda; man gakicxa kikolikebi, misi Tanamoazreni da mSobliur
xalxsa da qveyanas TavdadebiT emsaxura mxatvruli Tu publicisturi sityviT.
rac Seexeba Cikoliks, masac piraduli keTildReobis grZnobebi amoqmedeb-
da, misTvis sazogadoebis saqme imdenad iyo saintereso, ramdenad misi materia-
luri uzrunvelyofis zraxvebi iqneboda ganxorcielebuli. saubarSi Zalian ga-
naTlebul kacad mogaCvenebdaT Tavs, sinamdvileSi diletanti iyo. `maRali fra-
zeologia wyarosaviT gadmosdioda piridan Cikoliks~. Zalian uyvarda Tavis ga-
moCena, amitomac: `sadac mividoda yvelgan cdilobda pirveli adgili daeWira
da dasamtkiceblad, rom pirveli iyo, Sublze kakardas da yelze sisxlis jvars
ar icilebda~.
Cikolikma iseTi sityva-pasuxi icoda, rom yvelas imadlierebda, yvelas
hpirdeboda, magram saqmiT aravisTvis Tavs ar iwuxebda. g. wereTlis daxasiaTe-
biT Cikoliki iyo: `CvenSi rom ityvian èna tartala, saqme patara, Romi ar eyo xu-
Ti kardala~.
piradi keTildReobisaTvis mzrunavi, egoisturad ganwyobili inteligencia
fexs ikidebda CvenSi da g. wereTelmac imaT winaaRmdeg mimarTa maxvili, gaakri-
tika mkacrad, amxila isini.
`xelovnebis namdvil realur gzaze, — werda xomleli, — saqarTveloSi imTa-
viTve dadga b-ni g. wereTeli, romlis sityva-kazmul nawerebSi umet-naklebod,
didi sicxoveliT daixata, gaiSala da dasuraTda Cveni cxovrebis viTarebis ar-
sebiTi Tvisebani da ucxo mxareni... Cikoliki, kikoliki da kudabzika gasaocaris
sinamdviliT, cocxlad aris daxatuli, es SesaniSnavi Txzuleba warCinebuli ta-
lantis mqone mxatvris nawarmoebia~.2
daxasiaTebul gmirTa galereidan calke dgas saRaTa. misi cxovreba da xasia-
Ti avtobiografiulia. misi survilia emsaxuros qveyanas, xalxs. igi batonymobis
winaaRmdegia, TanaugrZnobs glexobas, saerTod dabeCavebuls. survili aqvs naxos
xalxi Tavisufali, bednieri da ganaTlebuli, TviTonac mzadaa Tavi dados am saq-
misaTvis, oRond ki es saqme ganxorcieldes, survili ausruldes.
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis ideas nawarmoebSi ganasaxiereben
saRaTa da x-ski. orive personaJis msjeloba didi damajereblobiTaa warmodge-
nili nawarmoebSi da gamoxataven samSoblosaTvis uangaro, Tavdadebuli siyva-
rulis grZnobiT gatacebul axalgazrda mowinave inteligentebis ganwyobile-
bas, miswrafebas. am saxeebma imTaviTve miipyro sazogadoebis yuradReba da didi
mowonebac daimsaxura. pirvelis prototipad miCneul iqna TviTon avtori —
g. wereTeli, meoresi — poloneli studenti vladislav xoroSevski.
x-skisa da saRaTas wuxilSi ismis poloneli da qarTveli xalxebis erovnuli
CagvriT gamowveuli ukmayofilebis xma, saocnebo gmirad italiis erovnuli gmi-
ri garibaldia miCneuli. sasurveli mizania ruseTis TviTmpyrobelobis damxo-
ba, erovnuli Tavisufleba. garibaldis heroikuli saxis miTiTebiT nawarmoebSi
gamoxatulia mwerlisa da misi zogierTi gmiris ganwyobileba, erovnuli da so-
cialuri ideali.
poloneli studenti x-ski, romelsac garkveuli adgili aqvs daTmobili nawar-
moebSi, gamoyvanilia xalxTa Zmobisa da patriotuli ideebis saqadageblad. `mgzav-
ris wignebSi~ vkiTxulobT: àm ymawvils surda qarTvel studentebs daaxloveboda
da imaTTan kavSiris SekvriT da Zmuri moqmedebiT gaetacebina eseni da Tavis Tana-
memamuleebTan daeaxlovebina... Cven Tu erTmaneTi kargad ar gavicaniT da erTmane-
1
g . w e r e T e l i , rCeuli nawerebi, t. I. 1947, gv. 201.
2
`kvali~, 1894, 16.
160
Tis gulis pasuxi dawvrilebiT ar SevityveT, cxovrebaSi kargad ver wava Cveni saq-
meo; mova dro, roca Cven erTmaneTis saWironi gavxdebiT da Tu axlave ZmebiviT ar
SevizardeT, Tu aqave am universitetis saqmeebSi erTmaneTis daxmareba ar viswav-
leT, mere ufro vrcels asparezze sadRa movnaxavT erTmaneTso; garemoebiT daSo-
rebulni, azriTa da guliT mainc unda viyoT erTmaneTis Zaf—gatarebuli da Tu xe-
ls ara, xmas mainc unda vaZlevdeT erTmaneTs, rom saerTo Wiri gavinawiloT~.1 es
saerTo Wiri iyo TviTmpyrobeluri ruseTi, mefis nacionaluri politika. Zmobisa
da saerTo saqmisaTvis brZolis mizniT nawarmoebSi Semoyvanili poloneli studen-
ti erTa solidarobisa da xalxis Tavisuflebis mqadagebelia.
amrigad, erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel ideas nawarmoebSi ganasaxiereben sa-
RaTa da x-ski. am ori personaJis ganwyobilebaSi g. wereTelma gamoxata Tavisi
erovnuli miswrafeba. samSoblos siyvarulis grZnobis gamovlinebam, patrio-
tulma miswrafebam erTgvarad dafara nawarmoebis publicisturi simSrale.
am nawarmoebis gmirTa prototipebi asea miniSnebuli: saRaTa — g. wereTeli,
meliq-aRa — stefane meliqiSvili, kikoliki — nikoloz RoRoberiZe, studenti
xski — vladislav xoroSevski da a. S.
namdvili ambebis aRweram da realurad arsebuli adamianebis gamoyvanam nawarmo-
ebis personaJebad, `mgzavris wignebs~ misca mxatvruli narkvevis xasiaTi. am niadagze
gaakeTa daskvna mkvlevarma l. asaTianma, `rom i. WavWavaZis `mgzavris werilebTan~ er-
Tad giorgi wereTlis `kikoliki, Cikoliki da kudabzika~ warmoadgens mxatvruli
narkvevis klasikur nimuSs gasuli saukunis qarTul literaturaSi~.2
g. wereTelma sinamdvile marTlad aRwera, Cveni qveynis mZime cxovreba Seula-
mazeblad aCvena. albaT aseT viTarebas Tu gulisxmobda igi, roca Tavis Tavs `Seu-
feravi realizmis~ warmomadgenels uwodebda. ramdenadac ar unda Seekavebina Ta-
vi, g. wereTeli Zlieri mxatvruli warmosaxvis gareSe ver Seqmnida maRalemociur
saxeebs, ver dagvainteresebda movlenebiTa da suraTebiT.
Rrma lirizmi, publicistika, zogjer qadagebac, mwvave iumori, mwared dam-
cinavi satiruli toni, groteski nawarmoebs aZlevs did cxovelmyofelobas da
amiT naCvenebia mwerlisa da xalxis zizRi da siZulvili mebatonisadmi, baton-
ymobisadmi, TviTmpyrobelobisadmi. samarTlianad aRniSna mweralma demna Senge-
laiam, rom ès SesaniSnavi wigni erTsa da imave dros aRsavsea Rrma lirizmiTa da
Sxamiani sarkazmiT, siyvaruliT mSobliuri xalxisadmi da mZulvarebiT mCag-
vrelTa mimarT, poeziiTa da publicistikiT, usazRvro TanagrZnobiT gaparta-
xebuli glexebisa da zizRiT muqTaxora Tavadaznaurobisadmi~.3
cxovrebis g. wereTliseuli Cveneba `mgzavris wignebSi~ zogjer mxatvrul do-
kumentaciamde midis. namdvili ambavi, zustad aRwerilia STambeWdav mxatvrul
Zalad iqceva da iZens did SemecnebiT da esTetikur Tvisebas.
`mgzavris wignebSi~ aRwerili batonymobis gauqmebis wina dRe, gauqmebis dro
da procesi iZleva am xanis imereTis cxovrebis Seuferadebel suraTebs. nawar-
moebSi dasmulia mTeli saqarTvelosaTvis mtkivneuli sakiTxebi, magram foni
mainc dasavleT saqarTveloa, — imereTi am cnebis farTo mniSvnelobiT. l. asa-
Tiani werda: `pirveli didi nawarmoebi g. wereTlisa — `mgzavris wigni~ anu `kiko-
liki, Cikoliki da kudabzika~ — me-19 s. qarTuli literaturis erT-erT Sedev-
rad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. am nawarmoebSi g. wereTeli Seexo Tavisi drois uaqtua-
lures da umwvaves socialur problemebs... avtoris didi literaturuli osta-
toba, dauSreteli iumori da Rrma codna Tanamedrove cxovrebis viTarebisa, —
ai udidesi mxatvruli Rirsebebi, romelic am nawarmoebebs axasiaTebs~.4 marTa-
1
2
`mnaTobi~, 1932, 6.
3
`mnaTobi~, 1950, 2.
4
`mnaTobi~, 1932, 5-6, gv. 313.
161
lia, `mgzavris wignebis~ qarTuli literaturis Sedevrad gamocxadeba uTuod
gazviadebaa, magram isic cxadia, rom warmodgenil saerTo SefasebaSi ismis WeS-
maritebis xma.
mogzauruli Janri did SesaZleblobas aZlevda avtors erTmaneTTan kompo-
ziciurad aucilebeli mtkice kavSiris gareSe aRewera movlenebi, eCvenebina sa-
qarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis cxovrebis suraTebi, yofis realiebi, saerTo ko-
loriti. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom g. wereTelma pirvelad am nawarmoebiT ase
farTod Semoiyvana Cvens literaturaSi dakninebuli imereli aznaurebi. aqedan
gaekafaT maT gza d. kldiaSvilisa da n. lorTqifaniZis SemoqmedebaSi.
`mgzavris wignebi~ TvalsaCino mxatvruli nawarmoebia rogorc ideur-Tema-
tikuri Sinaarsis gaazrebiT, aseve mxatvruli gamosaxvis saSualebaTa gamoyene-
bis xasiaTiT. Znelia warmoidginoT mecxramete saukunis meore naxevris qarTu-
li sazogadoebrivi cxovreba ise, rom ar moiSvelioT `mgzavris wignebi~ miuxe-
davad imisa, rom es nawarmoebi publicisturia TiTqos, gaumarTavi da dauxvewa-
via enobrivad. misi gverdis avla ara marto g. wereTlis Semoqmedebis, aramed
mecxramete saukunis qarTuli literaturis Seswavlis drosac ver xerxdeba.
`mgzavris wignebis~ mniSvneloba ueWvelad didia imiTac, rom misi Tematiku-
ri are exeboda epoqis aqtualur problemebs, romlebic awuxebda mecxramete sa-
ukunis meore naxevars. amitomac simarTlis gamomxatvelia mosazreba, rom is
`marto moTxroba ar aris, es imave dros manifestia 60-iani wlebis qarTveli ax-
algazrdobisa, es saprogramo dokumentia~.1
`gulqani~. g. wereTlis `gulqans~ saintereso istoria aqvs. am romanis ram-
denime Tavi pirvelad gamoqveynda 1868 wlis gazeT `droebaSi~ saTauriT — `ram-
denime suraTi moTxrobidan `gvritia~. `gulqanis~ nawyvetebi amave 1868 wlis oq-
tomber-noemberSi daibeWda `sasoflo gazeTSi~ saTauriT — `bakuriZe da misi
glexi petriela~, `TaTias sikvdili~ da `bakuriZis ymebis SiSi~. `droebaSi~ da-
beWdili nawyvetebi mxolod Tavebadaa warmodgenili, `sasoflo gazeTSi~ ki Ta-
vebi dasaTaurebulia. amrigad, `gulqani~ sxvadasxva saxelwodebiTa da Tavebis
dasaTaurebiT erTdroulad ibeWdeba `droebasa~ da `sasoflo gazeTSi~. magram
sacenzuro komitetis `gulisxmieri~ CareviT, erTdroulad Sewyda misi beWdva.
didi mondomebis miuxedavad, mZime sacenzuro pirobebis gamo, g. wereTelma ver
moaxerxa am nawarmoebis mTlianad dabeWdva. 1895 wlis `kvalis~ ramdenime nomeri
aseT gancxadebas beWdavs: `1896 wlis xelismomwerlebs `kvalisas~ daurigdebaT
premiad axali romani g. wereTlisa, saxelad `gulqan~. romani Sedgeba sami nawi-
lisagan~. magram TviTmpyrobelobis, biurokratiul-Cinovnikuri mmarTvelobis
mamxilebel, mefis ruseTis saxelmwifo moxeleebis gamkicxavma nawarmoebma da-
afrTxo cenzura. romanis `tendenciuri Sinaarsis~ gamo sacenzuro komitetma
akrZala `gulqanis~ gamoqveyneba da xelnaweri daakava. es dakaveba samudamo
datyvevebis momaswavebeli iyo. amas grZnobda avtori, amitom man jer sacenzuro
komitetsa da Semdeg Sinagan saqmeTa saministros mimarTa. scada axlo megobre-
bis — a. cagarlisa da n. maris daxmarebac, rom `gulqanis~ dabeWdvis ufleba mie-
Ro, magram yovelgvari molodini uSedego aRmoCnda.
`gulqanis~ pirveli da meore nawili daibeWda 1928 wels, Jurnal `mnaTobSi~.
samive nawili calke wignad pirvelad gamovida 1929 wels, v. xuroZis redaqciiTa
da winasityvaobiT, xolo Sesworebuli sruli teqstiT gamoica 1935 wels, m. du-
duCavas redaqciiTa da komentarebiT.
sinamdvilis mxatvruli gansaxierebis TvalsazrisiT g. wereTlis `gulqani~
cxovrebis realisturad Cvenebis princips emyareba da kritikuli realizmis
tradicias agrZelebs. romanSi aRwerilia batonymuri urTierToba, am urTier-
1
g. wereTlis rCeuli nawerebi g. natroSvilis redaqciiT, t. I, 1947, gv. 21.
162
Tobis gauqmebis xana, reformis momdevno periodi, kapitalizmis aRmavloba sa-
qarTveloSi.
nawarmoebis ideuri arsi Semdeg ZiriTad sakiTxebs moicavs: 1. batonymuri
urTierTobis mwvave xasiaTi da am urTierTobis rRvevis Cveneba; 2. kapitalizmis
ganviTareba da axalfexadgmuli burJuaziis aRmavloba; 3. biurokratiul-Ci-
novnikuri mmarTvelobis mxileba, mefis ruseTis moxeleebis gakicxva.
romanSi feodaluri urTierToba warmodgenilia yvela uaryofiTi Tvise-
biT. didi mxatvruli simarTliTaa aRwerili ymebisa da Sinaymebis mware Sroma,
r.bakuriZis ojaxis materialuri silaRe, xelgaSlili, usaqmuri da udardeli
cxovreba. mkveTradaa mocemuli r. bakuriZis pirovnebis daxasiaTeba.
angareba da piraduloba misi xasiaTis ganuyreli Tviseba iyo. is yovelTvis
cdilobda `mezobeli daeCagra da TviTon amaRlebuliyo, yvelaze didi gamxda-
riyo~.1
yirimis omSi ufrosad yofnis dros naZarcv-nagleji `bajaRloebi bakuriZem
sul foxlebiT Camoitanao~ — ambobda xalxi. guriis ajanyebulTa gacemiTa da
dabezRebiT maioris jinjilebs miaRwia da kargi gamonarCenic miiRo. r. bakuri-
Zis siavis, adamianebs ki ara, Citebsac eSinodaT, — gadmogvcems mwerali.
`gulqanSi~ batonymoba daxasiaTebulia, rogorc uaryofiTi socialuri in-
stituti da amave dros naCvenebia am institutis rRvevis procesi. batonymobis
wiaRSi aRmocenebulia axali elementebi, romelic winaaRmdegobas uwevs da Sig-
nidanve arRvevs batonymobas. es winaaRmdegoba gamovlenilia yma glexis petrie-
la kvesaZis moqmedebaSi. petriela xelze mosamsaxure iyo qalaqSi. iq isunTqa
Tavisuflebis sioTi. qalaqidan dabrunebulma ar miiRo axali valdebuleba, ar
daemorCila batonis neba-survils, ar ikisra xabazoba.
`— Sen brZane, ar gamovacxobo? — gajavrebiT Seutia bakuriZem.
— ra vqna, Seni Wirime, gamocxoba Cven papas da mamas ar marTebia.
— Sen es Tqvi, xabazoba xom ici? Tfilis qalaqs rom iyavi, Turme kargad xaba-
zobdi!
— Tfilis qalaqs, Seni Wirime, sul sxvaa. iq CemTvis vmuSaobdi, TavisTvis ra-
Racas izams kaci, imas batonisTvis rava izams!...
— aba, rom gibrZanon, ar gamoacxob?..
— ra vqna, Seni Wirime, ar mmarTebia da...~
bakuriZis ganrisxebis miuxedavad, petrielas saboloo pasuxi iyo: `rac ar
mmarTebs, imis gakeTeba ar SemiZlia~.2 aseTi pasuxis mosmena mebatonisaTvis ad-
vili ar iyo, miT umetes, rom Tbilisidan dabrunebuli petriela welze fexs id-
gamda da ojaxic fexze wamoayena. bakuriZem Suris TvaliT Sexeda kvesaZeebis
ojaxs, petrielas damorCileba, Sinamosamsaxured gaxdoma ganizraxa. magram,
mwerlis eniT rom vTqvaT, àq batonis xmali folads Sexvda. petriela iseTi
glexi ar iyo, rom Tavisi uflebis Seuferebeli Zala aetana. man gaarRvia bato-
nis Zalmomreobis kedeli da gavarda~. winaaRmdegoba ufro metad garTulda. me-
batone sastikad uswordeba kvesaurebs, magram petrielas mainc ver imorCilebs.
r. bakuriZis mkacrma da usamarTlo damokidebulebam gaapartaxa gamrje, Tav-
mdabali glexis ojaxi. r. bakuriZis sisastikem Seiwira daTia kvesaZe, misi coli,
qaliSvili da petriela aiZula gadakarguliyo soflidan.
r. bakuriZe imdenad ukacuria, rom mxolod muSaxelis, mosamsaxuris dakar-
gva awuxebs da ara udanaSaulo ojaxis daRupva. ìm beber dedakacs Tundac Cemi
Wiri wauRia, axalgazrda gogo menaneba. erTi kargi xelze mosamsaxure damekar-
ga, — wailuRluRa mebatonem~. r.bakuriZisa da daTia kvesaZis ojaxebis urTier-
1
g. we r e T e l i , rCeuli nawerebi, t. II, 1948, gv. 193.
2
iqve, gv. 211.
163
Tobis CvenebiT mocemulia ori wodebis tipur warmomadgenelTa Soris gamarTu-
li mwvave brZolis suraTi.
batonymobis mkacri kanonebisa, mebatone bakuriZisa da boqaulis ukacuri
qcevis Sedegad gapartaxda daTia kvesauris ojaxi. deda-Svilis ori kubos er-
Tdroulad gamotana — aris umZafresi tragikuli scena. es ambavi isea gadmoce-
muli, suraTi ise SemaZrwunebladaa daxatuli, rom SeuZlebelia mkiTxveli ar
aRaSfoTos bakuriZisa da boqaulis araadamianurma qcevam, ar aRavsos udanaSau-
lo kvesaZeebis sibraluliT da TanagrZnobiT.
g. wereTels mTeli arsebiT sZulda batonymoba. es siZulvili man mxatvru-
lad gamosaxa `mgzavris wignebSi~, `gulqansa~ da `Cveni cxovrebis yvavilSi~, xo-
lo publicistur werilSi — `maTusalas aRsareba~ mweralma Tavisi aRtaceba ba-
tonymobis gauqmebis gamo mTeli sisavsiT gamoxata.
batonymoba gauqmda. amieridan erTmaneTs upirispirdeba yofili mebatone
revaz bakuriZe da misgan pirovnulad Seuracxyofili, ojaxurad gaqelili yo-
fili yma petriela, SemdegSi cnobili vaWari piotr ivaniC gawerilia. am dapiris-
pirebaSi gadmocemulia axali, winaaRmdegobebis Semcveli, sinamdvile; daxatu-
lia Zveli da axali urTierTobis warmomadgenlebis srulyofili saxe, magram
amaT Soris moqmedebaSi ufro metadaa naCvenebi — aRmavali, axalgazrda burJua-
ziis miswrafebis gamomxatveli yofili yma.
saxlidan gadavardnilma petrielam Savi zRvis sanapiros miaSura. moxerxe-
buli vaWrobiT didZali fuli daagrova. ramdenime xnis Semdeg gadasaxlda qu-
TaisSi, gamoicvala gvari da gaxsna duqani, qvianaSi gadasaxlebul r. bakuriZis
ojaxis maxloblad. cnobili sovdagari piotr ivaniC gawerilia dauaxlovda ba-
kuriZis ojaxs, romelic xelgaSlil evropul cxovrebas eweoda. bakuriZe gawe-
rilias maRaziidan nisiad iZenda sxvadasxva Zvirfas saqonels, samagierod aZ-
levda Tamasuqs. `revazs sovdagris Tamasuqi TiTqmis Tavis mosageb sagnad miaC-
nda~, radganac vaWari xSirad ar awuxebda galaRebul mebatones. r. bakuriZes az-
radac ar mosvlia, rom Tamasuqi igive fuli iyo im droisaTvis. piotr ivaniCma
moxerxebulad gamoiyena es Tamasuqi da sasamarTlos dadgenilebiT, im valSi ba-
kuriZes rom emarTa nisiis saxiT, xelT igdo mebatonis saxl-kari da ezo-mamuli.
rogorc vxedavT, fulma daipyro asparezi. movlenebi viTardeba axali ur-
TierTobis warmomadgenlis, cxovrebis axali gmiris sasargeblod, istoria am
axals uWers mxars. magram brZola mwvavea da sastiki. Zveli advilad ar uTmobs
axals. am brZolaSi iRupeba piotr ivaniCi, magram axali cxovrebis gza gakafu-
lia. naCvenebia ganviTarebis perspeqtiva. gawerilias gzas agrZelebs misi noqa-
ri. bakuriZis ojaxi gapartaxda.
mwerali Tavisi ganwyobilebiT aRmavali burJuaziis mxarezea. igi mxars uWe-
rs aReb-micemobis ganviTarebas. amitomac aTqmevina erT-erT gmirs: `vaWari ma-
rilia qveynis. is arCens xalxs, zrdis warmoebas da TviTonac mdidrdeba. yvelas
lukmas aZlevs bunebis simdidris waReb-wamoRebiT, maSin rodesac CarCi suls
xdis yovelnair warmoebas da xalxs tyavs aZrobs~.
g. wereTelma `gulqanSi~ mkafiod gamosaxa batonymobis winaaRmdeg mimarTu-
li da kapitalizmis ganviTarebisadmi Tavisi simpaTiuri damokidebulebis ten-
dencia. mxatvrulad aCvena agreTve mefis ruseTis moxeleebis zneobrivi dace-
muloba, meqrTameoba, xalxis awiokeba, socialuri devna da mkvidr mcxovrebTa
Seviwroeba. g. wereTlis mier `saxelmwifo moxeleebi iseTive uaryofiTi tenden-
ciiTaa warmodgenili romanSi, rogorc feodaluri aristokratia~.1
g. wereTlis mier `gulqanSi~ saaSkaraozea gamotanili xorxianeTis gamgis —
quTaisis gubernatoris ojaxisa da am ojaxis garSemo Tavmoyrili samxedro
1
m. d u d u C a v a , `gulqani~, 1935, gv. XI.
164
aristokratiisa da bobola moxeleebis garyvnili da TavaSvebuli cxovreba.
xorxianeTis gamge iTvisebs saxelmwifo qonebas, iRebs qrTams, cxovrobs xelgaS-
lilad, magram igi sasjels gadarCa imitom, rom Camosul revizors gulqani mona
qaliviT miarTva. xorxianeTis gamgis cols da mis garSemo Semokrebil qalebs da
oficrebs adamianuri saxe daukargavaT. gulqanic am wreSi trialebda, igi im mo-
ralur faseulebebze izrdeboda, rac qvianas saqalebo saswavleblis ufrosis
TanaSemwem da xorxianeTis gamgis colma STaagones. amitom gasakviri ar aris
gulqanis daqaneba garyvnilebis gzaze.
gulqani bavSvobidanve anCxli da TviTneba iyo, izrdeboda nebierad, mebato-
nis qalis yaidaze. gulqani miabares quTaisis saqalebo saswavlebelSi. bakuriZis
ojaxs uZneldeboda erTaderTi Svilis moSoreba, magarm isic icodnen, `rom ax-
landel droSi urusulod da utancaoT maRal sazogadoebaSi gamoCenac aRar
moxerxdebodao~.1 gvritos pirvel xanebSi sZulda qalTa pansionati, magram ma-
le mieCvia, Seegua skolas, sadac qarTuli akrZaluli iyo da qalebs Cinovnikebi-
sa da sxvaTa salaRobod zrdidnen.
g. wereTelma gaakritika rogorc gimnaziis, aseve saqalebo saswavleblis —
pansionatis saaRmzrdelo wesebi da warmogvidgina gaukuRmarTebuli swavlebis
sruli suraTi. marTlad aCvena sistema, Tu rogor amzadebdnen mefis erTgul
msaxurs, monasa da morCils, usulgulo moxeleebis, Cinovnikuri biurokratiisa
da oficrebis sacoleebs, garyvnilsa da znedacemul adamianebs.
`qali rom asakSi Seva, — vkiTxulobT romanSi, — iman yvelaferi unda daiviwy-
os, Tavis ded-mamac, ojaxic da gadasafrenad unda emzadebodes, magram ise ki, rom
Tvali karg, lamaz da uzrunvelyofil sabudarSi Casafrenad eWiros... qalis swav-
la-ganaTleba amaSi unda mdgomareobdes. ra Cveni saqmea geometria da algebra, an
bunebis mecniereba? raSi gamogvadgeba?.. gamocdilebiTac bevrs SeiZens qali, Tu
karg sazogadoebaSi kavalrebTan gaqnils mandilosnebs daukvirdeba da SeiTvisebs
imaT xerxsa~.2 amas Tu davumatebT xorxianeTis gamgis colis zneobriv swavlas, rom
`WeSmariti siyvaruli sicruea, qmris erTguleba sisulelea. axla aRaravin aRar Ca-
dis magisTana sisuleles, visac ki cxovreba esmis da Tavmoyvareoba aqvs...~3 cxadi
gaxdeba, Tu ra viTarebaSi izrdebodnen maRali wris qalebi, rogor iqceodnen did
moxeleTa colebi.
TviTneburma aRzrdam, lidia petrovnasa da quTaisis gubernatoris colis
uzneo darigebam, didma gvariSvilobam, mebatonurma qedmaRlobam, xelgaSlilma
udardelma cxovrebam, moxdenilma garegnobam, mefis didi moxeleebis, samxedro
aristokratiisa da oficerTa pirferobam gaaamaya, gaamedidura gulqani, amoag-
do cxovrebis kalapotidan da gaukafa gza garyvnilebisaken. gulqanis gadagvare-
ba, patriotuli grZnobis dakargva, qarTveli xalxis siZulvili g. wereTelma uf-
ro mkafiod Crdiloel vaWarTan urTierTobaSi aCvena. gulqanis saubari nikolai
nikiforoviCTan qarTuli kulturisa da qarTveli xalxis Sesaxeb, gulqanis sazo-
gadoebrivi yofisa da aRzrdis bunebrivi Sedegia. roca gulqani augad axsenebs
qarTul kulturas, lanZRavs qarTvel xalxs, es mxolod mkiTxvelis uaryofiT
reaqcias iwvevs da ara wyenas, radganac igi qarafSuta, uzneo qalis mieraa war-
moTqmuli.
g. wereTlis `gulqanis~ gmirebis sarbieli xorxianeTi, anu imereTia, magram
maTi moqmedeba wvdeba mTel saqarTvelos.
g. wereTlis `gulqani~ socialuri romania. nawarmoebis Tema ori mTavari Se-
nakadis Semcvelia — batonymuri urTierToba da kapitalizmis ganviTarebis
procesi saqarTveloSi. fabula erT ZiriTad ambavze — r. bakuriZisa da petrie-
1
g. we r e T e l i , rCeuli nawerebi, t. II, 1948, gv, 272.
2
iqve, gv. 275.
3
iqve, gv. 487.
165
la kvesaZis urTierTobazea agebuli. am ZiriTad ambavs erTvis biurokratiul-
Cinovnikuri mmarTvelobis warmomadgenelTa cxovrebisa da moqmedebis mxileba.
ori sxvadasxva socialuri wrisa da epoqis tipur warmomadgenelTa cxovrebisa
da urTierTobis saCveneblad ramdenime CarTuli epizodia warmodgenili —
gulqanis cxovrebis istoria, arCevnebis ambavi quTaisSi, inteligenciis erTi
nawilis moqmedeba, romelic sisxlsavses xdis nawarmoebis ideur Sinaarss, mxat-
vrulad kravs nawarmoebis siuJetur qargas da srulad warmogvidgens epoqis xa-
siaTs.
nawarmoebSi ambavi gaSlilia naturaluri meurneobis rRvevisa da kapita-
lizmis ganviTarebis Cvenebis fonze. siuJeturi paralelebi erTi ideuri Cana-
fiqriT erTiandeba da kompoziciuri rkali mTliandeba.
nawarmoebi isea agebuli, rom ambavi yovelTvis ar misdevs erTmaneTs. kompo-
ziciuri svla zigzagiT midis, amiT yuradReba da interesi ki ar neldeba, aramed
ufro Zlierdeba, radganac movlena bunebrivad viTardeba da siuJeturi mTlia-
nobac daculia.
`gulqanis~ ena saerTo saliteraturo enas mihyveba, magram igi uxvad Seicavs
kuTxuri metyvelebis formebs da, poeturi leqsikis TvalsazrisiT, TvalSi sa-
cemia imeruli dialeqtizmis saWiroebis gareSe gamoyeneba. g. wereTeli bunebis
suraTebis daxatvis, poeturi samkaulebis, tropuli metyvelebis Cinebuli os-
tatia. gamosaxvis am saSualebebiT igi aZlierebs sinamdvilis warmosaxvis Tval-
saCinoebas, emociurobas, esTetikurobas.
avtori did ostatobas iCens gmiris Sinagani brZolisa da mwvave gancdebis
gadmocemaSi, aseve gmiris garegnobis mxatvrul CvenebaSi. sanimuSod SegveZlo
dagvesaxelebina gulqanis mSvenierebis aRwera, petrielas daxasiaTeba, sardion
enuqiZis saxe, dragunis oficris lizobliudovis Tvaltanadoba, Siukas gareg-
nobis sxarti daxatva. sul ramdenime sityva da Siukas portreti Camoqandakebu-
lia. g. wereTeli uCveulo mimzidvelobiT xatavs xorxianeTis gamgis ojaxSi ga-
marTuli wveulebis scenebs. yvelaferi mozomilia, gadmocemulia emociuri
metyvelebis formiT. saxeebi daxatulia didi mxatvruli taqtiTa da poeturi
moswrebulobiT. Rrmaazrovani, magram advilad Casawvdomi da amosacnobi meta-
forebi, moxdenili Sedarebani, gemovnebiT SerCeuli sxarti epiTetebi, mxat-
vruli gamosaxvis kompoziciuri da sxva sityvieri saSualebebis gamoyenebis po-
eturi gamizvna, gaazreba axasiaTebs g. wereTlis mxatvrul sityvas.
` pirveli nabiji~. g. wereTlis mdidar literaturul memkvidreobaSi `pir-
vel nabijs~ upirvelesi adgili uWiravs. am nawarmoebSi mxatvrulad warmoisaxa
kapitalizmis ganviTarebisa da feodaluri yofis rRvevasTan dakavSirebuli is
ZiriTadi problemebi, romlebic g. wereTlis SemoqmedebaSi adreve iyo gaazre-
buli.
`pirveli nabiji~ g. wereTlis SemoqmedebiTi mowifulobis xanaSi, oTxmocda-
aTian wlebSi daiwera da gamoqveynda. is daibeWda literaturul krebul `cda-
Si~, romelsac 1889-1891 wlebSi `qarTulis mwerlobis moyvarulTa gamocema~ aq-
veynebda quTaisSi.
`pirvel nabijSi~ mkveTrad gamovlinda g. wereTlis maRali samwerlo Tvise-
bebi — didi mxatvruli tilos gaSlis ostatoba, tipuri saxeebis gamokveTis xe-
lovneba, ganzogadebis simarTle, stilis daxvewiloba.
`pirveli nabijis~ ZiriTad Temad aRebulia kapitalizmis ganviTarebis pro-
cesi saqarTveloSi da miT gamowveuli socialuri cvlilebani. sinamdvilis
mxatvrul gansaxierebaSi mwerlis ideuri tendencia Sepirobebulia surviliT,
mimzidveli ferebiT daxatos erovnuli burJuaziis aRmavlobis suraTebi da aC-
venos Cveni qveynis cxovrebis axali gziT ganviTarebis perspeqtiva.
166
nawarmoebis ideis mxatvrulad gaSlis socialur fonad gamoyenebulia bur-
Juaziasa da Tavadaznaurobas Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegoba. mwerlis mkafio
ideur Canafiqrze miuTiTebs romanis saTauri `pirveli nabiji~ da mTavari gmi-
ris gvari — fulava.
`pirveli nabijis~ arqiteqtonika siuJeturad sam Senakads moicavs: 1. baxva
fulavas Tavgadasavali, romliTac gadmocemulia aRmavali qarTveli burJua-
ziis cxovrebis istoria; 2. ieremia warbas cxovreba, riTac naCvenebia Cveni Tava-
daznaurobis gadagvarebuloba, dacemuloba; 3. garyvnil validas, polkovnik
lebovisa da sxva samxedro da samoqalaqo moxeleTa ojaxebis aRviraxsnili
cxovrebis Cveneba.
ZiriTadi ambis siuJetur ganviTarebas, mxatvrul Sesisxlxorcebas — baxva
fulavas cxovrebisa da moqmedebis istoriis mxatvrul Cvenebas Tan axlavs qar-
Tveli Tavdaznaurobis dacemisa da mefis ruseTis moxeleebis gaxrwnis gamom-
saxveli suraTebi.
`pirvel nabijSi~ sagulisxmoa avtoris mier gmirTa Semoqmedebis ared mTe-
li saqarTvelos gamoyeneba. marTalia, erTiani saqarTvelos idea Tergdaleul-
Ta ideaa da mxatvrul literaturaSi es momenti ufro mkveTrad xazgasmulia
akaki wereTlis SemoqmedebaSi, magram `pirveli nabiji~ pirveli romania qarTul
literaturaSi, sadac moqmedeba imier-amierSia gaSlili.
ambis gaSlisa da movlenebis ganviTarebaSi ZiriTadi rkali SemosazRvrulia
istoriulad ori sxvadasxva socialuri wris warmomadgenlis — baxva fulavasa
da ieremia warbas urTierTobiT. erTia — glexi, mwyemsi, xelze mosamsaxure, Sem-
deg vaWari, aRmavali burJuaziis warmomadgeneli, xolo meore — cxovrebis ka-
lapotidan amovardnili usaqmuri, moqeife, moCxubari, ukacuri.
socialuri mdgomareobiT `pirveli nabijis~ gmirebi asea warmodgenili —
mdabioTa wre: baxva, esma, esmas deda, ivane mWedeli, nestora; maTi mopirdapireni
— ieremia, valida, wunkala da sxva wvrili da msxvili moxeleebi. am dapirispire-
baSi mwerlis simpaTia yovelTvis mdabioTa mxarezea. Sepirispirebulia ara mar-
to baxva da ieremia, aramed esma da validac. esma mSromeli, lamazi, nazi, wynari;
validac lamazi, magram fuqsavati, gaqeqili, romelsac TvalSi Sehyureben bobo-
la samxedro pirebi da mosamsaxureebi, rogorc trfobis obieqts. validac am
moments SesaniSnavad iyenebs.
gansaxierebis simarTle da gmirTa moqmedebis is xasiaTi, romelic `pirvel
nabijSia~ warmodgenili, varaudobs kapitalizaciis process saqarTveloSi,
erovnuli burJuaziis aRorZinebas, qarTveli vaWris saxis gamokveTilad Cvene-
bas, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ganviTarebis tendenciaze miTiTebas.
baxva fulava `pirveli nabijis~ mTavari gmiria, mwerlis ideuri Canafiqris
mxatvrulad ganxorcielebuli saxea. amitomac romanis Tematikuri arsis ideu-
rad gadawyvetis TvalsazrisiT upiratesad baxvas cxovrebisa da moqmedebis
sferoa sayuradRebo. TiTqmis yvela movlena, romelic aRwerilia nawarmoebSi,
pirdapir Tu arapirdapir baxvas pirovnebasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
yofili Txis mwyemsi baxva fulava didZali fulisa da savaWro saqonlis gar-
da feodaluri mamulisa da saxl-karis patroni gaxda. es momenti miniSnebaa imi-
sa, rom axali socialuri Zala, burJuazia mZlavrad ikidebs fexs, irRveva sauku-
neobrivi tradiciis mqone feodaluri yofa, idilia.
sayuradReboa, rom nabatonaris, didi feodalis saxl-karis dagiraveba ban-
kSi da sajaro vaWrobiT gayidva nawarmoebSi naCvenebia rogorc saerTo damaxa-
siaTebeli movlena mecxramete saukunis meore naxevris saqarTvelosaTvis. ama-
ze miuTiTebs Tundac gazeTiT gamoqveynebuli gancxadebebis faqti. aRniSnuli
viTareba gvamcnobs Tavadaznaurobis materialur daqveiTebasa da fuladi me-
urneobis farTod ganviTarebas.
167
Tavadis miwa-wyals eufleba axali socialuri urTierTobis warmomadgene-
li. es movlena cxovrebis ganviTarebis bunebrivi Sedegia. baxvam SeiZina didZa-
li qoneba feodaluri saxl-karisa da mamulis saxiTac. es momenti imis xazgasmaa,
rom kapitalizmi ipyrobs rogorc qalaqs, aseve sofels. movlenis meore mxare
isaa, rom baxva Semoifargla savaWro operaciebiT, mamulisa da saxl-karis SeZe-
niT, ar isurva kapitali daebandebina msxvil warmoebaSi, ar Caeba saqarxno-sa-
fabriko mrewvelobaSi. iyo Tu ara aseTi xasiaTis warmoeba imdroindel dasav-
leT saqarTveloSi? — ara. vTqvaT, mwerals unda gadaelaxa es sinamdvile, daena-
xa xvalindeli dRis SesaZlebloba, magram g. wereTeli xom kritikuli realizmis
warmomadgenelia, igi Tavis SemoqmedebaSi namdvil cxovrebas emyareba yovel-
Tvis, amitomac gmirTa moqmedebis sfero bunebrivad warmoadgina, xolo per-
speqtivis konturebi noqris, nestoras saxiT moxaza. tendencia saerTo ganviTa-
rebis SesaZleblobaSi aCvena.
feodalizms saukuneobrivi istoria hqonda saqarTveloSi. feodalizmis epo-
qam Seqmna maRali kultura da yofis didi tradicia. axalfexadgmuli burJuaziis
warmomadgenlebs — mejRanuaSvils, gawerilias, fulavas rom guli TavadiSviluri
cxovrebisaken miuwevT, feodaluri yofis didi gavleniTaa gamowveuli. Tu baxva
fulavas mixedviT vimsjelebT, SevamCnevT, rom baxvas rainduli, keTilSobiluri
da romantikuli qceva esmas winaSe, sofelSi Tavadurad dafuZnebis survilebi, bax-
vas Cacmuloba da garegnuli ieri ufro TavadiSviluria, vidre vaWrisa.
g. wereTels kapitalizaciis maxaroblad miaCnia foTSi rom cecxlis gemma
iwivla. am movlenas sixaruliT Sexvda avtori. es Tbili gancda Sedegi iyo g. we-
reTlis im Sexedulebisa, riTac varaudobda savaWro urTierTobebis saerTo
ferxulSi saqarTvelos Cabmas, bunebrivi simdidreebis eqsploatacias, warmoe-
bisa da mrewvelobis aRorZinebis saWiroebas.
kapitalizmis ganviTarebis Sedegad qveynis mamoZravebeli fuli Seiqmna, is
gaxda yovlisSemZle, fetiSi. samarTlis, patiosnebis, niWisa da sxvaTa sazomad
fulia miCneuli, yvelaferi fulzea damokidebuli da fuliTve izomeba. es kar-
gad esmis g. wereTels da mis personaJebs, rac naCvenebia baxvas magaliTze. sanam
fuli hqonda, kaci iyo baxva, sazogadoeba mowiwebiT ekideboda. Semoelia fuli
da loT CarCad gadaiqca mis adre pativismcemelTa TvalSi.
marTalia, fulianma baxvam samarTali ver daadgina, mteri ver daasjevina
ise, rogorc mas undoda. ajobes am mxriv, daiCagra kidevac, magram es aixsneba
imiTac, rom kapitalizmma jer kidev ver daZlia Cveni qveynis feodaluri yofisa
da biurokratiul-Cinovnikuri mmarTvelobis zRudeebi. Tumca cxadia isic, rom
baxvaseuli samarTlis dadgenaSi, ieremias mokvlaSi, mainc fulma Seasrula ar-
sebiTi roli.
marTalia, baxva daiRupa rogorc pirovneba, magram misi daRupviT ar daRu-
pula sistema, ar Secvlila kapitalizmis ganviTarebis principi. asparezs Camos-
cilda mxolod misi erT-erTi warmomadgeneli.
baxvas biZaSvili nestora, romelic `kunZebisa da simindis vaWrobaSi monawi-
led hyavda Seyvanili~, ikavebs baxvas adgils, agrZelebs baxvas dawyebul saqmes.
aseve agrZeleben am saqmes baxvas saqmis mimdevarni — farna da sxva noqrebi da
vaWrebi.
ara fizikurad, aramed ideuri miswrafebiT baxva maSin daiRupa, roca man
vaWrobas, aReb-micemobas mianeba Tavi da SurisZiebis grZnobiT gamsWvalulma
daiwyo samarTlis Zebna esmas mkvlelis, baxvas ojaxisa da saqmianobis damRupve-
lis ieremiasaTvis samagieros gadasaxdelad, magram ver ipova samarTali. Tumca
baxvas TiTqos ar daukargavs imedi da amitomac ambobs kidevac: `roca ieremias
cimbirisaken gavistumreb, iseve vaWrobis saqmes Sevudgebi~. es iyo ukanaskneli
gaazreba baxva fulavas dakarguli mdgomareobis aRdgenisaTvis.
168
roca sasamarTlom ieremias Tormeti wlis katorRa miusaja, baxvam Sveba ig-
rZno: `baxva fulavam ieremias gansjis Semdeg saSineli mZime tvirTi moixsna zur-
gidan. igi suliT damSvidda, daamda~. magram xanmokle aRmoCnda baxvas damSvideba.
umaRlesi sasamarTlos did moxelesTan validas gaarSiyebis Semdeg katorRamis-
jili ieremia gaaTavisufles. baxvas imedebi sabolood CaiZira. baxvam dakarga yo-
velgvari rwmena marTlmsajulebisa. amis Semdeg baxvam gamonaxa sxva gza — gza pi-
radi Surisgebisa. gadawyvita TviTon daedo msjavri ieremiasaTvis. gadawyveti-
leba sisruleSic moiyvana. es faqti `pirveli nabijis~ bolo striqonebSi mTeli
simZafriTaa gamoxatuli.
baxvas xanjliT gangmiruli ieremia sisxlSi curavs. baxva doinjSemoyrili
dgas, gaqcevas ar kadrulobs da qveyanas amcnobs: `samarTali gavaCine, samarTa-
li! qveyanam ar maRirsa samarTali da me TviTon gavaCine... ai, axla gavcocxldi!
me axla gavxdi uwindeli baxva... amieridan saca unda viyo, yvelgan baxva merqmeva
da qudic Tavze mexureba~.1
marTalia, savaWro-savaxSo kapitalis ganviTarebis suraTebi pirvelad qar-
Tul mwerlobaSi g. erisTavisa da l. ardazianis SemoqmedebaSi gamoCnda, magram g.
wereTlis `pirveli nabiji~ sruliad axali etapia. am mxriv g. erisTavis komedieb-
Si mxolod savaxSo kapitalis pirveli Casaxvisa da ganviTarebis suraTebia naCve-
nebi. rac Seexeba l. ardazians, man farTod gviCvena savaWro da savaxSo kapitalis
ganviTarebis garkveuli safexuri, magram ar yofila warmodgenili iseTi rTuli
operaciebi, romelTac baxva fulava awarmoebda. mejRanuaSvili CarCia, mevaxSeo-
biT SemozRuduli. baxva farTo aReb-micemobis ferxulSia Cabmuli. baxvas moqme-
deba mTel saqarTvelos moicavs TiTqmis. rkinigzis farTo qselis Cveneba, miTiTe-
ba qalaqebze — foTi, Tbilisi, baqo, baxvas saqonliT datvirTuli gemebi foTSi,
sxvadasxva saqonlis maRaziebi mzadebaa didi mrewvelobisaTvis. amitomac g. wereT-
lis Semoqmedeba, da kerZod `pirveli nabiji~, Tematikuri arsis ideuri gadawyveti-
lebis TvalsazrisiT, Cveni sinamdvilis sruliad axali safexuria. baxvas komersan-
tuli operaciebi axali movlenaa qarTul literaturaSi.
***
kapitalizmis ganviTarebis Sedegad Tavadaznauroba gaRatakebisa da zneob-

rivi daqveiTebis gzas daadga. axali urTierTobis damkvidrebas Tan mohyva axa-
li cxovrebis garTulebuli moTxovnilebani. gaCnda fufunebis sxvadasxva saqo-
neli, Tavadaznauroba TiTqos ukan ar ixevs, magram misi Semosavali ver faravs
gasavals, iqmneba mwvave mdgomareoba.
didi mamulis, uzarmazari ezo-saxlkarisa da samasi komli ymis patroni iyo
erT dros Tavadi TavqfilaZe. àba, vin mosTvlis, ramdeni warCinebuli lxini gadax-
dila am ganier ezoSi! ise dReoba rogor Caivlida, rom aq sami Tu oTxi Zroxa mainc
ar dakluliyo, sami Tu oTxi sapalne Rvino erT ijraze ar daleuliyo... `2 magram
gaqra didebisa da bednierebis dReebi. gauqmda batonymoba. Tu aqamde `samasi kom-
lis naWirnaxulevi am dids ojaxSi dauSreteli simdidris wyaroT hqonda~, didi
socialuri cvlilebebis Sedegad `dRes es siuxvis wyaro damSrala~. raki Sinaymebi
gamoecala, Sromas miuCveveli Tavadi TavqfilaZe qalaqSi gadasaxlda, magram iq
ufro rTuli Seiqna cxovreba. axali drois moTxovnilebiT yvelafers fuli das-
Wirda, fuli, kapitalizmis epoqis kerpi. TavqfilaZis ojaxi didkacobasa da xel-
1
g. we r e T e l i , rCeuli nawerebi, t. I, 1947, gv. 433-434.
2
iqve, gv. 241.
169
gaSlil cxovrebas ar iSlida, `saswavlebelSi gamozrdili misi qalebi axal modebs
ayolodnen, ar iklebdnen balebs, piknikebs da maskaradebs~.
TavqfilaZis vaJebma swavlaze guli aicrues da `mieCvien sastumroebSi Tre-
vasa da banqos TamaSs~. aseTsa da amden xarjvas TavqfilaZis mamulis Semosavali,
ra Tqma unda, ver dafaravda. Tavadma TavqfilaZem mevaxSeebisagan didi procen-
tiT sesxis aReba daiwyo. ver uSvela am sesxebmac. bolos mTeli misi mamuli da
saxl-kari bankSi daagirava, ris Sedegadac moxda is, rom Tavadma TavqfilaZem
gazeT `droebis~ erT-erT nomerSi sruliad moulodnelad amoikiTxa: `Tavadis
TavqfilaZis adgilmamuli, ezo da saxl-kari isyideba bankSi saerTo vaWrobiT,
sargeblis Seutanlobis gamo~.1 tragikuli iyo moxuci nabatonarisaTvis aseTi
ambis gagoneba, miT ufro, rom mdgomareoba gamouvali Canda.
SeZlebuli Tavadis odesRac didebuli ezo, saxl-kari da mTeli mamuli saja-
ro vaWrobiT SeiZina baxva fulavam, feodalis nasaxlarze cxovreba axleburad
moawyo.
rac Seexeba ieremia warbas, `pirveli nabijis~ erT-erT mTavar gmirs, misi qce-
viT g. wereTelma mkafiod gviCvena daRupvis gzaze damdgari Tavadaznaurobis war-
momadgenlis saxe. ieremia warbas saxeSi naCvenebia yvela is uaryofiTi Tviseba, rac
damaxasiaTebelia uSromel cxovrebas miCveul socialuri wris warmomadgenel-
TaTvis. ieremias cxovrebis aRweriT mwerali sinamdviles ise xatavs, rom gmiris
mTeli moqmedeba mkiTxvelSi zizRs iwvevs.
mowafeobis pirveli periodis damTavrebis Semdeg ieremiam dakarga WeSmari-
ti adamianuri Rirseba. bavSvobis wlebis Semdeg ieremias saxe mweralma warmog-
vidgina, rogorc sazogadoebisaTvis gamousadegari adamiani, magram mefis moxe-
leebis mfarvelobiT ieremia yovelTvis axerxebs sapatio adgilis dakavebas, da-
naSaulis Cadenis Semdeg dausjeli rCeba. g. wereTelma ieremias saxiT gvaCvena
sinamdvile, uaryofiT sinamdviled, da uaryofiTi xasiaTis gmirs saTanado ga-
naCenic gamoutana, misi cxovrebis istoriac gagvacno.
jer kidev gimnaziaSi yofnis dros ieremia warba dauaxlovda swavlaze gu-
lacruebul amxanagebs, romlebmac misi meTaurobiT daiwyes saeWvo cxovreba.
gimnaziidan garicxvis Semdeg aTasi cudi xma dadioda quTaisSi ieremias yofaq-
cevis gamo. èrTxel gavarda xma, rom s. zeganas erTi mdidari mRvdeli yofila.
imas lamazi qali hyolia, mRvdlis ojaxi gaucarcvavT da qali gauupatiurebia-
To. avazakebis moTave yofila ieremiao. am saqmis gulisaTvis ieremia ramdenime
Tve kidec iyo datyvevebuli satusaRoSi~.2 amieridan iwyeba ieremias avazakuri
saqcielis, yaCaRuri moqmedebis grZeli istoria. g. wereTelmac ieremias bavSvo-
bis, siWabukisa da, rac mTavaria, saTanado Tvaltanadobis gamomxatveli gvari —
warba ar akmara da gaavazakebis Semdeg meore gvaric miaSvela — firaliZe. mwe-
ralma gvaris epiTeturi SinaarsiT gamoxata ieremias yaCaRuri buneba.
ieremias quTaisSi aRar edgomeboda, man foTSi gadainacvla. igi Sevida samxed-
ro samsaxurSi — cxenosan miliciaSi, romelic foTSi idga da zRvis sanapiroebs
icavda kontrabandistebisagan. magram ieremiam TviTon daiwyo kontrabandistTa
mfarveloba, meqrTameoba, uweso cxovreba. igi foTSi ufro metad gairyvna.
`RviniT SeJinJRilebuli~, utifari ieremia pirvelad foTSi Sexvda esmas
pirveli maisobis dResaswaulze da Seuracxyofa miayena gasarTobad mosul
xalxs, esmas, baxvas. es dRe gaxda esmas cxovrebis sabediswero mizezi. aqedan iwy-
ebs ieremia fiqrs imaze, Tu rogor Seasxas xorci Tavis mzakvrul zraxvebs.
esmas mokvlis Semdeg is gadavida TbilisSi, Tavi Seafara silamaziT gan-
Tqmul, zneobrivad maxinj validas. kacismkvleli yaCaRi, garyvnili da uzneo ie-
1
2
iqve, gv. 327.
170
remia validas meSveobiT samxedro samsaxurSi Cairicxa. marTalia, ieremia daeca
moralurad, magram mweralma mTlad ar waSala mis arsebaSi adamianuri niSanwya-
li; ieremias awuxebs, rom umanko esma mokla. am ambis mogoneba aforiaqebs mis
suls. ìm Ramis Semdeg Cemi sicocxle ganaxevrebulia, Cemi guli kupris morevia,
gvel-bayayiT avsebuli. me aw raRam unda manugeSos?.. mSvidobiT aw mosvenebav,
mSvidobiT siamovnebav...~1
Tu ieremia warba xandaxan sinanuliT igonebda esmas sikvdils, Tbilisis maRa-
li sazogadoebis gacnobis Semdeg sruliad dakarga yovelgvari adamianuri Rir-
sebis niSanwyali. daaviwyda esma da Tavisi danaSauli. igi xedavda, rom mkvleloba,
Ralati, meqrTameoba samarTliT ar isjeboda. aman ufro waaTamama igi. is dar-
wmunda, rom yvela didi moxele danaSauls Cadioda, magram aravin ar sjida. Tu
mfarveli gyavs, rac ginda is qeni da, ai, ieremiamac gaiCina mfarveli, silamaziT
ganTqmuli validas saxiT.
epoqis viTareba, fuladi meurneobis ganviTarebiT gamowveuli cvlilebebi
garkveul gavlenas axdenen cxovrebis zedapirze amotivtivebul uzneo ieremia
warba-firaliZeze. jer erTi, ieremia CaerTo rTul kontrabandistul kombina-
ciebSi, didZal fuls gamokra xeli polkis mommarageblad yofnis dros, dabo-
los, gaxda Tbilisis savaWro klubis wevri.
ieremias gaucruvda molodini, gamdidrebisa da uzrunveli cxovrebis nac-
vlad katorRisaken uCvenes gza, rogorc kacismkvlels, magram sakmarisia gaqni-
li validas gaarSiyeba umaRlesi sasamarTlos wevrebTan da ieremias sasjelis-
gan anTavisufleben. aq sainteresoa ara marto validas da ieremias pirovneba,
aramed mefis ruseTis marTlmsajulebis xasiaTi. aseTi mfarvelobis gamo iyo,
rom ieremia yovel Rames dawolis win validas suraTs akocebda xolme da ase mi-
marTavda: `Sen rom ara, vin icis, me axla sad viqnebodi, iqneba madnebis muSaobaSi
suli amomZroboda~. valida ifaravda ieremias imitom, rom igi misi garyvnilebis
mesaidumle iyo.
ieremiam daRupa ara marto Tavisi Tavi, aramed esma, baxva da mravali sxvac.
mweralma ieremia warbas pirovnebaSi gviCvena cxovrebidan gariyuli qarTveli
Tavadaznaurobis warmomadgenlis mkafiod gamoxatuli tipuri saxe. ìeremia
warba erT-erTi yvelaze damajerebeli da reliefurad daxatuli tipia mecxra-
mete saukunis qarTul literaturaSi~.2
***
kapitalizaciis procesis suraTis daxatvisa da Tavadaznaurobis gaRatake-

ba-daqveiTebis CvenebasTan erTad g. wereTlis fxizel Tvals ar gamohparvia bi-
urokratiul-Cinovnikuri mmarTvelobis moxeleebis uxamsi saqcieli, romelic
ase damajerebladaa warmodgenili `pirvel nabijSi~.
carizmis mmarTvelobis sistema ryvnida adamians, aCvevda meqrTameobas, usa-
marTlobas da aTasgvar borotebas. mefis moxele xels iRebda yvela adamianur
Rirsebaze da piradi interesebiT amoqmedebuli yovelgvar umsgavso saqmes kad-
rulobda.
`pirvel nabijSi~ gaqnili adamianebis ori jgufia saintereso: a) boqauli
jgirkoCa, veqilebi: wunkala da sivila; b) polkovniki lebovi, valida, umaRlesi
sasamarTlos wevrebi da sxva didi moxeleebi.
1
g. we r e T e l i , rCeuli nawerebi, t. I, 1947, gv. 344-345.
2
g . q i q o Z e , etiudebi da portretebi, 1958, gv. 180.
171
boqauli jgirkoCa gaiZvera moxelea, romelmac baxva fulavas mier ieremia
warbasTvis miyenebuli Wrilobis ambavi gangeb gaazviada, moimizeza policmeis-
teris Careva da umniSvnelo saqme baxvas metad garTulebulad moaCvena. jgirko-
Cam daarwmuna baxva gansacdels agacdeno. yovelive es naangariSevi iyo fulis
gamosatyueblad. gaqnilma policielma baxva gaaba maxeSi da samasi maneTi qrTami
igdo xelSi. ài bismarkis Subli~ — wamoiZaxa gamarjvebulma jgirkoCam da amayad
gaiar-gamoiara oTaxSi; òcdaaTi Tumani avswapne~ — warmoTqva jgirkoCam nasia-
movnebi xmiT da papirosi gaabola.
unda aRiniSnos, rom boqaul jgirkoCas da baxvas saubris scena, baxvas gu-
lubryviloba didi samarTliTaa gadmocemuli. amas isic emateba, rom saxeli
jgirkoCa ironiulia Sinaarseulad. jgirkoCa megruli sityvaa da karg kacs niS-
navs, boqauli ki gaqeqili meqrTamea. maSasadame, am sityvis forma da Sinaarsi ar
Seesabameba gamosaxatav azrs, rac ironiisTvisaa Cveuli.
didi STamomavlobis mTavarmarTeblis ojaxis axlobeli polkovniki lebovi
amoraluri adamiania; misTvis `qalia tkbileuloba, kacisaTvis gaCenili. me miy-
vars es tkbileuloba da ise gauznevebuli var, rom arc erT uzneo bavSvs ar Ca-
movuvardebi tirilSi, oRond ki es muraba viSovno~.1 es gancxadeba gamoxatavs
lebovis cxovrebis azrs. Tumca moxucebulma lebovma colad SeirTo valida,
magram Tvali mainc sxvisken eWira, radgan `misTvis siyvaruli maisis vardis kre-
fad iyo gadaqceuli~. `lamazi qali inglisis punSi ariso~, ityoda lebovi. `kacis
dRiur varamSi is gaCenila mxolod sisxlis asaRelveblad, Ronis mosakrefaT.
vardic vargia, sanam norCia, surnelovani da feri wasvlia. roca daWkneba, Semdeg
axali kokori unda eZebovo~.2 es moraluri kodeqsi tipuria mefis moxeleebisa da
maRali wris warmomadgenelTaTvis.
biurokratiul-Cinovnikuri wris zneobrivi dacemuloba naTlad Cans im `da-
rigebaSi~, romelsac validas aZlevs misi dedobili: `... colqmroba da namdvili
siyvaruli Sori-Sors aris erTmaneTze. qalisaTvis qmari saxelia da zneobis fa-
ri...Tu qmari ar SeiSnobs umanko gulis erTgulebas, vai mis gunebas!.. Sen xar gva-
riSvilobiT da warCinebuli damokidebulebiT — lebovis meuRle, sazogadoebi-
sagan dafasebuli da mTavarmarTeblis karze miRebuli... amas Semdeg TviT Senzea
damokidebuli Seni bedniereba... lebovma, nekresis qarebiT Sepyrobilma beberma
kacma, rac unda, isa hqnas... Sen ra?.. ecade Sens siamovnebas, oRond, xerxianad mo-
iqeci, rom sazogadoebis TvalSi Sens garegans yofaqcevas Cirqi aravin mosdos...
Cvens sawolTan vis ra saqme aqvs?...~3 am darigebaSi mweralma gamoxata did moxe-
leTa da mmarTvelobis warmomadgenelTa ojaxebis zneobrivi mrwamsi.
gamzrdelisa da dedobilisagan aseTi zneobrivi rCevis miRebis Semdeg vali-
dam axali gziT warmarTa Tavisi cxovreba. `trfialebaSi is eZebda raime nivTiers
sargeblobas. misTvis sul erTi iyo patiosani kaci, gind avazaki, meqrTame, mruSi,
xazinis qurdi da samarTlis damarRveveli, mxcovani, gind Wabuki, oRond igi misi
nebis morCili yofiliyo da, rasac daasaqmebda, aesrulebina~.4
am gziT validam didi saxeli da gavlena moipova. yvela warCinebuli fexTa
mtvrad gaixada. amitom axerxebda igi yvela saeWvo saqmis mogvarebas. arSiyobiT
daatyveva umaRlesi sasamarTlos wevri da gaaTavisuflebina kacismkvleli ie-
remia warba.
garda validas imedisa, ieremia warbam àxla sxvagvari zneobiTi Rone moica,
bevri ram axali Seityo Tbilisis didkacobis cxovrebidan: zogs colis mkvle-
loba braldeboda, zogs yalbi fulebis moWra, zogs yalbi anderZiT auracxeli
1
2
iqve.
3
iqve, gv. 384-385.
4
iqve, gv. 385.
172
qonebis miTviseba, zogs saidumlo mkvleloba, romlis gamo ubralo kacebi daus-
jiaT, TviT mkvlelebs ki sapatio adgilebi eWiraT dResac sazogadoebaSi~.1
aseTi viTarebiT damSvidebuli ieremia advilad moeloda sasjelisagan ga-
Tavisuflebas. molodini gaumarTlda, meore mxriv, baxva fulavam dakarga yo-
velgvari imedi marTlmsajulebisa da roca amaSi sabolood darwmunda, ganaCeni
borotmoqmedebas TviTonve gamoutana.
rogorc vxedavT, `pirveli nabijiT~ kapitalizmis ganviTarebasa da Tavadaz-
naurobis daqveiTebasTan erTad, mZime sacenzuro pirobebis miuxedavad, osta-
turadaa naCvenebi biurokratiul-Cinovnikuri mmarTvelobis aparatis gaxrwna,
samxedro da samoqalaqo moxeleebis usamarTloba, garyvnileba, amoralizmi.
***
nawarmoebSi yuradRebas ipyrobs ara marto Tematikuri aqtualoba da Sina-

arseuli simarTle, aramed misi mxatvruli qsovili, sinamdvilis emociurad ga-
mosaxvis xerxebi da saSualebani.
`pirveli nabijis~ umTavresi kompoziciuri Taviseburebaa siuJetis parale-
lurad gaSlis xerxi, rac did SesaZleblobas iZleva farTod iqnes naCvenebi si-
namdvilis sxvadasxva mxare, cxovrebis rTuli Sinaarsi, mravalferovneba. es Se-
saZlebloba mwerals moxdenilad aqvs gamoyenebuli da monaTesave ambebis mxat-
vruli gamTlianebiT, nawarmoebi Sekrulia kompoziciurad, Tema ki gadawyveti-
lia maRalostatobiT.
nawarmoebi kompoziciurad isea agebuli, rom ambis Txroba ar midis pirdapi-
ri gziT. xSirad momdevno Tavi ar warmoadgens wina Tavis gagrZelebas, es ki siax-
les da mkiTxvelis dainteresebas iwvevs. aris SemTxveva, roca ambis ganviTare-
biT iqmneba situacia, romlis mixedviT Sedegis gaTvaliswinebaa SesaZlebeli.
winaswari mixvedris es SesaZlebloba mwerals ise aqvs mxatvrulad mofiqrebu-
li, rom mkiTxvelis interesi nawarmoebisadmi ki ar neldeba, aramed Zlierdeba
kidec.
g. wereTlis SemoqmedebisaTvis niSandoblivia ambis ganviTarebis Cveneba mo-
ulodnelobis xerxiT, riTac saWiro mxatvruli efeqtia miRweuli. moulodne-
li kompoziciuri svlebi Txrobas sainteresos xdis.
ambis moulodneli gziT ganviTarebis SemTxvevebi gvxvdeba rogorc `pirvel
nabijSi~, ise g. wereTlis sxva nawarmoebSic. magram es umTavresad gamowveulia
ambis siuJetis gaSlis kompoziciuri saWiroebiT. am TvalsazrisiT `pirvel na-
bijSi~ ori momentia saintereso: erTi — savaWro klubis wevrobis gareSe ieremi-
asTvis mouxerxebeli iyo avetiqas qaliSvilis gacnoba da avetiqas ojaxTan daax-
loeba; meore — niSnobis Rames ieremias dasapatimreblad boqaulis gamocxadeba
amZafrebs ambis ganviTarebas, iZleva moqmedebis gamwvavebis SesaZleblobas da
aZlierebs mkiTxvelis interess. am dapatimrebis Semdeg naCvenebi unda iqnes ka-
cismkvlel ieremias gaTavisufleba umaRlesi marTlmsajulebis mier. aseTi
kompoziciuri Canafiqri xels uwyobs mwerals, mkafiod aCvenos mkiTxvel sazo-
gadoebas Cinovnikuri aristokratiis qceva da marTlmsajulebis xasiaTi.
g. wereTels emarjveba kontrasti da dapirispirebac, riTac qmnis naTel
warmodgenas ama Tu im gmirze Tu movlenaze. am mxriv sayuradReboa, rogorc
kontrasti da dapirispireba: baxva — ieremia; esma — valida; esmas deda salome —
validas dedobili da sxv.
1
173
g. wereTels saerTod exerxeba mwvave socialuri dapirispirebis mxatvruli
Cveneba. es Cveneba Sepirobebulia gmirebis socialuri miswrafebis kontrastiT.
socialuri sinamdvile aRsavsea winaaRmdegobiT. am winaaRmdegobaSi moqceuli
gmirebis mdgomareoba xSirad gamouvalia da sicocxle tragikuli. am Tvalsaz-
risiT sainteresoa baxvas, esmas, salomes, ieremias, givisa da sxvaTa cxovreba.
`pirveli nabijis~ siuJetis ganviTarebas axlavs rTuli dramatuli konfliq-
tebi, romelic tragikulobaSi gadadis xolme, magram mwerali xelovnuri efeqtis
xerxs, romantikul TamaSs ki ar mimarTavs, aramed ambis ganviTareba Cveulebrivad
mihyavs namdvil, cocxal viTarebaSi; sinamdvilis mxatvruli gansaxierebis gamo
konfliqtebi da tragizmi nawarmoebSi bunebrivadaa warmodgenili.
g. wereTeli Rrmad swvdeba gmiris sulis moZraobis siRrmes. misTvis Seuc-
nobeli ar rCeba personaJis gancdis arc erTi niuansi. movigonoT: erTi mxriv,
esmasa da, meore mxriv, baxvas Cafiqreba pirveli maisis dResaswaulidan dabru-
nebis Semdeg, esmasa da baxvas siyvarulis gancdebi da naTeli gaxdeba mwerlis
fsiqologiuri wvdomis Zala.
g. wereTeli `pirvel nabijSi~ ara marto rTuli socialuri viTarebis fons
gvixatavs, sazogadoebrivi diferenciaciiT gamowveul mwvave konfliqtebs
gviCvenebs, aramed gmirTa saTuT sulier samyaroSi gvaxedebs da zogjer liri-
kulad gvamcnobs personaJTa Rrma adamianur gancdebsa da ganwyobilebas.
publicisturi aqcentuaciis miuxedavad, g. wereTlisaTvis ucxo araa Rrma
emociuri damokidebuleba sinamdvilisadmi. igi Tavis gmirTa ara marto moqmede-
bas, qcevasa da xasiaTebs gviCvenebs, aramed gvixatavs mimzidvel portretebs,
Tvaltanadobas, Sinagan sulier Tvisebebs. zogjer yovelive es ramdenime Strixi-
Taa warmodgenili.
g. wereTeli gmiris portretis daxatvis, personaJis garegnuli Tu Sinagani
niSan-Tvisebis gadmocemis, saerTo aRweris Cinebuli ostatia.
personaJis mxatvruli daxasiaTebis, Semkobis — qebis Tu Zagebis, upiratesi sity-
vieri saSualeba epiTeti da Sedarebaa. g. wereTeli orives Cinebulad iyenebs. g. we-
reTlis mier met-naklebadaa naxmari gamosaxvis TiTqmis yvela sityvieri forma. am-
denad, mwerlis poetikuri stilistikis sfero mravalferovania, mdidari da sxar-
tia. gansakuTrebiT iTqmis es tropul metyvelebaze, romelic qmnis g. wereTlis sam-
werlo enis eqspresiulobas, Rrma emociurobas.
g. wereTeli iyenebs poeturi enis yvela saxes, raTa sinamdvile maRalmxatvru-
lad warmogvidginos. magram `pirvel nabijSi~ epiTeti warmmarTvelis rolSia. es
gasagebicaa. radganac mwerali exeba aqtualur socialur problemebs, bunebri-
via, unda daaxasiaTos sazogadoebrivi sinamdvile, am sinamdvilis gamomxatveli
adamianebi.
g. wereTeli mimarTavda gapirovnebasac, movlenisa da sagnis gaadamianebas, cxo-
velTa da mcenareTa samyaros adamianuri TvisebiT warmodgenas. am xerxis gamoyeneba
`pirvel nabijSi~ iwvevs warmodgenisa da gaazrebis sferos gafarToebas.
***
g. wereTlis SemoqmedebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia bunebas. lamazi da

warmtacia igi TavisTavad, magram cxadia, rom ufro warmtacia mwerlis TvaliT
danaxuli peizaJebi. am warmtacobas is afermkrTalebs, rom socialuri cxovre-
baa mouwyobeli. amis gamo yovelTvis ar emTxveva bunebis sidiade da simSvide
personaJis sulier mdgomareobas.
174
ieremia warbas daWris Semdeg mZime fiqrebSia garTuli baxva. mware gancdebi
awvalebs mas, mkiTxveli grZnobs baxvas sulier tkivilebs, magram buneba am dros
mSvidi da Cveulebisamebr zviadia. `mze gadaweuli iyo dasavleTisaken. misi Suqi
oqrosfraT Rebavda are-mares, Sors zRvis kandeli da dasavleTisaken miqceuli
fanjris SuSebi ise prialebdnen, TiTqos cecxlis ali mosdebodeT, Savi zRva
laJvardis fraT iwva Tavis kalapotSi da bumberazsaviT CasZineboda. mis Zils
ar akrTobda arc kacebis xmauroba, arc samxedro musikis griali... ar SeakrTobs
spilos Zils koRoebis wuwuni~.1
sxva SemTxvevaSi buneba fonia da ara TanamgrZnobi. is ver ayuCebs gmiris tki-
vilebs, ver amSvidebs mis suls: `mze daiwura dasavleTiT, caze alisferi atlasi
gaekra da bumberazi qeCo narinjisfrad SeiReba. buneba damtkbari, damyudrebu-
li iyo; mxoloT ar iyo damtkbari da dayuCebuli baxvas gulisTqmebi. mis gul-
gvamSi da tvinSi iyo saSineli qartexili, aRZruli sxvadasxva Savis fiqrebisa-
gan, mis guls gahqonda bagabugi; gaSmagebuli sisxlis zvirTebi tans rom ver da-
etia, TavSi avardnoden, iq upirebdnen kefis axeTqas da gadmoTxevas~.2
mwerlis mier daxatuli bunebis simSveniere ver umsubuqebs baxvas gulis dar-
debs, ver gamohyavs igi siyvarulis buranidan. cota xniTac ver daiviwya baxvam mi-
si mwveli esma bunebis didebul wiaRSic; `misi saxe baxvas ar Sordeboda, misi
cocxali suraTi baxvasaTvis is iagundis kvercxi iyo, romelic mzeWabuks win ugo-
ravda. arc es mSvenieri, didebuli buneba, arc texuris Sxuili, arc TviT misi Savi
bedauris amayi tareba da Semaqcevari gaxtom-gamoxtoma ar aviwyebda esmas sinar-
nares, romelic am dros mis gonebis Tvalebs Tilismis kvercxiviT win miugorav-
da. mas mudam Tvalwin edga esmas lazaTiani TamaSi, misi mercxliseburi navardoba,
misi mwyeruli gogmani, misi seriozuli xma da Congurze ganazebiT damRereba~.3
buneba arc sxva SemTxvevaSia `pirvel nabijSi~ gmiris mSveleli, damxmare,
ubedurebis winaTmgrZnobi, personaJis TanamgrZnobi. socialuri winaaRmdego-
biT gamowveul wuxils veras Svelis buneba, sazogadoebrivi borotebisagan ver
hkurnavs, veravis Svelis. socialuri konfliqti Tavisi gziT midis, SeiZleba
imitomac, rom sazogadoeba da buneba sxvadasxva kanonebiT moqmedeben. magram
al. yazbegis, vaJa-fSavelas da sxvaTa gmirebs xom uTanagrZnobs buneba, efarde-
ba personaJis sulier mRelvarebas, g. wereTeli ki yovelTvis ar amyarebs axlo
urTierTobas personaJsa da bunebas Soris.
g. wereTeli adamianis Rrma fsiqologiuri gancdebis gadmocemis, rTuli soci-
aluri konfliqtebis Cvenebis garda, bunebis suraTebis warmtacad xatvis ostati-
caa. kidev erTi mniSvnelovani detali. sizmari literaturaSi Zalian xSirad gamo-
yenebulia rogorc simboluri miniSneba. g. wereTelma moxerxebulad CaurTo baxvas
sizmari, romelmac mkiTxvels agrZnobina winaswar, simbolurad miuTiTa mosalod-
nel ubedurebaze. magram es miTiTeba pirdapiri ki araa — qaragmulia, savaraudebe-
lia. amitom mkiTxvelic ar Rebulobs am sizmars, rogorc aSkara winaTgrZnobas,
magram Sedegis garkvevis Semdeg grZnobs mxolod mis Zalas.
rac Seexeba `pirveli nabijis~ enas, igi gamarTulia literaturulad, magram am
nawarmoebSi mainc ismis imeruli dialeqti.
magaliTad: SeCurTul wvivebs, gamosinkulia, sxapvas TamaSobda, eSmakma amatu-
ra, ufro uReldeboda, xmali vkvevkve TavSi, fuli bJiriviT eyara jibeSi da sxv. is-
mis agreTve avetika sovdagris kiloc: zaxrumal, razboiniki da sxv. magram yvela es
elementi umTavresad moCans personaJis saubarSi. amiT mwerals unda, uCvenos per-
sonaJis yofis kolorituloba, esec rom ar iyos, amgvari gamoTqmebi imdenad umniS-
vneloa, rom sruliad ar bRalavs nawarmoebis enas da stils. dialeqtis ena aqa-iq
1
g . w e r e T e l i , rCeuli nawerebi, t. I, 1947, gv. 251.
2
iqve.
3
iqve, gv. 271.
175
ismis mwerlis metyvelebaSic, magram igi imdenad mcirea, rom `pirveli nabijis~ ena
ar imsaxurebs sayvedurs. arc TiTo-orola barbarizmi asustebs nawarmoebis mxat-
vrul Rirsebas.
`pirveli nabiji~ g. wereTlis farTo mxatvruli tiloebidan gamoirCeva enob-
rivi daxvewilobiT. Tu `mgzavris wignebi~ mwerlis pirveli nawarmoebi iyo da ga-
moqveynda im dros, roca axali saliteraturo ena arc ki iyo sabolood dadgenili,
xolo `gulqanis~ saboloo redaqciis gakeTeba cnobili mizezebis gamo avtoris si-
cocxleSi ver moxerxda, `pirveli nabiji~ daiwera da gamoqveynda mwerlis mowifu-
lobis xanaSi, ris gamoc am nawarmoebze gulisxmieri muSaobis didi SesaZlebloba
hqonda. Sedegic sasurveli aRmoCnda.
cxovrebis Rrma codna, aRweris sizuste, yofa-cxovrebis saintereso detale-
bis kolorituli Cveneba g. wereTlis beletristuli niWis niSandoblivi Tvisebe-
bia. `pirvelma nabijma~ avtors didi prozaikosis saxeli daumkvidra qarTul mwer-
lobaSi. ar aris gadaWarbebuli, roca amboben: `beletristikaSi g. wereTelma Rrma
kvali gaavlo da veravinRa da verc veraferi veRar waSlis am kvals... amis metic rom
ara gaekeTebia ra g. wereTels, esec sakmao iyo, rom igi yvela qarTvelisaTvis, vid-
re qarTvelobs, sacnauri iyos~.1
Tanadroulobis xazgasma, ideuri gaazrebis simaxvile, mimzidveli Sinaarsi, si-
namdvilis Cvenebis kolorituloba, cocxali ena, mxatvruli komponentebis poetu-
ri mTlianoba, rac damaxasiaTebelia g. wereTlis SemoqmedebisaTvis da, kerZod,
`pirveli nabijisaTvis~, g. wereTels klasikosi mwerlis saxels uqmnis qarTul li-
teraturaSi.
moTxrobebi
Tu g. wereTlis romanebSi pirdapir aris naCvenebi kapitalizmis ganviTare-

bisa da naturaluri yofis rRvevis procesi, moTxrobebSi es movlena warmodge-
nilia kapitalizmis ganviTarebaze uSualo miTiTebis gareSe. suraTebi isea da-
xatuli, rom igulisxmeba batonymobis gauqmeba, fuladi meurneobis ganviTare-
bas daurRvevia feodaluri yofa da amis Sedegad Tavadaznaurobis cxovreba
morRveula, dakninebula.
qarTveli Tavadaznauroba me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi ufro metad gaRa-
takda, daqveiTda, magram umravlesobam mainc Sroma ar isurva, arc qedmaRloba
da ampartavnoba moiSala. aman ganapiroba am wodebis cxovrebis Semdgomi ganvi-
Tarebis istoriuli gza. es movlena g. wereTels SesaniSnavad aqvs naCvenebi
moTxrobebSi. maTSi odesRac warCinebuli, magram dRes daqveiTebuli, gaavazake-
buli Tu gaborotebuli adamianebis mkafiod daxatuli saxeebia warmodgenili.
garda amisa, moTxrobebis ciklSi sagangebodaa dasmuli da gaazrebuli swav-
la-aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis problema CvenSi. g. wereTeli ramdenime saintereso
moTxrobis avtoria. maT Soris yvelaze metad sayuradReboa: `Cveni cxovrebis
yvavili~, `ruxi mgeli~, `mamida asmaTi~, `RvTis wyaloba~.
`Cveni cxovrebis yvavilis~ pirveli aTi Tavi 1872 wlis Jurnal `krebulis~
ukanasknel oTx nomerSi gamoqveynda, xolo sxva danarCeni Tavebi imave `krebu-
lis~ 1873 wlis pirvel da meore nomerSi daibeWda.
moTxrobas mkiTxveli sazogadoebis cxoveli interesi gamouwvevia. cnobili
pedagogi da mwignobari ilia feraZe g. wereTels swerda: `swored erTi kviris
win Cems wignTsacavSi vnaxe Seni Txzuleba `Cveni cxovrebis yvavili~, romelic
Turme jer arc ki wamikiTxavs me!.. movkide xeli, wavikiTxe erTxel, wavikiTxe meo-
red... xelis aReba ar mindoda...didi STabeWdileba moaxdina man Cems arsebazed...
1
g. wereTlis dasaflavebisadmi miZRvnili krebuli, 1900, gv. 93. i. fancxavas sityva.
176
Cemi samagistro Txzulebis weras Tavi mivanebe, Seni Txzuleba rom wavikiTxe...
minda Rirseuli fasi davsdo am Zvirfass ganZs Cveni mwerlobisas... daxe Cems uvi-
cobas! aqamdis ar wamikiTxavs Turme ra saunje yofila Cvens literaturaSi. ram-
deni kiTxvebi aRmiZra da gadamiSala Tvalwin Senis Txzulebis wakiTxvam da Ses-
wavlam~.1 aRniSnul Txzulebaze maRali Sexedulebisaa Cveni Tanamedrove litera-
turaTmcodneobac. g. wereTlis am cnobili moTxrobis ideur Sinaarss qmnis:
1. axalgazrdobis aRzrdisa da swavlebis arsebuli viTarebis Cveneba ojaxsa da
skolaSi; 2. feodaluri urTierTobis uaryofiTi mxareebis miTiTeba; 3. biurok-
ratiuli mmarTvelobis saganmanaTleblo sistemis ugunuri xasiaTi, xalxis pat-
riotuli grZnobis Seuracxyofa Cinovnikebis mier.
am nawarmoebis saTauriTac mJRavndeba mwerlis mizandasaxuloba, saocnebo
survilebi, momavlis rwmena da saTuTi damokidebuleba axal Taobisadmi. moce-
mulia swavla-aRzrdis arsebuli sistemis gaSlili kritika.
moTxrobis mTavari gmiri dito qvelaZe nebivrad izrdeboda mamis ojaxSi.
didi da patara yvela misi neba-survilis aRmsrulebeli iyo. patara ditos ara-
erTxel dautuqsavs, uwvalebia Sinaymebi Tu mosamsaxureebi, maT Soris misTvis
Zalian sayvareli Tornike kvimataZec. es zviadi da TviTneba ymawvili Seiyvanes
skolaSi. nebivrad aRzrdil ditosTvis pirveli dRidanve mZime Seiqna Cinovni-
kuri skolis aRzrdis uxeSi wesebi. erTi ukiduresobidan meore ukiduresobaSi
aRmoCnda igi. `dito rva saaTidan mokidebuli, Tormet saaTamdis sul fexze id-
ga. amas garda ùCiteli~ focxveriviT Camouqrolebda xolme ymawvilebs~,2 yvi-
roda ditosaTvis sruliad gaugebar sityvebs, xan amas mivardeboda, gaqoCravda,
xan imas uSiSvlebda saxazavs TavSi ise Ronivrad, rom ymawvili erTs iwivlebda
da gulwasuli mieyrdnoboda kedels. axla ki moagonda ditos saxlSi rom aSineb-
dnen: `daica skolaSi migcemT da bare oriodejer agawripinebeno~. moswavleebi-
sadmi damokidebulebis im suraTebma, romelic ditom skolaSi dainaxa, gaakeTe-
bina daskvna: `marTlac, saswavlebeli ki ara, aq sawvalebeli yofilao~.3 da ga-
dawyvita gaqceva, magram Zvirad daujda es ganzraxva. amieridan ditos ufro
mkacrad moekidnen, misi xvedri xSirad cema da `garozgva~ Seiqna. fizikur sas-
jels sxva Sedegi mohyva, bunebiT mkvircxl, niWier ditos ùCitlisagan lineikis
cemiT xelis guli gasqelebuli hqonda da am gasqelebas tvinSic ki Seetanebina
uazro, gaugebari sityvebis dazepirebisa gamo~...4
quTaisis gimnaziis mZime saaRmzrdelo wesebma, aRsazrdelisadmi policiur-
ma damokidebulebam, erTob ukacurma sasjelma `dito sul gamoalenCa~. gaugeba-
ri sityvebis zepirobam daaClunga da `bunebiT niWieri ymawvili gamodga klasSi
yvelaze uniWo~. magram misi biZis meSveobiT qarTuli wera-kiTxva iswavla, amiT
gaexsna goneba, Seecvala ganwyobileba, gamxiarulda. gaigo, rom wera-kiTxvis sa-
SualebiT sxvisi da sakuTari azrebis gadacema yofila SesaZlebeli. ucxo, gau-
gebari frazebis dazepirebiT daretianebuli dito Zlivs movida gons. gana mar-
to dito iyo aseT mdgomareobaSi? — swavlebis policiur meTods, gaugebaris ga-
ugebarive eniT dazepirebas `borkilebze da xundebze ufro magrad hqonda Sepy-
robili mTeli Cveni axalgazrdobis Wkua da mexsiereba. Zvirad Tu vinme gadarCe-
nia am borkilebs Cvens STamomavlobaSi gonebiTa da mexsierebiT dajujavebas~5 —
gadmogvcems mwerali.
uvargis saaRmzrdelo sistemas Tan erTvoda uvargisi maswavlebloba: ìmaT-
Si iseTebic erien, rom `stolnaCalnikobaSi~ aTi weli emsaxurnaT da raki imedi
1
saqarTvelos ssr mecn. akademiis xelnawerTa instituti, g. wereTlis fondi, 106.
2
3
iqve, gv. 25.
4
iqve, gv. 40.
5
iqve, gv. 43.
177
dahkargodaT umaRlesi adgilis miRebaze, eTxovnaT maswavlebloba q...sis gimna-
ziaSi~.1 aseTma maswavleblebma ara erTi da ori niWieri axalgazrda aacdines
gzas. am sabediswero Sedegis gamo ambobda lega: `cxra weliwadia kuziani Cem
guls Cxvletda mowamluli sityvebiT. imisma piiturma sulelobam mexsiereba
damikarga da swavlaze guli wamixdina. wignisa da sawer-kalmis danaxva WiriviT
mezareba. Txutmeti weliwadi gimnaziaSi gamovikali Tavi da ra viswavle?~.2 mag-
ram am mZime mdgomareobaSi myofi quTaisis moswavleTa nugeSi iyo, Tumc xasiaT-
gatexili, magram mainc keTili maswavlebeli umanski.
moTxrobaSi TviTmpyrobeluri skolis ara marto aRzrdis saerTo uxeSi wese-
bia aRwerili, romlis Sedegad dito da misi amxanagebi ver gaerkvnen sapyrobileSi
iyvnen Tu skolaSi, aramed gamovlenilia zogi maswavleblis reaqciuli ganwyobi-
leba, aqedan maTi damokidebuleba qarTveli moswavleebisadmi. magram imeds is sa-
xavda, rom quTaisis gimnaziis moswavleTa aRmzrdelebs Soris iyo TiTo-orola
maswavlebeli, romelTagan mozardebi ismendnen Tbil sityvas da eCveodnen damou-
kidebel azrovnebas. am mxriv sainteresoa maswavlebel umanskis saxe.
g. wereTlis mier umanskis saxe daxatulia didi poeturi siTboTi da simpaTi-
iT. naCvenebia, rogor gaumwara TviTmpyrobelurma reJimma mas sicocxle, magram
mowinave inteligentma mainc SeinarCuna gulwrfeli adamianuri grZnoba da Sina-
gani keTilSobileba.
umanski progresulad moazrovne, ganaTlebuli maswavleblebis warmomadgene-
lia. umanskis ukanaskneli mimarTva mowafeebisadmi programuli rCevaa, samoRvaweo
gzis maCvenebelia, cxovrebis ganaxlebisaTvis brZolisaken mowodebaa. umanskis
rCevaSi Cans is gulwrfeli maRaladamianuri da humanuri msoflSegrZneba, rome-
lic mTel inteligenciaSi, imperiis teritoriaze mosaxle xalxebis mowinave Svil-
Ta cnobierebaSi danerges samociani wlebis saxelovanma rusma revolucioner-de-
mokratebma. isini ganasaxierebdnen axal revoluciur ruseTs, romelic saTaveSi
edga xalxTa ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas.
ditos arsebaSi sruli gardatexa moxda mSobliuri, qarTuli wera-kiTxvis
SeswavliT. qarTuli wignebis dawafebiT axali xana daiwyo mis cxovrebaSi. ymaw-
vilma igrZno wignis Zala, swavlis mniSvneloba da bejiTad daiwyo mecadineoba.
xSirma cema-tyepam, udanaSaulod, umizezod dasjam, `rozgma~, gaugebari
sityvebis dazepirebam daamaxinja, daaClunga moswavleebi. mZime materialurma
pirobebma, Jveriis facxaSi umeTvalyureod yofnam ymawvilebi da maT Soris di-
toc uzneo saqmes, qurd-bacacobas miaCvia.
ganaTlebis cudi sistema, aRzrdis biurokratiul-Cinovnikuri meTodebi,
swavlebaSi mSobliuri enis ugulebelyofa, maswavlebelTa umravlesobis uvar-
gisoba, aRzrdis saerTo mZime pirobebi, rac am nawarmoebSia warmodgenili, naC-
venebia sinamdvilis Rrma codniT. roca vecnobiT am sinamdvilis mxatvrul su-
raTebs, advilad vakeTebT daskvnas, Tu ras SeeZlo gamoewvia axalgazrdobis da-
maxinjeba, maTi cxovrebis gzis gamrudeba.
quTaisis gimnaziaSi gabatonebuli swavla-aRzrdis wesebis susxi g. were-
Telma, mis TanamedroveebTan, n. nikolaZesa da sxvebTan erTad mwared ganicada.
aqve igrZno man mwvave erovnuli tkivili.
es tkivili sul awuxebda did mwerals, amitomac aRzrdis sakiTxi man jer ki-
dev `gulqanSi~ daayena, arc `pirvel nabijSi~ daviwyebia igi, magram swavla-aR-
zrdis Tema ZiriTadad `Cveni cxovrebis yvavilSi~ gaSala da dagmo biurokrati-
ul-Cinovnikuri mmarTvelobis aRzrdis uvargisi principebi, dagmo carizmis mi-
er dakanonebuli marTvisa da ganaTlebis sistema, amxila gonebaSezRuduli Ci-
1
2
iqve, gv. 87.
178
novnik-pedagogebi. sakuTrad gancdili, nanaxi da gagonili g. wereTelma imgva-
rad ganazogada, rom daxata tipuri sinamdvile, gviCvena simarTle.
`Cveni cxovrebis yvavilSi~ Tematikuri TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas iqcevs
rogorc feodaluri yofis sakiTxebi, ise erovnuli motivi. g. wereTeli TiTqmis
yvela TxzulebaSi exeba mebatonisa da glexkacis mdgomareobas da yovelTvis
sxvadasxva kuTxidan gviCvenebs am ori wodebis samtro urTierTobas. am moTxro-
baSi igi ditos ojaxis fonze didi damajereblobiT gvixatavs glexkacobis si-
Zulvils mebatoneebisadmi, maT urTierTbrZolas. erTi personaJis moswrebuli
gamoTqma: `batoni yvela glaxaa. deiqca da deiRupa sadac batonis saxsenebeli
iyos~,1 gamoxatavs mwerlis ganwyobilebas da exmaureba `kako yaCaRis~ cnobil ta-
eps: `batoniSvili kargi ra aris, avi ra iyos~. movigonoT agreTve batoniSvilis mi-
er Tornikes ulvaSebis wiwkna, batonis saxlis msaxurTa SiSi da kankali ditosa da
misi mamis winaSe, yovelgvari simwris atana ditos survilebis asasruleblad da
Cven win gadaiSleba batonisa da glexkacis mdgomareobis, maTi urTierTdamokide-
bulebis naTeli suraTi.
`Cveni cxovrebis yvavilSi~ TvalsaCinodaa miTiTebuli agreTve feodaluri
urTierTobis pirobebSi soflis axalgazrdobis gasvla qalaqad, fulis SeZena,
soflad dabruneba, rac erTgvarad wasabaZi Seiqna sxvebisaTvis: `glexis qalebi
Tavis pawawa Svilebs eubnebodnen: `Cemi kikoc ki ar gadavardeba erT dros kaxeT-
Si da ar daixuravs TaTrul cxvris qudsao~. did da patara soflebSi am koxtad
morTul `gakaxelebuls da gaqalaqebuls biWebs Sescqerodnen~. ufro sworad,
Senatrodnen maT bedsa da mdgomareobas. magram ìmereTis mebatoneebi Cumad
kbilebs aRrWenden yovel amisTana koxta biWis Sexvedraze: am mamaoxrebma sul
wagvixdines glexebi... mosamsaxureebs gvibriyveben~.2
erovnul motivs g. wereTlis SemoqmedebaSi sapatio adgili ukavia. `Cveni cxov-
rebis yvavilSi~ ki es sakiTxi ori momentiTaa warmodgenili: a) saqarTvelos warsu-
li; b) saqarTvelos awmyo, romlebic mefis moxeleebis mier abuCad agdebulia.
g. wereTeli am nawarmoebSi ise marTlad warmogvidgens TviTmpyrobelur
skolas, misi moxeleebis sibriyves, biologiur Sovinizms, rom mkiTxvels samar-
Tlianad ufleba aqvs `Cveni cxovrebis yvavili~ miiCnios farTo mxatvrul ti-
lod, sadac mxilebulia carizmis mTeli wyobileba, kerZod, saskolo politika.
***
qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi farTod moikida fexi Sexedulebam, rom

`Cveni cxovrebis yvavili~ avtobiografiuli nawarmoebia da, rom `dito qvelaZe
TviT giorgi wereTlis odnav saxeSecvlili oreulia~, 3 rom `Cveni cxovrebis
yvavili~ gakeTebulia umTavresad avtobiografiul masalaze~4 da sxv. aseTive
azrisaa qarTuli literaturis araerTi mkvlevari da kritikosi. magram dRemde
aravis ucdia raime faqtobriv masalaze miTiTeba am debulebis dasadastureb-
lad. nawarmoebis Sinaarsi ki aRniSnul mosazrebas ar adasturebs. Cveni azriT,
am Txzulebis avtobiografiulad gamocxadeba arafriT ar aris gamarTlebuli,
radganac amis saSualebas ar iZleva TviT nawarmoebSi mocemuli realiebi.
Tu `Cveni cxovrebis yvavili~ avtobiografiuli moTxrobaa, es nawarmoebi unda
Seicavdes g. wereTlis cxovrebis ZiriTadi xazis Cvenebas, an unda warmogvidgendes
mwerlis cxovrebis garkveul epizodebs, mTavar momentebs, ZiriTad Strixebs,
mxatvrulad gansaxierebuls. dabolos, nawarmoebis mTavari gmiri, romlis garSemo
1
g . w e r e T e l i , rCeuli nawerebi, t. II, 1948, gv. 54.
2
iqve, gv. 10.
3
g. qi q o Z e , etiudebi da portretebi, 1958, gv. 176.
4
l. a s a T i a n i , `mnaTobi~, 1932, 5-6.
179
iSleba mTeli ambavi, dito qvelaZe riTime mainc unda emsgavsebodes g. wereTels.
mwerlisa da gmiris cxovrebis esa Tu is mniSvnelovani momenti unda emTxveodes er-
TmaneTs. aseTi arc damTxveva da arc msgavseba nawarmoebis Sinaarsis mixedviT ar
dgindeba. metic, g. wereTlis bavSvobisa da siWabukis cxovrebis gza da dito qvela-
Zis yrmobisa da mowafeobis xanis Sinaarsi, aRzrdisa da cxovrebis istoria sruli-
ad sxvadasxva xasiaTisa da Tvisebisaa.
am nawarmoebSi aRwerili viTareba saerToa mocemul epoqaSi warmodgenili
sinamdvilisaTvis. SeiZleba am nawarmoebis zogi detali analogiaze miuTiTebs,
magram es analogiuri TviT sinamdvileSi iyo bevrisTvis niSandoblivi. g. were-
Teli, rogorc didi realisti mxatvari, tipur xasiaTs tipur garemoSi xatavda
da aCvenebda, amitomac ditos mxatvruli saxe SeiZleba bevrs hgavda da agonebda
kidec Tavisi drois mkiTxvelebs.
Znelia warmoidginoT iseTi realisturi nawarmoebi, romelic mwerlis gan-
cdils, gagonils, sinamdvilesTan Sefardebuls, mxatvruli fantaziiT gamogo-
nils an SesaZlo varaudis elements ar Seicavdes. magram aseTi viTareba ar gvaZ-
levs uflebas amgvari xasiaTis nawarmoebni avtobiografiulad miviCnioT. an ki-
dev, nuTu nawarmoebis gmiris yoveli miswrafeba, qceva, xasiaTi avtoris midre-
kilebisa da cxovrebiseuli saerTo Sinaarsis, maTi igiveobis gamoxatulebaa?
amrigad, cxovrebis Rrma codnis, gancdilis, nanaxisa da gagonilis ostaturi
Serwymis safuZvelze g. wereTelma Seqmna mxatvruli sinamdvile da dagvixata dito
qvelaZis marTali saxe. igi gimnaziis moswavleTa garkveuli nawilis zogadi saxea.
`Cveni cxovrebis yvavils~, SesaZloa, dahkravs avtobiografiuli ieri, magram aramc
da aramc saubari g. wereTelsa da dito qvelaZis igiveobaze ar SeiZleba.
`ruxi mgeli~ g. wereTlis erT-erTi cnobili moTxrobaa. nawarmoebSi mxat-
vruladaa naCvenebi Tavadaznaurobis materialuri da moraluri daqveiTeba, am
niadagze dawyebuli mwvave SuRlis tragikuli xasiaTi, biurokratiul-Cinovni-
kuri mmarTvelobis warmomadgenelTa usamarTloba, meqrTameoba, saerTo uka-
curoba; glexkacobis duxWiri cxovreba.
moTxrobis saTauri `ruxi mgeli~, nawarmoebis gmirTa moqmedebisa da konfliq-
tis gaSlis are — sawioke, gmirTa gvarebi — kvimataZe, jibiaSvili, personaJis metsa-
xeli — ruxi mgeli nawarmoebis ideuri arsis gamomxatvelia, amasTan simbolurad
miuTiTebs Txzulebis personaJTa bunebaze, xasiaTsa da sulier Tvisebebze. es mo-
menti sainteresoa, rogorc mxatvruli gamosaxvis Taviseburi xerxi.
rogorc moTxrobidan Cans, sawiokes asze met mebatones ZiriTad saarsebo sa-
Sualebad SerCa gauyofeli erTi mTa da tye — sawioke. am tyis Tanabrad gamoyeneba
ver mouxerxebiaT, ris gamoc xSirad imarTeboda samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZola.
isini erTmaneTs eqiSpebian, Tu vin vis daaswrebs tyis Semokodvas an glexebis da-
begvras, awiokebas, gaZarcvas, mecxvareebis gaqurdvas da sxv.
am niadagze araerTi usiamovneba momxdara, magram sasamarTloSi saqme yo-
velTvis avTandil kvimataZis sasargeblod mTavrdeboda, radganac avTandils
hyavda iseTi gulSematkivari, rogoric samson jibiaSvili iyo.
aznauri samson jibiaSvili iyo sawioke mTis mebatoneTagani, sasuliero akademia-
damTavrebuli, igi saxelmwifo samsaxurSi Sesuliyo jer `stolnaCalnikad~, Semdeg
ki mazris ufrosis TanaSemwed muSaobda, magram `Citi fcqvnaT ara Rirso~, — ifiqra
gulSi samsonma, mianeba Tavi saxelmwifo samsaxurs~. sakancelario xrikebsa da kano-
nebSi gamowvrTnilma jibiaSvilma gadawyvita: `...veqilaT gamxdariyo da kancelariis
ganjinebis magieraT xalxis jibe gamoexra~.1
marTalia, samson jibiaSvili sxva sofelSi cxovrobda, misi saxl-kari sawio-
kes sakmaod Sori manZiliT iyo mocilebuli, magram, miuxedavad amisa, iq momxda-
1
g . w e r e T e l i , rCeuli nawerebi, t. I, 1947, gv. 438.
180
ri raime SemTxveva arasodes ar gamohparvia mas. `rogorc-ki Seityobda, mTaSi
`saWmo~ gaCenilao, isic maSinve amxedrdeboda Tavis lurjaze, rom saufliswu-
lo ar dahkargoda. ai, amitom uyvarda mas Tavisi saxlis aivanze jdoma da sawio-
ke mTisaken cqera~.1 gawuwkebuli veqilis xedva Sors swvdeboda àT, TxuTmet
versze RobemZvrala Citic ver afrindeboda, rom mis Tvalebs ar SeeniSna~.
sawiokes mcxovrebTa Soris samson jibiaSvils hyavda suliTa da guliT ganuyre-
li megobari, misi siavkacis Tanamonawile aznauri avTandil kvimataZe. am orTa megob-
ruli kavSiri iyo erT-erTi mizezi, erTi mxriv, sawioke mTis isedac gaRatakebuli me-
batoneebis erTaderTi sarCo-sabadeblis xelidan gamoclis, meore mxriv, glexebis
awiokebis.
avTandil kvimataZe erTi imaTTagani iyo, romelsac mudam sasamarTloSi
hqonda saqme. igi gafacicebiT daeZebda iseT SemTxvevebs, romelTa gasaCivreba
SeiZleboda. aRZrul saqmes yovelTvis igebda samson jibiaSvilis CareviT. av-
Tandil kvimataZe mTeli dRe dawanwalobda sawioke mTaSi. igi `sakvirveli daxe-
lovnebuli iyo soflis darajobaSi~.2 awuxebda mebatoneebs, stacebda glexebs,
risi warTmevac ki SeiZleboda, amitomac am rux Coxosans ruxi mgeli Searqves.
Txzulebis mTavari gmirebis — jibiaSvilisa da kvimataZis Tvisebebis Cvenebis
Semdeg, mweralma moamzada niadagi kvanZis SekvrisaTvis. gaCnda konfliqti. saja-
rod daupirispirdnen erTmaneTs mebatoneebi baana da avTandili, risi Sedegic iyo
maTi urTierTobis tragikuli dasasruli.
saqmis Sinaarsi amgvari gaxldaT: sawioke mTis monawile aznaurma baanam saerTo
Sekrebilobaze saxalxod usayvedura avTandil kvimataZes imis gamo, rom man xelme-
ored Semokoda baanas mier Semokodili xeebi. es ki avTandilma iukadrisa. ganviTar-
da rTuli konfliqti, rac erTmaneTisaken miwev-mowevaSi gamoixata. baanam Tofic
ki moimarjva, magram am SemTxvevas raime marcxi ar mohyolia, sabolood ki es momen-
ti sabediswero Seiqna orive mxarisaTvis.
samson jibiaSvilma saCivari Seudgina avTandilsa da Seatanina sasamarTloSi.
viTomda baanas didi danaSaulisa da mkvlelobis ganzraxvis Taobaze da sxv. da-
iwyo gamoZieba, magram qrTamma da samson jibiaSvilis gavlenam sasamarTloze
ukuRmarTad gadawyvita baanas saqme. amis Sedegad baanam satusaRoSi dalia suli.
avTandilis saqcielma da baanas udanaSaulo sikvdilma aaRelva sofeli, mag-
ram avTandili da samsoni udardelad saubrobdnen baanas sikvdilze da soflis
awiokebis gegmas adgendnen: `Sen Tu cocxali meyole, meti ra miWirs! am sawioke
mTas xelSi dagaWerineb, oRond is aRsrulebiTi furclebi daatake sawiokelebs.
samoqalaqo boqauli Cauyene yvelas. kapeiki aravis moeZeva. avuweroT mTaSi mo-
nawileoba da gavuyidoT. mag ZaRlebis Wamas, me da Sen vWamoT, ara jobia?~.3
erTxel, roca avTandil kvimataZe da samson jibiaSvili tkbilad saubrobdnen
soflis aoxrebaze, ramdenime vaJkacma moiTaTbira xalxis awiokebisaTvis samagie-
ro miezRoT avTandil kvimataZisa da samson jibiaSvilisaTvis.
marTlac morigi Tevzaobisas `SavaT SefuTnuli arsebani daesxnen Tavze~...
samsoni da avTandili sikvdilis piramdis miiyvanes cemiT. meore dRes, avTandi-
li da samsoni cxenebze gadakidebuli miiyvanes avTandilis saxlSi. `samson jibi-
aSvils didxans aRar ucocxlia... avTandili Tumca morCa, magram sisxlis fur-
Txeba daawyebina, is saxlidan aRar gamodioda...~4
avTandilis Svilebma, romlebic mTel mxareSi cnobili iyvnen `ruxi mglis lek-
vebad~, es ambavi daabrales baanas Svils. Siukas ZaliT aTqmevines gamomZieblis wi-
naSe, rom mas TiTqos baanas Svili ecnos Tavdasxmis dros. Tumca mTeli sofeli
1
2
iqve, gv. 443.
3
iqve, gv. 455.
4
iqve, gv. 462.
181
uaryofda baanas Svilis am saqmeSi monawileobas, magram, miuxedavad amisa, baanas
Svili mainc gadaasaxles ruseTis Soreul kuTxeSi. gaukuRmarTda baanas ojaxis
saqme, magram arc kvimataZisa da jibiaSvilis ojaxebs dasdgomia kargi dRe.
mweralma `ruxi mgeli~, iseve rogorc sxva bevri nawarmoebi, namdvil ambavze
aago, Txzulebis gmirTa saxeebi realuria da TiTqmis yovel maTgans prototipi
hyavs. sayuradReboa a. gaCeCilaZis mier gamoqveynebuli `ramdenime axali cnoba~1
g. wereTlis Semoqmedebasa da `rux mgelze~, sadac miniSnebulia im abaSiZeebis
saxelzec ki, romelTa cxovreba da urTierToba gamoiyena mweralma Tavisi
moTxrobisaTvis. rogorc sxva nawarmoebTa ganxilvisas aRiniSna, g. wereTlis
personaJTa da aRwerili ambisa da movlenis ukan sinamdvile dgas.
g. wereTlis, rogorc niWieri mwerlis, didi Rirseba is iyo, rom konkretuli
faqti Tu saxe zogadobis simaRlemde ahyavda da tipur viTarebas xatavda. am gziT
imereTis aznaurTa dakninebis, daqveiTebisa da zogjer maTi mgluri instinqtebis
CvenebiT warmosaxulia gaRaribebuli da moralurad dacemuli qarTveli aznau-
robis cxovreba. amdenad, `ruxi mgeli~ sainteresoa rogorc konkretul faqtebze
agebuli Txzuleba, magram saqarTvelosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saerTo tipuris
gamomxatveli.
g. wereTlis beletristikul nawarmoebTa Soris, mxatvruli dasrulebis
TvalsazrisiT, erT-erT saukeTesod misi `ruxi mgeli~ unda CaiTvalos~.2
`mamida asmaTi~ 90-iani wlebis damdegs, 1888 wels daiwera da gamoqveynda. am
droisaTvis sakmaod sagrZnobi iyo axali sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis damkvid-
reba. msgavsad `ruxi mgelisa~, `mamida asmaTi~ warmoadgens iseT Txzulebas, rom-
liTac daxatulia imereTis aznaurTa materialuri daqveiTebisa da moraluri
dacemis naTeli suraTebi. magram gansxvavebas Sinaarseulad is qmnis, rom aq azna-
uroba ise dakninebula, rom da Zmas ar indobs, Zma — das, mamida da biZa — ZmisSvils.
am nawarmoebis kiTxvisas umal TvalSi gvecema disa da Zmis samkvdro-sasi-
cocxlo dapirispireba, romlis Cveneba iSviaTi SemTxveva iyo qarTul mwerloba-
Si. magram droeba Seicvala da damkvidrda axali yofa. es sinamdvile g. wereTelma
dakvirvebuli mxatvris TvaliT dainaxa da ganasaxiera ukvdav moTxrobebSi.
`mamida asmaTSi~ erT mxarezea asmaTi, meoreze — rosafi. orives fiqri, azri da
zraxva iqiTkenaa mimarTuli, Tu rogor waglijon erTmaneTs miwis nakveTi da sxva
romelime sasargeblo da gamosaCeni nivTi.
mtrobisa da Suris sagania ara marto miwa-wyali. aramed oboli naTelac. naTe-
las aRmzrdeli mamida asmaTi da meurve biZa — rosafi daupirispirdebian erTma-
neTs. orives interess erTi nivTieri sarCuli aqvs — rogorme naTelas wili ma-
mul-deduli miisakuTron da Tanac misi gaTxovebiT xeli moiTbon mTxovnelisa-
gan fulis aRebiT. es momenti gansazRvravs da-Zmas Soris arsebuli konfliqtis
xasiaTsa da Sinaarss.
qurdobas, yaCaRobas, meqrTameobasa da roskipobas abralebs asmaTi Tavisi Zmis
— rosafis ojaxs. asmaTsa da rosafs Soris grZeldeba dausrulebeli qiSpoba imis
gamo, Tu vin daaswrebs 10-12 wlis oboli Zmiswulis — naTelas gaTxovebas. orives
amoZravebs materialuri gamorCenis molodini, angarebis survilebi. mkafiod isa-
xeba kiTxva — vin daisakuTrebs naTelas — meurve biZa Tu aRmzrdeli mamida. orive
mglis TvaliT Sehyurebs erTmaneTs. magram SepirispirebulTa Zala tolfardova-
nia. brZolac didxans grZeldeba. asmaTma kalapotidan amovardnili aznauri oTari
Svilobilad aiyvana, rom amiT ufro mZlavrad daupirispirdes rosafs.
Zmis mimarT gaborotebulma asmaTma pirveli sabrZolo nabiji gadadga, mosav-
lisa da miwis nakveTis miTvisebis mizniT Tavis Svilobil oTars aawiokebina glexe-
1
`literaturuli gazeTi~, 1962, 22.
2
g.q i q o Z e , etiudebi da portretebi, 1958, gv. 182.
182
bi rosafis yanaSi. rosafis SuriT aRgznebulma asmaTma moisyida oTari da cxovre-
bis lukmas danatrebuli oTaris amyoli sxva aznaurebi, raTa gadawvas Zmis saxl-ka-
ri da xelT igdos mamiseuli skivri, romelSic viTom raRac anderZi da dedis naqo-
ni Zvirfasi `gulis qinZisTavi~ inaxeba.
rosafis saxl-kari gadaiwva, skivri gaitaces, magram Sig araferi ar aRmoCnda.
aman Seqmna mZime sulieri mdgomareoba, saSineli imedgacrueba. asmaTs ar gaumar-
Tlda molodini, tyuilubralod gadawva Zmis ojaxi, dis da Zmis aseTi urTierToba
aSkarad metyvelebs odesRac warCinebuli wodebis Semoubruneblad dacemasa da
dakninebze. moralurad daqveiTebuli da gaavebuli disa da Zmis suliskveTeba os-
taturadaa gadmocemuli `mamida asmaTSi~.
qvrivi, uSvilo, upatrono asmaTi TiTqos TafliviT tkbilad unda iyos Zmas-
Tan, magram saarsebo saSualebis SenarCunebis mglur instinqtebs gaumZvinvarebia
igi. orive mxare piradulsa da SiSvel egoistur zraxvebs Seupyria da amdenad da-
ukargavT ara marto saerTo humanuri, aramed naTesauri daZmuri grZnobac.
cbierebis, laqucobis, motyuebis da pirferobis klasikuri scenaa asmaTisa
da rosafis meuRlis — mzexaTunis Serigebis aqti. naTesauri grZnoba, alersi,
tkbili sityva angarebis safaria rZlisa da mulis urTierTobaSi. amis dadastu-
rebaa agreTve rosafisa da asmaTis damokidebuleba obol naTelasTan, sadac ma-
mobrivi da dedobrivi zrunvis ukan mtaceblis eSvebi Cans.
mamida asmaTi rTuli saxea. marTalia, igi erTi SexedviT gvagonebs ilias
oTaraanT qvrivs, magram gansxvaveba ufro didia, vidre msgavseba. oTaraanT
qvrivi enamwarea, magram guli keTili aqvs. igi pirdapiri, mouridebeli, pirSi
mTqmeli dedakacia; mas `pilpilmoyrili madli uyvars~, magram mkvaxe sityvebis
ukan yovelTvis keTili buneba moCans.
asmaTis sulieri samyaro kontrastulia. avi, boroti, moZule, daundobeli,
gautaneli, meore mxriv, TiTqos keTili, mzrunveli, mosiyvarule. igi jiutia da
principuli, magram gaRunvaca da ukan daxevac SeuZlia, Tu saWiro aRmoCnda,
rac ucxoa oTaraanT qvrivisaTvis.
mamida asmaTi pirfera, gulzviadi, gorozi da moqnilia. igi mravalsaxovani
pirovnebaa. mas saSiSi Tvalebi aqvs. es Tvalebi misi sulis gamomzeurebaa. is yo-
velgvar siaves gaakeTebs, oRond survili daikmayofilos. oTaraanT qvrivi keTi-
lia, mamida asmaTi avia, daundobeli. miuxedavad asmaTis moxerxebisa da gaiZvero-
bisa, is mainc damarcxebuli aRmoCnda ZmasTan — rosafTan brZolaSi.
rac Seexeba rosafs, igi erTi SeZlebuli aznaurTagani iyo, romelsac, quTa-
isis oTxklasiani sasuliero saswavleblis damTavrebis Semdeg, Sorapnis mazris
gamgeobaSi mwerlis Tanamdeboba eSovna. rosafi am Tanamdebobas moxerxebulad
iyenebda. ufrosebTan rom axlo urTierToba daemyarebina, amis gamo arc uf-
ross da arc mis `sekretars~ ar aklda `ZRveni~ glexkacobisagan, magram misi
mfarveli CerCeti mazris ufrosi moxsnes da `sekretars~ saxazino fulebis miT-
visebisaTvis sapyrobileSi ukres Tavi. rosafma sasjels daaRwia Tavi, mamiseul
ojaxSi dabinavda da oboli Zmiswulis — naTelas meurveoba ikisra. aqedan da-
iwyo winaaRmdegoba, am momentidan garTulda urTierToba mas da asmaTs Soris.
axalgazrdobaSi yvela Tavmomwone mandilosans misken eWira Tvali, miT ume-
tes, rom `tans ecva buzmentebiT gamowyobili qulaja, ganieri Sarvali, buxris
qudi. ijda yovelTvis matareblis bedaurze da yelze Camogdebuli abreSumis
baRdadi lamazad mifarfaSebda~.1
axla ki ormocdarva wlis rosafi àsmaTis mtrobas udrood gaeTeTrebina~.2
1
2
iqve, gv. 494.
183
asmaTisa da rosafis ambis fonzea naCvenebi moyiale, TavzexelaRebuli aznauri
oTari. am saxis SemoyvaniT mwerali amZafrebs ambis siuJetur ganviTarebas. oTari
warmosadegi Sexedulebis vaJkacia, magram usaqmuri da uSromeli, soflidan so-
felSi daexeteba. Tumc lxiniTa da qeifiT atarebs dros, magram saqaTmeSi SeZromas
da qurdbacacobasac ar ukadrisobs. TviTon mudam qeifSi garTuls Sin col-Svili
mSieri exoceboda. oTari cxovrebisagan gariyuli aznauris saxea. igi enaTesaveba
ieremia warbas, tariel mklavaZes da winaparia d. kldiaSvilis uqnara da sxvis xar-
jze moqeife gmiris — platon miminoSvilisa.
oTaris Tvaltanadoba, lxinis Sno da lazaTi xiblavda yvelas. Tumca Sroma
sZulda, magram uyvarda yiali. axlomaxlo ki ara, Soreuli soflebis yvela dRe-
oba zepirad icoda. misi `samoRvaweo~ asparezi iSleboda goridan foTamde.
lxinsa da dReobebze daupatiJebeli wveva misi Cveuleba iyo.
`mamida asmaTSi~ yuradRebas ipyrobs naTelas saxe. adreve daoblebuls, or
mzrunvels Soris mouxda yofna. asmaTi zrdida, rosafi meurveobda. asmaTs guliT
uyvarda Tavisi gazrdili, arc rosafs sZulda igi, magram orive gamosarCens uT-
valTvalebda. aTi wlis naTelas asmaTma gaTxovebis Cagoneba dauwyo. eSinoda ro-
safma ar damaswros da misi wili miwa-wyali ar daisakuTroso. arc rosafsa da mis
meuRle mzexaTuns eZinaT. rosafma daaswro da naTela Tavis colis axlo naTesavs
moatacebina. damarcxda, gatyda asmaTi.
naTelas, mamidas CagonebiT, saqmro warmodgenili hyavda pirtitvela da Tmaxu-
WuWa, magram miaTxoves wverulvaSian kacs. naTelas saTuTad uyvarda qmarica da
Svilic. magram mainc gatacebiT Sehyurebda bedis varskvlavs caze. aq sainteresoa
naTelas gaoreba, ocnebisa da sinamdvilis dacileba, warmosadgenisa da realuris
sxvadasxvaoba.
g. wereTeli SesaniSnavad icnobs Tavadaznaurobis fsiqologias. mwerali niWie-
rad aCvenebs maT cxovrebaSi momxdar Rrma cvlilebas: materialur gaRatakebas mo-
hyva sulieri daqveiTeba. aznaurTa sulieri daqveiTebis klasikuri gamomxatvelia
`mamida asmaTi~.
***
g. wereTeli samociani wlebis qarTvel moRvaweTa im saxelovan jgufs ekuT-

vnis, romelmac ilia WavWavaZis meTaurobiT erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZ-
raobis droSa aRmarTa. man socialuri da erovnuli problemebis dasmiTa da ga-
dawyvetiT, esTetikuri idealebis gamizvniT, Tavisufali mxatvruli Semoqmede-
biT ara marto gaamagra ilias da akakis ideuri pozicia, aramed maTTan erTad
qarTuli azrisa da mwerlobis ganviTarebis axali gza gakafa.
g. wereTeli, iliasa da akakisTan erTad, mxatvruli SemoqmedebiT, litera-
turuli werilebiT, publicisturi statiebiT, sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobiTa
da praqtikuli saqmianobiT gamoxatavda qarTveli xalxis diad miznebs.
g. wereTlis ideuri mrwamsis radikaluri xasiaTi imTaviTve cxadi iyo sazo-
gadoebisaTvis. radikalur moazrovned darCa igi `saqarTvelos moambidan~
`kvalSi~ dabeWdil Tavis ukanasknel werilamde. g. wereTlis radikalizmi da de-
mokratizmi yovelTvis gamoxatavda qarTveli xalxis Tanamedrove Tavisufali
cxovrebisa da naTeli mermisis survilebs.
184
anton furcelaZe
(1839-1913)
anton furcelaZe nayofieri da mravalferovani mweralia. mis kalams ekuT-

vnis sakmaod mozrdili poemebi ( `Tamar Razneli~, `bagrationebis dideba~, `ma-
rabda~, `wyaloba~, `ciskara~), dramatuli Txzulebebi (`didi mouravi~, àvazake-
bi~, àsuli israelisa~), moTxrobebi (`marTa~, `qitesa~, `Cveneburi saqmis bolo~,
`ToTa~, `vai marTalTa~, `samis Tavgadasavali~), istoriuli romani (`maci xvi-
tia~), leqsebi, gamokvleva giorgi saakaZeze, literaturul-kritikuli da eko-
nomikuri xasiaTis werilebi da sxva mravali. Jurnal `ciskridan~ dawyebuli, mi-
si Txzulebebi ibeWdeboda `droebaSi~, `mnaTobSi~, ìmedSi~, `moambeSi~. amasTan
erTad igi muSaobda Targmanebze da aqarTulebda rus da evropel mweralTa Se-
moqmedebas. mas ekuTvnis puSkinis, krilovis, nekrasovis, Seqspiris, baironis,
barbies, beranJes, haines da sxvaTa Txzulebebis Targmanebi. igi, Tu erT SemTxve-
vaSi dainteresebuli iyo giorgi saakaZis pirovnebiT, sxva SemTxvevaSi werda we-
rilebs Savi yvavilis wamlobaze; dramatuli Txzulebebis werasTan erTad msje-
lobda qarTuli enis gramatikuli normebis Sesaxeb. qarTveli xalxis mZime is-
toriuli warsulis amsaxvel TxzulebebTan erTad, bankebis mniSvnelobasa da
lotos TamaSiT sazogadoebis erTi nawilis gatacebaze laparakobda.
a. furcelaZis Sesaxeb s. mgalobliSvili wers, rom igi mesamoce wlebSi iyo
wevri didebuli razmisa, romelsac margalitis Tvlebad usxdnen ilia WavWavaZe
da akaki wereTeli da amSvenebdnen sergei mesxi, giorgi wereTeli, iakob gogeb-
aSvili, dimitri baqraZe da sxvani da romelsac 70-ian wlebSi Caemata mRelvare su-
lis niko nikolaZe. a. furcelaZes am razmSi TvalsaCino adgili eWirao, daaskvnis
igi.
a. furcelaZes mxatvrul TxzulebebSi mniSvnelovani problemebi aqvs wamo-
yenebuli da damuSavebuli. mwerali arc erT sakiTxs zereled ar Sehxebia. roca
igi epikur nawarmoebSi apirebs gadmogvces Tavisi damokidebuleba saqarTvelos
istoriul warsulTan, moxazavs mTlian epoqas da hqmnis `Tamar Raznels~, rome-
lic 1700 strofs Seicavs; roca igi dainteresda giorgi saakaZis pirovnebiT, mas
miuZRvna rogorc didi dramatuli da epikuri Txzulebebi, iseve didi gamokvle-
va giorgi saakaZis droindeli saqarTvelos politikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb;
man dawera tragedia àvazakni~, romelSiac didmniSvnelovani, sazogadoebrivad
aqtualuri sakiTxi daamuSava. a. furcelaZes exerxeboda Temebis SerCeva, ro-
melTac saTanadod warmoaCenda mxatvrulad.
anton furcelaZe daibada 1839 wels Suagul qarTlSi, sofel mereTSi, md.
patara liaxvis pirad. mamamisi nikoloz, mcire mamulisa da bevri Svilebis pat-
roni iyo. antonma bavSvoba sofelSi gaatara da dedis — barbare gedevaniSvilis
asulis xelmZRvanelobiT miiRo pirveli Sinauruli gakveTilebi dedaenasa da
literaturaSi. mamas undoda Svili Tbilisis gimnaziaSi Seeyvana, magram xelmok-
leobisa da wvrilSvilianobis gamo es survili ver Seesrulebina. Svili rom us-
wavleli ar darCenoda, nikolozma antoni ruseTSi (qal.orioli) samxedro sas-
wavlebelSi gagzavna (saxelmwifo xarjze). antonma saswavleblis damTavreba ver
SeZlo, radgan erTxel varjiSisas fexi itkina da dakoWlda. es momxdara 1854
wels. samSobloSi dabrunebuls, radgan swavla veRar gaugrZelebia, xeli miuy-
via TviTganviTarebisaTvis, waukiTxavs yvelaferi, rac xelSi moxvedria, goneba
ganuviTarebia da 1858 wels TbilisSi gadmosaxlebula, sadac daaxlovebia di-
mitri yifians, ivane kereseliZes, `ciskris~ TanamSromlebs da werisaTvis miuy-
via xeli. male daiwyo leqsebis beWdva, marTalia TargmanebiT (`ciskari~ 1861
wlis 8, II, 12 da sxv.), romelTac miayola originaluri Txzulebebica da sxvadas-
xva xasiaTis werilebic. JurnalSi TanamSromloba cxovrebis wyaro ar iyo, mas
uSovia samsaxuri davrdomilTa TavSesafarSi. amasTan, Caeba sxvadasxva TviTgan-
viTarebis wreebSi. masTan xSirad uvliaT petre umikaSvils, dimitri yifians uf-
rosi vaJiT nikoTi, muSa-xelosnebs da sxvaT. TbilisSi cxovrebis pirvelsave xa-
nebSi igi dauaxlovda qalaqis dabal mosaxleobas, gaecno maT da rogorc s. mga-
lobliSvili gadmogvcems, gamobrZmedila cxovrebis SeswavlaSi, SeuTvisebia
rusi mwerlebis azrebi, gansakuTrebiT ki CerniSevskisa da gatacebula misi
moZRvrebiT. TavdaviwyebiT daswafebia agreTve dobrolubovis, gercenis, lav-
rovis, pisarevisa da sxvaTa nawerebs.
1862 wlidan Tbilisis gimnaziaSi aRmzrdelad msaxurobda, Semdeg wels man
`ciskarSi~ dabeWda werili daniel WonqaZis nawarmoebis Sesaxeb. man gailaSqra
batonymobis drois udierobisa da, saerTod, socialuri usamarTlobis winaaR-
mdeg.
1867 wlidan a. furcelaZe `ciskris~ faqtiuri patronia da cdilobda misi ge-
zis Secvlas, mas uxdeboda kamaTi redaqtorTan. 70-ian wlebSi man miiRo veqilobis
ufleba, rac gamoiyena batonymobis gadavardnis Semdegi drois glexTa uflebebis
dacvisaTvis. s. mgalobliSvili gviambobs, Tu ra TavgamodebiT icavda antoni gle-
xebs, xSirad Tavisi mezobeli da nacnobi Tavadebisa da aznaurebisagan.
1869 wlidan Jurnal `mnaTobis~ TanamSromelia, 1873 wlidan redaqtorobs
gazeT `guTnis deda~-s, Semdeg msaxurobda saTavadaznauro bankSi, sadac er-
Txel direqtoris Tanamdebobac ki eWira.
anton furcelaZe gardaicvala 1913 wels, dasaflavebulia mereTSi. mis Zeg-
ls misive poemis — `Tamar Raznelis~ ramdenime striqoni aweria:
`me wilada mxvda xvedri mware, Znelad saamo,
Cvens iarebSi da wylulebSi xelebis reva,
miT wyluls vamtkivneb me sneulTa da amis gamo
SeviZinevi moZmeTagan lanZRva da wyeva~.
a. furcelaZis literaturul-esTetikuri azrovneba SemuSavda im principe-
bis safuZvelze, romelzec agebuli iyo qarTveli samocianelebis Sexedulebani.
misi azrovnebis wyaroc is moZRvreba iyo, romelic miiRo maSindeli saqarTve-
los inteligenciam. man gaiazra utilitaruli Sexeduleba xelovnebisa da li-
teraturis daniSnulebaze. marTalia, a. furcelaZe ar ekuTvnoda `Tergdale-
ulTa~ jgufs, mas ganaTleba ar miuRia ruseTisa Tu ucxoeTis universitetebSi,
ar yofila studentTa moZraobis monawile, magram misi mrwamsi cxovrebasa da
sazogadoebis urTierTobaze swored 60-ian wlebSi Camoyalibda. xelovnebisa da
mecnierebis gamoyenebiTi TvalsazrisiT Sefaseba, mxatvruli sityvis, rogorc
xalxis sazogadoebis sneulebis winaaRmdeg wamlad xmareba iyo mTavari im dros
literaturisaTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom xSirad a. furcelaZe ufro radikaluria,
vidre sxva misi Tanamedrove, ufro uarmyofelia da memarcxene, Tumca erT Sexe-
dulebaze da ganwyobilebis niadagze dgoma ar SeeZlo. moRvaweobis manZilze mas
bevr qarTvel moazrovnesTan hqonda kamaTi, raSic igi amJRavnebda Seurigeblo-
bas. amisi mizezi, albaT, iyo misi TviTganviTareba, yvelaferze xelis Sevlebis
survili da yvelafris kiTxva.
a. furcelaZis, moRvawisa da mwerlis, xasiaTi gamomJRavnda imaSic, rom 70-
80-ian wlebSi igi xalxosnuri moZraobisaken gadaixara da gadaiqca am moZraobis
praqtikul moRvawed. swored misma Seurigebelma da ukompromiso xasiaTma miiy-
186
vana igi 70-iani wlebis revoluciur moZraobasTan. igive s. mgalobliSvili gvac-
nobebs, rom `1873 wlidan q. gorSi daarsda social-revolucionuri (xalxosnu-
ri) saidumlo wre, romelmac miznad daisaxa gaecno xalxisaTvis mTavrobis mavne
wes-wyobileba, Caexedebina glexoba Tavis cxovrebaSi, daerwmunebina igi, rom
umamulod misi ganTavisufleba Zvel batonymobaze uaresi iyo, rom am garemoe-
bam glexoba ufro yurmoWrili yma gaxada nabatonarisa... anton furcelaZe
...gaxda goris wris suli da guli. erTad vmuSaobdiT da vcdilobdiT mogvewyo
stamba sof. tyviavSi aralegaluri wignebis sabeWdavad...~1
a. furcelaZe Tavisi nihilisturi ganwyobilebiTa da praqtikuli moRvaweo-
biT Seefereboda qarTul xalxosnobas gasuli saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi. nihi-
lizmi da xalxosnuri gatacebani dafuZnebuli hqonda im grZnobaze, riTac igi
dakavSirebuli iyo mSobliur xalxTan, glexobasTan. glexobis gaTavisuflebis
idea iyo mTavari a. furcelaZis moRvaweobaSi. misi araerTi Txzuleba emsaxure-
ba samSoblos siyvarulisa da mSromeli adamianis pativiscemis gamomJRavnebas.
misi patriotuli leqsebi agebulia im Temaze, riTac saxeli gaiTqva rafiel eris-
Tavis leqsma `samSoblo xevsurisa~. a. furcelaZes uyvarda Tavisi qveyana, magram
ara imdroindel viTarebasa da yofaSi, aramed revoluciurad gardaqmnili. igi
eZiebda samSoblos mxsnel gmirs da radgan mas samSobloSi praqtikulad ver naxu-
lobda, qeba-didebas asxamda sxva qveynis erovnuli ganTavisuflebisaTvis meb-
rZols. a. furcelaZis sayvareli gmiri iyo juzepe garibaldi, italieli erovnuli
gmiri, romelmac yvela erovnulad daCagrulTa siyvaruli da pativiscema moipova.
a. furcelaZis iniciativiT gorelma revolucionerebma italielebs samZim-
ris depeSa gaugzavnes garibaldis gardacvalebis gamo.
a. furcelaZem Tavisi azrebi Camoayaliba im werilebSi, romelnic Jurnal
`ciskarSi~ gamoaqveyna 1863 wels. aq gamoxata man Tavisi damokidebuleba mwer-
lobasa da mxatvruli sinamdvilis mxatvruli asaxvisadmi. 1862 wlis noembris
nomerSi man dabeWda patara kritikuli SeniSvna sardion aleqsi-mesxiSvilis er-
Ti daubeWdavi Targmanis Taobaze. werili exeba frangi mwerlis, eJen sus Txzu-
lebis `mimogzauri uriis~ qarTul Targmans. a.furcelaZe imgvaradve msjelobs
am kritikul werilSi, rogorc msjelobda ilia WavWavaZe kozlovis poemis qar-
Tuli Targmanis Sesaxeb. msjelobis azri Semdegia: qarTuli literatura Rari-
bia sasargeblo da gamosadegi nawerebiT, saWiroa iseTi Txzuleba, `romelic an
suls miekros, an xorcsa~. eJen sus Txzulebis qarTulad mTargmnels sardion
aleqsi-mesxiSvils Sromis gawevisas mxedvelobaSi unda mieRo xalxis (qarTveli
xalxis) mdgomareoba, xalxisa da qarTuli literaturis saWiroeba da xalxis ma-
terialuri SesaZlebloba. `mimogzauri uria~ TviT safrangeTSi aRaraa miRebu-
li, misi azri da Sinaarsi ar aris qarTvelisaTvis nacnobi, radgan Seexeba iezu-
itTa borot saqmianobas. nawarmoebi cruromantikulia, misi Targmani `Targamos
qarTvelTa mamis eniTaa Sesrulebuli, romelic axla xucess petre laJRaursac
aRar eyureba. amasTan erTad, roca gamoicema, Zvirad eRireba, wignis fasi TiTo
Tumani~.
a. furcelaZe garkveulad iziarebs i. WavWavaZis Sexedulebasa da principebs
Targmanze. mas literatura miaCnia cxovrebis Seswavlis saSualebad, radgan
amis Semdeg ufro advilia cxovrebis daavadebuli organizmis mkurnaloba. yve-
laze mniSvnelovani iyo a. furcelaZis werili daniel WonqaZis `suramis cixis~
Sesaxeb (daibeWda 1863 wlis `ciskris~ ianvris nomerSi), sadac mocemulia aramxo-
lod nawarmoebis analizi, aramxolod msjeloba Jurnalis daniSnuleba-raoba-
ze, mxatvruli nawarmoebis mizanze, `ciskarSi~ gamoqveynebul zogierT Txzule-
baze, mweralTa mier masalis gamoyenebasa da aTvisebaze; es werili ar aris mxo-
1
s . m g a l o b l i S v i l i s teqstebi amoRebulia misi wignidan `mogonebani~.
187
lod `suramis cixisaTvis~ adgilis mikuTvneba qarTul mwerlobaSi, masSi gamoT-
qmulia a. furcelaZis literaturul-esTetikuri Sexedulebebi, qarTveli mo-
winave inteligenciis protesti socialuri uTanasworobis winaaRmdeg.
a. furcelaZe aqtiurad monawileobda 60-iani wlebis literaturul kamaTSi
da axalgazrda Taobis mxareze idga, rac gamoxatulia 1862 wels `ciskarSi~ da-
beWdil werilSi `wavida is dro~. igi dascinis Zveli Taobis, e.w. `mamebis~ Taobis
warmomadgenlebs, isini `siZvelis mqadageblebad~ miaCnda, xolo maTi naweri
uazrod da uSinaarsod. igi amxels Zveli Taobis konservatizms, mxars uWers
epoqis axal mimarTulebas, axal moZraobas. maSinve gamoCnda misi Seurigebeli
da mojanye buneba. marTalia, igi `ciskarSi~ darCa samoRvaweod, magram srulia-
dac ar iziarebda maT Sexedulebas, vinc maSin arqaul Sexedulebebs icavda da
winaaRmdegi iyo sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da literaturuli principebis ga-
naxlebisa. mas surda Jurnali `ciskari~ waremarTa sxva gziT, undoda misi prog-
resul organod gadaqceva. 1863 wlidan am Jurnalis kritikis ganyofilebas xel-
mZRvanelobda, sul male `ciskris~ araoficialuri xelmZRvanelic gaxda da iyo
misi faqtiuri redaqtori. am drois misi werilebi `suramis cixeze,~ juzepe ga-
ribaldis moRvaweobaze, qarTul literaturaze warmoadgenen nimuSebs baton-
ymuri wyobilebis winaaRmdeg laSqrobisa. igi werda ganaTlebis saWiroebaze,
cxovrebis evropuli formebis gadmoRebaze, demokratiuli principebis gan-
xorcielebaze.
mravali aqtualuri problema daayena a. furcelaZem publicistur da mxat-
vrul TxzulebebSi. igi gamodioda patara erebis damcvelad da erovnuli Tanas-
worobis mqadageblad. misi SexedulebiT xelovneba unda yofiliyo sinamdvilis,
cxovrebis suraTebis amsaxveli, literatura unda Camdgariyo cxovrebis gaum-
jobesebisaTvis zrunvis samsaxurSi. a. furcelaZis msjelobaSi am dros garkve-
ulad Cndeba d. pisarevis radikalizmis anarekli. mis werilebSi, romlebSic mka-
fiod moCans avtoriseuli memarcxene pozicia, gakritikebulia `saqarTvelos
moambis~ publicisturi da mxatvruli Semoqmedebis nimuSebi. swored es gaxda
mizezi imisa, rom `saqarTvelos moambe~ da `ciskari~ am dros cxare polemikas
awarmoebdnen erTmaneTSi.
a. furcelaZem wamoayena sakiTxi SemoqmedebiTi meTodisa da imTaviTve rea-
lizmis momxreTa wyebaSi Cadga, mis principul momxred darCa. realisturi me-
Todis literatura a. furcelaZes mxolod arsebuli sazogadoebis gardaqmni-
saTvis undoda, amitomac igi xSirad mxatvruli literaturis mTavar funqcias —
mxatvrulobas, saxeebiT azrovnebas ugulebelyofda da mxolod mebrZoli ide-
is Cvenebas utovebda xelovnebasa da literaturas. es azrebi man gamoTqva `su-
ramis cixis~ Sesaxeb daweril werilSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom a. furcelaZis es weri-
li aris pirveli sruli da marTebuli Sefaseba d. WonqaZis Txzulebisa. am weri-
liT man xma aRimaRla batonymobis winaaRmdeg, `suramis cixe~ epoqis sulis gamo-
xatulebad CaTvala. Jurnalma `ciskarma~ am nawarmoebis dabeWdviT daaRwiao Ta-
vi àpaTiis burans~. nawarmoebma, a. furcelaZis azriT, `dahsca saSineli elda da
moswyvita welebi davardnils xalxsa da Zveli azrebis patronebsa, batonebi os-
man-aRasi darCnen pirRiani; jer didxans ver moegnen cnobasa da bolos, rodesac
moipoves grZnoba, daxedes, gadaiRes, gadmoiRes es Txzuleba da rogorc sarke-
Si, ise dainaxes Tavisi Tavi~. d. WonqaZis Txzuleba a. furcelaZis mier miCneulia
gamwarebuli qarTveli glexobis suraTad, Zveli azrebis mqoneTa mxilebad. es
Txzuleba Jurnalis redaqtors sixaruliT miuRia, magram mokrZalebiTa da Si-
SiT daubeWdavs, radgan eSinoda Turme, Jurnalis xelismomwerTa wyromisa. `su-
ramis cixe~ imdenadaa a. furcelaZisaTvis mniSvnelovani, ramdenadac masSi aRwe-
rilia glexobis mdgomareoba batonymobis dros. a. furcelaZes moswons igi imi-
tom, rom TxzulebaSi daxatulia namdvili ambebi da gamoyvanilni arian namdvi-
188
li adamianebi, mocemulia ulmobeli kritika sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ganvi-
Tarebis damabrkolebeli mizezebisa, rom masSi ismis protesti adamianis damo-
nebisa da misi pirovnebis gaqelvis gamo.
amrigad, a. furcelaZem pirvelsave werilebSi, vidre igi mxatvrul Semoqme-
debas Seudgeboda, Camoayaliba Sexedulebani literaturis daniSnulebaze da
gamokveTa Tavisi pozicia da ganwyobileba, amasTan survili brZolisa da Setevi-
sa yovelgvari umsgavsobisa da cxovrebis damabrkolebel movlenaTa winaaR-
mdeg.
anton furcelaZis esTetikuri kredos safuZvlad misaCnevia qarTvel samocia-
nelTa Sexedulebani, romlis Tanaxmad xelovnebis nawarmoebis srulfasovneba war-
moudgenelia cxovrebis gavleniT warmoqmnis gareSe. igi wers: `Cven srulebiT ar
veTanxmebiT imaTa, romelnica gazdeven Zvels azrs da iZaxian: xelovneba xelovne-
bisaTvis unda iyoso. Cven yovelTvis winaaRmdegis azrisani viyaviT~.
momdevno werilebSi, imave 1863 wels, a. furcelaZe aRrmavebs Tavis azrebs
da ufro radikalurad gamoTqvams maT. Jurnalis raobaze da, kerZod, qarTuli
Jurnalis daniSnulebaze misi azri ar gansxvavdeba i. WavWavaZis mosazrebisagan.
i. WavWavaZis werili dasdebia safuZvlad a. furcelaZis Sexedulebas. i. WavWava-
Zis `saqarTvelos moambezed~ aris amosavali a. furcelaZisaTvis. `yoveli ke-
Tilsindisieri Jurnali unda cdilobdes, rom xalxs auxsnas goneba, gamoiyva-
nos Tavis uSveris mdgomareobidan da uCvenos WeSmariteba da gza WeSmaritebisa.
Tu amis winaaRmdegobis qadageba ar SeiZleba...imas mainc unda akeTebdes, rom
xalxi ufro da ufro daamonos am gvars azrsa da rwmenasa~— wers a. furcelaZe.
miuxedavad rwmenis siaxlisa, a. furcelaZe, akaki wereTlis msgavsad, i. Wav-
WavaZis `saqarTvelos moambeSi~ ar gadasula TanamSromlad da akakisave msgav-
sad TviT `ciskarSi~ awarmoebda kamaTs Zvelisa da CamorCenilis winaaRmdeg. mas
zogjer ukiduresi uarismyofelisa da xelovnebis avadmaxseneblis, `qarTveli
pisarevis~ saxeli erqva. amisi mizezi unda veZioT im enTuziazmSi, rac misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli iyo saerTod.
rusul literaturaSi gaCnda nihilisti bazarovi, romelic angrevs puSkinis
poezias. a. furcelaZe gaitaca am sazogadoebriv-literaturulma movlenam, da-
wera werili n. baraTaSvilis poeziaze, uaryo igi, `cru ocneba~ uwoda mas. `Cven
gvinda poeziaSic da isec, vxedavdeT saqmesa, WeSmaritebas, Cveni gulis pasuxsa,
Cveni Tavis cnobas, Cvens garemos...da ara Tqvens opiumisagan mTvralis dagvaris
raRac-raRacaebs, vaSauSsa...~ man n. baraTaSvilis poezia usargeblod miiCnia.
`mkiTxveli raRac momzadebiT Seudgeba kiTxvas, da roca gaaTavebs, rCeba xaxam-
Srali, gulcarieli. es imitom, rom aqedan ar gamoaqvT gonebis masazrdoebeli
lukma...~ marTalia, a. furcelaZis Sexedulebebi ucvleli ara yofila. 60-70-iani
wlebis kritikuli werilebi ufro mkveTri iyo, vidre im saukunis ukanasknel
wlebSi dawerilisa, Tumca, maSinac ki, roca igi ukiduresi poziciis mpyrobelad
Cans, igi ar gahyolia bolomde ruseTis cnobili uarmyoflebis yvela Sexedule-
bas. igi zogierTi Tanamedrove da wina epoqis mwerlis Semoqmedebas iwunebda
imitom, rom igi memarcxene samocianeli, xelovnebis nawarmoebisagan pirvel
rigSi moiTxovda azrsa da Tanamedrove saWirboroto sakiTxebSi garkvevas da
ara nawarmoebis maRal mxatvrulobas, Tanac yovelgvari Seferadebis gareSe.
amasTan, misTvis miuRebeli iyo raime elementi piradulobisa da literaturul
nawarmoebsac srulfasovnad maSin Tvlida, roca masSi xalxis gamwarebuli
cxovrebis anarekli iyo mocemuli.
a. furcelaZem mxatvruli sityva gamoiyena xalxis daavadebuli gonebis sae-
qimod, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis dasneulebuli organizmis wamlad. amitom man
didi yuradReba miaqcia azrs, Sinaarss da mniSvnelovani adgili dauTmo mxat-
189
vrul SemoqmedebaSi msjelobas, Teoriebis wamoyeneba-gaSlasa da publicistu-
robas.
a. furcelaZis moRvaweobis dawyeba daemTxva ruseTSi da saqarTveloSi gle-
xobis mdgomareobiT inteligenciis dainteresebis periods, roca yma glexis
mdgomareobas afasebdnen, roca adamianTaTvis adamianuri uflebis warTmevis
sakiTxs amuSavebdnen. mis winaSec dadga sakiTxi qarTveli glexobis mdgomareo-
bisa batonymobis udier pirobebSi. mwerali batonymobas Seexo rogorc Tanamed-
roveobaSi, ise warsulSic da aCvena, rom es saSineleba arc istoriulad da arc
TanamedroveobaSi sxvadasxvagvari ar yofila, rom batonymobis safuZveli da misi
gamovlinebis formebi erTgvari iyo warsulSica da mwerlis TanamedroveobaSic,
rom es sistema arRvevda erovnuli organizmis mTlianobas. man, garda publicis-
turi werilebisa, mxatvrul TxzulebebSi, romlebSiac qarTveli xalxis socia-
lur fenebad dayofas Seexo, maRali wodebis warmomadgenelni gamoiyvana moqiSpe-
ebad, uprincipoebad, sakuTar Jinze da survilze mdgom adamianebad, romelTac
daukargavT erovnuli Segneba da mxolod SuRlisa da separatizmisaTvis gadaud-
viaT Tavi. mSromeli glexoba cxovrobs araadamianur pirobebSi rogorc warsul-
Si, ise awmyoSic, — aseTia a. furcelaZis azri.
Tu Tavis publicistur werilebSi `suramis cixesa~ da `kacia adamianze~ mwe-
ralma daayena sakiTxi socialuri uTanasworobisa da erTis mier meoris Cagvrisa,
mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSic aranaklebad miuzRo man batonymobis saSinelebaTa mxi-
lebas. igi damajereblad asaxavda yma glexTa mdgomareobas, mebatoneTa gulqvao-
bas, mgznebare sityviTa da mwerluri siTamamiT kicxavda gabatonebulTa velur,
uadamiano damokidebulebas mSromeli da umweo glexebis mimarT, Zirs uTxrida im
Sexedulebas, viTomc CvenSi Zvelad batonymoba sasikeTo movlena iyo.
a. furcelaZe qarTul literaturaSi pirvelia, romlis TxzulebaSic gamoC-
nda (daniel WonqaZis `suramis cixis~ Semdeg) is, rom glexobis darbevaSi mebato-
neebs exmarebian da xSirad aqezeben kidec mTavrobis moxeleni, eklesiis msaxur-
ni, administraciis warmomadgenelni. mweralma cocxlad gamoxata maSindeli po-
litikuri sistemis CamorCeniloba da uvargisoba, aCvena is, Tu ra dabal safe-
xurze idga saxelmwifoebrivi sistema mefis xelisuflebisa SedarebiT im qvey-
nebTan, romelTa sazogadoebriv-saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobis sistema prog-
resulad eCveneboda mas.
a. furcelaZem `marTaSi~ da `maci xvitiaSi~ gaatara azri, rom Seurigebel
brZolaSi, romelsac glexoba awarmoebda Tavisi adamianuri uflebebis mosapo-
veblad, saWiro iyo SeTanxmebuli ZaliT winaaRmdegoba da ara individualuri
brZola pirovnebebisa. mamakacebTan erTad qalebsac unda mieRoT monawileoba
pirovnebis socialuri gaTavisuflebis saqmeSi.
pirveli nawarmoebi, romelic am sakiTxebs uZRvna mweralma, iyo moTxroba `To-
Ta~, romlisTvisac osebis yofa da viTareba gamoiyena mweralma. osi ToTa yaCaRad
aqcia arsebulma sazogadoebrivma viTarebam (aRsaniSnavia, rom a. furcelaZem ro-
gorc moTxrobaSi `ToTa~, ise `marTaSi~ masala aiRo saqarTveloSi mcxovreb osTa
yofidan. mweralma kargad icoda maTi viTareba, adaTebi da wesebi).
moTxroba `ToTa~ maSin cenzuram metad Seamcira da daamaxinja, magram mainc
aris SesaZlebloba misi mTavari azrisa da mimarTulebis amocnoba-wakiTxvisa.
masSi dayenebuli sakiTxebi ufro vrclad mweralma gadmosca `marTaSi~ da `maci
xvitiaSi~.
1865 wels dawera a. furcelaZem `marTa~, mozrdili moTxroba, romelSiac
aRwerilia glexobis yofa-mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi batonymobis gadavar-
dnamde. masSi kargad aris garkveuli glexTa cxovrebis damabrkolebeli pirobe-
bis Ziri. mwerali daufaravad aRnusxavs yvela nakls, rac sazogadoebas axasia-
Tebs da daurideblad amaTraxebs sistemas, romelic safuZvlad gamxdara baton-
190
ymobis arsebobisaTvis. moTxroba `marTa~ d.WonqaZis nawarmoebis didi gavleni-
Taa dawerili, zogierT SemTxvevaSi mis adgilebs imeorebs kidec. a. furcelaZe,
SeiZleba iTqvas, avrcelebs d.WonqaZis damuSavebul Temas da kidev ufro usvams
xazs qarTveli glexobis umweo mdgomareobas, ufro amaxvilebs yuradRebas im
brZolaze, glexobaSi rom aris Casaxuli, klasobriv urTierTobas rom gamoxa-
tavs da TandaTan rom viTardeba.
nawarmoebSi ori socialuri fena aris warmoCenili — glexoba da Tavadebi,
romelTa cxovrebasac mwerali maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli mxareebiT warmogvid-
gens: glexebi Sromoben, Tavadebi usaqmuroben. ras akeTeben es Tavadebi, ra aris
maTi saqmianoba? ìnaTlebda Tu ara, eseni amoiCridnen iRliaSi purs, amoiReb-
dnen waTxidan yvels da daikargebodnen, manam kidev puris Wamis dro mouvido-
daT~- ambobs mwerali. es fena usaqmuria, parazituli, mSromelTa xelisSemSle-
li. usaqmurobisagan maT adamianis garegnobac ki dahkargviaT. àxaluxs atareb-
dnen farCisas, magram esenic iqamde nacveTi iyvnen, rom rac unda kargi Tvali
gqonoda, Tu windawin ar icodi, ver gaigebdi ra farCa iyo... waRebidan xSirad ga-
moeyoT yvela fexis TiTebs Tavi...fexSiSvela siaruls irCevdnen da qalamans ki
ar Caicvamdnen...~ amaTi Zma aris rostom tablaZe, moTxrobis mTavari personaJi.
igi ufro gamocdilia, saqmiani, qalaqSi namsaxuri. rostomi ufro rafinirebu-
li Tavadia am klasis damaxasiaTebeli yvela antisazogadoebrivi TvisebiT. igi
gaborotebulia imis gamo, rom Sin aravis uyvarda. swored amitom bavSvobidanve
imas fiqrobda, iseTi ram saSualeba moeZebna, rom yvelasaTvis gaeswro, pirveli
yofiliyo. mas boroti egoizmi ganuviTarda, goneba gaumaxvilda, gamWriaxi gax-
da da, amasTan, Tavisi glexebis risxvad iqca. mwerali iZleva maRali klasis war-
momadgenelTa degeneraciis suraTs. tablaZeTa usaqmuri da uazro yofa metad
hgavs luarsab TaTqariZis yofas.
mweralma glexebi adamianuri TvisebebiT aRsavseni daxata moTxrobaSi, isini
antipodebi arian Tavadebisa. mSromelni, adamianobiT aRbeWdilni, gulmarTal-
ni da erTurTis damfasebelni, isini batonebis ymebi arian, Tavisufleba warTme-
ulni. rostom tablaZis moaxle marTa yvelas uyvarda, urigo sityvas misgan ve-
ravin gaigonebda. aseTive Rirsebisa iyo tablaZis meore msaxuri sosika, romel-
sac marTa Sehyvareboda — sulgrZeli, momTmeni. rostomma Tavisi ymebi araadami-
anur pirobebSi Caayena. isini batons itanen imisaTvis, rom sisxlis daRvras eri-
debian, amis nebas adamianoba ar aZlevs maT. magram roca fiala moTminebisa pir-
Tamde aevsoT, maSin ki SeiTqvnen glexebi abezari batonis Tavidan mosacileb-
lad. sosika, ninika, daTo da sxvebi gadawyveten rostomis mokvlas, magram gadam-
wyvet momentSi maT sZlevT SiSi sisxlis daRvrisa. glexebSi ukve gacocxlda
mebrZoli suliskveTeba, igi TandaTan mkveTrdeba. rostomis mxarezea xelisuf-
leba, magram glexebi mainc aRmarTaven xels batonis winaaRmdeg. orWof glexebs
marTa mimarTavs aRmgznebi sityvebiT: `maswavleT Tofis gatena, giCvenebT,
Tqven rom ver gagibediaT. miyureT me, dedakacsa, miyureT rogor Tavi gamimet-
nia. sircxvilis Semdeg me sicocxle aRar menaneba TqvensaviT. dRes Tqvens co-
lebs daxades Ciqilebi, Tqvens colebs daasxes Tavze lafi... Tqven ki gaCumebul-
xarT... momyeviT me da pirveli me mival sisxlis dasalevad...~
marTam cecxli daunTo SeTqmulT. misma sityvebma didi gavlena moaxdina
glexebze.
a. furcelaZe im azrs adgas, rom batonsa da ymas Soris morigeba ar iqneba, maTi
klasobrivi interesebi ver SeTanxmdebian, maT Soris damokidebuleba sisxlis daR-
vriT unda damTavrdes. glexobas adridanve Segnebuli ar hqonda Tavisi klasobri-
vi arsi, ver warmoedgina, rom SesaZlebeli iqneboda dawesebuli urTierTobis Sec-
vla. sosika (`marTa~) pirvel xanebSi pasiuria, magram, roca mis winaSe daisva sakiTxi
marTasTan dakavSirebisa da batonma ki siyvarulis ufleba ar misca, daiwyo brZola
191
rostom tablaZesa da sosikas Soris, rasac rostomis ojaxis amowyveta mohyva. ram-
denime cdam am abezari Tavadis mokvlisam, uSedegod Caiara; rostomis gamoCena
glexSi Ronesa da SesaZleblobas adunebda, magram, roca moTminebis fiala aivso,
maSin ki sosikam da sxvebma iaraRi aisxes da mizansac miaRwies. glexebma Tavisi sis-
xlismsmeli mokles.
1876 wlidan a. furcelaZe cxovrobda da msaxurobda zugdidSi, igi sasamar-
Tlo dawesebulebis moxele iyo. samegreloSi mopovebuli masaliT da megreli
glexobis yofis Seswavlis Sedegad man Seqmna romani `maci xvitia~.
Cveni xalxis cxovrebaSi mravlad iyo tragikuli movlenebi. mweralma gansa-
kuTrebiT gaamaxvila yuradReba maTze. samTavroebis separatistuli zraxvani,
SuRli da gaugonari qiSpi, feodaluri aRviraxsniloba glexobis isedac savala-
lo mdgomareobas ufro arTulebda. maTi dawiokeba, osmaleTSi gayidva Zirs
uTxrida xalxis momavals. yvela, visac Zala hqonda, yidda glexTa sagangebod
darCeul qal-yrmas. osmaleTisa da egviptis bazrebi savse iyo dasavleT saqar-
Tvelodan tyved wasxmuli axalgazrdebiT.
`maci xvitias~ daweriT a. furcelaZem pasuxi gasca maT, visac warsuli saTnoe-
bis samefod warmoedginaT. marRaniebi, CiCuebi, ServaSiZeebi, dadianebi da sxvani
erTurTs Soris da yvela erTad mTavris winaaRmdeg aSlila, erTmaneTs esevian,
angreven, wvaven da iwvis pirvel rigSi glexis saxl-kari, ingreva pirvel rigSi
mravaltanjuli glexis ojaxi. yovelgvari boroteba, qurdoba, Zarcva, kvla aris
Sedegi socialuri uTanasworobisa.
`maci xvitia~ imiTaa saintereso, rom mweralma SeZlo aRewera da ganezogade-
bina megreli glexis mdgomareoba. nawarmoebSi daxatuli viTareba met-naklebad
saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSia mosalodneli. `glexkacoba sruli kuTvnileba iyo
Tavisi batonisa da mTavrisa. imas unda Seenaxa eseni sulian-xorcianad. glexebis
colebi da qalebic batonebisa da mTavris sruls uflebaSi ufro iyvnen, vidre
qmrisa da mamisaSi. glexkaci iTmenda yvela amas uneblieT. isini ukiduresobam-
din mividnen, magram mainc kidev am mdgomareobidan gamosasvlel Rones vera hxe-
davdnen~.
nawarmoebSi daxatulia tipuri suraTebi feodaluri aSlilobisa, TavadTa
Soris ganuwyveteli Tavdasxmebisa da brZolebisa. yvelaze metad am mdgomareo-
biT iCagreboda glexi, metic, igi fizikurad da moralurad nadgurdeboda — maT
itacebdnen, yiddnen aRmosavleT qveynebis bazrebze. es tipuri suraTebi iyo
Zveli yofisa sazogadod.
`maci xvitia~ metad popularuli nawarmoebia misi mTavari personaJebis —
ekasi da macis saocari TavgadasavliTa da xifaTiT aRsavse bediT.
a. furcelaZem glexobis yofa batonymobis gadavardnis Semdegi droisac aR-
wera. saglexo reformam glexis mdgomareoba ver Secvala. batonymoba moispo,
magram glexi mainc ver gaTavisuflda, man ver miiRo miwa, igi yofili batonis,
axlandeli memamulis Semyure darCa. batonymuri meurneobis naSTebi, didi gada-
saxadebi da memamulisaTvis miwis gamosasyidi fasis gadaxda, rac xSirad glexu-
ri meurneobis Semosavals aRemateboda, iwvevda glexTa ekonomikur gaCanagebas.
kapitalisturi warmoebis ganviTarebam soflis mosaxleoba daanawila da maT
Soris mourigebeli brZola gaaCaRa. soflis mosaxleobis dayofa qonebis mixed-
viT Raribi glexobisaTvis autaneli Seiqna. soflis ufrosoba mdidarma nawilma
igdo xelSi. sasoflo gadasaxadebs yvelaze erTnairad anawilebdnen. gadasaxadi
advili gasastumrebeli iyo SeZlebulTaTvis, magram, iseTi adamianisaTvis, vinc
kvers nacarSi acxobs, autaneli da SeuZlebeli gaxda. aseTia nacarkveraZe,
arafris mqone glexi, romelic gadasaxadis mixedviT gaTanasworebulia SeZle-
bulebTan. am qitesa nacarkveraZis yofa aris aRwerili moTxrobaSi `qitesa~.
192
a. furcelaZis im TxzulebaTa mixedviT, romlebSic mwerals glexTa mdgomare-
oba aqvs aRwerili, SeiZleba Tvali gaedevnos cvlilebebs, rac xdeboda qarTul so-
felSi feodaluri urTierTobis rRvevisas da kapitalisturi warmoebis ganviTa-
rebis procesSi. Tu `marTa~ asaxavda glexTa yofas batonymur pirobebSi, sxva viTa-
reba aris aRwerili moTxrobaSi `qitesa~, romelsac qvesaTaurad uweria —ambavi sa-
xelmwifo soflis cxovrebidan.
am patara TxzulebaSi a. furcelaZem cocxlad warmosaxa ara mxolod qitesa,
aramed, saerTod, Raribi, ubadruki, miwasTan gasworebuli glexoba. nawarmoebi dawe-
rilia 1871 wels, roca qarTul sofelSi momZlavrebuli iyo mosaxleobis diferen-
ciacia. swored es viTareba asaxa mweralma moTxrobaSi. misTvis cnobilia yvela
wvrilmani glexobis yofisa, amitomac uSualobiT da pirdapirobiT daxatuli qite-
sas saxe didxans rCeba mkiTxvelTa mexsierebaSi.
mwerali aRwers gamogonil sofel briyveTianSi momxdar ambavs, sadac glexebi
SeZlebis mixedviT dayofilni arian litrianebad, samCareqianebad, naxevarlitri-
anebad da Careqianebad. magram sofelSi arian iseTebic, romlebic am danayofSi
ver xvdebian, radgan maT sulis garda araferi gaaCniaT. bunebrivia, soflis Tavka-
cebi SeZlebuli glexebi arian, romelnic Tavissave mezoblebs, Tanasoflelebs —
qitesa nacarkveraZes, bero burtylaZes, mose mwyeraZes da maTs msgavsT metad aviw-
roeben. mozrdili nafuzris patronma cetiaSvilma da qitesa nacarkveraZem, ro-
melsac erTaderTi Zroxa SimSiliT moukvda, erTnairi gadasaxadi unda gadaixadon
— aseTia soflis TavkacTa gadawyvetileba. am niadagze Cndeba ukmayofileba da Cxu-
bi, rac mTavrdeba ketis trialiT da cema-tyepiT. amis Sedegad burtylaZe da na-
carkveraZe arian dalurjebulni da dasisxlianebulni. daCagruli glexebi simar-
Tlisa da samarTlis saZieblad qalaqs midian, saidanac iseve gawbilebulni dabrun-
debian, rogorc sofelSi iyvnen. mwerali ufro amuqebs saRebavs imiT, rom qitesas
14-15 wlis gogo maro, romelic batonTan idga mosamsaxured, Sin Sercxvenili dab-
runda. gamwarebuli qitesa sasowarkveTili iZaxis: `waval. xelmwifesTan waval...
RmerTamdin vivli, RmerTamdina...raRad minda Tavi cocxali...~
a. furcelaZem TxzulebaSi daxata qitesas msgavsi uRaribesi, uuflebo, dam-
cirebuli adamianebis mTeli wyeba, romlebic mdidari glexebis, vaWrebis, dawe-
sebulebaTa moxeleebis neba-survils asruleben.
aseT yofaSia glexoba saglexo reformis meore dRes.
70-ian wlebSi a. furcelaZe ukve nacadi mwerali iyo. man garkveuli rolic ki
Seasrula xalxosnuri mimdinareobis ganviTarebaSi. kavSiri xalxosnebTan mwe-
ralma umTavresad gamoxata ekonomikuri xasiaTis werilebiT, romelTac Jur-
nal `mnaTobSi~ da gazeT `guTnis dedaSi~ beWdavda 70-ian wlebSi.
`mnaTobsa~ da `guTnis dedaSi~ gamoqveynebul werilebSi (`Cveni saltolve-
lo~, `sasoflo werilebi~, `sasoflo bankebisa da mamulis saerTo mflobelobis
Taobaze...~) a. furcelaZe sargeblobda rusi `narodnikebisagan~ miRebuli Temu-
ri saerTo mflobelobis ideiT, romelic xalxis ekonomiuri keTildReobis qva-
kuTxedad unda gadaqceuliyo. cxadia, rogorc yvela xalxosans, masac am dros
axasiaTebda winaaRmdegobani. azrovnebis aseTma mimdinareobam, rasakvirvelia,
gavlena moaxdina mis mxatvrul Semoqmedebazec.
kapitalisturi samyaros kritika a. furcelaZes gaSlili aqvs piesaSi àva-
zakni~, romelSic aRwerilia e. w. `bneli samefo~, sadac araa erTurTis dandoba,
erTurTis Sewynareba. am `bnel samefoSi~ gabatonebulan vaWrebi, flidi da meq-
rTame Cinosnebi, matyuara advokatebi da sammarTvelo sistemis usindiso warmo-
madgenlebi. nawarmoebSi daxatulia siClungis pativiscema da dawixlva adamia-
nobisa. burJuaziul-kapitalisturi Segnebis mqone sazogadoeba axSobs siaxles,
azris moZraobas. qveyanaze fulia gabatonebuli da fulis raodenoba gansazR-
vravs adamianis adgils sazogadoebaSi. mweralma amxila avazakuri da mtaceb-
193
lur-momxveWeli buneba gabatonebuli sazogadoebisa. havaqa dilanovis, zaxar
iagoriCis, minas ivaniCis mtaceblur saqmianobasa da uadamianobas aravin regla-
ments ar udebs, maTi yaCaRoba xelisuflebisaganac da sazogadoebisaganac neba-
darTulia.
a. furcelaZis TxzulebebSi umniSvnelo adgili uWiravs eklesiis msaxurTa,
mkiTxavTa, eqimbaSTa moRvaweobis, crumorwmuneobis damRupveli gavlenis aRwe-
ras. misi gmirebi moazrovne axalgazrdebi arian, romelTac SeswevT unari ana-
lizi gaukeTon saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis arss, iqonion mowinave azrebi,
romelTa mizani amqveyniuri adamianuri yofis mowesrigeba aris, aris damyareba
socialuri Tanasworobisa, adamianTa Soris namdvili adamianuri da gulwrfeli
damokidebulebisa. es axalgazrdebi msjeloben momavali sazogadoebis av-kar-
gze. svimon badlaZe, besarion vargisaSvili, vasil nawretiSvili da sxvani gonie-
ri axalgazrdebi arian, maT analitikuri azrovnebis unari aqvT, mgznebared sa-
ubroben, riTac axalgazrda Tanamzraxvelebs iCenen.
a. furcelaZe sxva TxzulebebSic axdens axalgazrda adamianTa progresuli
Sexedulebebis demonstrirebas, kerZod, socialuri borotebis winaaRmdeg maT
amxedrebas, an burJuaziuli yofisagan gaqelili pirovnebis damcvelad maT aRze-
vebas. am axalgazrduli Zalis Rirseba ganaTlebisadmi ltolvaa, demokratiuli
azrovnebaa, konkretul problemaTa gadawyvetisaken miswrafebaa.
msgavsi inteligentis saxe pirvelad an. furcelaZem daxata moTxrobaSi `mar-
Ta~, Tavad rostom tablaZis ZmisSvilis, daviTis saxiT. daviTs Segnebuli aqvs,
rom axlovdeba glexobis socialuri gaTavisuflebis dro, magram mas, avtoris
daxasiaTebiT naklad, èniT yoCaRoba~ gamohyoloda, mas ara hqonoda Tavi `saqme-
zed saqmis miyvanisa~. biZasTan molaparakebisas gancdili marcxis Semdeg igi gle-
xebTan aRiarebs — rostomTan vera gavawye-rao.
daviTis msgavsad, a. furcelaZis sxva nawarmoebSi gamoxatuli naswavli axal-
gazrdebic maRali fenidan arian gamosulni. mwerali maT akisrebs cxovrebis
ukuRmarTobis gamosworebisaTvis fiqrsa da zrunva-saqmes. esenic ewamebian sazo-
gadoebis wevrTa wamebiT, maTi gulebic keTilSobili zraxvebiT aris aRsavse,
mzad arian yvelaferi humanuri grZnobebis karnaxiT moimoqmedon. saubedurod
sazogadoeba cru rwmeniT, drogadasuli tradiciebiTaa Seborkili, mas ar Ses-
wevs sikeTiT aRgznebuli axalgazrdis dafasebis unari, ris gamoc igi far-xmals
yris, Sua gzaze Cerdeba, xsnisa da daxmarebis obieqts Sua wyalSi xels SeuSvebs da
gadarCenis imeds uxSobs.
sainteresodaa daxatuli nawarmoebSi — `samis Tavgadasavali~ — svimon bad-
laZis saxe. man gauZlo yovelgvar winaaRmdegobas, dasZlia SimSili, dacinva-Se-
uracxyofa da meZav maSasTan damokidebulebaSi gamoamJRavna maRali adamianuri
Tvisebebi. a. furcelaZem am nawarmoebSi mravali saintereso ambavi da bevri ada-
miani aRwera. is survilebi, romlebic amoqmedebda svimons, samociani wlebis ru-
sul literaturaSi ukve damuSavebuli iyo. am SemTxvevaSi an. furcelaZes maga-
liTi SeeZlo aeRo n.CerniSevskis romanidan `ra vakeToT?~
svimon badlaZis msgavs adamianebs, marTalia, xalxisaTvis samsaxuris gawevis
didi survili amoqmedebT, magram isini metad ususurni arian, xSirad saqmes Sua
gzaze Tavs anebeben da garbian soflidan qalaqSi, qalaqidan sofelSi, saqarTve-
lodan sazRvargareT, survilebiTa da jan-RoniT aRsavseni uazrod iRupebian.
es personaJebi `monanie aznaurebic~ arian, romlebic winaparTa mier daSvebul
SecdomaTa gamosworebas cdiloben, magram dawyebuli saqme dasasrulamde ver
mihyavT uxerxemlobisa da praqtikuli cxovrebis ucodinrobis gamo.
svimon badlaZis saxe a. furcelaZem Semdeg araerTxel aametyvela. 1873 wels
daweril TxzulebaSi — `Cveneburi saqmis bolo~, badlaZis oreuli vasil nawre-
taSvili daxata.
194
svimon badlaZe (`samis Tavgadasavali~), vasil nawretaSvili (`Cveneburi saq-
mis bolo~), miSo (`vai, marTalT!~) SesaniSnavi azris mqoneni arian, maT unari aqvT
msjelobisa, SeiaraRebulan Teoriuli codniT, magram ar hyofniT principulo-
ba.
gmiri moTxrobisa `vai marTalTa~, miSo, magaliTad, gabedulad Seudga prog-
resis SuqiT ganaTebul gzas, magram, male tydeba da sakuTari qveynisTvis gamo-
usadegari xdeba. miSos saxeSi a. gercenisa da i. turgenevis mier gamoxatuli ax-
algazrdebis xasiaTebi moaqcia mweralma. sazogadoebasa da amgvar adamianTa So-
ris SeuTanxmebloba sufevs, konfliqtic amitom xdeba maT Soris, ris Sedegadac
pirovneba marcxdeba.
miSo hgavs i. turgenevis rudins, uaRresad ganaTlebul adamians, magram
fraziors, romelsac saqmisaTvis xeli ver moukidnia; miSoc maRali gonebis pat-
ronia, male xiblavs adamians kargi laparakiT, magram saqmes verc is uZRveba. ami-
tomac mieltvis sazogadoebisagan gandgomas, sazRvargareT cdilobs gamgzav-
rebas. bolos miatova samSoblo, jer garibaldis razmSi Caewera, Semdeg ki pari-
zis komunarebSi gaeria da barikadebze brZolis dros daeca.
n. CerniSevskis romanSi, romelic a. furcelaZis idealebis ganxorcieleba
iyo, idga sakiTxi qalTa uflebis Sesaxeb. revoluciurma da demokratiulma in-
teligenciam seriozuli yuradReba miaqcia qalis emansipaciis sakiTxs. maT qa-
lis Tanasworuflebianoba miiRes da mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSic didi adgili da-
uTmes mas. a. furcelaZem, pirvelma qarTul literaturaSi, daayena sakiTxi qalis
ojaxuri da saskolo aRzrdis Taobaze. misi nawarmoebebi, romlebic axalgazrdo-
bis saqmianobas da maT gegmebs exeba, ganekuTvneba qalTa sakiTxsac. mwerlis idea-
lia qalis monawileoba saqveyno saqmeebSi. a. furcelaZis moTxrobaTa gmiri mama-
kacebi Teoriulad da praqtikulad exmarebian qalebs, romelTac esaWiroebaT ga-
naTlebac, swavlac, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebac.
a. furcelaZem Tavis SemoqmedebaSi didi adgili dauTmo istoriul Temas. sa-
qarTvelos istoriidan mas itacebs erTi momenti, metad Taviseburi da saSineli
periodi Cveni qveynis warsulidan — Sah-abasis Semosevani da qarTvelTa Tavdacvi-
Ti brZola giorgi saakaZis meTaurobiT. qarTveli xalxis cxovrebis am istoriul
monakveTs mweralma miuZRvna mozrdili gamokvleva — `brZola saqarTvelos mo-
saspobad da saqarTvelos SesaerTeblad anu giorgi saakaZe da misi dro~. giorgi
saakaZis pirovnebiT daintereseba sakmaod didxans gagrZelebula. giorgi saakaZe-
zea dawerili tragedia `didi mouravi~, poemebi — `marabda~, `Tamar Razneli~,
moTxrobebi — `daviT aslaniSvili-jandieri~ da `SeTqmuleba giorgi saakaZisa~.
istoriis Temaze dawerili Txzulebebisa da gamokvlevis mizani aris Cveneba im aS-
lilobisa da daqsaqsvisa, riTac xasiaTdeba feodaluri saqarTvelo. uaRresad
ganviTarebuli separatizmi, wvrilman interesTa win wamoweva, erTurTis winaaR-
mdeg brZola, ZmaTa Soris sisxlis Rvra — ai is faqtebi, rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo
Zveli, feodaluri saqarTvelosaTvis. zogierTi qveynis gamgeblisa da did sagva-
reuloTa uazro nabijebi, rac safuZveli iyo qveynis ngrevisa (`bagrationebis di-
deba~), sagvareulo SuRli da qiSpi (`Tamar Razneli~), did TavadTa gesliani damo-
kidebuleba gulSematkivarTan (`didi mouravi~) a. furcelaZes xSirad auweria.
igi istoriuli Temis damuSavebisas im principebiT xelmZRvanelobda, romliTac
ilia WavWavaZe da akaki wereTeli. maT saqarTvelos warsulidan amokrifes samSob-
los siyvarulisa da misi dacvis gamomxatveli SesaniSnavi epizodebi da Tanamed-
roveT miuTiTes qveynisaTvis brZolis saSualebebze. a. furcelaZemac amas miaq-
cia yuradReba da, TiTqos ufro daaxasiaTa saqarTvelos warsulSi moqmedi Zale-
bis roli, dainaxa is saqmeebi, rasac akeTebda maRali wodeba saqarTvelos mTlia-
nobisa da damoukideblobis dangrevis saqmeSi.
195
a. furcelaZem i. WavWavaZis msgavsad matianeebSi xalxis yofa ver amoikiTxa da
amitom miznad daisaxa TviT Seeqmna xalxis mdgomareobis amsaxveli Txzulebebi.
misi SexedulebiT, istoria ar iZleva namdvil cnobebs:
`CvenT matianeT damwerelni yurs ar ugdeben
arca xalxsa da arca xalxis yofa-cxovrebas,
isini marto mefeTa da sardalT icnobdnen
da agviwerdnen maTs omebs da maTs amxedrebas.
dajda bakuri qarTlis mefed, mokvda bakuri,
bakuris Semdeg dajda farsman, kaci uZluri,
sumbatis Semdgom mefed dajda bagrat regveni,
mokvda regveni, sumbat, daviT da sxva mefeni~
( `Tamar Razneli~, Tavi 4, str. 2-3)
aseTia mwerlis azriT saqarTvelos oficialuri istoria. amis sawinaaRmdegod
poemaSi `Tamar Razneli~ mweralma daxata saxalxo gmiri — bero dvaliZe, romelic
dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi gauZRveba xalxs. Zveli politikuri yofis kriti-
kiT a. furcelaZe gamodis saxelmwifoebrivi simtkicisa da Zlieri adgilobrivi
mmarTvelobis momxred. qveynis saTaveSi unda iseTi gonieri da gamocdili strate-
gi idges, rogoric giorgi saakaZe iyo.
istoriul TxzulebebSi mwerali gvixatavs qarTveli qalis, qarTveli dedis
gmirul saxeebs. qeTevan dedofali sayvareli gmiria mwerlisa, romlis patriotiz-
mze da gamZleobaze bevrs msjelobs rogorc gamokvlevaSi, ise mxatvrul Txzule-
bebSi. poemaSi `Tamar Razneli~ dawvrilebiT aris aRwerili qeTevanis wameba. amasTan
erTad, masSi daxatulia meore Tavdadebuli qarTveli qalis, givi Raznelis asulis —
Tamaris saxe, romlis simtkices veraviTari muqara ver aryevs. aseTive saxe qarTveli
qalisa gaxlavT xerxeuliZeTa deda poemidan `cxra Zma~. keTilSobili aRmzrdeli
brZolis velze istumrebs Svilebs da Tavadac gmirulad ibrZvis. istoriul-patri-
otuli Tema aqvs mwerals damuSavebuli, agreTve, piesaSi àsuli israelisa~.
a. furcelaZe kargi ostatia Temis amorCevisa. mwerali cxovrebas misdevs
fexdafex da yvela mniSvnelovan movlenas cocxlad da swrafad exmaureba. igi
qadagebs arsebuli wyobilebis winaaRmdeg brZolas. Tamamad amxels sazogadoeb-
rivi yofis uaryofiT mxareebs, dauRalavad ebrZvis qarTveli inteligenciis
uniaTobasa da SemoqmedebiTi Zalebis modunebas, sityviTa da laparakiT gatace-
bas, moiTxovs praqtikuli saqmianobis gaZlierebas da jvarze akravs molaybesa
da uxerxemlos. mweralma gailaSqra burJuaziul-kapitalisturi sazogadoebis
mtacebluri interesebis winaaRmdeg da araerTgan amxila misi mgluri gautan-
loba. mweralma amxila xelisuflebisa da xalxis moTxovnilebaTa SeuTanxmeb-
lobac. a. furcelaZe Tavisuflebis mqadagebeli iyo, gansakuTrebiT uyvarda
TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli adamiani da xalxi. didi gatacebiT eweoda igi ga-
ribaldis pirovnebisa da moRvaweobis popularizacias.
a. furcelaZis Semoqmedeba aqtualuri da ideurad Ronieria, magram, samwuxa-
rod, mxatvrulobas naklebi yuradReba aqvs daTmobili. mwerali Semoqmedebas iye-
nebs saqadageblad, azrTa gadmosacemad. amitomacaa, rom misi Txzulebebi aRsavsea
ideebiT, SinaarsiT da, naklebad, gamoqandakebuli formiTa da saxeebiT. nawarmoe-
bis aRnagobac Taviseburi gaaCnda mas. didi masala da didi Tema saSualebas ar aZ-
levs konkretuli momentebi warmoadginos da maTze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT,
mxatvruli detalizaciis saSualebiT, isini tipurni gaxados. masalis siuxve xSi-
rad Warbobs da amitom xSiradve mis TxzulebebSi gvian Cndeba mTavari gmiri. nawar-
moebTa stili gaubraloebulia, mwerals uyvars iseT ambavTa detalizacia, romel-
nic siaxlis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovans aras warmoadgenen, mis TxzulebaTa gmi-
rebis gvarebic winaswar gansazRvraven maTs xasiaTs: nacarkveraZe, burtylaZe ( `qi-
tesa~), tablaZe ( `marTa~), medgariZe (`vai marTalTa~) da sxvani, da mkiTxvels winas-
196
war awvdian cnobebs gmiris xasiaTis Taobaze. mwerali uxvad mimarTavs sizmris mo-
tivs.
a. furcelaZis mxatvruli Semoqmedebisa da publicistikis ena aRsavsea ru-
sicizmebiT, rac avtors sruliad ar eCoTireba. daniel WonqaZes ki usayvedu-
rebda barbarizmebiT nawarmoebis gadatvirTvas. misi saubari yovelTvis saamo
mosasmeni yofila, `laparakSi enawylianobas iCendao~, àntoni rom saxlSi Semo-
va, kedlebic ki iciniano~, — gadmogvcemen memuaristebi.
prof. simon xundaZe, werilSi ànton furcelaZe da egnate ninoSvili~1 wer-
da, rom am or mweralsa da publicists Soris arsebobs ideuri naTesaoba, rac is-
toriuli TanamimdevrobiT unda aixsnaso, rom a. furcelaZem Tavisi mxatvruli
Semoqmedebis TematikiTa da publicistikis motivebiT istoriulad Seamzada ni-
adagi eg.ninoSvilis aRmosaceneblad. is, rac ver SeZlo an.furcelaZem Tavisi
epoqis xasiaTis gamo, sacnauri da SesaZlebeli gaxda eg. ninoSvilisaTvis, rad-
gan man wina epoqis mweralTa da a. furcelaZis gamocdilebiT isargebla da gada-
iqca mecnieruli socializmis mimdevrado. s.xundaZe aCvenebs im adgils, rome-
lic epyra a. furcelaZes qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris istoriaSi.
a. furcelaZem wina rigSi wamoayena pirovneba, misi goneba da Segneba, mas daa-
vala sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Secvla, magram es Segneba dairRva istoriuli
ganviTarebis kanoniT, radgan kapitalizmis ganviTarebam da axli sawarmoo ur-
TierTobis damyarebam sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gardamqmnel faqtorad pro-
letariatis revoluciuri Zala daadgina.
a. furcelaZem Tavis Tanamedrove mwerlebis msgavsad kritikuli realizmis
meTodi gamoiyena. mwerali Tavis inteligent gmirebTan erTad aRSofoTebulia
arsebuliT, ibrZvis mis gardasaqmnelad, magram, Tu mas maTTan erTad mklavi
usustdeba, imis gamo, rom maSindeli sazogadoebrivi Segneba da azri met da
sxvagvar SesaZleblobas ver qmnida. mwerlis pirovnebaSi ki imdenad didi iyo
miswrafeba revoluciuri gardaqmnis ideisaken, rom Tavisi erTi gmiri, radgan
mas saqarTveloSi samoqmedo asparezi ver mounaxa, frang komunarebSi gauria da
`kacis simarTlisaTvis~ msxverplad Seswira.
simarTlisaTvisa da adamianobisaTvis brZola amoqmedebda anton furcela-
Zes, rac man Taviseburad gamoxata Tavis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi.
1
Jurn. `qarTuli mwerloba~, 1929, 11-12.
197
XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebi
XIX s. 80-iani wlebi rTuli sazogadoebriv-politikuri viTarebiT xasiaTdeba.

erTi mxriv erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli da revoluciur-demokratiuli moZra-
obis aRmavloba, meore mxriv, reaqciis gaZliereba. literaturasa da, saerTod,
kulturul cxovrebas tons jer kidev samocianelebi aZleven, magram samwerlo
asparezze ukve gamoCndnen xalxosnuri mwerlobis warmomadgenlebi. gansakuTre-
biT mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom swored 80-ian wlebSi moRvaweobas iwyeben a.
yazbegi da vaJa-fSavela. 80-iani wlebidan iwyeben saqmianobas dramatuli sazoga-
doeba da qarTuli Teatri, qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazoga-
doeba, Cndeba axali perioduli gamocemebi da a. S. asparezze gamodis kritikosTa
da publicistTa axali Taoba. mwerlobis ganmsazRvreli mxatvruli meTodi kvlav
realizmia, Tumca empiriul-naturalisturi tendenciebic araa gamonaklisi. yove-
live aman ganapiroba 80-iani wlebis Taviseburebani saqarTveloSi.
***
70-iani wlebis dasasrulsa da 80-iani wlebis damdegs sagrZnoblad gaZlier-

da reaqcia mTels ruseTis imperiaSi. miT ufro es igrZnoboda SemoerTebul
qveynebSi, sadac socialuri Cagvris winaaRmdeg brZolas erovnul-ganmaTavi-
suflebeli moZraobac emateboda. saqarTveloSi gaZlierda Seviwroeba erovnu-
li enisa, Teatrisa, sxvadasxva kulturul-saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebisa.
amitom iyo, rom qarTveli mwerlebi, uwinares ki qarTveli samocianelebi Seu-
povrad ebrZodnen ruseTis xelisuflebis koloniur RonisZiebebs. upirvelesi
sagani zrunvisa qarTuli ena iyo. imxanad xelisufleba yovelnairad cdilobda
mSobliuri ena ganedevna TviT dawyebiTi skolebidanac ki. amas mohyva i. WavWava-
Zis, a. wereTlis, s. mesxis, k.lorTqifaniZis, i. gogebaSvilis da sxvaTa saprotes-
to gamosvla qarTul presaSi. 1881 wels i. WavWavaZe kategoriulad acxadebda:
`radganac arsebiTi niSani erovnebisa, misi guli da suli — enaa, amitomac tlanqi
xeli umecaris moxeleobisa yvelazed uwinares enas miswvda. Tu romelsame moxe-
lis xels am SemTxvevaSi azri ram amoqmedebda, eg is azri iyo, rom saxelmwifo
enazed ar laparakobeno. ugunureba am azrisa cxadia~.1
aseve icavda Cveni inteligencia qarTuli Teatris erovnulobas. 1879 wels
Camoyalibda qarTuli dramatuli sazogadoeba da qarTuli mudmivi Teatri.
profesiuli Teatris aRdgenas ganuzomeli mniSvneloba eniWeboda. mas biZgi un-
da mieca ara marto qarTuli mwerlobisa da, kerZod, dramaturgiis aRmavlobi-
saTvis, aramed gaeZlierebina erovnuli TviTSegneba, daerazma xalxi brZoli-
saTvis damoukideblobis mosapoveblad.
qarTuli Teatris swored aseTi suliskveTeba ar moewona mefis ruseTis xe-
lisuflebas. amitom iyo, rom d. erisTavis mier gadmokeTebuli v.sardus piesis —
`samSoblos~ dadgmas katkovis Savrazmuli gazeTi — `Московские ведомости~ Seu-
racxmyofeli weriliT gamoexmaura. qarTuli dramatuli sazogadoebis da qar-
Tuli Teatris erT-erTi sulisCamdgmeli i. WavWavaZe iyo, kaci, romelmac Rir-
seuli pasuxi gasca katkovis gazeTs ( `katkovis pasuxad~, droeba, 1882, 40). aseve
mkacrad gamoepasuxa katkovs a. wereTeli `droebasa~ da `kavkazSi~.
erovnuli meobis dacva, erovnuli istoriisa da kulturis warmoCena, saer-
Tod, erovnuli Rirsebis xelSeuxebloba qarTvel samocianelebs kvlav upirve-
1
i . W a v W a v a Z e , TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t. V, 1955, gv. 80-81.
les amocanad esaxebaT. reaqciis periodSi, gansakuTrebiT aleqsandre meoris
mkvlelobis Semdeg, es problemebi kidev ufro mwvaved wamoiWra. amitom acxa-
debs ilia ase dabejiTebiT, rom `saxelmwifo erTobas ar uSlis arc rjulisa da
arc eris sxvadasxvaoba~.
ilia kategoriulad icavs calkeuli eris uflebebs, misi sityviT, `ruseTi
erTi imisTana saxelmwifoa, saca sxvadasxva tomisa da enis erni scxovroben, da
mere, ise, rom TavianT mama-papeul miwa-wyalzed Sejgufebulni arian da ara Si-
gadaSig gafantulni. amitomac eris udidess sapolitiko sagans ruseTisas Sead-
gens jer is, rom sxvadasxva tomis erni rogor unda moewyon SinaobaSi saTiTaod,
da mere — rogor unda moTavsdnen saxelmwifosTan... yvelas unda winaswar scod-
noda, rom dResa Tu xvale ruseTi iZulebuli Seiqneboda daeniSna samzRvari sa-
xelmwifo moqmedebisa sazogadod da erovnebisa calked da erTisa da meoris moe-
dani cal-calke Semoefargla ...ruseTs ara hqonda da arc dReisaqamomde aqvs ga-
morkveuli da dadgenili deda azri maszed, Tu sad Tavdeba ufleba erovnebisa da
sad iwyeba saxelmwifosi~.1
qarTveli samocianelebi 80-ian wlebSic dabejiTebiT eZieben socialuri da
erovnuli Tavisuflebis gzebs da swored am xanebSi erTxel kidev gancxadda i.
WavWavaZisa da mis TanamoazreTa erovnuli koncefcia, romlis mixedviTac, ba-
tonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg, mTeli yuradReba erovnul problemaze unda gadae-
tanaT. uwinares yovlisa, saWiro iyo erovnuli Tavisuflebis mopoveba. es idea-
li yvela wodebas aerTianebda erTi droSis qveS. amitom aRar iyo saWiro wodeb-
riv winaaRmdegobaTa gaRrmaveba, maTze yuradRebis gamaxvileba. mTeli Cveni
erovnuli energia unda warimarTos erTi miznisaken, Cven Sidaklasobrivi brZo-
la aras gvargebs, igi mxolod dagvasustebs. i. WavWavaZe, romelmac kargad icis,
rom evropis istoria klasTa brZolis istoriaa, saqarTvelos mimarT gamonak-
liss uSvebs ( `cxovreba da kanoni~). Cven patara eri varT, msjelobs ilia da yo-
velgvari Sinagani winaaRmdegoba CvenTvis momakvdinebelia. amitom man warsuli
wodebrivi winaaRmdegobebis gaxsenebac aRar miiCnia saWirod. wodebebma xeli
unda gauwodon erTmaneTs, unda daingres is zRude, romelic saukuneTa ganmav-
lobaSi aRimarTa maT Soris socialur-ekonomikuri sxvaobis bazaze. unda aR-
sdges `Catexili xidi~. es azria mxatvrulad xorcSesxmuli òTaraanT qvrivSi~.
ra safuZvelze moxdeba aseTi feriscvaleba? -ilia, ra Tqma unda, iseTi gulub-
ryvilo ar aris, rom fiqrobdes, TiTqos sakmarisia Segneba, `namusis qudis~ da-
xurva da yovelive mogvardebao (mkvlevarTa sakmaod didi nawili aseT Sexedu-
lebas miawers i. WavWavaZes). ilias azriT, erTianma Sromam unda gardaqmnas ada-
miani, mTlianad sazogadoeba, maSin moxdeba `maSvralis gankaceba~ da sruli wo-
debrivi gaTanasworeba, `Sromis sufeva mova maSina~, rogorc es jer kidev àC-
rdilSi~ iwinaswarmetyvela iliam. Tavisufali Sroma `Tavisufal miwaze~ — goe-
Tes faustis dedaazria magram, rogor unda damyarebuliyo es `Sromis sufeva~?
cxadia, iliasTvis igi ar gulisxmobda klasTa brZolas, aramed, rogorc aRvniS-
neT, erovnuli mTlianobis ideas emyareboda.
erovnul RonisZiebaTa gamoxatuleba iyo ara marto qarTuli dramatuli sa-
zogadoebis, qarTuli Teatris da saTavadaznauro bankis daarseba, aramed iseTi
didi kulturul-saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis Camoyalibebac, rogoric iyo
`qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba~. am wamowyebis ini-
ciatorebi, uwinares yovlisa, isev da isev qarTveli samocianelebi iyvnen. `qar-
TvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba~ aris ara mxolod kul-
turuli dawesebuleba, aramed Cveni erovnuli TavSesafari~, — vkiTxulobT am sa-
zogadoebis 1904 wlis 15 maisis angariSSi da marTlac, daarsebis dRidan (1879 w. 15
1
i . W a v W a v a Z e , TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t. V, 1955, gv. 79-80.
199
maisi, gamgeobis pirveli Tavmjdomare dim. yifiani), vidre likvidaciamde (1927 w.
ivnisi) sazogadoeba Taosnobda mraval erovnul wamowyebas, igi Cveni kulturis
centrad iqca. am sazogadoebis mfarvelobiTa da xelSewyobiT daarsda sxvadasxva
tipis qarTuli skola, biblioTekebi, sazogadoeba exmareboda axlad daarsebul
qarTul Teatrs, Jurnal-gazeTebs, beWdavda saxelmZRvaneloebsa da sakiTxav wig-
nebs, uniSnavda stipendiebs ruseTsa da evropis umaRles saswavleblebSi moswav-
le qarTvel studentebs da a. S.
qarTvel moRvaweTa aseTi patriotuli RonisZiebani, cxadia, oficialuri
xelisuflebis ukmayofilebas iwvevda. xSiri iyo konfliqti, represiebic. amis
erTi yvelaze cxadi dadasturebaa dimitri yifianis tragikuli aRsasruli. ro-
gorc cnobilia, 1886 w. Seuracxyofilma seminarielma ioseb laRiaSvilma mokla
seminariis Savrazmeli reqtori Cudecki. egzarxosma pavlem oficialurad, ek-
lesiis ambionidan SeaCvena laRiaSvili da mTeli qarTveli eri. maSin d. yifianma
egzarxoss miswera mkacri werili da mosTxova saqarTvelo daetovebina, —
`...Tqveni Rirsebisa da wodebis gadasarCenad gmarTebT, viTarca Seuracxmyofeli,
dauyovnebliv gaecaloT Tqvens mier Seuracxyofil mxares~. d. yifiani xelisuf-
lebam gadaayena quTaisis guberniis Tavadaznaurobis marSlis Tanamdebobidan da
gadaasaxla stavropols, sadac igi 1887 w. muxanaTurad mokles. am faqtma aRaSfo-
Ta qarTveli sazogadoeba. d. yifianis dakrZalva erovnul manifestaciad iqca.
akaki am tragedias gamoexmaura brwyinvale leqsebiT: `ganTiadi~ da `qarTveli
ucxoeTSi~.
***
rogorc aRvniSneT, 80-ian wlebSi TavianT aqtiur samwerlo da sazogadoebriv

moRvaweobas agrZeleben samocianelebi. am periodSi mravali TvalsaCino mxat-
vruli, publicisturi, literaturul-kritikuli da pedagogiuri nawarmoebi
Seqmnes: i. WavWavaZem, a. wereTelma, n. nikolaZem, i. gogebaSvilma da sxv. am xanebSi
samwerlo asparezze gamoCndnen a. yazbegi da vaJa-fSavela, romlebic, marTalia,
ZiriTadad samocianelTa tradiciebs agrZeleben, magram amave dros didad afar-
Toeben qarTuli mwerlobis ares Tematikurad da Janrobrivad. gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovani iyo qarTvel mTielTa yofis Cveneba, razec aqamde met-naklebad bun-
dovani warmodgena hqondaT barSi. am mwerlebma qarTvel mkiTxvels gaucnobieres
mTis yofa, zne-Cveulebani, iqaur mcxovrebTa idealebi, miswrafebani; rac mTavaria,
uCvenes, rom mTas barisagan gansxvavebuli interesebi ar gaaCnia, rom maT erTi sat-
kivari aqvT. amiT a. yazbegma da vaJa-fSavelam kidev ufro warmoaCines erTiani sa-
qarTvelos idea da qarTvel mkiTxvels ganumtkices rwmena, rom gaerTianebuli
brZola samSoblos TavisuflebisaTvis yvela qarTvelis sazrunavia.
80-ian wlebSive gaSales TavianTi literaturuli da praqtikuli saqmianoba
qarTvelma xalxosnebma. marTalia, 70-ian wlebSi maT ukve Camoayalibes TavianTi
jgufebi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, magram literaturul asparezze er-
Tiani poziciiT isini 80-ian wlebSi gamovidnen. swored am dros moaxerxes maT sa-
kuTari Jurnalis, ìmedis~ daarseba (1881-1883). cnobil xalxosan beletristeb-
Tan erTad (rogorebic iyvnen: n. lomouri, s. mgalobliSvili, a. furcelaZe, e.
gabaSvili), moRvaweobas iwyeben sxva mwerlebi da publicistebic: s.WrelaSvili,
g. maiaSvili (zdaneviCi), m. gurgeniZe, z. gulisaSvili, m. asaTiani, n. xizanaSvili...
es jgufi xalxosani mwerlebisa upirispirdeba samocianelebs da polemikas iwy-
ebs `droeba~-ìveriis~ winaaRmdeg. es axali Taoba samocianelebs usayvedurebs,
rom isini ar icnoben xalxis cxovrebas, mis satkivars, ar iZiebdnen glexobis mZime
mdgomareobis namdvil mizezebs; samocianelTa msjeloba ufro ganyenebuli xasi-
aTisa iyo da iseT problemebs utrialebda, romelTa gaSuqebas ar SeiZleboda ra-
ime pozitiuri, praqtikuli Sedegi mohyoloda. erovnuli sakiTxiT gatacebam
200
Cvens samocianelebs TiTqos xalxis saarsebo moTxovnebi daaviwya da a.S. magali-
Tad, g. maiaSvili Tavis statiaSi `werili Cven sazogadoebriv moRvaweTa mimarT~
(ìveria~, 1882) pirdapir acxadebs: àr SeiZleba reforma moaxdino romelisame sa-
zogadoebis cxovrebis nawilisa, Tu igi ucnobia da gamourkveveli. amisaTvis aris
saWiro svindisieri da yovelmxrivi Seswavla xalxis ekonomiuris cxovrebis yo-
vel mxareTa. mxolod amgvar Seswavlaze damyarebiT SeiZleba daaskvna esa Tu is
didi azri, gamoikvlio xelmZRvaneli principi da gzis maCvenebeli naTeli WeSma-
riti, romlis SemweobiT SesaZlebeli iqneba moipovos kacma zomani da RonisZieba-
ni saWiroebaTa dasakmayofileblad, damaSvral da tanjul mSromelTa gaWirvebis
da uilajobis cremlebis mosawmendaT. marTlac, viciT gana cota mainc wesierad
exlandeli mdgomareoba xalxisa? SegviZlian vuCvenoT uaxloesi mizezni xalxis
wuxilisa, gaWirvebisa da gaRaribebisa?~
qarTuli xalxosnoba rusuli e.w. `narodnikobis~ gamoZaxili iyo. narodniko-
bam ruseTSi farTo politikuri moZraobis xasiaTi miiRo. misi upirvelesi mizani
arsebuli weswyobilebis Secvla, glexuri ruseTis ganTavisufleba da socializ-
mis damyareba iyo. glexoba iyo socialuri Zala, romelsac unda moexdina es cvli-
lebebi. amitom glexobis gaTviTcnobiereba, masSi ganaTlebisa da revoluciuri
suliskveTebis Setana, saerTod, xalxis, glexobis yofis Seswavla misi cxovrebis
gaumjobeseba iyo narodnikebis moRvaweobis umTavresi mizani. ruseTSi arsebuli
Temuri miwaTmflobeloba (Община) unda yofiliyo safuZveli socialisturi sa-
zogadoebis damyarebisa. amitom ilaSqrebdnen es moRvaweebi kapitalizmis ganvi-
Tarebis winaaRmdeg ruseTSi. maT miaCndaT, rom adgilobriv TaviseburebaTa wya-
lobiT ruseTi ascdeboda evropis ganviTarebis gzas, ascdeboda kapitalistur
urTierTobas da pirdapir gadavidoda socializmSi. miuxedavad mravali arsebi-
Ti Secdomisa, es revolucionerebi garkveul TanagrZnobasac imsaxurebdnen, ram-
denadac ebrZodnen arsebul reJims ukeTesi momavlis saxeliT.
bevri qarTveli xalxosani ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed ruseTSic moRva-
weobda. magram unda iTqvas isic, rom xalxosnoba ar iyo maincdamainc organuli
movlena qarTuli sazogadoebrivi yofisa da literaturisaTvis, ramdenadac `na-
rodnikoba~ wminda rusul movlenas warmoadgenda. amitomacaa, rom, miuxedavad
rusuli `narodnikobis~ aSkara gavlenisa Cvens sazogadoebriv azrovnebasa da
mwerlobaze, xalxosnoba saqarTveloSi mainc sakmaod bevr ganmasxvavebel moments
warmoaCens. uwinares yovlisa, es mJRavndeba Temuri miwaTmflobelobis apologii-
sadmi srul gulgrilobaSi; aseve, kapitalisturi ganviTarebis kritika ar aris wam-
yvani Tema qarTuli xalxosnuri literaturisa da publicistikisa, piriqiT, zog-
jer Cveni xalxosani publicistebi adgilobriv vaWroba-mrewvelobis ganviTareba-
sac ki uWeren mxars; dasasrul, isini ver Semoifarglnen mxolod socialur-ekono-
mikuri sakiTxebiT da, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, marTalia araTanmimdevrulad, erov-
nul problemebsac Seexnen. am mxriv, qarTvelma xalxosnebma xarki mouxades mSob-
liuri mwerlobis did tradicias. amitom ar aris gasakviri, rom Semdeg xalxosanTa
erTi nawili ilias ìveriam~ Seifara.
***
80-ian wlebSi kidev ufro Rrmavdeba ara marto literaturuli, aramed sazo-
gadoebriv-politikuri kontaqtebi qarTvel da rus mowinave inteligencias So-
ris. qarTveli mamuliSvilebis brZolas sakuTari erovnuli uflebebis dasacavad
mxars uWerdnen da exmarebodnen ruseTSi gamoCenili mwerlebi da sazogado moR-
vaweebi. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom ilias mZafri polemikuri statia `katkovis pasu-
xad~ maSinve gadabeWda progresulma rusulma gazeTma `moskovski telegrafma~. am
xanebSi n. nikolaZe TavgamodebiT ibrZvis Tavisi maswavleblisa da megobris — n.
201
CerniSevskis gasanTavisufleblad (manve pirvelma gamosca sazRvargareT `Cerni-
Sevskis Txzulebani~). iTargmneba rusuli klasikuri literatura, idgmeba a. os-
trovskisa da sxvaTa piesebi qarTul scenaze. amave dros qarTuli mwerlobis
calkeuli nimuSebic iTargmneba rusulad da xelmisawvdomi xdeba rusi mkiTxve-
lisaTvis. saerTod, unda aRiniSnos, rom 80-ian wlebSi didad gafarTovda mTar-
gmnelobiTi saqmianoba CvenSi. sakmaod xSirad qveyndeba evropel mweralTa Txzu-
lebebic. am saqmianobaSi ukve aqtiurad monawileoben qarTveli qalebic. unda iT-
qvas, rom faqtobrivad am periodSi eyreba safuZveli qarTul sabavSvo litera-
turasac, uwinares yovlisa, iseTi mwerlebis wyalobiT, rogorebic iyvnen: i. goge-
baSvili, a. wereTeli, i. WavWavaZe, vaJa-fSavela n. lomouri, e. gabaSvili, a. Tuma-
niSvili -wereTlisa da sxv.
literaturuli saqmianobis aseT aRmavlobas, ra Tqma unda, didad Seuwyo xe-
li qarTuli presis ganviTarebam. 80-ian wlebSi ukve sakmaod bevri gazeTi da
Jurnali gamodis. zogierTis dasaxelebac sakmarisia: gaz. `droeba~ (1866-1883),
Jurnali ìmedi~ (1881-1883), gaz. `Sroma~ (1881-1883), `nobaTi~ (1883-1885, sabavSvo
Jurnali `pedagogiuris damatebiT mSobelTa da aRmzrdelTaTvis~), Jurn. `qar-
Tuli biblioTeka~ (1883), gaz. `Teatri~ (1885-1890), gaz. ìveria~ (1886-1906, manam-
de gamodioda Jurnalis saxiT), weliwdeuli `saqarTvelos kalendari~ (1888-
1905), sabavSvo Jurnali `jejili~ (1890-1920) da sxv. am gamocemebs ukve win uZRo-
da qarTuli presis garkveuli tradicia da gamocdileba.
202
niko lomouri
(1852-1915)
biografia
cnobili qarTveli mwerlis — niko lomouris samSoblo-kuTxea qarTli. swo-

red goris maxloblad, sofel arboSi, 1852 wlis 19 Tebervals daibada niko lo-
mouri. am sofelSi umetesad `qarTuli patiosnebiT savse~ mSromeli adamianebi
cxovrobdnen. mwerlis mama iosebic — miuxedavad imisa, rom mRvdeli iyo, Tavis
meuRle efemia gvimraZis qalTan erTad, mZime, glexkacur Sromas eweoda. ase rom,
glexkacuri Sromis simkacrisa da keTilSobilebis Sesaxeb Sexeduleba niko lo-
mourisaTvis naucbadevad SeZenili azri ki ar iyo, aramed, imTaviTve, momavali
mwerlis sasicocxlo atmosferodan iRebda saTaves da, rasakvirvelia, saTanado
inteleqtualuri gawafvis niadagze, mogvianebiT sxva STambeWdaobasa da damar-
wmunebel Zalmosilebas iZenda mis SemoqmedebaSi.
1860 wels patara niko goris sasuliero saswavlebelSi miabares, Semdeg ki
Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi Cairicxa. am droidan iwyeba niko lomouris ga-
morCeulad azriani SinaarsiT savse cxovreba. cnobismoyvare da bejiTi ymawvi-
lisaTvis pirdapir macocxlebeli mniSvneloba moipova saswavlebelSi yofnam,
radgan, sabednierod, Cveni eris didi moamage da moZRvari iakob gogebaSvili mo-
evlina n. lomours mfarvelad. `mas vbaZavdiT yvelaferSi, xSirad wvrilmaneb-
Sic ki, mag. laparakis kiloSi, siarulSi da sxva~ — igonebs mwerali. didi qarTve-
li pedagogis mier gansakuTrebuli taqtiT danergilma humanurobis grZnobam
asazrdova niko lomouris rogorc literaturuli, aseve praqtikul-sazogado-
ebrivi moRvaweobis Sinaarsi.
Tbilisis sasuliero saswavlebelSi swavlis dros — ì. WavWavaZec gavica-
niT~ — aRniSnavs n. lomouri. `gansakuTrebuli zegavlena moaxdina Cemze `glaxis
naambobma~, romelSic iseTi aRtacebuli grZnobiT aris aRwerili glexkaci. Cve-
neburi glexebi pataraobidanve miyvardnen, rogorc naTesavebi... moxsenebulma
wignma axla pativiscema aRZra Cems gulSi glexebisa~ — ganagrZobs mwerali. amave
periodSi gaecno igi CerniSevskis, dobrolubovis, gleb uspenskis, nekrasovis
nawerebs. àmaT erTianad gaafarToves Cemi warmodgena glexis Sesaxeb~ — aRniS-
navs n. lomouri. TbilisSi swavlis dros gaeRviZa mas SemoqmedebiTi interese-
bic. 1871 wels. `mnaTobSi~-c daibeWda n. lomouris leqsi.
1875 wels niko lomouri kievSi miemgzavreba. misi didi survilisda miuxeda-
vad, samedicino ganaTleba mieRo da bavSvTa eqimi gamxdariyo — n. lomourma niv-
Tieri gaWirvebis gamo, ver moaxerxa survilis asruleba da iZulebuli gaxda sa-
suliero akademiaSi Sesuliyo. am wlebSi n. lomouris mxatvruli interesebi sav-
sebiT momwifda. amaSi didi damsaxureba miuZRvis ilia WavWavaZes, akaki were-
Tels da iakob gogebaSvils.
literaturul niWTan erTad, n. lomouri pedagogiuri alRoTic aRmoCnda
dajildoebuli. etyoba imdenad gansakuTrebuli iyo iakob gogebaSvilisa da
sxva qarTvel pedagogTa qceva-saqmianobis gavlenis Zala axalgazrda n. lomo-
urze, rom igi sakuTari moRvaweobis qvakuTxedad aqcevs sxvis niWze zrunvas, mis
movlasa da dafasebas. niko lomourisaTvis STamagonebeli mniSvneloba moipova
ilia WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis, iakob gogebaSvilis, niko cxvedaZis saqmianobam,
203
maTma mamuliSvilurma miswrafebebma. Tu ara am saTavidan nasazrdoebi didi
grZnoba mamuliSvilobisa, aba, sxva ra mizani amoZravebda qarTlidan kievSi Ca-
sul sasuliero akademiis student niko lomours, rom cxovrebis megzuroba,
literaturuli maswavlebloba gaewia kievSi imereTidan Cayvanil, mSobliur
enadaviwyebul, samxedro gimnaziis moswavle daviT kldiaSvilisaTvis — daviT
kldiaSvilisaTvis, romelic Semdeg qarTuli literaturis mSvenebad da siama-
yed iqca.
niko lomouris pedagogiuri unari da mamuliSviluri gznebiT anTebuli gu-
li farTo samoqmedo asparezs eZebda. mwerlis cxovrebaSi es xanac dadga. 1879
wels igi samSobloSi brundeba; muSaobas iwyebs Tbilisis sasuliero seminaria-
Si, sadac rCeba 1883 wlis Semodgomamde, Semdeg ki n. lomouri gadmodis mSobli-
ur qalaq gorSi. samsaxuris adgils icvlis mwerali ara materialuri, an kerZo
interesiT, aramed wminda moqalaqeobrivi motiviT: mas miaCnia, rom imxanad au-
cilebeli iyo swored q. gors Semateboda sazogado moRvaweobis suliskveTebiT
aRsavse Tundac erTi pedagogi. aq, gorSi, gardacvalebamde atara mweralma mas-
wavleblis sapatio da sapasuxismgeblo tvirTi.
bunebiT maswavlebeli iyo niko lomouri: niWis aRmoCena axarebda da yvela-
fers akeTebda, raTa Cveni qveynisaTvis saimedo mamuliSvilebi aRezarda. Tavad
did sulier moZRvarTa — ilias, akakis, iakob gogebaSvilis Tayvanismcemeli n.
lomouri, TviTonac samagaliTo aRmzrdelad da moZRvrad iqca. misi mowafeebi,
Semdeg cnobili mwerlebi da moRvaweebi: daviT kldiaSvili, baCana, Tedo razi-
kaSvilebi, ia ekalaZe (iakob cincaZe), anastasia erisTav-xoStaria, natalia azia-
ni, folkloristi grigol afSinaSvili, varlam burjanaZe, cnobili eTnografi
da maswavlebeli niko janaSia, bolomde mwerlis did Tayvanismcemlebad dar-
Cnen.
niko lomouri im adamianTa ricxvs ekuTvnoda, romelTac savsebiT gacnobie-
rebuli aqvT TavianTi cxovrebis mizani: es iyo pirovneba, romelic mxolod sa-
zogadoebrivad Rirebuli movlenebiT cocxlobda da suldgmulobda. man sxvis-
gan daTesili sikeTis fasi icoda da didi energiis wviT axerxebda am Zvirad Ri-
rebuli saunjis gadacemas mis irgvliv myof adamianebSi. niko lomouri uaRre-
sad inteligenturi, gawonasworebuli pirovneba iyo. man kargad icoda, Tu ras
niSnavda XIX saukunis saqarTvelosaTvis sazogadoebrivi grZnobiT savse moqa-
laqe da, Tavisi SesaZleblobebis kvalobazed, yvelafers akeTebda sxvebisaTvis,
sazogadoebisaTvis. umwikvloba, uangaroba iyo misi xasiaTis niSandoblivi mxare
da am Tvisebas ayenebda igi sxvaSic yvelaze maRla. sisadave da ubraloeba n. lo-
mours adamianis sulier samkaulad miaCnia da es misi yofiTi cxovrebis iersaxe-
Sic irekleboda. am upretenzio, tkbilad moqarTule inteligent kacs didi zne-
obrivi sagzali aRmoaCnda, radgan mravali Rirseuli qarTvelisaTvis STamago-
neblad da gzismkvlevad mogvevlina igi.
simarTliT, gulwrfelobiT, sazogado saqmisaTvis Tavdadebis didi grZno-
biT, pasuxismgeblobisa da movaleobis Rrma SegnebiT ipyrobda niko lomouri
TanamedroveTa yuradRebas da amitomac iyo, rom mis ubralo sityvasac gansa-
kuTrebuli fasi gaaCnda qarTveli inteligenciis TvalSi.
niko lomouri ar iyo gamorCeuli talanti, arc sagangebod produqtiuli
mwerali yofila is. zogierTi kritikosi usayvedurebda kidec, rom mas xan-
grZlivi SemoqmedebiTi Seyovnebebi hqonda.
sxvadasxva dros `levan cavelis~, `gorelis~, àrboelis~, `seminarielis~,
`Tqveneburis~, `provincielis~, `n. l -s~, `n. l-ri~-s fsevdonimebiTa da inicia-
lebiT niko lomouris Txzulebebi ibeWdeboda Jur. `mnaTobSi~, gaz. `droebaSi~,
ìveriaSi~, Jur. `TeatrSi~, `moambeSi~, `ganaTlebaSi~ da sxv. niko lomouri lite-
204
raturuli da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis sidiadisa da maradiulobis Segnebas
uviTarebda sxvebs da amiTac maRldeboda igi TanamedroveTa TvalSi.
ukanasknelad, 1915 w. susxian zamTarSi (5. II), igi tkbili, amaRelvebeli, swored
`moyvasis siyvaruliT~ savse sityviT, TviTonac janmrTelobaSeryeuli, goris sad-
gurze gamoeTxova Cveni eris sulier moZRvars, Tavis did literaturul maswavle-
belsa da qomags, didebuli akaki wereTlis neSts. amis Semdeg mwerali avadmyofob-
da da 1915 wlis aprilSi 63 wlis asakSi gardaicvala. niko lomouri daasaflaves
gorSi, wm. samebis eklesiis galavanSi, saidanac 1935 wels misi neSti qalaqis baRSi
gadaitanes.
niko lomouris Semoqmedebis ZiriTadi tendenciebi
1. niko lomouris Semoqmedebis ZiriTadi tendenciebis gaTvaliswineba arse-

biTad misi moqalaqeobriv-literaturuli mrwamsisa da TxzulebaTa Tematikis
daxasiaTebas gulisxmobs. am mwerlis literaturuli debiuti 1869 wels Sedga,
roca man gaz. `droebaSi~ dastamba leqsi (i. beraZe). amis Semdeg n. lomouris leq-
sebi da poeturi Targmanebi erTxans kidev qveyndeboda qarTuli presis fur-
clebze, magram isini garda erTisa (`yinva da patara mowafe~), arc maSin da, cxa-
dia, arc axla ar iqceven mkiTxvelis yuradRebas.
niko lomouris, rogorc mwerlis, mxatvruli individualobis dadgenis xa-
nad SeiZleba miviCnioT is periodi, roca man akaki wereTlis rCeviT Tavi daaneba
leqsebis weras da qarTvel sazogadoebas warudga rogorc garkveuli socialu-
ri Tvalsazrisis mqone beletristi. Tavisi socialuri poziciis masazrdoebel
wyarosa da literaturul simpaTiebze TviTon mwerali miuTiTebs, roca aRniS-
navs: àvad Tu kargad vemsaxurebodi glexkacis fexze wamoyenebas. xalxosnoba,
saxalxo mimarTuleba (Нaродничество) gardaiqca Cemi sicocxlis gzis maCvenebel
varskvlavado~. am mxriv niko lomouri sakuTari literaturuli mrwamsis Camo-
yalibebaSi gansakuTrebiT gaxazavda CerniSevskis, dobroliubovis, gleb uspen-
skisa da nekrasovis mniSvnelobas.
mwerlis zemoaRniSnuli miTiTebebisa da misi SemoqmedebiTi masalis ganxil-
vis safuZvelze, ganmtkicebuli tradiciiT, niko lomouri xalxosani mweralia
im niSnebiT, riTac gamoirCeva sofrom mgalobliSvili, Saqro (zaqaria) gulisaS-
vili, zogierTi niSniT anton furcelaZe, ioseb daviTaSvili da ekaterine gabaS-
vili.
saerTod, saqarTveloSi xalxosnur ideaTa gavrcelebis geografiuli gare-
moc ki imTaviTve Zalze viwro iyo. ZiriTadad igi qarTliT da, kerZod, goris
mazriT Semoifargla. am mxriv, Zalian sayuradReboa is momenti, rom dasavleTi
saqarTvelo konkretuli masaliT xalxosnebTan araa SemoqmedebiTi interesis
sagnad qceuli. es erTob mniSvnelovani faqtia. etyoba xalxosnuri suliskveTe-
bis gamJRavnebisaTvis qarTli, sadac saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebTan SedarebiT
istoriuli avbediTobis gamo, gamZafrebuli iyo aRmosavleTidan SemoWrili
despotizmi, ufro met safuZvels iZleoda maRali da dabali fenis doneTa dasa-
SoriSoreblad. aq, erTgvarad, SedarebiT ufro mkveTri iyo gansxvaveba mebato-
nesa da glexs Soris. mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT yvelaze pirquSi saxiT ba-
tonymoba swored qarTlSi mZvinvarebda. yvelaze beCav mdgomareobaSic xalxi am
kuTxeSi cxovrobda. amitomac, Tuki odnavi sababi xalxosnuri ganwyobilebebis
dasayrdenad SeiZleboda gaCeniliyo CvenSi, es swored niko lomouris samSob-
lo-kuTxe, misi mwerluri interesis sagnad qceuli saqarTvelos es saxelovani
kuTxe iyo. Tuki saqarTveloSi xalxosnobis idea da ganwyobileba arsebobda, bu-
nebrivia, es qarTlSi SeiZleboda arsebuliyo. yovelive zemoTqmulic swored
205
imaze miuTiTebs, rom xalxosnoba ar iyo sayovelTao movlena saqarTveloSi, e.i.
is qarTveli xalxis fsiqoeTnikuri, socialuri da kulturul-istoriuli au-
cileblobiT dapirobebuli movlena ar gaxldaT; maSasadame, xalxosnoba qarTu-
li niadagidan ar amozidula da arc qarTveli adamianis erovnul moTxovnile-
bad qceula misi ideebis momarjveba cxovrebasa da literaturaSi. TviT qar-
Tvelma xalxma ar miiRo da iucxova xalxosnuri ideebi, amitomac werda xalxos-
nad wodebuli mwerali sofrom mgalobliSvili: `xalxi Cven ar gvikarebda, gansa-
kuTrebiT glexobao~.
qarTvel xalxosnebsac, rogorc aRniSnaven `Tavisi eris bunebis Sesabamisad
ar gadaumuSavebiaT is Teoriebi, romlebic qarTuli presis furclebze gadmoh-
qondaT... amitom saqarTveloSi `xalxosnurma ideebma ver poves gavrceleba~
(S.vaSaymaZe). imis gamo, rom qarTveli xalxis sayovelTao moTxovnilebebs ar Se-
adgenda Temis idealizacia, misi upiratesobis aRiareba, TviTamaRlebisa da dax-
vewis formaTa Zieba, amdenad, xalxosnobis Teoriuli ideebis qadagebas meqani-
kuri xasiaTi hqonda da amitomac Cveni erovnuli cxovrebis did mesveurebs:
ilia WavWavaZesa da akaki wereTels ar gasWirvebiaT qarTvel xalxosan moRvawe-
Ta Teoriuli Sexedulebebis kritika. 1881 da 1883 wels gamoqveynebul ilias
`Sinaur mimoxilvebSi~, 1881 wels daweril akakis `pasuxsa~ da 1882 wels `droeba-
Si~ (44) gamoqveynebul `cxel cxel ambebSi~, ufro adre (1881) misive `mcire ram
SeniSvnaSi~, kargad aris naTelyofili e.w. qarTvel xalxosanTa Teoriuli pozi-
ciis susti mxareebi, maTi araerovnuli xasiaTi da iluziuri buneba. amitomac
iyo, rom literaturuli interesebis mqone xalxosnuri midrekilebebis mwerle-
bisTvis Zneli ar yofila poziciebis daTmoba da isini sabolood maTsave war-
momSob budes, 60-ianelTa poziciebs daubrundnen. aseTi gza airCia niko lomo-
urma, sofrom mgalobliSvilma, giga yifSiZem, anton furcelaZem, ekaterine ga-
baSvilma, ioseb daviTaSvilma da TiTqmis yvelam — vinc ki mxatvruli sityvis
sferoSi scada bedi. am mwerlebs da maT ideur mesveurebs, romlebic erTxans
Jurn. ìmedSi~ iyvnen Tavmoyrilni, zogierTma moRvawem `tetiaTa motrfiale-
nic~ uwoda, ramac mogvianebiT niko lomouris mkacri pasuxic gamoiwvia. 1902
wels gaz. `cnobis furcelSi~ (1722, 10.11) `provincielis~ xelmoweriT daibeWda
niko lomouris werili `xma provinciidan~, romelSic mwerali ekamaTeba `zangis~
fsevdonimiT moRvawe kritikoss gr. rcxilaZes. aq mwerali ganmartavs Tavis
mrwamss da miuTiTebs rogorc garkveul siaxloveze xalxosan moazrovneTa Tu
mweralTa samyarosTan, aseve im arsebiTad ganmasxvavebel Taviseburebebze, rac
mas da misdagvar mwerlebs mijnavs xalxosnebisagan. niko lomouris TqmiT `TviT
saxelwodeba im pirTa, romelnic igulisxmebian `tetiaTa motrfialebad~ uSno-
ulamazoTa, kuda-aznauruli dacinvaa da sxva araferi. ramdenadac rusuli
sityva `Народник~-i, moswrebuli da savsebiT damaxasiaTebelia im moRvaweTa,
romelTac ekuTvniT igi, imdenaTve qarTuli `tetiaTa motrfialeni~ Seufere-
beli da uazro sityvebia~... aq, erTi mxriv, damcirebulia tetiaT wodebuli gle-
xi kaci, da meore mxriv igini, romelnic am ubadruk sulel tetias etrfian, vin
dauwyebs sulel da ubadruks trfialebas Tu ar misive msgavsi?... swored azriTa
da WkuiT sacodavi unda iyos is kaci, romelic glexis gulubryvilobaSi idea-
lur umankoebas dainaxavs da mis tanjul arsebobas idiliur gabednierebaT Ca-
racxavs. gasaocaria, rogor da saidan gamoiyvana b.zangma amgvari Seuferebeli
daskvna?! rogorc Cans, `cnobis furclis~ kritikosi niko lomours xalxosno-
bis im nakadis warmomadgenlad Tvlis, romelic glexis kults da yovelive gle-
xuris idealizacias eweoda da romlis TvalsaCino debulebani l. tolstois
moZRvrebaSia saZiebeli. niko lomouris pasuxidan irkveva, rom is, sof. mgalob-
liSvilTan erTad, sxvagvari simpaTiebis matarebeli mweralia. n. lomouris
msjelobidan gamomdinare, Tavisi azrovnebis wyobiTa da SemoqmedebiTi intere-
206
sebiT, igi emijneba kritikosis mier warmodgenil xalxosnobis nakads, roca
wers: `tetiaTa motrfiale mwerlebis tipur warmomadgenlebad b.zangi racxavs
s. mgalobliSvilsa da n. lomours; vgoneb, es orive pirni glexkacs daaxloebiT
icnoben, misi sisxl-xorcni arian, mis cxovrebas dRevandlamde gverdze udganan
da amis gamo, vgoneb, rom cotaTi mainc unda icodnen maT am cxovrebis namdvili
viTareba Sinaarsi. maS, romelma tartarozma auria maT Wkua-goneba, azri imde-
nad, rom glexkacis tanjul cxovrebaSi idealuri umankoeba da idiliuri mSve-
niereba aRmoaCines? xolo me daWeSmaritebiT SemiZlian vsTqva, rom arc erTs ze-
moT dasaxelebuls pirs sizmraTac ar sCvenebiaT is, rasac maT kritikosi awers~.
sailustraciod mwerali rogorc kritikoss, aseve mkiTxvels ase ganumartavs sa-
kuTar TxzulebaTa Tematikur Sedgenilobasa da ideur mizandasaxulobas: àlsa~
da `qajanaSi~ — n. lomouris TqmiT — avtori gvixatavs im vaebas da mwuxarebas, ro-
melTac hbadavs glexis cxovrebaSi crumorwmuneoba. mesame moTxrobaSi, romel-
sac saxelad `bedi ubedurTa~ hqvian, aRwerilia jer gvalvisagan da Semdeg, saSine-
lis niaRvrisagan gaoxrebuli sofeli. `gigo RrubelaSvilSi~ gamoyvanilia ga-
naTlebuli axalgazrda kaci, igi Semkulia mravalis keTilis survilebiT: enatre-
ba qveynis samsaxuri, davrdomilis fexze dayeneba... magram mis arsebaSi aRfrTova-
nebuli ocneba-fantazia daSorebiTa sWarbobs mecnierul swavla-codnas, da um-
Tavresad, amis gamo verafers axerxebs. `samfexa amirana~, `qristiani lekebi~, `yo-
velis mxridan~ da sxva danarCeni misi moTxrobani xataven da asuraTeben imave
glexkacis gaWirvebul mdgomareobas, mwuxarebas, tanjvasa da vaebas, yvela aqedan
vgoneb, cxadia n. lomouris literaturuli moRvaweobis azri!... mas unda miaqci-
os mkiTxvelis yuradReba glexkacis tanjul arsebobas, raTa ganaTlebulma sa-
zogadoebam dasdos raime wamali am tanjul arsebobas, riTime gaaumjobesos, gah-
kurnos igi~.
ase gadmoscems niko lomouri Tavis literaturul mrwamss da bunebrivia,
rom misi ideuri da mxatvruli poziciis daxasiaTebisas mas saTanado angariSi
unda gaewios. am msjelobis mixedviT, niko lomours araferi aqvs saerTo im na-
rodnikul moZRvrebebTan, romlebic glexis kultsa da idealizacias, Temuri
wyobis upiratesobis, rogorc adamianTa socialuri da Tanasworobis utopiur
da, Tu gnebavT, fantastikur-iluziur warmosaxvas emyareboda.
niko lomouri, uaryofs ra kritikosis mier miTiTebul zemoaRniSnuli xal-
xosnuri tendenciis arsebobas sakuTar SemoqmedebaSi, wers: `bolos b. zangi
brZanebs: amgvarma mimarTulebam, Tavisi dro mosWama da amJamd mas aRaraviTari
mniSvneloba ara aqvso. ara, Cemo batono, is mimarTuleba, romelsac sagnad aqvs
tanjulTa sibraluli da siyvaruli da maTi Semweoba da daxmareba, ase adre ar
mosWams Tavis dros~.
tanjuli adamianisadmi sibraluli da siyvaruli aris niko lomouris Txzu-
lebaTa laitmotivi da faqtebze Zaldataneba iqneboda, rom zogjer SiSvlad mo-
cemuli ideuri Canafiqris gamo, isini romelime xalxosnuri Teoriis zegavleniT
Seqmnil qmnilebebad gveRiarebina. aq, Tu maincdamainc n. lomouris simpaTiebze
midgeba saqme, SeiZleba 70-iani wlebis is xalxosnuri ganwyobilebebi SevniSnoT,
romelsac arc sistemuroba axasiaTebs da arc doqtrinis pretenzia aqvs. es imgva-
ri ganwyobilebebia, romlebSic SeiZleba moTavsdes yvela im mwerlis mizanswraf-
va, visi gulic tanjuli adamianis sibraluliT, siyvaruliTa da daxmarebis sur-
viliTaa savse. cxadia, aseTi ganwyobilebiTa da Tundac ideiT Sepyrobili mwer-
lebi mxolod xalxosnebi ar iyvnen. erT dros Teoretikosi xalxosnebi TviT glex
uspenskisac ki usayvedurebdnen, rom igi Tavisi ideuri mrwamsiT meryeobda da ar
iyo xalxosanTa principebis Tanmimdevruli damcveli. es savsebiT gasagebia, rad-
gan mwerali, Tu is namdvili mweralia, arc SeiZleba Tanmimdevrulad misdevdes
da icavdes romelime Teorias, mkacrad moxazul programas, an ideologiur dak-
207
veTas... mwerlis xedvis are yovelTvis ufro farToa, vidre romelic gnebavT Te-
oriuli sistema. am niadagze imis moTxovna, rom ama Tu im Semoqmedma mxatvrul na-
werSi zustad ver gadmosca romelime politikuri, socialuri, filosofiuri da
a.S. Tvalsazrisi, ver upasuxa mis principebs, savsebiT araliteraturuli moTx-
ovnaa. mwerali xedavs da man unda aCvenos sinamdvilis mravalferovneba, raoden
saWiro da sasurveli ideuri tendenciiT ar unda iyos dapyrobili misi goneba. ase
aris es yvela mwerlis da, rasakvirvelia, niko lomouris SemTxvevaSic, romlis mi-
marT savsebiT samarTlianad miuTiTeben: `mwerals xalxosnoba gagebuli aqvs ara
rogorc ideologia, aramed SemoqmedebiTi interesi mxolod, romelsac safuZ-
velSi mSobliuri qveynisa da mSromeli adamianis siyvaruli udevs. niko lomouri
ar yofila TanamSromeli Jurnal ìmedisa~, romelSic qarTuli sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis pirobebSi gamomJRavnda e.w. `narodnikoba~.1 saerTod ki, rogorc ger.
qiqoZe aRniSnavs: `rusulma xalxosnurma azrovnebam gansakuTrebiT Zlieri ze-
gavlena politikuri publicistikis dargSi moaxdina. SedarebiT sustia misi ze-
gavlena mxatvrul literaturaze~.2 amitomacaa, rom am TvalsazrisiT niko lomo-
uri ufro 60-70-iani wlebis rus mweralTa da moRvaweTa xalxosnur ganwyobile-
bebTan amJRavnebs siaxloves, vidre mogvianebiT warmoSobil xalxosnobis ideo-
logiur moZRvrebebTan. amitomacaa, rom mis nawarmoebebSi araferia iseTi, rac
mkveTrad emijnebodes Cveni saxelovani 60-ianelebis — iliasa da akakis mier arCe-
ul ideur gezs. literaturaSi, niko lomourTan, iseve rogorc xalxosnad wode-
bul sxva qarTvel mwerlebTan, gare sinamdvilisadmi xalxosnuri tendenciebi da
midgoma upiratesad Tematikuri TvalsazrisiT SemoqmedebiTi problematikis
SerCeviT interesSi gamoixata. n. lomouri ar aris iseTi tipis mwerali, romelsac
gaaCndes polemikur aspeqtSi warsulis did kulturul-literaturul memkvid-
reobasTan dapirispirebis survili, rasac mag. Jur. ìmedis~ Teoriuli mesveure-
bi avlendnen. igi, etyoba, saTanado realisturi sifxizliT dajildoebuli moR-
vawe iyo, raki kargad aqvs gasigrZeganebuli, rom qarTul sinamdvileSi, Cveni didi
kulturuli memkvidreobis pirobebSi, ar arsebobs araviTari safuZveli imisaT-
vis, rom qarTveli moRvawe da mwerali daupirispirdes Tavis sulierad masazrdo-
ebel warsuls... winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi rus moRvaweTa ususur epigonobasTan
gveqneboda saqme. n. lomours kargad aqvs Segnebuli: rani viyaviT, rani varT da
momavlis perspeqtivis TvalsazrisiT met-naklebad ra sWirdeba qarTvel adami-
ans. amitom xalxosnur tendenciaTa gamovlenis are da farglebi mis Semoqmedeba-
Si ganwyobilebaTa sferos ar scildeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, masalisadmi Tematikuri
interesi niko lomourisaTvis is erTaderTi sferoa, sadac mJRavndeba misi xal-
xosnuri midrekilebani. am mxriv Tematikuris TvalsazrisiT ra SeiZleba iTqvas
lomouris Semoqmedebaze?
xalxosani moRvawis anu qadagis saxe

niko lomouris SemoqmedebaSi
niko lomouris mrwamsi yvelaze mkafiod gamovlinda moTxrobaSi `gigo Rru-

belaSvili~. rogorc cnobilia, xalxosnebma sagangebod gaxazes qadagis, moRva-
wis mniSvneloba xalxisaTvis. es sakiTxi bunebrivad daukavSirda ganaTlebis sa-
kiTxs. niko lomouris am moTxrobaSi naTladaa warmodgenili xalxisaTvis ga-
naTlebis saWiroebis Sesaxeb msjeloba. gigo RrubelaSvilis magaliTze aq naCve-
nebia ganaTlebuli pirovnebis fasi da mniSvneloba adamianebisTvis. qarTul li-
1
s. x u c i S v i l i , `niko lomouri~, Sesavali werili — n. lomouris Txz., t.I, gv. 15.
2
g . q i q o Z e , rCeuli Txzulebani, t. III, Tb., 1965, gv. 315.
208
teraturaSi erTgan ilia WavWavaZesTan (`glaxis naambobSi~) daxatuli mRvdeli-
maswavleblis saxiT gvaqvs aseTi nimuSi, magram niko lomourTan da, sazogadod,
xalxosnebTan aseTi pirovnebis fasi da mniSvneloba gansakuTrebuli energiu-
lobiTaa xazgasmuli. `gigo RrubelaSvilSi~ daxatuli ganaTlebuli qadagi anu
propagandisti xalxis interesebis sadarajoze mdgomi axalgazrda gigo, Tavisi
ùbralo, iaffasiani lurji bluziT~, `yviTeli Calis ganieri qudiT~, `yelze
gadagdebuli nacrisferi SaliT~ da `xelSi karga mozrdili Zvirfasydiani wig-
niT~ garegnulad is dasamaxsovrebeli saxea, romelic ase iyo gavrcelebuli
xalxosnuri ideebiT gamsWvaluli 70-80-wlebis rusul sinamdvileSi. aq mwerali
xatavs swored am periodSi agrerigad modaSi myof xalxosnuri miswrafebebis
axalgazrda kacs, romelic lamazi ocnebiT cxovrobs, aqvs mSvenierebis gancda,
magram, roca misi ocneba `sacodavi qoxmaxebiT savse~ sofels, `glexkacis ganu-
zomel siRaribesa, mis davrdomilebas, misi azrisa, grZnobisa da gonebis dauZ-
lurebas~ xedavs, suli tanjviT evseba. niko lomouris mier warmodgenili xal-
xosani moRvawis ocnebiT, qveynis sargod momarTuli praqtikuli ideebiT aRsav-
se pirovneba unda ebrZolos soflis ubadrukobas, mis talaxian orRobeebs, `sa-
codav qox-maxebs~, savses `saqonlis pativiT~, `sazizRari wumpeebis suniT~, xole-
riTa da aTasnairi avadmyofobiT da, rac mTavaria, amgvari pirobebisagan gaube-
durebuli, sikeTisadmi grZnobadaClungebuli, gonebiT gaxevebuli adamianebiT,
romlebsac arc araferi swamT da arc arafrisa sjeraT. umaduroba aris amgvari
ubadrukobis pirmSo.
mwerali `gigo RrubelaSvilSi~ realisturad iZleva wminda xalxosnuri
ideebiT gamsWvaluli pirovnebis saxes, magram mis idealizacias ki ar axdens,
aramed aseTi moRvawis arapraqtikulobas, mis SexedulebaTa iluziur xasiaTsa
da uniadagobas aSiSvlebs. erTaderTi, risi imedic SeiZleba hqondes adamians da
rasac naTeli Seaqvs mis sulSi, aris rwmena ganaTlebisa. ase rom, niko lomouris
mier warmosaxuli xalxosani moRvawis saxe ar SeiZleba gavaigivoT sakuTriv
mwerlis mrwamsTan. am nawarmoebiT n. lomouri avlens xalxosnur mimdinareoba-
Ta, maTi amosavali Tvalsazrisebis safuZvlian codnas, magram, ramdenadac es
mxatvruli nawarmoebis farglebSi SeiZleboda moxerxebuliyo, iqve iZleva maT
kritikas.
crumorwmuneobis Tema. erT-erTi Tema, romelic wamyvan adgils iWers ni-

ko lomouris (iseve rogorc sxva e.w. xalxosani mwerlebis) SemoqmedebaSi — esaa
crumorwmuneobis Tema. gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebo isaa, rom masTan aRniSnuli
Tema Taviseburi midgomiTaa warmodgenili. niko lomouris TiTqmis yovel nawar-
moebSi aris miniSneba crumorwmuneobis, rogorc sibnelis, budis Sesaxeb, magram sa-
gangebod mwerali am sakiTxs mainc exeba moTxrobebSi — àli~ da `qajana~. aq ara mxo-
lod sakiTxisadmi mwerlis midgomaa gamorCeuli, aramed sayuradReboa isic, rom es
Tema Taviseburi gagebiT gveZleva. niko lomouri miiCnevs, rom crumorwmuneoba,
romelic adamianis sibneleSi moqcevis pirobaa, saxalxo ubedurebaa. misi arsebobis
faqti am mweralTan ganicdeba da aRiqmeba, rogorc tragedia. adre Cvens litera-
turaSi, rasakvirvelia, sxva mwerlebic asaxavdnen crumorwmuneobas, amxeldnen mis
socialur mankierebas, magram maTTan es ar ganicdeboda tragediad. mag., gavixse-
noT i. WavWavaZis `kacia-adamiani?!~ — jados povnis scena. es detali aq aris dareja-
nis inteleqtualuri siClungis gamoxatuleba da luarsabis imave inteleqtualur
simaRleze dgomis dadastureba, magram aramc da aramc es araa miCneuli saxalxo
ubedurebad.
eqimbaSobis Tema. zemoaRniSnul sakiTxTan aris dakavSirebuli meore

Tema, romelsac niko lomouri exeba — eqimbaSobis Tema. àlSi~ `pawia megobreb-
209
sa~ da `qajanaSi~ gamovlenili es motivi xalxis sibneleSi yofnis dadasturebad
aris CaTvlili da, amdenad, es movlenac mwerlis mier saxalxo ubedurebis done-
zea gancdil-gaazrebuli. am ubedurebis gamosasworeblad niko lomouri xaz-
gasmiT miuTiTebs ganaTlebis yovlisSemZleobasa da sinamdvilisadmi jansaRi
damokidebulebis realur Rirebulebaze (`qajana~, `pawia megobrebi~).
patriarqaluri ojaxis rRveva. `berua qristesiaSvilSi~ niko lomou-

ri gviCvenebs misi warmosaxvis niadagze Seqmnil patriarqalur qarTul ojaxs, sa-
dac idealuri wesrigi sufevs. am nawarmoebSi kargad aris gamokveTili niko lo-
mouris pozicia. mwerals maxvilgonivrulad aqvs nagrZnobi da gaazrebuli Cveni
istoriis sazrisi. qarTveli xalxis istoriulma bedma da aucileblobam gverdig-
verd daayena, Tavdacvisa da Tavis gadarCenis aucileblobam SeaduRa fenaTa in-
teresebi... am garemoebam, kulturul-zneobrivi tradiciebis erTgvarovnebasTan
erTad, erTgvarad Seasusta eris SigniT socialuri urTierTobis simZafre...
erovnuli Cagvris pirobebSi Sina socialurze ki ara, gare socialuri konfliq-
tebis gamomwvev faqtorebze iqna yuradReba gadatanili, riTac gamoiricxa rusu-
li sinamdvilisaTvis niSandoblivi xalxosnuri moZraobebis gadmonergvis saWi-
roebani. niko lomouris `berua qristesiaSvilSi~, iseve, rogorc mis sxva nawarmo-
ebebSi, Cven vamCnevT ara glexuri Temisaken (Община) mibrunebis propagandas, ara-
med erovnuli mTlianobis darRveviT gamowveul tkivils. qarTveli xalxis sxva-
dasxva fenaTa interesebisa Tu ideologiis mixedviT erT muStad Sekvris da damo-
ukidebeli arsebobis moTxovna dgas aq. xalxosnebad wodebuli mwerlebis da, pir-
vel yovlisa, niko lomouris nawerebSi aSkarad Cans kriticistuli damokidebu-
leba narodnikebisagan gaidealebuli patriarqaluri yofisadmi. niko lomouris,
rogorc moazrovnisa da mwerlisaTvis, mxolod berua qristesiaSvilis ojaxis ma-
galiTze naTelia, rom CvenSi kapitalisturi cxovrebis momZlavrebis pirobebSi
ar arsebobs araviTari Sansi imisaTvis, rom ndoba gamoecxados istoriulad moZ-
velebulsa da dromoWmuls. sinamdvilisadmi is gulubryvilo xedva, rac berua
qristesiaSvils gaaCnia, warmavalia da uniadago, Tumca romantikul elvarebas
araa moklebuli, amitomacaa, rom patriarqaluri yofa, romelic kunZuliviT ga-
darCeniliyo berua qristesiaSvilis ojaxis saxiT, niko lomourma mkiTxvelis wi-
naSe dasca da am dacemis sababic gviCvena: es iyo daTika qristesiaSvili, rogorc
axali da Zlieri ekonomiuri faqtoris warmomadgeneli, qalaqis kaci, romelmac
icis, rom kanons kanoni unda daupirispirdes da statias statia. mwerlis mkacri
realizmi cxovrebis ganviTarebis namdvil perspeqtivebze mianiSnebs mkiTxvels
da mas arasodes tovebs yalbi iluziebis amara.
niko lomouris mier gacocxlebuli qarTlis sofeli. yvela Sem-

TxvevaSi niko lomouri glexTa mosarCle da qomagi moralisti mweralia. mis na-
warmoebebSi, iseve rogorc sxva xalxosnad wodebul qarTvel mwerlebTan, moqa-
laqeobrivi ufleba moipova glexobam.
niko lomouris TxzulebaTa personaJi glexebi: andria (`yovlis mxridan~),
babale, gigo sosiaSvili, solomon farcxaZe (`bedi ubedurTa~) gaWirvebasa da
socialur usamarTlobasTan Widils aleven TavianT Zal-Ronesa da sicocxle-
sac. svimona lukaSvili (`qristiani lekebi~) ki, Tavisi miznebiTa da zneobrivi
sibeCaviT, gonebrivi SezRudulobiT, SeiZleba iseT glexis magaliTad miviCni-
oT, romelic saarsebo saSualebaTa Ziebis moTxovnilebam garemos monad aqcia.
materialuri siZlieris mopovebis gadaudebelma moTxovnilebam n. lomouris
mier daxatuli glexebi sulieri momentisagan erTgvarad ganZarcva da isini
xSir SemTxvevaSi gulqva, uxeS adamianebad aqcia. niko lomouric mouRlelad
gvixasiaTebs uxeS pirobebSi, zneobrivad dauxvewav garemoSi, patriarqalurad
210
SemozRudul fargalSi moqceul adamianTa ubedurebas. ubedurebaa am adamiane-
bisaTvis cxovreba ara mxolod imitom, rom isini miwur qoxebSi, saqonlis Sardsa
da WuWyian garemoSi cxovroben, ar gaaCniaT sakmarisad sakvebi, samosi da fuli,
dReniadag xariviT Sromoben da mainc Raribebi arian; mwerlis TvalsazrisiT,
kidev ufro didi ubedureba isaa, rom maTi Sroma Tavisi xasiaTiT saTanado gaaz-
rebuli Sroma araa. am alalmarTal, patiosan adamianTa sulis gauxeSebis mizezi
marto TavadaznaurTa wris warmomadgenelTa Semoteva araa: isini mxolod xmama-
RalSvilebis, ylapiaSvilebis, badriZeebis da JamiaSvilebis usulgulo qcevis
niadagze gaubedurebuli fena ki araa, aramed sofelSi mimdinare rTuli socia-
luri diferenciaciis safuZvelze Seqmnili viTarebis msxverplni arian. axali
cxovrebis pirobebSi maTive aRzevebuli TanamoZmeebi: mamasaxlisi beso gabaSvi-
li (`qristiani lekebi~), qristesia nacriaSvili (`bedi ubedurTa~), sosika da ni-
nika (`bedi ubedurTa~), — es is adamianebia, romlebic dros wamoutivtivebia, vi-
Tarebas Casafrebian, rom gamorCena naxon, Tundac TanamoZme gahyidon da gaa-
nadguron. niko lomouris nawarmoebebSi gamokveTilad araa mocemuli, Tu gle-
xis fsiqikaSi ranairad mwifdeba protestis grZnoba. aq, Cven, iSviaTi gamonakli-
sis garda, verc vamCnevT, rom maT SegnebaSi viTarebis mimarT gaazrebuli dapi-
rispirebis moTxovnileba idges. mxolod `wuTisofelSi~ Cans usamarTlo, tlanq
da utifar ZalasTan saqmianad dapirispirebis tendencia. niko lomouri, rogorc
qarTveli mwerali, mZafrad ganicdis qarTuli soflisaTvis maTi damRupveli
saqmianobis Sedegs. mwerlis azriT, araerovnuli burJuaziis SeWras qarTlis so-
felSi ormagi ubedureba moaqvs Cveni xalxisaTvis: erTi mxriv, materialurad yv-
lefs miwis muSa gulubryvilo glexobas, meore mxriv, maT xelSi TiTqmis muqTad
uvardebaT erovnuli dovlaTi, — qarTuli miwa-wyali.
niko lomouri fenaTa SigniT arsebul sxvaobebs aCvenebs da gaxazavs. amito-
macaa, rom mis mier daxatul TavadaznaurobaSi gvxvdeba rogorc uaryofiTi,
aseve dadebiTi personaJebi.
saerTod, niko lomouris mier gacocxlebul qarTlis sofels awuxebs, sis-
xlisgan clis sxvadasxva juris fuqsavati Tavadi, utifari aznauri, ucxo tomis
CarC-vaWari da soflis pirobebSi burJuaziuli urTierTobis momZlavrebis xana-
Si cxovrebis zedapirze amotivtivebuli regveni, magram gazuluqebuli, moxeled
qceuli glexi. mwerlis interesTa gareSe arc religiis msaxurTa saxeebi rCeba.
moTxrobebSi àli~ da `yovelis mxridan~, naTladaa naCvenebi zaqaria diakvnisa da
mRvdlis moCvenebiTi sulieri mamoba, angarebiani, mtacebluri buneba; magram maT
gverdiT mwerali gvixatavs saTnoebiTa da WeSmaritad qristianuli siwminde-uan-
garobiT mcxovrebi moxuci episkoposis saxes (`wuTisofeli~). aqedan Cans, rom ni-
ko lomouri araa mxatvruli sityvis sferoSi `SiSveli tendenciurobisa~ da xal-
xosnobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ukiduresi utilitarizmis momxre.
gansakuTrebuli siyvaruliT mwerali gamsWvalulia Cveni sazogadoebis yve-
la fenidan gamosuli im inteligentebis mimarT, romelTa qceva da saqmianoba ni-
ko lomours WeSmaritad saxalxo tipis inteligentis metrad CauTvlia. aseTia
gigo RrubelaSvili, vano mxiaruliZe, is RvTisnieri eqimi, imedgadawyvetil mi-
xas (`samfexa amirana~) rom gankurnavs, Tu patara maros mkurnali eqimis — dau-
viwyari tarsaiZis saxe `pawia megobrebSi~.
niko lomouris patriotuli TvalTaxedva. niko lomouri Tavisi

drois Svili iyo. mZafr socialur interess arasodes miuCqmalavs masSi mRelva-
re patriotuli grZnoba da Segneba. niko lomouris mier daxatuli mwvave socia-
luri wnexis qveS moqceul glexTa fsiqikaSi Rrmadaa fesvgamdgari mSobliuri
miwis mimarT mamuliSvilobis maRali movaleobis grZnoba. qarTveli glexis
cxovrebis azrad, niko lomouris warmodgeniT, gamocxadebulia misi nawarmoe-
211
bis erTi glexi personaJis sityvebi: `sadac dabadebulxar, iqve Cayare Seni Zvle-
bi~ (àli~). am principiT cxovrobs, wvalobs, itanjeba, magram sicocxlis ulevi
wyurviliT anTebuli, kvlav sicocxles, mama-papis mSvenier tradiciebs, saku-
Tar enasa da teritorias esarCleba, icavs da efereba am mwerlis mier daxatuli,
cxovrebisagan gatanjuli adamianebi. moTxrobaSi `winaparTa aCrdilni~ — mkafi-
odaa gamJRavnebuli niko lomouris erovnul-politikuri mrwamsi. niko lomou-
ris istoriuli koncefcia ilia WavWavaZisa da sxva qarTvel 60-ianelTa Sexedu-
lebebis arealSi SeiZleba iqnes ganxiluli. Tavis ufros did TanamedroveTa
msgavsad, n. lomoursac miaCnia, rom ena, rwmena da istoriuli idealebi, teri-
toria is faqtorebia, romelTanac mtkice urTierTobaSi yalibdeba erovnuli
fsiqologia. qarTvelTa gadarCenis pirobad mwerals swored is miaCnia, rom
Cvenma winaprebma saimedod daicves eris arsebobis SemanarCunebeli es ucilobe-
li faqtorebi. `winaparTa aCrdilnis~ garda, niko lomouris arc erT Txzuleba-
Si wina planze araa wamoweuli patriotuli grZnoba, magram es kidev ar miuTi-
Tebs imaze, rom am mwerlis qmnilebebi Tavisufali iyos patriotuli grZnobebi-
sagan. saqme imaSi gaxlavT, rom 80-iani wlebidan Cvens mwerlobaSi socialurma
sakiTxma ufro meti simZafre SeiZina, radgan TviT dabal fenaSi, sofelSi gaCnda
axali socialuri fena. am garemoebam, erovnuli TvalsazrisiT, axali satkivari
gaaCina Cveni inteligenciis winaSe, rasac misma erTma nawilma, da maT Soris n.
lomourma, imiT upasuxa, rom mwvave socialur problemaTa Soris patriotul
gulistkivils daqvemdebarebuli saxe miuCina. amiT mweralma gaxaza ara am maRa-
li grZnobis gaqrobis, an ukana planze gadawevis saSiSroeba, aramed TviT socia-
luri grZnobis aqtualizacia CaTvala patriotul aucileblobad.
siyvarulis Tema. qarTuli literaturis mkvlevarTa Soris ganmtkice-

bulia azri, rom niko lomouri araa siyvarulis Zlieri vnebis gamomxatveli mwe-
rali (g.qiqoZe). es Sexeduleba ramdenadme sworia, magram Tavis arsebiT nawilSi
is mainc saWiroebs garkveul koreqtivs. niko lomours aqvs vrceli nawarmoebi
`wuTisofeli~, sadac mwerali avlens sakmaod seriozul interess aRniSnuli Te-
misadmi. am metad rTuli grZnobis mxatvruli gansaxierebisas niko lomouri ak-
virdeba ara TavisTavad siyvarulis fsiqologiur Sinaarss, aramed misi warmoSo-
bis socialur niadags. mwerlis yuradReba mipyrobilia im socialuri garemosad-
mi, romelic saxes ucvlis am ukeTilSobilesi grZnobis mimdinareobas da adamian-
Ta cxovrebis tragediis mizezad iqceva. mkacr da mtaceblur principebze agebu-
li garemo auxeSebs adamianis suls, aborotebs nazsa da faqiz arsebas (eTeris sa-
xiT) da adamianuri bednierebis uflebas arTmevs yvela imas, visac siyvarulis
grZnobis sidiade swamda. aseTia is mZime yofa, romelsac gamokveTilad gvixatavs
mwerali.
bunebisadmi mimarTeba. niko lomouri Cveni e. w. xalxosani mwerlebis da-

rad, bunebis Temasac SeeWida. mis qmnilebebSi uxvadaa warmodgenili saqarTve-
los, kerZod qarTlis, peizaJebi. mwerali gatacebiT xatavs mSobliuri kuTxis
mdinareebs, mTebs, vel-mindvrebs, yvelafers, rasac misi Tvali swvdeba, magram ga-
morCeuli interesi mipyrobilia iseTi bunebisadmi, romelsac mis TxzulebaTa
mTavari personaJebis — glexebisaTvis sargebloba da dovlaTi moaqvs. sul sxva
energiiT acocxlebs igi TavTavebiT damZimebul puris yanebs, yurZniT datvir-
Tul venaxebs, TuraSauli vaSlebiT, Tafla msxlebiTa da qarTlisTvis bunebisa-
gan momadlebuli xileuliT daxunZlul xeebs. am SemTxvevaSi mwerlis interesi
mizandaqvemdebarebulia, radgan amgvari buneba glexis cxovrebis materialuri
keTildReobis wyaroa da safuZveli. SfoTavs da kvnesis mwerali, roca Savi Rru-
beli (`yovelis mxridan~) anadgurebs da spobs glexis imedad gadaSlil am mSveni-
212
er vel-mindvrebs, baRebsa da venaxebs. amgvari midgoma bunebisadmi miuTiTebs,
rom gamorCeuli esTetikuri tkbobis obieqts niko lomourisTvis buneba ar war-
moadgens, igi erTvis im gaRrmavebul socialur miznebs, rac misi nawarmoebebis
amosavali principia. roca sicxisgan gadaxrukul bunebas warmogvidgens n. lomo-
uri (mag., `bedi ubedurTa~), aqac wamyvani tendencia isaa, rom TvalnaTlivi gaxa-
dos mkiTxvelisTvis swored am bunebriv pirobebSi mcxovrebi mSromeli adamianis
duxWiri bedi. ase rom, bunebis suraTebi n. lomouris nawerebSi im mizniTaa gadmo-
cemuli, raTa mweralma saTanado foni Seuqmnas Tavis socialursa da patriotul
miznebs. mwerali bunebis simSvenieres TavdaviwyebiT ar eZleva, raTa mis fonze ar
STainTqas uSualod TxzulebaTa socialuri Sinaarsi, amitomac tkbobiTi momen-
tisadmi interesi aq erTob Semofarglulia da SezRuduli.
niko lomouri, rogorc sabavSvo mwerali. rogorc cnobilia, niko

lomouri Tavisi praqtikul-sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobiT mWidrod iyo dakavSi-
rebuli aRzrdis sferosTan. mTeli 35 wlis manZilze igi eweoda maswavleblis
sapatio da erTob sapasuxismgeblo saqmianobas. amitomac, bunebrivia, n. lomou-
risaTvis ymawvilTaTvis gamiznuli Txzulebebis Seqmnas savsebiT gamokveTili
mizandasaxuloba edo safuZvlad. niko lomouris sabavSvo qmnilebebma imTaviT-
ve miipyro mkiTxveli sazogadoebis yuradReba. TviT mwerlis sayvarelma maswav-
lebelma, iakob gogebaSvilma `bunebis karSi~ Seitana niko lomouris leqsi —
`yinva da patara mowafe~, xolo Secvlili saTauriT nawyvetebi moTxrobebidan:
`Zma da da~ moTxrobidan `patara qajana~, `mosavali~ (moTxrobidan `yoveli mxri-
dan~) da `mwyris bude~ (imave moTxrobidan). Semdeg da Semdeg saskolo saxel-
mZRvaneloebSi bavSvTa sayvarel sakiTxav masalad iqca àli~ da `pawia megobre-
bi~. ramdenadac XIX saukunis rusuli sinamdvilisaTvis niSandoblivi sabavSvo
literaturis winaSe wayenebuli moTxovnebi arc qarTvel mweralTaTvis yofila
ucnobi, amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom n. lomouris is Txzulebebi, romlebic
bavSvTa sayvarel nawarmoebebad iqcnen, ZiriTadad akmayofileben am moTxov-
nebs.
marTalia, warmodgenaTa feradovnebiT da maTi swrafi monacvleobiT n. lo-
mouris sabavSvo qmnilebebi ar gamoirCevian, magram mwerlis poeturi aRmafrena
mainc iCens Tavs. am moTxrobaTa calkeul pasaJebSi, b. belinskis sityvis perif-
raziT rom vTqvaT, ar SeiZleba ar vigrZnoT gulis `raRac damatkbobeli Sekum-
Sva~, roca gansakuTrebiT mainc, àlsa~ da `qajanaSi~ aRwerili tyis idumalebas,
Tu wminda giorgis eklesiis e.w. saswaulqmedebas eziareba bavSvi... aq, n. lomouri
aRwevs iseT simaRles, rodesac gancdebi saukeTesod gamoxataven zneobriv ide-
als da Txzulebac ganTavisuflebulia sqematizmisa da ganyenebuli sentencie-
bisagan.
niko lomouris TxzulebaTa mxatvruli mxare. niko lomouris

TxzulebaTa Soris Tavisi mxatvruli zemoqmedebis Zala dRemde aqvs SenarCune-
buli swored im moTxrobebs, romlebic imTaviTve ymawvilTa sakiTxav masalad iq-
na miCneuli. àli~, `qajana~, `yovelis mxridan~ da `pawia megobrebi~ is nawarmoebe-
bia, romlebSic Cans n. lomouris mwerluri SesaZleblobebi. maTTvis damaxasiaTe-
belia dauZabavi da bunebrivi Txroba. qarTuli enis (upiratesad qarTluri dia-
leqtis) sinoyivre.
ver vityviT, rom n. lomouri portretis Seqmnis gamorCeuli ostatia, magram
calkeul situaciebSi, igi qmnis mxatvruli simarTliT savse saxeebs. ase, magali-
Tad, STambeWdavadaa gacocxlebuli mwerlis mier SiSiT enaCavrdnili bavSvis
portreti. moTxrobaSi `qajana~ vkiTxulobT: `qajanam uceb dainaxa raRac ban-
jgvliani da uTavo; did ketze dabjenili SeinZra da is butbutiT wamovida qaja-
213
nasaken. qajana wamoxta, undoda daeyvira, piri daaRo, magram yelidan susti xavi-
lis meti aRara amouvida ra. mainc gamotrialda ukan, gadmodga ramdenime nabiji
da uceb mowyvetili yvaviliviT daeca dedamiwazed~.
maros, babucasa da tarsaiZis daxasiaTebisas aseve dasamaxsovrebeli saxee-
bia Seqmnili moTxrobaSi `pawia megobrebi~.
imis Tqma, rom niko lomouris moTxrobebi gamoirCeva `mxatvruli, mSvenieri,
mZlavri poeturi SedarebebiT, mkveTri epiTetebiT (mix. zandukeli), faqtiur vi-
Tarebas SeiZleba naklebad gamoxatavdes. misTvis ufro martivi, mudmivi mxat-
vruli xerxebis gamoyenebaa damaxasiaTebeli. mag., kato (moTxroba `qajana~), èsaa
saSineli eSmaki da gudiani gogona~, romelsac `kunapetiviT Savi Tvalebi aqvs~.
mSvenieri qali (`gigo RrubelaSvili~) mwerlis TqmiT, `mowyvetil varskvlavs~
hgavs, mas `kalmiT naxati saxe aqvs~, `lamazi loyebi TuraSaul vaSliviT aqvs dab-
rawuli~ da a.S. magram vimeorebT, rom am sada, martivi epiTetebisa da SedarebaTa
gamoyenebis gziTac mwerali garkveul SemTxvevaSi aRwevs saTanado mxatvrul
efeqts.
`qajanaSi~ katos oinbazobani garkveul iumorul donezea ayvanili. n. lomouri
araiSviaTad mimarTavs kontrastuli daxasiaTebis gzas, raTa kidev ufro muq fe-
rebSi warmoaCinos ubedureba-bednierebis, siRaribe-simdidris arsi (mag. moTxroba
`tanjuli~). saerTod unda iTqvas, rom niko lomouri, rogorc mwerali, SedarebiT
srulyofil dones iq aRwevs, sadac igi Sordeba xalxosnuri Teoriis sqemas... da
aseTi swored aris `pawia megobrebi~, `qajana~, àli~, `yoveli mxridan~... zogierTi
pasaJi.
niko lomouris sxva Txzulebebs, iqneba es `bedi ubedurTa~, `gigo Rrube-
laSvili~, àRara eSveleba ra~, `qristiani lekebi~ da sxv., xalxosnebad wodebu-
li danarCeni qarTveli mwerlis mraval nawarmoebTa msgavsad, ufro mxatvruli
narkvevebis forma aqvs, narkvevisa im azriT, rom isini garkveuli momentiT arian
gansazRvrulni da garkveuli adgiliT Semofarglulni. adgilisa da drois es
erTgvari lokalizeba, Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT maT SemozRudvas da, maSa-
sadame, erTgvar erTferovnebasac iwvevs.
am moTxrobebSi niko lomouri cdilobs socialurad dapirispirebul ZalTa
Widilis Tema ideuri TvalsazrisiT aqtualuri gaxados. sagangebo daZabva ki-
dev sqematizms warmoSobs da garkveulad zRudavs maTi zemoqmedebis Zalas. yve-
la zemoaRniSnul nawarmoebSi mxatvruli efeqtis Sesustebas xels uwyobs pub-
licisturi elementis moWarbeba. Txrobis procesSi publicisturi paTosi Sei-
niSneba mxatvrulad SedarebiT srulyofil iseT moTxrobaSic ki, rogorc `qa-
janaa~, roca mwerali gadmogvcems kikolas ojaxis istorias.
is garemoeba, rom mwerali literaturas utilitaruli TvalsazrisiT afasebs,
gavlenas axdens imaze, rom am sqematizmis niSniT aRbeWdil qmnilebebSi (`bedi ube-
durTa~, `tanjulni~, `gigo RrubelaSvili~, `qristiani lekebi~), niko lomouri ar
zrunavs nawarmoebis daxvewisaTvis. magaliTad, mxatvruli dauxvewaobis STabeWdi-
lebas iwvevs aseTi adgilebi: `gaCumebuls mindors zemodam dascqeroda gaStere-
buli jaeri~ (`bedi ubedurTa~). babale ìbdRvnida gaTeTrebuls Tmasa; ikawravda
Zvlebzed Savad mimxmar loyebs, iglejda pawawkina, mimWknar ZuZuebs...~
sentimentalobis elferi gadahkravs bavSvis aseTnair ametyvelebasac: `Cveni
dedo cocqalia sida, alaa? hode, dililme, cocqalia Cveni dedoi. sida, pili
lo agal gaago eqla gaagemec...~ da sxv. (`bedi ubedurTa~).
mxolod yalb paTetikad SeiZleba aRiqvas mkiTxvelma socialuri ideebiT
Sepyrobili axalgazrda moRvawis mimarTva mSvenieri asulisadmi: `rogorc Sena
xar mefe Cemis gulisa, amieridgan me viqnebi aCrdili yovelis Senis moZraobi-
sa~... (`gigo RrubelaSvili~), anda aseTi sazeimo SeZaxilebiT savse gancxadebebi:
214
`me var mfarveli yoveli davrdomilisa, me var deda yoveli gaWirvebulisa!~
(`gigo RrubelaSvili~).
saerTod, rogorc aRniSnaven, `xalxosnebi, rogorc mxatvrebi, TavianTi xe-
lovnebis erT-erT gamarTlebas xalxur metyvelebaze dayrdnobaSi xedavdnen.
xalxosnebi gaitaca xalxurma metyvelebam, gaitaca iqamde, rom ganurCevloba
daetyoT da am enobriv masalaSi ise CaiZirnen, rom, rogorc ostatebi, TiTqos
originalurobisa da sakuTari poeturi xmis dakargvamdec ki mividnen. Rirseba
xalxosnebisa — xalxuri enis gabatonebaSi rom iCina Tavi, udides safrTxesac
Seicavda xelovnebisaTvis: individualuri mxatvruli saSualebebisadmi
ugulebelmyofeli damokidebulebis gabatonebas.... xalxosnebma ver SeZles da-
uxvewelisagan Sedevrebis gansxvaveba xalxuri Semoqmedebis did salaroSi da
mxatvrisaTvis esoden arsebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone grZnoba — sityvisa da gamoT-
qmebis esTetikuri Zalis grZnoba — ver gamoiCines. xalxosnebi Seityua da CaiT-
ria xalxuri metyvelebis uZiro morevma~ (grigol kiknaZe).
cxadia, mwerlis niWierebis erT-erTi gamoxatuleba isicaa, Tu ramdenad flobs
igi enas — mxatvruli qmnilebis am saSen masalas. TavisTavad is faqti, rom n. lomou-
ris moTxrobebi, TavianTi Tematikuri yavlgasulobis miuxedavad, dRemde SemorCa
Cvens saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebs da sabavSvo-popularuli literaturis sagan-
Zurs, miuTiTebs imaze, rom isini kvlav ganagrZoben mxatvrul sicocxles...
garda naTeli humanuri grZnobebisa da ideebisa, riTac TavisTavadaa gam-
sWvaluli niko lomouris qmnilebebi, isini Seicaven sayuradRebo da sando masa-
las XIX saukunis qarTuli soflis yofiTi mxaris, am periodis qarTveli glexis
materialurad saarsebo wyarosa da niadagis gasaTvaliswineblad.
am niSniTac niko lomouri yovelTvis darCeba, Cveni cxovrebis garkveul
etapze mainc, qarTuli garemos sando mweral-mematianed.
215
sofrom mgalobliSvili
(1851-1925)
sofrom mgalobliSvilis mxatvruli Semoqmedebis masala amokrefilia qar-

Tuli soflis yofa-cxovrebidan. TviT mweralma bavSvoba sofelSi gaatara, ad-
ridanve SeeCvia igi glexis cxovrebis avsa da kargs, icoda glexis gonebrivi da
qonebrivi viTareba. mxatvrul-publicisturi moRvaweobis pirvel xanebSi s. mga-
lobliSvili asaxavda uRono, upatrono, siRaribesa da uswavleloba-umecreba-
Si myof glexobas, romelic WuWysa da ubedurebaSi ixrCoboda; Semdgom mweralma
gamoxata erTobis ideebis gavrceleba, roca glexobam gaigo da Seigno Tavisi
mdgomareoba da xelSi iaraRi aiRo uflebebisa da Tavisi pirovnebis dasacavad.
pirvel xanebSi mwerali glexis yofa-cxovrebis aRmweria, daufaravad maCvenebe-
li CamorCenilobisa, sofelSi gavrcelebuli epidemiebis saSineli Sedegebisa,
mkiTxav-eqimbaSebis saqmianobisa da CarC-vaWarTa TareSisa; Semdeg ki mwerali
moTxrobebSi xatavs mCagvrelebis mimarT soflelTa winaaRmdegobas, iZleva
medgari socialuri da politikuri brZolis suraTebs. s. mgalobliSvilis
Tvalwin bevri saintereso faqti moxda, rac aisaxa mis mxatvrulsa da publicis-
tur SemoqmedebaSi, agreTve sainteresod daweril mogonebebSi.
sofrom zaqarias Ze mgalobliSvili mRvdlis Svili iyo, daibada 1851 wels,
sofel dirbSi. es sofeli Semdeg man sxvadasxva saxeliT xSirad aRwera Tavis
moTxrobebSi. momavali mwerali jer goris sasuliero saswavlebelSi swavlob-
da, Semdeg Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi, romelic 1873 wels daamTavra. semi-
nariaSi misi maswavleblebi iyvnen: iakob gogebaSvili, giorgi ioseliani, niko
cxvedaZe, romelTa miTiTebiTa da waqezebiT man bevri ram waikiTxa da iswavla.
àmaTi mosvlidan axali xana daiwyo seminariaSi, — werda s. mgalobliSvili. sag-
nebs aswavlidnen kargad, Segirdebs adamianurad epyrobodnen, gvaZlevdnen sa-
kiTxav wignebs, gvayvarebdnen samSoblo enas da literaturas~. igi amave xanebSi
gaecno rusul literaturas, aralegalur gamocemebsa da im mweralTa Semoqme-
debas, romelTa wakiTxvis uflebas moswavleebs seminariis direqcia ar aZlevda,
mag., rus revolucioner-demokratebis Semoqmedebas, ilia WavWavaZisa da sxvaTa
Txzulebebs.
s. mgalobliSvili seminarieli iyo, roca werilebs beWdavda gazeT `droeba-
sa~ da Jurnal `mnaTobSi~, dauaxlovda maT redaqciebsa da TanamSromlebs. semi-
nariis kursis Sesrulebis Semdeg s. magalobliSvili maswavleblobda goris sa-
suliero saswavlebelSi, amave dros iwyebs muSaobas revoluciur organizacia-
Si xalxosnebTan erTad, romelsac am dros xelmZRvanelobdnen mixeil yifiani,
Sio daviTaSvili, egnate ioseliani da sxvani. maT undodaT `gaecnoT xalxisaT-
vis mTavrobis mavne weswyobileba, Caexedebina glexoba Tavis cxovrebaSi, daer-
wmunebia igi, rom umamulod misi ganTavisufleba Zvel batonymobaze uaresi
iyo~...
xalxosnebis krebebze, saidumlo Sekreba-TaTbirebze da konferenciebze
daswrebam masSi ganamtkica azri, rom praqtikulad unda daexmaros glexobas,
magram es praqtikuli nabiji uSedego aRmoCnda, radgan, rogorc TviT s. mgalob-
liSvili wers — `xalxi Cven ar gvikarebda, gansakuTrebiT glexoba~.
216
es saintereso aRiarebani s. mgalobliSvilisa, axasiaTeben xalxosnuri muSa-
obis arapraqtikulobas. qarTvelma xalxosnebma glexoba ver aaRelves da ver
darazmes, amitom maT muSaobis gezi Secvales da glexobasTan kavSiris sxva for-
mis Ziebas Seudgnen. s. mgalobliSvili wers: `raki xalxSi siaruliT vera gavawy-
eT ra, Cven moqmedebis fronti da taqtika SevcvaleT. gadavwyviteT maswavleb-
lebs gvemoqmedna moswavle axalgazrdobaze, xelosnebze, gvemarTna iaffasiani
saxalxo warmodgenebi. am mizniT qal. gorSi davaarseT moyvarulTa wre. warmod-
genebi imarTeboda soflebSic, monawileobas iRebda yvela amxanagebi, sapasuxis-
mgeblo rolebs TamaSobda Sio daviTaSvili, me vkiTxulobdi rafiel erisTavisa
da Cem sakuTar scenebs xalxis cxovrebidan... ufros klasebSi, sadac 14-15 wlis
ymawvilebi isxdnen, Segvqonda revoluciuri xasiaTis literatura, moTxrobebi,
leqsebi~. amisTana muSaobiT s. mgalobliSvili axalgazrdobaSi aRvivebda erTo-
bis, simarTlis, mamuliSvilobis grZnobas. aralegaluri muSaobisaTvis s. mga-
lobliSvili 1878 wels daapatimres cota xniT. amis Semdeg igi kvlav muSaobs
kulturisa da ganaTlebis frontze, goridan TanamSromlobs Jurnal ìmedSi~,
gazeT `droebasa~ da ìveriaSi~.
s. mgalobliSvili kargad axasiaTebs xalxosnuri moZraobis raobas Tavis mo-
gonebebSi: `xalxSi ki egre rigaT ver moikida fexi xalxosnurma moZraobam. es
moZraoba utopiuri gamodga. mSvidobiani gziT revolucia vis gaugonia... Cven
vcdilobT xalxi pirdapir gadagveskupebina kapitalisturi xanis gauvlelad,
socializmSi~.
1897 wlidan s. mgalobliSvili TbilisSi dasaxlda; monawileobda kulturul da
Jurnalistur muSaobaSi, TanamSromlobda `moambeSi~, `TemSi~, `Teatrsa da cxovreba-
Si~.
s. mgalobliSvili gardaicvala 1925 wlis noemberSi.
s. mgalobliSvilma samwerlo muSaoba TargmniT daiwyo, romelTac beWdavda
Jurnal `mnaTobSi~. 1872 wels dawera pirveli beletristuli Txzuleba `ra mi-
zezia?~, gamoqveynebuli seminarielebis JurnalSi, romelic male gadaakeTa da
daarqva `deda maia~.
s. mgalobliSvilis Semoqmedebas dasawyisSive hyavda mkiTxvelebi da Semfaseb-
lebi, kerZod, a. wereTeli 1901 wels gazeT ìveriaSi~ gamoqveynebul statiaSi `we-
rili megobarTan~ mimarTavda mgalobliSvils da uxsnida: miuxedavad Seni didi
niWisa, dagixelTa, dagimorCila im senma, ucxoeTidan rom Semogvepara (akaki gu-
lisxmobda rusul `narodnikul~ mwerlobas), ese igi kazmul sityviT qadagebam,
romelic ase udgeba da uxdeba Cvens cxovrebas, znesa da Cveulebas, rogorc `vod-
ka~ kaxurs da `kvasi~ ojaleSs~-o. wereTeli amxelda zogierTi qarTveli mwerlisa
da TviT s. mgalobliSvilis naturalizms, Semoqmedebis primitiulobas, movlena-
Ta fotografirebas.
a. wereTeli miuTiTebda rogorc s. mgalobliSvils, ise sxva qarTvel mwer-
lebs, romelTa Semoqmedebasac is nakli hqonda, rac poetma s. mgalobliSvilis Se-
moqmedebaSi dainaxa. am ukanasknelis erTi patara nawarmoebi — ùkvdavebis wyaro
var~ akakim gamoiyena Tavisi Teoriuli mosazrebisaTvis, rac Semdegnairad gamo-
xata: `Sens niWs Sesaferisi gza aurCevia da Tu aRar gadauxvev, Sen ici! TiTeul
ers Tavisi sakuTari erTi meorisagan gansxvavebuli saxe aqvs da maT literatura-
sac, rogorc sarkes ama Tu im erisa, gansakuTrebiT elferi unda edvas. Cveni mwer-
lobac utyuari sarke unda iyos qarTvelebisa, Sig unda isaxebodes saqarTvelos
mravalferovani buneba misis miwa-wyliT, mTa-bariT, tyiT da veliT da sxvani~.
s. mgalobliSvili qarTveli glexobis cxovrebis bevr uaryofiT mxares aR-
werda Tavis moTxrobebSi, igi aqveynebda naxevrad publicistur, naxevrad mxat-
vrul werilebs, romlebSic mimoxilulia qarTuli provinciis cxovrebis mrava-
li mxare. es iyo seria saTauriT — `provincialuri meTvalyuris Civili da SeniS-
217
vnebi~, romelTa mTavari Tema xalxis yofis CamorCeniloba gaxldaT. mwerali
fiqrobda, rom xalxis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba aris mTavari mizezi misi Cagru-
li da daqveiTebuli yofisa. mweralma kritikulad daaxasiaTa sazogadoebis ma-
Rali fenebi, romelTa arseboba drois uazro kargvasa da cekva-pranWvaSi gamoi-
xateboda. am adamianebis cxovrebas mwerali ulmoblad amxelda. sazogadoebri-
vi sargeblianobisaTvis Tavdadebul adamians igi mxolod glexobaSi xedavda da
fiqrobda, rom mxolod glexobas Seswevs unari Sromisa da, maSasadame, axlis
Seqmnisac. magram glexobas, romelic ekonomiurad da iuridiulad Zalze iyo Se-
borkili, aramcTu saqveyno saqmianobisaTvis, sakuTari Tavisa da ojaxis uzrun-
velyofisaTvisac ar yofnida Rone.
qarTveli glexobis usasoo socialur-ekonomiuri mdgomareobisa da masebSi
revoluciuri ideebis gavrcelebis Temis garda s. mgalobliSvilma mniSvnelo-
vani adgili dauTmo Tavis SemoqmedebaSi maRali wodebis zneobis dacemisa da mis
gonebriv-qonebrivi gaRatakebis, ganaTlebuli, magram usaqmuri axalgazrdobis
cxovrebis aRwerasac. am xasiaTis TxzulebaTa Soris aRsaniSnavia misi moTxroba
`Tavadi ieronime~, romelic, erTgvarad, ilia WavWavaZis moTxroba `kacia-adami-
anis?!~ asociaciurobiTaa aRbeWdili: ieronimesa da misi meuRlis, salomes sax-
lis mowyobiloba luarsab-darejanisas gvagonebs, Tavis megobar kacia luarsa-
biZesTan erTad ieronime ixsenebs batonymobis `netar dros~, swavla-ganaTlebis
Sesaxebac TaTqariZiseburi Sexedulebisaa — Tavadobis daRupvis mizezad wignis
gavrcelebas asaxelebs da sxva. magram, cxadia, personaJTa Soris paralelebis
gavlebisas ganmasxvavebel detalTa SemCnevacaa saWiro: ieronime batonymobas
mistiris, misi gaxsenebiT suldgmulobs, eocnebeba dro, roca yma sikvdilis pi-
ras mihyavda cemiTa da tanjviT. luarsabi Sors dgas aseTi sisastikisagan. per-
sonaJis msgavs niuansTa xazgasma ki saTanadod gansazRvravs mwerliseul cod-
nas cxovrebaze, viTarebaTa saxeobrivad warmodgenis miseul unars.
s. mgalobliSvilis mier daxatuli maRali fenis inteligencia orgvari xasi-
aTisaa. erTni xedaven uTanasworobas, rasac glexoba cud pirobebSi mouqcevia
da laparakSi amtkiceben wodebaTa Soris gansxvavebis xelovnurobas, magram ma-
Ti msjeloba mxolod frazebia da ara praqtikuli saqmianoba; meoreni uazro
cxovrebas ewevian, maTi arseboba daclilia sazogadoebrivi interesebisagan. es
ganaTlebulTa wre momakvdavi Tavadaznauruli yofis dasasrulis gamomxatve-
lia. es is brwyinvale sazogadoebaa, advilad rom gaeqelvina gareSe gavlenebs,
moiRuna da Tavisi sakuTari erovnuli da zneobrivi saxe dakarga. gadajiSebuli
adamianebi monawileobas iReben mejlisebSi, valsis cekvaSi, arSiyobaSi, sakuTari
Rirsebis damcirebaSi. fanatikurad eTayvanebian ucxosa da gareSes, maTi survi-
lebi garegnuli brWyvialis CvenebaSi mdgomareobs, patara kacebs xorcieli sia-
movnebis erTi saaTisaTvis msxverplad miaqvT adamianoba da erovnuli Tavmoyva-
reoba. aseT adamianTa wyeba mweralma daxata moTxrobaSi `did zalaSi~. es moTx-
roba suraTebia da warmoadgens mwerlis werilebis — `provincialuri meTvalyu-
ris Civili da SeniSvnebi~— mxatvrul iersaxes.
s. mgalobliSvilma `provincialuri meTvalyuris Civili da SeniSvnebis~ er-
Ti nawili (1878 wlis ìveria~) glexis sacxovreblis aRweras miuZRvna. am weri-
lebSi laparakia glexis saxlSi dabudebul siRaribeze, usufTaobaze, radgan
adamianebi da pirutyvi erT WerqveS cxovroben, aqedan Cndeba yoveli siave da
avadmyofoba. àqedan Cndeba civeb-cxeleba, romlis mosarCenadac mkiTxavTan
garbian. imdeni moxerxeba ara aqvT, rom TavisiT gaigon mizezi senisa da mkiTxav-
Tan dakarguli dro Tavis kar-midamos gasufTavebas moandomon. gulis Sematki-
vari ara hyavT, rom tvinSi gauTqvifos es saWiro sagani janmrTelobisa~... gle-
xobis aseTi yofiT Sewuxebuli mwerali erTgan kiTxulobs: `neta veRirsebiT
218
`glaxis naambobis~ mRvdelsa?~. am sagazeTo werilis mxatvruli saxe aris moTx-
roba `deda maia~, agebuli namdvil ambebze da namdvilad arsebul adamianebze.
batonymobis gadavardnis momdevno xanebSi glexoba iZulebuli iyo mZime pi-
robebSi aeRo ijariT `sabatono~ miwa. glexobis umravlesoba CemorCenil meur-
neobas ver aumjobesebda, xSiri mousavlianoba da SimSili atydeboda Tavze mas.
dilidan saRamomde TavauReblad muSaobdnen, ibrZodnen arsebobisaTvis da
lukma purisaTvis, magram wlis sarCos Tavs mainc ver uyridnen. muSaobs yvela,
didi da patara, qali da kaci. sofel marmaraReleSi glexebs ver mouxerxebiaT
sarwyavad gamoiyenon mdinare, igi soflis saxnav-saTess Sors udevs. mindorSi
wyali ki ara, mzisagan Tavis Sesafarebeli adgilic ar aris. marmaraRele gamo-
naklisi araa, is mdgomareoba, rac am sofelSi sufevs, saerToa. glexi did jafas
eweva, mas avadmyofobis droc ara aqvs, radgan lukma puris dakargvis SiSi aC-
rdiliviT Tana sdevs. sandala (`deda maia~) Ramis mexreobaSi gacivda, didi sicxe
misca. gauZalianda igi avadmyofobas, magram veRar SeZlo. sicxisagan pirgam-
Srals amaRelvebeli fiqrebi Tavidan ar scildeba. `TavSi Jruanteli uvlis da
Sublze simwriT Wiris ofls asxams, rom am avadmyofobiT imas erTi dRis alo da-
akldeba, radgan Tavobis amotanamdis guTanze ver dahyo -es uwuxebs guls, es
stanjavs sandalas!~.
sandala tipuri saxea glexisa. mwerali iseT viTarebaSi xatavs mas, rom
mkiTxveli moTxrobis gmirTan erTad ganicdis adamianis gamwarebas. am patara
moTxrobaSi saaSkaraozea gamotanili glexobis CamorCeniloba-gaunaTleblobi-
sa da Zvel, damabrkolebel wes-CveulebaTa faqtebi. `ra hqnas sacodavma glexma,
— kiTxulobs mwerali. yvelgan da yvelasagan amas xvdeba rkinis maTraxi, romlis
daRic sikvdilamdin ar anebebs Tavsa~. roca glexs gauWirdeba, maSin erTaderT
mxsnelad da Wir-varamis Semamsubuqeblad mkiTxavi da Selocva Cndeba. mwerali
deda maias vaebas, romelsac macxovrebeli Svili avad gaxdomia, aseTi detale-
biT gadmogvcems: `maia xan aqeT miawydeba, xan iqiT, vera gaugia-ra, vera mouxer-
xebia-ra, ver upovia mizezi, Tu ram Seawuxa, ram miiyvana misi Svili sikvdilis
pirze. daiwyebs Taviseburad axsnas, RonisZiebis Zebnas~ da, radgan mizezi ver
upovnia, TviT gamoZebnis mas — romeliRac xati aris gamwyrali mis ojaxze da mas
unda pativiscema. `fTilebi da mkiTxavi, — ai pirveli da ukanaskneli misamarTi
RonisZieba Cvenis glexisa~ — daaskvnis mwerali.
maia mkiTxavTan wavida Svilis avadmyofobis mizezis saZebnelad da roca Sin dab-
runda, sandala mkvdari daxvda.
glexis pirovnebis gaqelva da udieri Zaladoba mas zogjer iaraRs aaRebi-
nebda xelSi da arsebobis dacvas ukarnaxebda. d.WonqaZisa da i. WavWavaZis msgav-
sad, s. mgalobliSvilma daxata iseTi adamiani, romelSic gaiRviZa iaraRiT brZo-
lis survilma da SurisZiebam. aseT viTarebaSi xatavs igi sose kaiSaurs (`mTiuli
sose~), romlis erTaderTi imedi da cxovrebis wyaro, samuSao saqoneli, Tavadsa
da mis mouravs — qitesas wauyvaniaT. sasamarTlo da samarTali ZlierTa mxare-
zea, amitomac sosem maT ar mimarTa, tyes Seafara Tavi da SurisZiebisaTvis mza-
deba daiwyo. radgan momavali kargs aras uqadda, gadawyvita sulic waewymida.
àRar vsaWiroeb amasac~-o, daaskvna man. sosem mokla qitesa mouravis bavSvi. mar-
Talia, amiT mouravis javri amoiyara, magram udanaSaulo bavSvis sisxlma ki ga-
daria. soses deda marTa Tavs datexili ubedurebisagan gagiJda, xolo TviTon
sasamarTloSi gamocxadda da Semdeg cimbirisaken gaemgzavra. mTiulma sosem,
d.WonqaZis nodaris msgavsad, TviT ipova samarTali, Tumca bavSvis mokvlis gamo
sindisis qenjnas ver morCa. s. mgalobliSvilis SemoqmedebaSi sose aris pirveli,
romelic iaraRiT xelSi eqspluatatorTa javrs iyris.
batonymobis naSTebi, uzarmazari gadasaxadebi da miwis gamosasyidi fasi
glexuri meurneobis Semosavals bevrad aRemateboda. es mdgomareoba iwvevda am
219
meurneobis gawriokebas. amisi Sedegi iyo `gaTavisuflebuli~ glexis qalaqSi ga-
dasaxleba lukmapuris saZieblad.
s. mgalobliSvilis moTxrobaSi `demetres saxloba~ daxatulia glexobis
ubedurebiT aRsavse gza, romelic soflidan qalaqisaken miemarTeba. moTxroba-
Si aRwerilia pirveli etapi soflis mosaxleobis qalaqebisaken miswrafebisa. qa-
laqs gadasaxlebuli glexi xelSi uvardeba vaWars da burJuaziuli amoralobisa
da gaumaZRrobis msxverplad iqceva. qalaqSi gadasaxlebuli glexis cxovreba
mweralma daxata metad muqi ferebiT, Tumca simarTliT. qalaqi glexis zneobas
spobs, mas adamianur saxes ukargavs. demetre lazaTiani axalgazrda iyo, Cacma-
daxurva uyvarda, magram roca qalaqSi dasaxlda, Tavis msgavs tanjulTa Soris
gaiTqvifa, dasneulda. demetre xelSi Cauvarda vaWar yazaras `sudebs~, `listeb-
sa~ da `poveskebs~. demetre yazaras validan veRar amovida. qalaqma demetres (da
mravals misTanas) yoveli adamianuri Rirseba axada. ìqnamde gauWirda, — ambobs
masze mwerali, — rom xandisxan TavSi elvasaviT gaurbenda ubeduri, Semzaravi
azri: gaeyidna namusi sacodavi nenesi~... demetre siRaribem, yazarama da burJua-
ziulma qalaqma imsxverpla. misi ukanaskneli sityvebi aris mwerlis mier naTqva-
mi protesti usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg: `maS ra vqnaT?!~ ras Svreba cxvari, yasabi
rom yelSi danas daabjens xolme~. demetre yelSi danadabjenili cxvariviT
msxverpli gaxda burJuaziuli qalaqisa.
aseT beds ver gaeqceva soflidan gadmosaxlebuli verc erTi glexi. moTx-
robaSi `gmiriseulis qali~ mweralma analogiuri ambavi aRwera. aqac ise ucruv-
deba imedi glexs, rogorc `demetres saxlobaSi~. salome, gmiriseulis qalis
asuli `darwmunda, rom aq ufro bloma xarks hkrefavs siRaribe, rom kacs abiwie-
rebs, suls ufuWebs, namuss arTmevs. darwmunda, rom soflad es xarji siRaribi-
sa agre rigad ara xdeba xalxsa~.
demetres sikvdilis Semdeg misi coli nene welebze fexs idgamda, bolos igi
gatexa gaWirvebam da yazaras namusi Searcxvenina. garyvnilma yazaram misi asu-
lis damorCilebac moindoma. nenem es ki veRar aitana da mtarvali mokla. ase
amovarda demetres saxloba.
qalaqis daxatvaSi s. mgalobliSvili da e. ninoSvili erTgvarad iqcevian. qa-
laqi spobs soflis Svilebs. nene, demetre, salome s. mgalobliSvilisa, qristine
e. ninoSvilisa erTgvar pirobebSi moeqcevian qalaqSi, erTgvarad mZimea maTTvis
iqauri garemo. mwerali kritikuli TvaliT ucqeris Tavis Tanamedrove soflis
cxovrebasac — usamarTlobis budes, Tumca igi bevrad maRla dgas burJuaziul-
vaWrul qalaqze. avtobiografiul TxzulebaSi `warsulidan~ mwerali xatavs
idealur sofels, iZleva patriarqaluri yofis gandidebas. mwerlis azriT, Zve-
li sofeli xasiaTdeboda erTsulovnebiT, soflelebma icodnen erTmaneTis ga-
tana da daxmareba. axali sofeli dacemulia, mcxovreblebs vaJkacuri Tvisebebi
dahkargviaT, ojaxebi danawevrebuli da dasustebulia, amitom yvela advilad
ereva Ronegamoclil mosaxleobas. Zvelad glexoba SekavSirebuli yofila da
Ronec hqonia. mgelbabias (`warsulidan~) azriT imitom, rom `Cveni Tavis patron-
ni Cven TviTon viyaviT~-o. ojaxebi winaT mtkice da mravalricxovani yofila.
aseTi ojaxi mwerlis idealia, aseTma simtkicem SeunarCuna sofels mTlianoba,
qarTvelma glexobam amitom gauZlo mtris Semosevebsa da darbevebs. Zveladac
yofila winaaRmdegobani, brZola, magram glexTa mTlianobas yvelaferi gadau-
laxavs. Zveli soflis adamiani faqizi grZnobebiTa da sulgrZelobiT xasiaTde-
boda. glexis darbaisloba da adamianuri buneba mweralma romantikulad dagvi-
xata am TxzulebaSi. s. mgalobliSvili daaskvnis: `...maT yofnas hmowmoben mxo-
lod saflavis qvani.... dRes sofels aRar hyavs mkurnali, gulSematkivari. iRu-
peba yvelaferi, rasac ki Zveli elferi edo~... ase gamoTqva s. mgalobliSvilma
sinanuli soflis Zveli, patriarqaluri wyobis mospoba-danergvis gamo.
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soflis mosaxleobisa da memamuleebis urTierTobas mwerali Tavisi soflis
konkretul magaliTze xatavs. sofeli dirbi Zvelad ekuTvnoda qarTvelTa
qristes saflavis monasters ierusalimSi da adgilobriv Tavadebs. mas Semdeg,
rac qarTvelTa monasteri berZnebis xelSi gadavida, mamulic imaT xelSi Cavar-
da da uzarmazar saxnav-saTess ierusalimidan Camosuli berZeni beri flobda. es
berebi arafriT gansxvavdebodnen danarCen sofelTa baton-patronTagan. qris-
tes saflavis monastris msaxurni glexebTan damokidebulebaSi iviwyebdnen
qristianobas da glexTa winaaRmdeg xSirad mimarTavdnen policiis Zalas. berebi
didZal Rala-kuluxs (xorblisa da Rvinis gadasaxads) axdevinebdnen glexebs.
mosaxleobasTan Suamavlad, Tavadebisa da memamuleTa msgavsad, maTac mourave-
bi hyavdaT.
mweralma Tavis SemoqmedebaSi didi adgili dauTmo memamuleTa da glexTa
urTierTobis asaxvas. amiT gansxvavdeba igi Tavis TanamedroveTagan — niko lo-
moursa da ekaterine gabaSvilisagan. Tu n. lomouri ZiriTad yuradRebas glexTa
uswavlelobaze amaxvilebda da qadagebda mavne Cveulebebisa da crumorwmuneo-
bis winaaRmdeg, s. mgalobliSvili memamuleTa da glexTa urTierTobas da maT
Soris ekonomiur winaaRmdegobas ganixilavs da asaxavs TxzulebebSi.
moTxrobaSi `warsulidan~ mwerals aRwerili aqvs glexTagan berebis sawyo-
bebisa da ambrebis dangreva, glexTa amboxeba qristes saflavis monastris war-
momadgenelTa winaaRmdeg. pirvel xanebSi es protesti stiqiuri iyo da ar gamo-
xatavda ZalTa gaerTianebisa da koleqtiuri brZolis etapebs. soflis mosaxle-
oba konkretul mowinaaRmdeges xedavda, eseni ki berebisa da memamuleebis mou-
ravebi iyvnen. aseTia gigola guliaSvili (`warsulidan~), romelmac kargad ico-
da TanasoflelTa ekonomiuri SesaZleblobani, igi udierad eqceoda Tanasof-
lelebs, aviwroebda mezoblebs Tavisi gamorCenis mizniT. isaka bRunZelaSvili,
fidua eSmakuraSvili, sosika mouravi, gigola guliaSvili sxvadasxva Txzuleba-
Ta personaJebi arian, magram erTi xasiaTis gamovlinebaa, isini erTmaneTs hgva-
nan, rac gamowveulia imiT, rom mwerali namdvil movlenebs iRebda masalad, nam-
dvilad arsebul adamianTa yofa-qcevas aRwerda.
glexobaSi protestis Casaxva-ganviTarebas da maTSi cxovrebis arsis anali-
zis gaCenis interess mwerali gadmogvcems moTxrobaSi `Ramis mexre ceco~. 17-18
wlis biWebi, Ramis mexreebi, ufiqrdebian TavianT yofas, magram mizezs da, miT
umetes, mdgomareobidan Tavis daRwevis gzas ver pouloben. ì, raT ari, ro zogi
duRs da gadmodis da zogs ki SimSiliT kuWi uxmeba, ha, e? Seni ar iyos, ceco,
RmerTmani, ro dRe da Ramis gasworeba Tu aris, ra hqvian, vasworebT da, ra vici,
uniaTo kia Cveni yvelaferi da~ — msjelobs moTxrobis erTi gmiri pako. glexi
faqtiur mdgomareobas ki xedavs, icis, rom misi namuSevar-naRvawi sxvas miaqvs
daumsaxureblad da amaSi cudi Suamavlis rols asrulebs isev glexobidan gamo-
suli mouravi an mamasaxlisi, romelic sakuTar jibes ivsebs glexis, `naTel-mi-
ronis~ monagariT.
batonymobis gadavardnam glexobis mdgomareoba ar Secvala. batoni memamu-
led iqca da glexs mainc ar moscilda tvirTi. mweralma moTxrobaSi `jor-zaqa-
ra~, romelsac qvesaTaurad uweria — `batonymobis win da Semdeg~ — STambeWdavi
saxe daxata baton-memamulisa. batonymobis droso, — wers igi, — iyo erTi Cveu-
leba: iSviaTi yofila iseTi batoni, romelic misdevda saqonlis moSenebas, jo-
gebis yolas, Sinauri frinvelis gamravlebas. roca saWiro iyo yvela zemoCamoT-
vlili, batoni mouravsa da biWebs gausevda sofels da rasac xels waavlebdnen,
ganukiTxavad mihqondaT batonTan diambegisa, mazris ufrosisa Tu sxva romeli-
me stumris saWiroebisaTvis. yvelaferi glexisa — batonisa iyo. es Cveuleba
ZvalSi da rbilSi hqondaT gamjdari batonebs da uxvadac sargeblobdnen miT.
glexoba drtvinavda da SfoTavda, magram araviTari ufleba ar hqonda winaaR-
221
mdegobis araTu gawevisa, gamomJRavnebisac ki. mxolod TiTo-orola Tu gamoC-
ndeboda glexobaSi, romelsac moTminebis fiala aevseboda da batonis winaaR-
mdeg xels aRmarTavda. ujiaTi, reformamdeli batonis xasiaTi aris mocemuli
moTxrobaSi `jor-zaqara~. mis xelSi glexi Tavis Svilebzec vera xarobda, misi
adamianuri, mSobliuri grZnobebi Selaxuli iyo: `mSurs roca vucqeriT, rom is-
ini xaroben Tavis SvilebiTa, xels aravin uSlis, aravisi murdali xeli maT na-
muss ar exeba... Cvena varT mxolod dawyevlilebi...~
batonymobis gadavardnis moaxloebam glexoba aamoZrava, kantikuntad dadi-
oda xmebi, rom batonymoba unda gadavardeso. glexoba jer idumalad msjelob-
da, radgan misTvis gaurkveveli iyo, Tu rogori urTierToba damyardeboda ba-
tonymobis gadavardnis Semdeg.
1864 wlis 8 noembers goris mazraSi sazeimod waikiTxes mefis brZaneba da ma-
nifesti, romlis kiTxvasac daeswro rogorc Tavadoba, ise glexoba. am ceremo-
niam saqmeSi Caxedul glexs azri ver Seucvala. zaqara (`jor-zaqara~) daeswro
manifestis kiTxvas gorSi, rogorc glexobis deputati da roca sofel tortla-
Si dabrunda, Tavmoyril Tanasoflelebs uambo batonymobis gadavardnis ambavi:
`teva aRar iyo gorSi, jer martoka imdeni qor-meZebrebi iyo batonebisa, rom is
eyofoda. exla batonebis cxenebis mxleblebi...~
tortlelebis cxovreba ar Seicvala. Tavadi estate maruSaZec Zveleburad
ujiaTi xasiaTisa darCa. igi kbilebs amtvrevda mosamsaxureebs da sofelic SiSis
qveSa hyavda. estate maruSaZem kvlav mxarSi amoiyena mouravi sosika da sxvani.
miwis mizomvis Semdeg glexebi darwmundnen, rom batonymobis gadavardniT ara-
feri miuRiaT ra. sofel tortlas mcxovrebni cud mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen:
ìseTi udieri gamodga aqauri batoni, rom venaxis mosavalzedac ki meoTxeds ar-
Tmevda: kitrze, venaxis lobioze, simindze da mwvanilze~. `batonymobis gadavar-
dnis Semdegac sosika mouravi (misi gvari puriWamiaSvilia) daTareSobs soflis
pirutyv saqonelze: daxocda indourebs, qaTmebs, daiWerda kai lamaz, gaTamame-
bul da galaRebuls, RiWiT gasuqebuls kvebula xbosa da moemzadeboda batonis
saxlSi Zveleburad stumrebis dasaxvedrada~.
sofelsa da Tavads Soris damokidebuleba axal fazaSi Sevida. sofeli aRar
uTmobda batonis mouravs TareSs, batoni ki Zveleburs ar iSlida. sosika mou-
ravs yvela win gadaudgeboda xolme da Tavis uflebas icavdnen. s. mgalobliSvi-
li glexTa masidan gamohyofs erTs da mas Caayenebs moZraobis saTaveSi, igi aris
gamomxatveli protestisa. is erTi irgvliv Semoikrebs Tavissave msgavsT, Roni-
er da yoCaR biWebs da nabatonaris winaaRmdeg daiwyeben moqmedebas. glexobaSi
TandaTan izrdeba survili brZolisa. asea daxatuli glexTa martivi organizeba
da darazmva moTxrobebSi `Ramis mexre ceco~ da `jor-zaqara~. axalgazrda ceco
goderZiSvili, yoCaRi Ramis mexre meTaurobs glexobas. mosazrebiTa da saqmia-
nobiT igi yvelasagan gamoirCeva. siRaribeSi da oblobaSi gazrdils ebraleba
yvela obol-Raribi, igi Tavisi pirdapirobiT, grZnobieri guliT yvelas sayva-
rel adamianad iqceva. mas yvela ujerebs, moxucebic ki pativsa scemen cecos. igi
qvrivma dedam vai-vaglaxiT gamozarda. geges axalgazrdobaSive daedga mZime
uReli upatrono ojaxis meTaurisa, puris cxobiT, SeZlebul glexebTan qiriT
muSaobiT, qerisa da lobios glejiT, simindis ToxniTa da bostnis margvliT
aRebuli fuliT gamozarda erTi biWi. siRaribem da gaWirvebam Tavisi daRi daas-
va cecos. avtoris naambobiT, igi iyo `kanti biWi, anu rogorc CvenSi ityvian,
sxarti biWi. imis gamxmar, mgram sufTa saxes siyviTlis feri dascemda... tuCebs
umSvenebda axlad akokrebuli ulvaSebi~. ceco kargad xedavda, rom dovlaTi
uwesrigod nawildeboda, misi da mezoblebis naSromi sxvas mihqonda. man Tavis
tol Ramis mexreebSi Tqva: ègre ar unda iyos, Cemo Zmao. samasi komli kacni varT
ZaRlisxevelebi. samas kacs Tu piri eqneba, rogor gadaudgeba win aTi da oci ka-
222
ci, aba erTi miTxariT! Cven Tu magaT kriWaSi CavudgebiT, avlagmavT, Tavs vaCve-
nebT, SiSi da ridi miecemaT~. ceco aRara hgavs sandalasa da solomanas (`deda
maia~). Tu isini, uRelSi gabmulni, imdenad iyvnen dabeCavebulni, rom sakuTar
mdgomareobas ver gansjidnen, ceco ukve analizs ukeTebs glexobis mdgomareo-
bas da daaskvnis, rom erTaderTi gamosavali aris glexobis gaerTianeba da gam-
Tlianebuli moZraoba. magram ceco jer Tavis sofelsa da adgilobriv memamu-
leTa dapirispirebas ver gascilebia, igi mxolod TavisTan axlo myof eqsplua-
tatorebs xedavs da maT asalagmavad razmavs sofels. cecom fici dado, rom
soflis saqmisaTvis Tavs gamoidebda da sxvebsac mouxmo: `deda SeerTos colad,
vinc erTmaneTs uRalatos, dedai!~. axalgazrdebmac cecos dauWires mxari.
glex cecos exmareba im soflis Raribi aznauri mixa gvaraZe. igic glexTa
mfarveli da damcvelia meruesTan, vaWarTan, mamasaxlisTan, mouravTan urTier-
Tobisas. ceco da mixa TiTqos erTmaneTs avseben. ceco WkuiT moqmedebda, azria-
nad, mixa ufro efeqtis adamiani iyo, orive ki namusiani da glexebis qomagi. `mo-
zardi glexoba, — gadmogvcems avtori, — am or biWs Ziel ugonebda. yvelas eseni
atrialebdnen da hpatronobdnen~.
rogorc n. lomouris SemoqmedebaSi, ise aqac mwerali Rarib aznaurobas glexTa
damcvelad gamoiyvans. sxva TxzulebebSi isini mSromelebad hyavs daxatuli, rom-
lebic glexTa Tanabrad muSaoben, amasTan, maTi mamulebic eSmakuraSvilebisa da
bRunZelaSvilebis xelSia gadasuli.
ZaRlisxevas memamulem glexebs kuluxi ormagad mosTxova, amis Sesruleba
bRunZelaSvilsa da eSmakuraSvils miando. sofelma am survils `gaTqmiT~ (piris
Sekvra) upasuxa. cecos SegonebiT sofelma eklesiis ezoSi moiyara Tavi da ficis
miRebis Semdeg daadgina ZalisdamtanebelTa dasja. ceco da misi amxanagebi te-
roris gzas daadgnen.
cecom, mixam da pakom soflis survili aasrules. kuluxis akrefisas bRunZe-
laSvilsa da eSmakuraSvils ketebiT scemes da amiT soflis qomagebad gamovidnen.
soflelebi aiyolies, umeTaures maT da amiT mizans miaRwies.
ufro vrclad glexTa cxovrebis epopea mwerals aRwerili aqvs moTxrobaSi
`jor-zaqara~. es nawarmoebi did droul manZils iTvaliswinebs, ambavTa aRwera
masSi iwyeba batonymobis gadavardnis wina droidan da midis 1905 wlis revolu-
ciis Semdeg periodamde. moTxrobaSi aRwerilia ekonomikuri da socialuri xa-
siaTis didi cvlilebebi, romelnic XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi xdeboda Cvens
qveyanaSi. yvela es cvlileba gaSuqebulia glexobis cxovrebis fonze. batonymo-
bis gadavardnis ambavma glexs imedi Causaxa da aRafrTovana, axali yofis survi-
li gauRviva, magram glexs imedi ar gaumarTlda. mwerali akritikebs saglexo
reformas, aRniSnavs, rom man glexobas Sveba ar moutana, rom mxolod garegnuli
cvlileba moxda, Sinaarsi ki Zveli darCa.
Tavadma estate maruSaZem ver daTmo batonoba da kvlav moindoma sofelSi
parpaSi. glexobam, zaqaria jiRauris meTaurobiT, winaaRmdegoba gauwia mas, arc
sasoflo wyali daanebes, aRarc ojaxi Searcxvenines, mamapapidan damkvidrebuli
saeklesio miwac waarTves da TavisTvis moxnes. Tavad estates saqmeTa aRmasru-
lebeli iyo sosika mouravi, gaTavxedebuli glexi, darbevebisa da moZaladeobis
monawile. estatem xelisuflebis mxardaWeriT zaqaria jiRauris ojaxi daan-
gria, ramac glexi ufro gaaborota da gaamwara. amis Sedegad zaqariam iaraRs
mohkida xeli. moTminebis fiala aivso da mxolod sisxlis daRvra gadawyvets da-
vas. marTlac, Seuracxyofilma da darbeulma zaqaria jiRaurma wamoiZaxa: `To-
fi! Cemi Tofi! ooh! kacis sisxlSi unda gavisvaro xeli! unda sisxliT movrwyo es
nafuZari~. zaqaria ver daamSvida verc dedis alersma, verc mezoblebis Txovnam.
sofelmac dainaxa, rom yovelgvari sazRvari moTminebisa gadalaxulia da metis
atana aRar SeiZleba, daaskvna: `wyali aimRvra... es ambavi muqTad ar Caivlis...~
223
zaqarias miwa waarTves. aman ki mas brZolis unari gaucocxla. didxans atara
man sisxlis daRvris survili, emzada, dros ucada, TandaTan Semoikriba Tanamo-
azreni Tavis irgvliv da maT gaumJRavna: `fiala moTminebisa aivso. unda gzidan
CamoviciloT batoni estate da mouravi sosika. Tqven nu geSiniaT, me vkisrulob,
mxolod Tqven nu momaklebT Tqvens megobrobas, Tqvens siyvarulsa~. zaqariam da
misma Tanamoazreebma Sehfices: `deda SeerTos colada, vinc erTmaneTs uRala-
tos~.
zaqaria jiRaurma sosika mouravi mokla da Tofs Wde daado, — es erTi da
sxva mravalio. es brZolis faqtiuri dawyeba iyo.
sofelSi erTobis kacebma daiwyes siaruli. zaqaria yuradRebiT ismenda maT
saubars da TviTac moqadaged iqca, glexebs esaubreboda gadamwyveti brZolis Ta-
obaze, sulier simtkiceze brZolaSi, Tu yvela gawydeba, erTi xom darCeba mZevla-
do. ài, es mZevali iseTs ylortebs amoixeTqs, mZlavr ylortebs sisxliT gapoxie-
rebuli niadagidan, rom imis mospoba arafriT aRar SeiZleba~.
Tavadma maruSaZem razmi Seqmna, magram arc soflelebi CamorCnen. erTis Tav-
dadebam mravals auRelva guli. Tavadis razmi sofels musrs avlebda, zaqarias
razmi estate maruSaZes samagieros uxdida. zaqarias Tofs ukve ramdenime gle-
xis Tofi aZlevda xmas.
axlovdeboda 1905 weli da soflis mosaxleoba moZraobda. glex mamakacs
glexi qalis xma da Zala amoudga gverdSi. erTobis mociqulma qalma qalTa sa-
kiTxi wamoayena krebaze da soflis qalebs mouwoda qmrebTan, ZmebTan da mameb-
Tan erTad winaaRmdegobisa da brZolisaken: `yvela qalma, yvela ojaxis dedam
unda mamakacebs mivbaZoT. droebiT unda gadavdoT TiTistari da nemsi, akvanic
mivdgaT gverdze, movikrifoT sulis Zala. Tu iaraRiT vera, basri frCxilebiT
SevebrZoloT usamarTlobas, borotebas. sisxli sisxliT unda moibanos, sisxls
sisxli mosdevs, msxverpls msxverpli. gadavaqcioT saxl-kari, baR-venaxi da
TviT Cveni gulisficari cixe-simagred, sal-klded!~.
revoluciuri moZraoba gaRvivda, sofeli aRfrTovanebulia mopovebuli
gamarjvebiT. mwerlis azriT, es revolucia TiTqos sofliT ifargleba, rome-
lic mowyvetilia qalaqis amRelvarebul revoluciur brZolas. arc erTobis
mqadagebelni acnoben soflelebs proletariatis Tavganwiruli brZolis peri-
petiebs.
sofelSi axali cxovreba daiwyo: aRarc qurdoba, aRarc avazakoba, aRarc er-
TurTis gaukiTxaoba. Tavisuflebis sxivi moefina sofels da igic gardaiqmna.
estate maruSaZe moiTrguna, soroSi daimala, brWyalebic damala. igi Tavis
dros eloda.
es droc daudga estate maruSaZes. sofelSi damsjeli razmebi gamogzavna xe-
lisuflebam. estate maruSaZe, simbolo bneli Zalebisa, kvlav aRorZinda. amas
msxverpli da sisxlis Rvra mohyva.
estate maruSaZem msxverpli Seiwira glexTagan, magram amiT mZlavrad fes-
vgadgmuli siyvaruli Tavisuflebisa maTSi ver aRmofxvra. TavadTan da usamar-
TlobasTan brZoliT gaWaRaravebuli zaqaria jiRauri tribunad iqca, irgvliv
kvlav xalxi Semoikriba da erTobis sasargeblo qadageba iwyo. Zaqaria isev meTa-
uria soflisa, gmiria. misi sityvebi brZolis ganaxlebis Taobaze aRafrTovanebs
glexebs: `sikvdili, sikvdili!... cecxli, cecxli! — gaisma erTxmad krebaze da
are-marem xma gamosca, yovelivem irgvliv gaimeora: sikvdili, cecxli!... gadawy-
da!.... sikvdils da cecxls Txoulobda xalxi!... sikvdils da cecxls Txoulobda
mTeli are-mare. bans aZlevda xalxis guls, taSs ukravda da amxnevebda~... `tkbi-
lia sisxliT naSovni Tavisufleba!~ — daaskvnis Tavisi gmirebis aRfrTovanebiT
aRtacebuli mwerali.
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mamakac revolucionerebTan erTad qalebic aqtiuri mebrZolni arian. mari-
nem, zaqarias meuRlem, Sekrebil glexebs cecxli SeukeTa, brZolis Jini gauZli-
era: `ras CagiqindriaT Tavebi Wiriani indaurebiviTa! gansacdeli karze mogdgo-
miaT, Tqven col-Svils namusis axdas upireben. es-Ra SegvanarCuna RmerTma da
amasac xelidan gamoglejas emuqrebian~. zaqaria glexobas gauZRva da estate ma-
ruSaZisagan cemiT moklulis — sose inauris saflavze fici daadebina xalxs,
rom samagieros miuzRavdnen mtarvals.
xalxis suli aforiaqda da stiqiad iqca, sadac qalTa meTauri marinea. sab-
rZolod gamzadebuli, igi mowodebiT mimarTavs qalebs: `Cvenca gvaqvs iaraRi —
dedis guli. vixmaroT frCxilebi, kbilebi, qva da gunda, bari, Toxi, xeli, fexi, —
warmoTqva mtkiced marinem, kalTa Caikra sartyelSi da qoriviT Semoavlo Tva-
li xalxsa~. marines sityvam yvelas aRuZra SurisZiebis survili. brZola daiwyo
da zaqariam dakarga coli da Svili, magram maTi da sxvaTa bevris javri male amo-
iyara. aRdgomas, litaniaze estate maruSaZe da misi ojaxi wminda dResaswauls
dResaswaulobda da swored maSin gangmira zaqariam estate da misi vaJi arCili.
roca mRvdeli ambobda `qriste aRsdgao!~, zaqariam, Tavis siaTaze dayrdnobil-
ma, gabatonebulTa msaxur mRvdels pirSi uTxra: `styui, mamao, jer xalxisaTvis
qriste ar amdgara, magram mwams, igi odesme aRsdgeba da mogvaniWebs Cvenc sasu-
fevelsa~.
moTxrobis apoTeozSi mweralma momavlis suraTi daxata. aRdgomis batkanma
mzis sxivebSi Caiyuryumelava da cisartyelad gadaiqca — gamodarebisa da sim-
Svidis simbolod. mravalWirgadaxdili zaqariac momavlisaken iyureba da imiT
gulgakeTebuli varams ar eqelvineba. mwerlis azriT, isev zaqaria unda yofili-
yo momavali aRdgomisaTvis mebrZoli. 1907 wels daweril TxzulebaSi xalxosan-
ma mweralma revoluciuri Zala isev zaqarias dautova da moxuci mWeqare, jer
kidev SemZlebeli xmiT aalaparaka.
aRsaniSnavia, rom 1905 wlis revoluciuri ideebis mimarT damokidebulebisa
da brZolis specifikis TvalsazrisiT SeiniSneba zogierTi msgavseba s. mgalob-
liSvilis zaqariasa da l. qiaCelis moTxrobis personaJis, tariel goluas xasia-
Tebs Soris. am nawarmoebebSi gamoxatuli calkeuli situaciebic emsgavsebian
erTmaneTs.
aseTi suraTi daxata mweralma glexTa winaaRmdegobisa da maTi monawileobi-
sa 1905 wlis revoluciaSi, romlis Tema mas damuSavebuli aqvs agreTve eskizebSi
ùkvdavebis wyaro var~ da `pirveli sisxli~.
s. mgalobliSvilma or mozrdil moTxrobaSi (`Ramis mexre ceco~ da `jor-za-
qara~) aRwera glexobis gamofxizleba da revoluciuri brZolis gzaze dadgoma.
TxzulebebSi aRwerili ambebi drois sakmaod did monakveTs moicavs. aseT did
manZilze mwerals sxvadasxva adamiani gamohyavs samoRvaweo asparezze. maT da-
kisrebuli aqvT ara marto sakuTari pirovnebisa da adamianur uflebaTa dacva,
aramed soflis meTaurobac. isini mowinave glexebi arian, romelnic yvelaze ad-
re da ukeTesad erkvevian cxovrebis mouwesrigeblobaSi, ayalibeben brZolisa
da moqmedebis gzebsa da saSualebebs. soflis mosaxleobac maT mihyveba, ceco,
zaqaria midian win, rogorc meTaurni da maT mxars uWers glexoba. am fenidan ga-
mosul meTaurebTan erTad iRwvian sofleli Raribi aznaurebi, romlebic eko-
nomiuri mdgomareobiT glexebisagan ar gamoirCevian.
s. mgalobliSvilis Rrma rwmeniT, xalxSi erTobis sulis Semtani da winaaR-
mdegobis daZlevisaTvis brZolis organizatori isev glexobidan gamosuli ada-
miani unda iyos, radgan man kargad icis Tavisianebis raoba da vinaoba, icis, Tu
ra uWirs glexs, saiT unda warimarTos glexobis SekavSirebuli Zala.
s. mgalobliSvili ar ayalibebs xalxosani moRvawis xasiaTsa da moRvaweobis
programas. aseTi adamianis gza mwerals ambavTa da personaJebis aRweraSi aqvs
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mocemuli. aseTi moRvaweni, inteligentebi, glexobis wridan gamosuli axalgaz-
rdebi, avtoris rwmeniT, xalxisaTvis Tavdadebulni arian, misi gonebisa da iu-
ridiuli uflebebis aRdgenisaTvis mebrZolni.
eskizSi `saflavSi CamomZaxe~ mweralma xalxis erTguli da misi gaTavisufle-
bisaTvis mebrZoli ganaTlebuli adamiani gamosaxa. maTe laSxi xalxosani revolu-
cioneria, Tavisi arseboba mas saxalxo ganaTlebis saqmisaTvis Seuwiravs. bevrma
da Tavdadebulma muSaobam laSxi motexa, daasneula, loginad Caagdo. roca saqmis
gakeTeba aRar SeeZlo, Caufiqrda Tavis mdgomareobas, ganvlil gzas, analizi gau-
keTa Tavis mier gakeTebuls da scada gamoerkvia Tavisi adgili xalxTan urTier-
TobaSi, isic gaaxsenda, rom adre miRebuli hqonda gadawyvetileba, aeRo da et-
virTa mZime jvari xalxis samsaxurisa da Sedgomoda golgoTas. qristem, maTes
sityvebiT, yvelas erTi ram uanderZa — visac ki guli Sestkiva sakacobrio saqmi-
saTvis, unda iRvawos da iSromos. avtorisa da misi gmiris azriT es Sroma soflis
maswavleblis movaleobaa da, maSinac ki, roca revoluciuri brZola da proleta-
riatis moZraoba ruseTis uzarmazar teritorias azanzarebda, xalxisaTvis
zrunva mxolod soflis maswavleblis SromaSi gamoxata mweralma. maTe laSxi, sa-
sikvdilo sarecelze mwoli, darwmunda, rom misi didi gegma Sesrulebuli ki ara,
dawyebulic ar yofila, xalxTan guliTadi kavSiris damyarebac ki ver mouxerxe-
bia. igi did cxovrebas SeeWida da martomebrZolma ver daarRvia misi simagre da
simtkice. mxolod ukanasknel wuTebSi mixvda igi, rom xalxTan urTierToba ver
daamyara: `me mis TvalSi mRvdlis Svili var. Tavi dauRweviaT Cems winaprebs im Wap-
nidan, im uRlidan, romelsac xalxi eweva. xeli aRar SeuSvelebiaT misi mZime tvir-
TisaTvis, ar SeumsubuqebiaT igi~. swored amitomac maTe laSxsa da xalxs Soris,
miuxedavad pirvelis Sromisa, urTierToba ver ganmtkicda. sinanuli mdgomareo-
bas ver cvlis. maTe laSxi acxadebs, rom xalxi mxolod Tavis Svils gahyveba yovel
saqmianobaSi. xalxis Svilad ki mas glexTa wiaRidan gamosuli adamiani miaCnia, nam-
dvili glexis ojaxis Svili.
ara mxolod mRvdlis Svilia aseT mdgomareobaSi, Tavadis asuli Teklec,
romelic maTes msgavsad xalxisaTvis iyo Tavganwiruli. namdvili da SesaniSnavi
memkvidre maTes saqmianobisa unda iyos glexi petre, mxolod is SeZlebs dauax-
lovdes masas.
maTe laSxis pirovnebaSi avtobiografiuli xazebi moCans. mwerali xalxos-
nad darCa bolomde, TviT 1905 wlis revoluciis epoqaSic, Tumca ki dainaxa, rom
xalxosanTa rwmena uZluri aRmoCnda glexobis gaTavisuflebis didi misiis Ses-
rulebisaTvis.
maTesa da Tekles erTmaneTi uyvardaT da maTes ver gaebedna, gamoecxadebina
TeklesaTvis Tvisi grZnoba. maT Soris wodebrivi sxvaobis kedeli idga da maTes
amisi eSinoda. mxolod sikvdilis sidiadem misca maTes SesaZlebloba gaemJRav-
nebina TeklesaTvis siyvaruli.
maTe laSxi Sewuxebulia miT, rom xalxis axal, bednier cxovrebas ver moes-
wreba, Tekles avalebs — saflavSi CamomZaxe Cemi xalxis bednierebisa da gamar-
jvebis dReo.
1905 wlisaTvis samzadisi, TviT revolucia da misi damarcxeba s. mgalobliS-
vils aRwerili aqvs patara moTxrobaSi `da Sehfices~. misi gmiri iliko mSveliZe
maTe laSxTan SedarebiT didi upiratesobis mqonea. iliko glexis Svilia, igi
mSobliur wres ar moscilebia, xalxic endoba mas, uyvarT da afaseben. iliko ma-
sebis organizatoria, erTobis moqadage. igi sargeblobs glexobis gaWirvebuli
mdgomareobiT, rom maT miwa ara aqvs da gadaisvris lozungs — `miwa da Tavisuf-
leba~. xalxi, ilikos sityvebiT aRfrTovanebuli, sixaruliT SesZaxebs: `gaumar-
jos erTobas!~. moTxrobaSi mocemulia suraTebi erToblivi frontis Seqmnisa,
ZalTa konsolidaciisa. magram es revoluciuri Zala mainc calmxrivia, radgan
226
iliko, SesaniSnavi agitatori-propagandisti, namdvili èrTobis kaci~, mxolod
glexuri SeerTebuli ZaliT fiqrobs revoluciis moxdenas. ilikosaTvis sru-
liad garkveulia brZolis gza, man kargad icis da Rrmad swams, rom Tavisufleba
usisxlod ar moipoveba. `marTalia, ar dagimalavT, — mimarTavs igi glexebs, — es
erToba bevr Cvengans Seiwiravs... bevri umanko sisxli daiRvreba, magram gamar-
jveba Cvenia~.
ilikos qadagebaSi, mis mier xalxis darazmvaSi, mis sikvdilsa da saxl-karis
gadawvaSi mwerali iZleva 1905 wlis revoluciis mTavar etapebs. iliko mokles,
misi Tavi straJnikebma margils Camoacves. ilikos saflavze didi xis jvari aR-
marTa viRacam. Svilis saflavze aqamde mdumare luka Sedga da xalxs brZolis
gangrZobisaken, miwisa da Tavisuflebis mopovebisaken mouwoda. moxuci adamiani
mtkiced Sedga Svilis mier arCeul gzaze da Svilis naTeli xsovniT mosilma
xalxs aRmgznebi sityvebiT mimarTa. totebdamtvreul muxasa hgavda luka, mag-
ram im muxas fesvebi da Ziri hqonda magari (aqac Cndeba paralelebi l. qiaCelis
tariel goluasTan). axalgazrda glexma xalxs mouwoda fici daedoT ilikos
saflavTan, rom momavalSi ar Sedrkebodnen da brZolas ganagrZobdnen, ar uRa-
latebdnen im azrebs, erTobis saqmes, rasac iliko msxverplad Seewira... da Seh-
fices!
Tumca brZolis meTauri mokles, magram amiT brZola ar Senelebula, piri-
qiT, igi grZeldeba da Zlierdeba. yvelaferi es mainc calmxrivia, radgan, ro-
gorc am moTxrobas qvesaTaurSi uweria, igi glexTa cxovrebis aRweraa mxolod.
amisTana momentebSi mJRavndeba s. mgalobliSvilis tendenciebi.
ìveriaSi~ dabeWdil werilebSi `provincialuri meTvalyuris Civili da Se-
niSvnebi~ 1878 wels s. mgalobliSvili werda: `me mwvavs, mawuxebs, Cemo megobaro,
e Cveni glexobis bedSavi mdgomareoba. sawyalni da sabraloni! ra SeZleba aqvT,
RmerTo Cemo, amdeni tkipebis gadamkides! kiseri mokirwyluli aqvT wiTeli, yvi-
Teli, Savi — ra feric gnebavT, sul aris. erTs moiglejs, meore mouWers...~ mwe-
rali sxvadasxva juris mZarcvelebs gulisxmobda, vinc ar unda yofiliyo igi,
soflis moxele, didCinosani vinme Tu ugergilo da loTi maswavlebeli. Tavis
SesaniSnav mogonebaSi `warsulidan~ mweralma akaki wereTlis msgavsad gamoiyva-
na usulgulo adamianebi, ugunuri, loTi, ukulturo Cinovniki-maswavleblebi.
maT adamianTa aRzrda abariaT da maswavleblis saxelsac ki atareben, magram ra-
ni arian da vin arian isini? moswavleebs maTTvis maTi xasiaTisa da qcevis Sesafe-
risi zedmeti saxelebi daurqmeviaT. es maswavleblebi arian: qiSmiSa, yeyeCa ivane,
purWyia prokle, burnuTis kolofi, bora da sxvani. saswavlo-pedagogiuri pro-
cesis safuZvlad maT miRebuli aqvT Tmis agleja, yuris aweva, maTraxi da rozgi.
isini zrdian bavSvebs, romlebic maT xelSi eCvevian qurdobas, dabezRebas, usin-
disoba-upatiosnobas. meqrTameoba, e.w. pativiscema da sxva amgvari mowafeTa
Tvalwin xdeba, maswavleblebi mowafeTa daswrebiT erTmaneTs àmkoben~ quCuri
epiTetebiT. amgvar maswavlebelTa xelSi mowafeebs dakarguli hqondaT adamianu-
ri saxe, eseni momavali usulgulo Cinovnikebi unda gamosuliyvnen, xalxs rom da-
awvebodnen mZime tvirTad.
mTavrobis moxele, ucxoa Tu Sinauri, glexis mtrad aris movlinebuli. xal-
xs didi survili aqvs misi Tavidan mocilebisa, rac s. mgalobliSvils xSirad uC-
venebia moTxrobebSi.
biurokratiuli sistemis kritika s. maglobliSvils mZlavri satiruli to-
niT aqvs daxatuli moTxrobaSi `wiTeli sarCuli~. moTxrobis mTavari personaJi
iuda ReWiaSvili, igive ReWovi, warmoSobiT, moRvaweobiT, moqmedebiTa da suli-
an-xorcianad Cinovnikia. orpiri, pirferi, mliqvneli, boroti, sxvisi tyavis gam-
Zrobi, sakuTari WuWyiani pirovnebis pativismcemeli da sazogadoebis xorcme-
ti, yoveli araadamianuri TvisebiT Semkuli, wiTelsarCuliani mundiris mqone
227
samoqalaqo samsaxuris generalia. ReWovis mama SezRuduli gonebis patroni yo-
fila, kalendris monad qceuli. Svilis dabadebis dRes kalendarSi amosula iu-
da da, miuxedavad colis survilisa, bavSvisaTvis daerqmiaT aslani, momaval Ci-
novniks iuda uwodes. manac gaamarTla Tavisi saxeli praqtikuli cxovrebiTa da
moRvaweobiT. roca moizarda, iudas eCoTira Tavisi saxeli da mejRanuaSvilis
msgavsad bevri atriala, scada Secvla, magram mizans ver miaRwia da iuda darCa.
man umaRlesi saswavlebeli daamTavra, diplomi arSinnaxevrian aryis totze da-
axvia, rom beWedgautexelad Camoetana samSobloSi. es diplomi misi Cinovnikobis
dasayrdeni da fari iyo. iudas devizi hqonda SemuSavebuli: ìse unda vicxovro,
rom erTis xeliT, ginda piriT sami kurdReli daviWiro~. iudas arseboba sazoga-
doebrivi interesebisagan mTlad daclilia. marTalia, zogjer sazogado krebas
eswreboda, magram mxolod imisaTvis, rom gamoCeniliyo, mis Sesaxeb alaparake-
buliyvnen. s. mgalobliSvilma Camoayaliba Cinovnikis gza, romelzec ReWovma ga-
iara: `namussa da sindiss sqel fardas Camovafareb, rom TvaliTac veravin daina-
xos... erTi mxriv Cems xalxs vasiamovneb, masTan saxels gavikeTeb... meore mxriv
Cem mTavrobas fexqveS gaverTxobi, mis win davdneb-davxoraviWdebi... Tavs ange-
lozad movaCveneb. Tu ase ar moviqeci, win ar wamweven da derefanSi gdebiT da
xoxviT suls amomarTmeven. mesame mxriv, arafers da aravis ar davzogav, yvelas
cecxl-navTSi gavatareb, vinc ki Cemi survilis Sesrulebas win gadaeRobeba... ra
saldaTia is saldaTi, romelic generlobas ar moelis. ai, am Cem paltos meTqi
wiTel sarCuls gamovakrav~. radgan aseTi survili hqonda ReWiaSvils, ReWovad
gardaqmnils, amitom meTodurad daiwyo misi Sesruleba. miznis miRwevisaTvis
mas araferi dauSurebia, vidre patara da usaxo iyo, sxvis xarisxsa da mdgomare-
obas efareboda da sakuTars iqmnida. wiTeli sarCulis xarisxamde asvlisaTvis
xalxs TvalSi nacars ayrida, ufrosebis win iRuneboda, maT xel-fexs ukocnida,
cruobda, angelozad eCveneboda da qvemZromiviT xoxavda. umaRles swavlamiRe-
buli ReWovi TvalTmaqcad, qarTuli kulturis amRorZineblad asaRebda Tavs,
namdvilad ki erovnuli mTlianobis dasayrdenis enis winaaRmdeg moqmedebda da
biurokratiuli xelisuflebis Cinosan warmomadgenlebs aamebda.
iuda ReWovis Cinovnikuri karieris zrda sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da re-
voluciuri moZraobis aRmavlobis paralelurad miemarTeboda. iudasa da mis
mfarvels —vorotilovs xalxis amoZraveba SiSis zarsa scemda. marTalia, maT
imedi hqondaT yovlad SemZlebeli imperatorisa, magram xalxi ZalaSeuzRudve-
li aRmoCnda. rac ufro Zlierdeboda moZraoba, miT ufro mJRavndeboda ReWo-
vis antisazogadoebrivi ganwyobileba da xasiaTi. Txzulebis ukanasknel TavebSi
aRwerilia is, Tu rogor miezRo samagiero ReWovsa da mis msgavsT misgan SeZu-
lebuli xalxisagan. qariSxalma dabera da iudas niRabi Camoglija, gamoCnda misi
RvarZliani, sxvisi fexis mtvris lokviTa da laqiobiT aRvsili guli. yvela am-
xedrda mis winaaRmdeg. mTeli aremare ReWovs moRalates misZaxoda. ReWovi uar-
yo xalxma, cxovrebam, Wkuidan Semcdari soflidan sofelSi darboda. ase daan-
gria samSoblos gamyidvelis cxovreba xalxis moZraobam.
s. mgalobliSvilma Tavisi Semoqmedebis ZiriTadi Tema gamoiyena sabavSvo
TxzulebebisaTvisac. bavSvTa da mozardTaTvis dawerili misi Txzulebebi qar-
Tul JurnalebSi qveyndeboda. am moTxrobebSi mwerali glexsa da mis garemos ga-
moxatavda da norCi mkiTxvelis yuradRebas soflis cxovrebis sxvadasxva mxare-
ze amaxvilebda. `yayitas qurdi~, `Tinas giSera~, `melia~, `siymawvilis mogoneba-
ni~ aRsavseni arian mozardi Taobis gonebriv-zneobrivi aRzrdis surviliT. sa-
bavSvo moTxrobebSi mwerali asakis Sesaferis TxrobiTa da ambis ganviTarebiT
mkiTxvels acnobs glexis yoveldRiur cxovrebas, mis bunebasTan urTierTobas,
Sromis process.... mwerali mozards STaagonebs samSoblos Ralatis, flidobis,
TvalTmaqcobis siZulvils; unergavs bunebis siyvaruls, misi dacvis interess. s.
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mgalobliSvili cocxali, amoZravebuli bunebis mxatvaria. buneba ganyenebuli
ki ar aris, aramed adamianTanaa mtkiced dakavSirebuli. swored amitomaa igi mim-
zidveli da mSvenieri.
s. mgalobliSvili glexTa yofa-cxovrebas zedmiwevniT zustad aRwerda.
mxatvrul TxzulebebSi gamoxatuli mdgomareobani da adamianTa urTierTobani,
gmirebi da xalxi namdvili cxovrebidan arian aRebulni. moTxrobaTa moqmedi pi-
rebi mwerlis nacnobebi da maxloblebi arian. mogonebaSi `warsulidan~ Saqro
gegelaSvilis saxeliT TviT mwerali gamodis, xolo mgel-babia, efrosine da
sxvani misi bavSvobis droindeli adamianebi arian. mwerals maTTvis saxelebi Se-
ucvlia mxolod, rogorc sasuliero saswavleblis maswavleblebisa da mowafee-
bisaTvis.
s. mgalobliSvilis moTxrobaTa gmirebi erTi soflis mcxovrebni arian, im
soflisa, romelsac mwerali sxvadasxva moTxrobaSi xan marmaraReles, xan ZaR-
lisxevas, xanac bateTs uwodebs. frones xeoba, sofeli dirbi aris s. mgalobliS-
vilis TxzulebaTa personaJebis sarbieli.
mwerlis mTavari sazrunavi iyo reformis Semdegdroindeli glexis cxovre-
bis mowesrigeba. glexis bunebisa da garegnobis pirdapiri, Seuferavi CvenebiT
mas surda mkiTxvelTa ganwyobilebis mobilizeba maTi ekonomiur-uflebrivi
mdgomareobis aRdgenis sasargeblod. cxovrebiseuli situaciebisa da adamianTa
Soris kavSirebis aRwerisas igi mimarTavda mowodebebs, qadagebas, agitacias,
rac, rasakvirvelia, misi mxatvruli Semoqmedebis dones dabla swevda. magram
mwerali xalxosnuri SexedulebebiT xelmZRvanelobda da mxatvrul literatu-
rasac utilitaruli miznebisaTvis iyenebda.
s. mgalobliSvili soflis kolorits cocxlad warmoadgenda TxzulebebSi.
glexis ojaxis yoveldRiuri yofa, soflad gavrcelebuli Cveulebani, metyve-
leba da ena fotografiul ganmeorebas poveben mis TxzulebebSi. s. mgalobliS-
vilis moTxrobaTa ena gmirebis enaa, kuTxuri. mwerali uxvad xmarobs ZarRvian
gamoTqmebsa da Sedarebebs, xalxis metyvelebaSi damkvidrebul sibrZnis nimu-
Sebsa da andazebs. Semoqmedebis pirvel xanebSi mTeli interesi mas gadatanili
hqonda ambis unaklod aRwerisa da glexis dabali ekonomiuri donis Cvenebisa-
ken. Semdeg mweralma dawminda Tavisi enac da personaJTa metyvelebac, igi qar-
Tul saliteraturo enas dauaxlova. rac Seexeba damokidebulebas bunebasTan,
misi gamoyenebis Tavdapirveli naturalisturi manera TandaTan Seicvala da
mweralma mas adamianis ganwyobilebis warmoCenis funqcia daakisra.
mxatvruli damajereblobisa da sicxadisaTvis s. mgalobliSvili xSirad kon-
kretuli magaliTebis moSveliebiT msjelobda, Semdeg ki movlenebsa da adamia-
nur qceva-moqmedebebs azogadebda da mkiTxvels politikuri Tu socialuri pro-
testiT aRsavse Txzulebebs awvdida.
229
ekaterine gabaSvili
(1851-1938)
ekaterine gabaSvili didxans emsaxura qarTul literaturas. misi pirveli

Txzuleba, romelSic mweralma glexobis ganaTlebis sakiTxi wamoayena, 1870 wels
daibeWda, xolo ukanasknels — mogonebebs, gardacvalebis wina wlebSi werda.
e. gabaSvilis Semoqmedeba mravalferovania. igi kargad flobs fsiqologiu-
ri etiudebisa da novelebis weris xerxebs, mas Seswevs unari pirovnebisa da sa-
zogadoebis rTuli urTierTobis, sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenis fsiqikisa da
ganwyobilebis gamoxatvisa, qarTveli mSromeli glexobis cxovrebis aRwerisa.
e. gabaSvili gamWriaxi da dakvirvebuli mwerali iyo da amitomac misi Txzulebe-
bi qarTveli xalxis cxovrebis sabuTebadac gamodgebian. igi erT-erTi pirvel-
Tagani mwerali qalia XIX saukunis qarTul literaturaSi. man sakuTari niWiTa
da SesaZleblobiT gaikafa gzebi, moaxerxa farTo sazogadoebriv-samwerlo as-
parezze gamosvla, risTvisac mouxda mravali damabrkolebeli movlenis daT-
rgunva, romlebic Zalze zRudavdnen qalis moRvaweobasa da monawileobas sazo-
gadoebriv cxovrebaSi. man mwerlobaSi gaitana Tavisi drois cxovrebis maxinji
mxareebi, aRwera qalis mdgomareoba da adgili sazogadoebis sxvadasxva safe-
xurze da sferoSi.
e. gabaSvili mowme iyo batonymobis gadavardnis meore dRisa, qarTveli gle-
xobis ekonomiur-iuridiuli Seviwroebisa, TavadaznaurTa klasis ideuri, mora-
luri da qonebrivi gaRatakebisa. man mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi asaxa TvaliT naxu-
li da gancdili. misi Semoqmedeba yovelTvis idga qarTuli literaturuli kri-
tikis yuradRebis areSi.
ekaterine (revaz TarxniSvilis asuli) mwerlobaSi cnobili qmris gvariT —
gabaSvili, daibada 1851 wels gorSi. Tormeti wlis asakamde mas skolaSi ar us-
wavlia da arc maswavlebeli hyolia, TviT Seiswavla wera-kiTxva da daewafa wig-
nebs. 1863 wels igi mamam Seiyvana fabris pansionSi, TbilisSi, sadac gaecno qar-
Tul da rusul mwerlobas. pansionSi misi maswavleblebi iyvnen: niko inaSvili,
niko dedabriSvili, aleqsandre cagareli, ukraineli moRvawe nikoloz gulaki
(romelmac Semdeg leqciebi waikiTxa SoTa rusTavelze da ikvlevda qarTul
enas) da sxv. pansionSi xSirad dadioda iakob gogebaSvili da moswavle qalebTan
saubrebSi Caunergia maTTvis samSoblosa da pedagogiuri saqmianobis siyvaru-
li. 1868 wels ekaterinem daamTavra pansioni da dabrunda gorSi, Tan gaiyola
survili xalxisadmi samsaxurisa, wera-kiTxvisa da ganaTlebis Setanisa xalxis
wiaRSi. gorSi igi samrevlo saswavlebelSi msaxurobda.
1870 wlis `droebis~ saaxalwlo nomerSi daibeWda misi pirveli Txzuleba —
`glexkacis azri sasoflo skolaze~. 1872 wels igi misTxovda aleqsandre gabaS-
vils, dasaxlda TbilisSi da miiRo meuRlis gvari. TbilisSi cxovrebam mas SesaZ-
lebloba misca gascnoboda maSindeli qarTuli literaturis wamyvan Zalebs da
maTi Semoqmedebis gavlena ganecada. igi aqtiuri monawile iyo yoveli sazogado-
ebrivi saqmisa. ilia WavWavaZe, giorgi wereTeli, iakob gogebaSvili, rafiel
erisTavi, akaki wereTeli ekaterine gabaSvilis Sromisa da mwerluri niWis dam-
faseblebi da pativismcemlebi iyvnen, mis SemoqmedebiT muSaobas mimarTulebas
aZlevdnen. e. gabaSvilma monawileoba miiRo `vefxistyaosnis~ teqstis damdgen
komisiaSi, iyo wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebisa da misi pirveli gam-
geobis wevri, sabavSvo Jurnal `jejilis~ daarsebis erTi iniciatorTagani da
misi mudmivi TanamSromeli. qarTvelma sazogadoebriobam e. gabaSvils 1911 wels
gadauxada iubile dabadebis 60 wlis Tavze. akaki wereTelma warudgina igi sazo-
gadoebas, xolo niko lomourma daaxasiaTa misi moRvaweoba da Seafasa mwerlis
Semoqmedeba.
e. gabaSvili SemoqmedebiT muSaobas eweoda Rrmad moxucebulobamde, aqtiurad
monawileobda qarTul mwerlobaSi.
1938 wlis agvistoSi mwerali da sazogado moRvawe ekaterine gabaSvili gar-
daicvala.
ekaterine gabaSvili Tavisi msoflmxedvelobiTa da Semoqmedebis xasiaTis
TaviseburebiT samocianeli qarTveli mwerlebis tradiciebis gamgrZelebelia,
mis SemoqmedebaSi aisaxa qarTveli xalxis yvela socialuri fenis xasiaTi da
cxovreba. mweralma gulisyuriT daaxasiaTa rogorc maRali sazogadoebis, ise
glexobis socialur-uflebrivi da ekonomiuri mdgomareoba. man mniSvnelovani
adgili dauTmo Tavadaznauruli budeebis yofis Cvenebas, amasTan, didi intere-
siT adevnebda Tvals qarTveli inteligenciis cxovrebas da yvelafers TviT-
mxilvelis sizustiT aRwerda. mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradRe-
ba eTmoba qalis mdgomareobis Cvenebas kapitalisturi sazogadoebis arsebobis
pirobebSi. mweralma cocxali suraTebi daxata yvela sazogadoebrivi fenis war-
momadgeneli qalebisa. e. gabaSvilis mxatvruli SesaZleblobebis sasiqadulod
unda iTqvas, rom qalTa uflebebisaTvis moRvaweoba mas SiSveli frazebiT ar ga-
mouxatavs, aramed mxatvruli saxeebiT, rac mwerlis praqtikul moRvaweobasac
eyrdnoboda. igi Tavisi SemoqmedebiT qadagebda da mkiTxvelsac arwmunebda, rom
qalsac SeuZlia hqondes Tavisi sakuTari azri da iniciativa, qalsac unda eweodes
angariSi sazogadoebaSi da masac aqvs ufleba sakuTari nagZnob-nafiqris gamom-
JRavnebisa, sazogadoebriv asparezze gamosvlisa da mis sasargeblod intensiuri
muSaobisa.
e. gabaSvilis samwerlo moRvaweobis asparezze gamosvlisas maSindeli mowi-
nave qarTveli da rusi inteligentebi, glexTa `gaTavisuflebis~ ubadruki Sede-
gebis, glexobis yofis, glexis meurneobis gawiokebisa da ganadgurebis sakiTx-
ebs ganixilavdnen mxatvrul Semoqmedebasa da publicistikaSi. inteligencia
msjelobda sofelSi aRmocenebul ekonomikur da klasobriv urTierTobaze, mis
sazrunavs warmoadgenda glexobis fizikuri arsebobis gadarCena. am sakiTxebs
utrialebda e. gabaSvilic. mwerali xatavs xalxisaTvis Tavdadebul adamianebs,
gonierTa da SeupovarT, xalxis wiaRSi warmoSobilT, romelTac Tavisi moRvawe-
oba xalxis momavlisaTvis daukavSirebiaT. mwerlis mier uaryofilni da dawune-
bulni arian isini, romelTac, marTalia, ganaTleba hqondaT miRebuli, magram
mas sasargeblo saqmianobisaTvis ar iyenebdnen. igi gulistkiviliT dascinis ga-
dagvarebul-gadarjulebul maRal fenas, gaavznevebul adamianebs. Tavis Txzu-
lebaTa masalas igi krefs rogorc maRali, ise dabali fenebis cxovrebidan, mas
exerxeba mcire moculobis moTxrobaSi erTmaneTs daupirispiros sxvadasxva fe-
nis adamianTa xasiaTi, Seqmnas sxvadasxva ganaTlebis, gancdis, mdgomareobis da
Sexedulebis mqone adamianTa mxatvruli saxeebi, cocxali da dapirispirebuli
situaciebi.
e. gabaSvili mxatvruli sityvis meSveobiT protests gamoTqvamda qarTveli
glexis saarsebo saSualebaTa momspobi pirobebis winaaRmdeg, igi ver egueboda
energiis uazro flangvas, rasac maSindeli e. w. aristokratiis wre sCadioda, mas
ar moswonda `CanCuras Svilebis~ udieroba samSoblosi da xalxis mimarT, ar mos-
wonda inteligencia, romelic erovnul saxierebas kargavda. e. gabaSvilis Semoq-
medebisa da praqtikuli moRvaweobis mizani iyo samsaxuris gaweva qarTvelTa
231
cxovrebis gaumjobesebisaTvis. TavadaznaurTa cxovrebis suraTebis aRwerisas
mwerals gamoaqvs daskvna, rom es fena sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo saqmes ve-
Rar akeTebs, rom feodalur-aristokratiuli sazogadoeba axalma ekonomikur-
ma struqturam dasca da miwasTan gaaswora. uzrunvel cxovrebas miCveulni, isi-
ni sruliad ver uweven angariSs axal Zalas da, marTalia, garegnul brwyinvale-
bas inarCuneben, magram Sinaarsi maT cxovrebas aRar gaaCnia (`benuari 3~ da sxv.).
am sazogadoebrivi fenis cxovrebis karg codnaSi moCans SemoqmedebiTi Tavise-
bureba ekaterine gabaSvilisa.
ekaterine gabaSvili Tavis SemoqmedebaSi mniSvnelovan adgils uTmobs qar-
Tuli literaturis mTavar Temas — qarTveli xalxis erovnul mdgomareobas.
misTvis ilia WavWavaZe am dargSi moRvaweobis etalonia. akaki wereTlis aRmaf-
rTovanebeli poezia da misi paTosi mwerali qalis gonebas xiblavda. dimitri yi-
fianis veraguli mkvleloba e. gabaSvilma ganicada, rogorc erovnuli ubedure-
ba. rafiel erisTavis leqsma `samSoblo xevsurisa~ e. gabaSvils misca Tema mSve-
nieri moTxrobisaTvis. 80-iani wlebis qarTveli inteligenciis brZola mefis xe-
lisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan e. gabaSvilis dakvirvebul Tvals ar gamorCe-
nia. misi praqtikuli moRvaweoba erovnuli mTlianobis gamomuSaveba-ganmtkice-
bas emsaxureboda. mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi e. gabaSvilma daayena sakiTxi erov-
nul-sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis simtkicisa. rogorc mweralma qalma, Tavis Se-
moqmedebaSi gansazRvra qalis, dedis roli momavali Taobis aRzrdaSi. deda
aris Svilis mimarTulebis mimcemi, misi moqalaqeobis Camomyalibebeli. swored
amitom qarTvel qals ar unda daekargos erovnuli xasiaTi da Tvisebebi, ena,
zneobis Zala. qalis xelSia momavlis nergi da, maS, pirvel rigSi qalis, rogorc
ojaxisa da eris safuZvelmdebelis, gadarCena da movlaa saWiro. Tavisi Tanamed-
rove mdgomareobisa da pirobebis simaxinjis Cvenebis Semdeg mwerali mowodebiT
mimarTavs yvelas: `modi, xeli mivceT yvelam erTmaneTs, mTeli Cveni RonisZieba
movixmaroT da vecadneT, iseTi baRi gavaSenoT, iseTi walkoti avagoT, sadac
Cvens fesvebzed, Cvens niadagzed, Cvens saukeTeso, rCeuli xexilis Stoebs vam-
ynobT da Cveni xeliTve Cvens momavlis beds movamzadebT~ (`ganaTlebuli qar-
Tveli qali~). amaSi gamoCnda e. gabaSvilis, qarTveli mwerlis didi moqalaqeob-
riv-patriotuli interesi, misi ideuri kavSiri ilia WavWavaZisa da sxva qarTve-
li mwerlebis SemoqmedebasTan.
ekaterine gabaSvili, rogorc mwerali, aris mimdevari ilia WavWavaZis mxat-
vruli azrovnebisa. man SemoqmedebiTad aiTvisa TergdaleulTa mxatvruli az-
rovnebis ZiriTadi Temebi, igi kargad erkveoda 50-60-iani wlebis rusul azrov-
nebaSi, sadac CerniSevski iyo yvelafris warmmarTveli. mwerlis Semoqmedebis as-
parezi im droSi eteva, romelic saqarTveloSi batonymobis gadavardnas mohyva,
roca mTeli wyeba reformebisa Catarda, magram romelTac demokratiul masebs,
qarTvel mSromel xalxs, soflis mosaxelobas sikeTe ara moutana ra. guSindeli
yma glexi, dRes memamulisa da CarCTa lukmad qceula. es mdgomareoba asaxa mwe-
ralma qalma SemoqmedebaSi. igi Tavisi ideuri maswavleblis — ilia WavWavaZis
msgavsad kritikuli realizmis SemoqmedebiTi meTodiT iyo aRWurvili da Tavi-
si Tanadroulobidan uxvad krefda cocxal faqtebs moTxrobebisaTvis.
e. gabaSvili, rogorc namdvil ambavTa da movlenaTa amsaxveli, cxadia, 80-
iani wlebis qarTuli literaturis mTavar mimdinareobasac gamoexmaura. am
drois TxzulebebSi, qarTvel xalxosanTa msgavsad, mas gamoTqmuli aqvs azri,
rom glexis erTaderTi xsnis gza iqneboda ganaTlebis sxivis Setana maT yofaSi,
maT SegnebaSi. igi xedavda da aRwerda kidec, Tu ra araadamianur pirobebSi ux-
deboda cxovreba qarTvel mSromel glexobas, xedavda umsgavso damokidebule-
bas glexsa da mamulis mflobels Soris, glexsa da vaWars Soris. demokratma
mweralma amazrzeni suraTebi daxata glexis ojaxis amogdebisa imis gamo, rom
232
gadamTielma vaWarma, viTomc megobar-naTelmironma, glexis ojaxSi Semoitana
mourCeneli seni da amiT igi gaapartaxa.
e. gabaSvili xangrZlivi Semoqmedebis manZilze, ZiriTadad, soflis mosaxle-
obis mdgomareobas xatavda. kapitalisturi warmoebis wesi sakmaod Zlevamosi-
lad miemarTeboda maSin da igi soflis cxovrebasac TandaTan imorCilebda. amas
iq mcxovrebTa ekonomiur fenebad danawileba mohyva, sofelSi TandaTan movida
vaWari, romelic aTasgvari xerxis gamoyenebiT glexis monagarsa da dovlaTs
sxva mimarTulebas aZlevs. es rTuli ekonomikuri procesi aisaxa e. gabaSvilis
moTxrobebSi. mwerali namdvili ambebis aRweriT amJRavnebs Tavis damokidebu-
lebas soflis cxovrebasa da kapitalisturi elementisadmi. is vaWrebi, romle-
bic soflis baton-patronebi gaxdnen, pirvel xanebSi qedmodrekilni iyvnen, yve-
lasi eSinodaT da eridebodaT, savaWros zurgiT an cxeniT daatarebdnen, xelSi
arSini da Canaxi eWiraT da SimSilis dasaokeblad gamudmebiT kevi edoT pirSi.
baRdasara bainduraSvili (`soflis mevaxSeni~) pataraobidanve SeaCvies kevis
ReWvas — SimSils gadagaviwyebso: `keviT sasas visvelebdiT da Cumad veyare-
niT~-o, ambobs igi. baRdasara sofels SeeCvia, jer qal-rZali daiaxlova moqnili
eniT, soflelTa TvalismomWreli iaffasiani WrelaWrula saqonliT, zogs aCu-
qa, zogs anisiava, zogsac Svili mounaTla, an fuli asesxa gaWirvebis dros. Sem-
deg soflidan sofelSi wowials Tavi daaneba, duqani wamoWima, irgvliv ambrebi
da qvevrebi Semoiwyo da qveynis dovlaTi Sig miuSva. misma Svilma geurq baRduiC-
ma sasamarTlosa da policiis daxmarebiT mamis datovebuli qoneba gazarda. ge-
urqam fesvi Rrmad gaidga sofelSi, wvrilmaniT vaWroba gauSva da biTumad vaW-
robis gziT wavida, ufro didi savaWro operaciebi wamoiwyo, `fodraCikad~ iqca.
axla misi movale erTi ki ara, ramdenime sofelia, yvelas ufrosobs, yvelas xel-
fexs ukravs. geurqam sofelSi uzneobac Seitana, ramdenime ojaxs saxeli gaute-
xa, zneobrivad dasca da mowamla. aseTi warmodgena hqonda mwerals maTze. moTx-
robaTa erTi wyeba mweralma miuZRvna savaWro burJuaziisagan Zveleburi siwmin-
dis darRvevasa da mospobas. detalurad xatavda igi sofelSi mcxovreb vaWrebis
TareSs. mis SemoqmedebaSi SedarebiT naklebi adgili uWiravs glexisa da Tavadis
urTierTdamokidebulebis asaxvas. igi metad aris dainteresebuli Tavadaznau-
robis ekonomiur-moraluri daqveiTebiT da vaWarTa udieri damokidebulebiT
mosaxleobis yvela fenis, gansakuTrebiT ki, glexTa mimarT. glexi vaWris
msxverplia, igi uswavleli, gaunaTlebeli, advilad uvardeba mtarvals xelSi.
mwerlis SegnebiT saukeTeso saSualebad glexobis am mdgomareobidan gamosax-
snelad aris skola, swavla-ganaTleba. Tavisi pirveli nabeWdi Txzuleba e. ga-
baSvilma am sakiTxs miuZRvna. `glexkacis azri sasoflo skolaze~ iyo mxaris da-
Wera swavla-ganaTlebis gavrcelebisa. mwerlis SexedulebiT, namdvili da mar-
Tali sityviT glexobaSi agitacia swavla-ganaTlebis sasargeblod sakmarisia,
rom ganaTleba gavrceldes da glexoba eziaros mis cxovelmyofel gavlenas.
magram Zveli wes-Cveulebani Zvalsa da rbilSi aqvs gamjdari glexs, eZneleba si-
axlis Setana ojaxur wyobaSi, meurneobaSi, radgan es ukanaskneli mas ar ekuT-
vnis. mis axlos da gverdiT aravin aris iseTi, romelic Seagnebinebdes ganaTle-
bis mniSvnelobas. sofels unda maswavlebeli, adamiani, romelic daarwmunebs
glexobas ganaTlebis sargeblobaSi, TvalsaCinod uCvenebs gansxvavebas swavlasa
da uswavlelobas Soris.
mwerali amisTana agitatoris rolSi gvevlineba, igi glexisaTvis martivi,
gasagebi Sedareba-magaliTebiT (ise, rogorc i. WavWavaZe `glaxis naambobSi~) av-
rcelebs azrebs swavla-ganaTlebis mniSvnelobaze.
e. gabaSvili cxovrebis praqtikuli damkvirvebeli iyo, iqidan krefda igi cocx-
al movlenebsa da saxeebs. glexis yofa mwerals Zalas matebs protestis gamosaT-
qmelad. moTxrobaSi `Rvinia gadaiCexa~ mwerali glexi ninikas cxovrebis erT momen-
233
tze aCerebs mkiTxvelis yuradRebas. ninika sacodavi glexia, cxovrebis da mTavro-
bisagan daSinebuli. igi mxolod maSin amoiRebs xmas, roca fexs daaWeren. uRonoa
igi, uflebaayrili. mTeli misi patara ojaxis arseboba erT uRel davardnil xar-
zea dafuZnebuli. isea masSi CaxSobili yvelaferi adamianuri, rom survilisa da
natvris moxerxebac ki ara aqvs. Tavisi gamxdari xarebis msgavsad igi pataraobidan-
ve cxovrebis uRelSia Sebmuli. kalmis ramdenime mosmiT mwerali cocxal suraTsa
xatavs. igi ninikas xasiaTsa da garegnobas ki ar aRwers, aramed glexis ojaxis wev-
rTa urTierTobas gviCvenebs.
mwerali am patara moTxrobaSi dapirispirebis xerxs mimarTavs, iZleva qala-
qisa da soflis, vaWarTa samyarosa da ekonomiurad ganadgurebuli glexobis Se-
darebas. arc ninika, arc Tedo (`meurmis fiqrebi~) da arc sxva romelime cxovre-
bisagan gaTelili glexi protestis sityviT ar gamodis arsebulis winaaRmdeg,
isini gulSi itrialeben uRonobis boRmas, emorCilebian xvedrs, ufrosis brZa-
nebas, policielis mujluguns, vaWarTa qalaqis karnaxs. mwerali mkiTxvelis
emociebs iwvevs martivi da namdvili mxatvruli saxeebiTa da maTi ganzogadebiT.
igi mkiTxvelis yuradRebas ipyrobs da ganacdevinebs kidec mas Tavisi moTxro-
bis gmiris saSinel Tavgadasavals. gigolas, ninikas moxuci mamis sizmari buxris
piras namdvili TuTunis mowevis Sesaxeb didi uSualobiT aris gadmocemuli, ad-
amianTa sruliad ubralo, martivi survilebi da maTi Seusrulebloba, saTanado
gancdebs aRZravs mkiTxvelSi.
glexis aseTive gawvalebuli yofa aqvs aRwerili mwerals moTxrobaSi `Tinas
lekuri~, romelSic, agreTve, ori urTierTdapirispirebuli samyaroa aRwerili.
erT mxares qeifi da uzrunveli cxovreba maRali wrisa, meore mxares avadmyo-
foba, sititvle, siRaribe, rac adamianTa mospobis mizezi xdeba.
mwerals bevri SemaZrwunebeli mdgomareoba aqvs gadmocemuli Tavis moTx-
robebSi, TiTqmis yovel nabijzea simware da sikvdilis saSineleba. glexis cxov-
rebis yoveli dRe ubedurebiT aris aRsavse. mSvenieri bunebis wiaRSi glexs uf-
leba ara aqvs Tavisi Sromis SedegiT datkbobisa, misi moxmarebisa. yoveli mxri-
dan Semortymian mas movale-modaveebi. moTxrobaSi `suraTi~ e. gabaSvilma gle-
xis — pavlika kvinikaZis mdgomareoba aRwera. igi yurZens Tavis venaxSi SuaRami-
sas krefda, rom rogorme mevales damaloda, magram `kintua~ vaWarma nikua ga-
lustovma mainc miuswro da lanZRva-cema-tyepiT valis asanazRaureblad Tavisi
waiRo. galustovi araadamianur eqspluatacias uwevs glexobas, sofels, yvelas
ukanasknel lukmas aclis piridan.
ekonomikuri da iuridiuli uflebis SezRudva glexSi azrovnebisa da survi-
lis unars axSobs. gaWirveba, sxvis karad mojamagireoba spobs glexSi adamiano-
bas, mas ekargeba imedi mdgomareobis Secvlisa. Tedo ocdarva wlis kacia da co-
lis SerTva ver gaubedia (`meurmis fiqrebi~), wlis sarCo ver mougrovebia. mas
sakuTari muSa saqonelic ara hyavs, erTi mozvriT ki fons ver gasula, meoris Se-
Zenas ormoci kodi qeri mainc unda. Tedos Rala aqvs gadasaxdeli, agreTve vali
mRvdlisa, dalaqisa, mevelisa, kidev fostis fuli, mamis wirvisa... Tedos kur-
dRelaanT peloze uWiravs Tvali, magram colis SerTvis simZime Zneli asawevia:
òr adls boselSi vtenivarT Cvenca da Cveni xarica, rac Tvali amixelia wuTi-
sofelSi... ai, daiqces da daiRupos Cveni gaCenis dRe da saaTi...~ igi uimedod
cremls Rvris, sasowarkveTili momavalze xels Caiqnevs.
niko lomourisa da sofrom mgalobliSvilis msgavsad, e. gabaSvilic aRwers
soflis mosaxleobis CamorCenilobas, dabeCavebul glexTa sxvadasxva ubedure-
bas, gadamdeb sneulebebs, musrs rom avleben glexebs. glexobas ara aqvs saSua-
leba sisufTavis dacvisa, adamianebi da pirutyvebi erT sadgomSi cxovroben.
glexobis cxovrebis aRweriT e. gabaSvili TiTqos ayenebs sakiTxs, — vin unda
234
iyos glexobis sulieri da xorcieli avadmyofobis mkurnali, vis evaleba gle-
xobaSi Segnebis, codnis Setana, misi gamofxizleba?
glexTa winamZRolobas ver SeZleben socialurad da ekonomiurad maRal sa-
fexurze mdgomi fenebis warmomadgenelni, isini arc arian dainteresebulni
amiT. glexs daexmareba mxolod is, visac esmis misi gulistkivili, yofa, romel-
sac TviT ganucdia glexuri, damcirebuli arseboba, glexobaSi dabadebula da
gazrdila. igi Tavisi SegnebiT maRla unda idges glexze, yvelaferi unda ico-
des. mwerali aseT adamians siyvaruliT aRwers, mas ajildoebs gonebiT, moTmine-
bis didi unariT. xalxisaTvis Tavdadebuli, misi saqmisaTvis Sewiruli adamianis
saxe mwerals mocemuli aqvs moTxrobaSi `gamarjvebuli niko~. mwerali mihyveba
moTxrobis mTavari gmiris, niko beriSvilis cxovrebis gzas da siZneliTa da wina-
aRmdegobebiT aRsavse mis yovel nabijs TandaTan aRwers: xalxis mSvelelsa da mo-
Wirnaxules mravali mteri hyavs, upirveles yovlisa, memamule, mTavroba, rome-
lic mis TiToeul nabijs Tvals adevnebs, xalxisaTvis Tavdadebulma angariSi un-
da gauwios glexobis konservatulobas, radgan glexi mamapapur adaT-Cveulebebs
advilad ar anebebs Tavs. niko beriSvili arafers ar zogavs glexobis sakeTil-
dReod, igi, maswavlebeli, Tavisi saqmis erTgulia da glexTa cxovrebis gaumjo-
besebisaTvis mebrZoli.
niko beriSvili saswavleblis damTavrebis Semdeg sixaruliT miemgzavreba
sofelSi xalxis samsaxurad gamzadebuli. igi xalxis Svilia da mSobels unda ga-
uwios daxmareba, magram mas sofelSi mravali dabrkoleba gadaeRobeba. igi iZu-
lebuli xdeba Seicvalos pozicia. niko beriSvilma winaaRmdegoba unda gauwios
misi saqmianobis xelis SemSlels da piradi cxovrebis damabrkolebelsac. aseTia
adgilobrivi Tavadi luarsab jambadrukiani, romelsac ganuzraxavs xelSi Caig-
dos nikos mier mowonebuli liza koSkaZe.
gavlenian TavadebTan SetakebaSi da dapirispirebaSi niko damarcxda, igi gaa-
Zeves soflidan, man dakarga xalxTan urTierTobis saSualeba, magram mas ar Se-
uZlia daTmos Tavisi xalxi. maswavleblobas ZaliT Camocilebulma nikom
mRvdloba miiRo da ise dabrunda sofelSi dawyebuli saqmis dasamTavreblad.
niko da liza soflis cxovrebis gardaqmnas Seudgnen. samwuxarod, mwerali aras
laparakobs nikosa da lizas mier gamoyenebul xerx-saSualebebze, riTac maT mo-
axerxes soflis yofis Secvla. samagierod, nawarmoebSi didi adgili aqvs daTmo-
bili jambadrukianebis ojaxis wevrTa gancdebis aRweras, lizas romans da sxv.
mwerali aseve dawvrilebiT saubrobs nikos sasiyvarulo gancdaTa Sesaxeb, xo-
lo niko beriSvilisa da liza koSkaZis moRvaweoba sofel lilifarianSi gadmo-
cemuli aqvs iasonis weriliT, romelic Txzulebis epilogad aris gamoyenebuli.
es epilogi warmoadgens e. gabaSvilis xalxosnuri ideebiT gatacebis damadastu-
rebel sabuTs. aq daxatulia utopiuri socializmis mimdevris mier warmosaxu-
li sofeli, udabnoSi oazisis msgavsi myudro samyofeli. niko da liza soflis
sulier da xorciel mkurnalad gadaqceulan, soflisaTvis swavla-ganaTleba
moufeniaT. nikoloz mRvdlis mcdelobiT, yvelaferi Zveli da CamorCenili, so-
felSi aRmofxvrilia da aRar arsebobs. sofels axali saxe miuRia. swavla-ganaT-
lebis meSveobiT soflis ekonomikuri mdgomareobac sruliad gardaqmnila: sa-
erToa meurneoba, Semosavalic, romelic momxmarebelTa raodenobis mixedviT
nawildeba. sofelSi yvelaferi racionalurad aris mowyobili da yvelafers ni-
ko da misi meuRle marTaven da ganageben. momavlisaTvis ki isini Tavis Semcvle-
lebs amzadeben TviT sofelTagan, soflidan qalaqSi gagzavnili axalgazrdebi-
sagan. isini yovelwliurad, soflis skolis damTavrebis Semdeg qalaqSi saswav-
leblad igzavnebian, dabrundebian da Caudgebian saTaveSi sofelsa da saqmiano-
bas da ase ganmtkicdeba sofelSi TandaTan axali yofa da axali cxovreba.
235
moTxrobis finalSi mwerali iason jambadrukians aiZulebs qedi moidrikos
xalxis Svilisa da xalxis msaxuris winaSe. iasonma Tavis dedas werili miswera,
romelSic dawvrilebiT aRwera nikos mcdelobiT gardaqmnili da mowyobili so-
feli. es aRwera aris xalxosnuri iluziebis gamoxatva, masSi CerniSevskis roma-
nis — `ra vakeToT?~ — tendenciebi moCans.
niko beriSvilis TaosnobiT, sofels yvelaferi aqvs — saerTo saxnav-saTesi,
saerTo marani, beReli, maRazia, sameurneo iaraRi. sofelSi patara saavadmyo-
foa, hyavT eqimi. soflelebi koxta saxlSi dabinavebulan, gadasaxads saerTo
Tanxidan ixdian, saerTo SemosavliT iZenen manqana-iaraRebs da imeds gamoTqva-
men, rom male mezobel TavadTagan mamulebs SeiZenen.
rasakvirvelia, aseTi idealuri sofeli mxolod utopiaSi SeiZleboda yofi-
liyo, rac, etyoba, rusuli socialisturi ideebis Sedegia.
niko beriSvilma politikuri brZolis gareSe moaxerxa soflis gardaqmna, mis-
ma Tavdadebulma Sromam Tvali auxila Tavadebs, daafiqra da uniaTi yofa SeaZu-
lebina.
mwerlis SexedulebiT, niko beriSvilis saqmianobas aRmzrdelobiTi mniSvne-
loba aqvs. nikos moRvaweobam iason jambadrukiani daafiqra, man sindisis qenjna
igrZno da, erT dros brwyinvale cxovrebiT gatacebuls, SeZulda warsuli, Ta-
visi warmoSoba, mamis saqcieli da saqmianoba. iasonisaTvis nikosagan mowyobili
sofeli idealad iqca, igi elodeba mamis sikvdils, memkvidreobis miRebas, rom
lilifarianis msgavsad moawyos sofeli nacixuralic da amiT Tavisi da Tavisi
mSoblebisagan glexobis mimarT Cadenili codvani moinanios. iasonma qedi moixa-
ra nikos Sromisa da xalxis siyvarulis winaSe, nikos magaliTiT Seigno, rom Sro-
ma aris saukeTeso wamali da mkurnali dasneulebuli gonebisa da gulisa.
xalxisaTvis Tavdadebul adamianebad mweralma maRali wris adamianebic ga-
moiyvana. maT, winaprebTan da mSoblebTan SedarebiT, axali gza aqvT arCeuli,
isini analizs ukeTeben xalxis cxovrebis ukuRmarTobas da gadawyveten — ener-
gia moaxmaron misi gonebis wvrTnasa da masSi ganaTlebis gavrcelebis saqmes.
aseTi adamianebi e. gabaSvils daxatuli hyavs moTxrobebSi `soflis maswavlebe-
li~ da `soflis megobari~. maT, am soflis maswavleblebsa da megobrebs, ganaT-
lebulT da ganviTarebulT, gauTvaliswinebiaT mSobelTa danaSauli iason jam-
badrukianis msgavsad da Tavisi uangaro SromiT surT gamoisyidon igi. Tavis
TxzulebebiT mwerali qarTvel inteligencias mimarTavda, gansakuTrebiT, ma-
Rali wris warmomadgenlebs da uCvenebda samoRvaweo gzas. es iyo soflis maswav-
lebloba, rasac unda gadaerCina glexoba uvicobisa da sibnelisagan. kargi su-
raTia daxatuli nino nakvTiaSvilis moRvaweobisa moTxrobaSi `soflis maswav-
lebeli~. xalxosnuri ideebiT gatacebuli axalgazrdobis gavleniT ninom ar Se-
ismina Tavisi didedis darigeba da wuwuni da qalaqidan erT miyruebul sofelSi
gaemgzavra glexobisaTvis yovelmxrivi daxmarebis aRmosaCenad. igi maswavlebe-
licaa da eqimic, glexobis ganmanaTlebelic da misi Wir-varamis gamziarebelic.
magram, Cveulebriv, e. gabaSvilma am ganaTlebul adamianebs ar daakisra glexo-
baSi protestis ganwyobilebis Seqmna da gaRviveba, arc erTi maTgani glexobis
klasobrivi Segnebis gamomuSavebaze ar zrunavs. iason jambadrukiani, nino nak-
vTiaSvili da maTi msgavsni `monanie aznaurebi~ arian. maT gadaafases Tavisi wo-
debis cxovrebis azri da xalxs miepatronnen Tavisi codniTa da gamocdilebiT.
e. gabaSvilma am mowinave ganaTlebuli axalgazrdobis azrebi umTavresad tira-
debiTa da saagitacio sityvebiT warmoadgina. misi azriT, adamianis umaRlesi
ideali da amqveyniuri cxovrebis mizani xalxisaTvis samsaxuria.
e. gabaSvilis SegnebiT, glexobas gulmtkivneuli damxmare esaWiroeba. Tu
glexs ZmasaviT moepyrobian da tkivils dauameben, es gamoamrTelebs mis socia-
lur da ekonomiur avadmyofobas. mwerali sxva saSualebebs, romelnic glexobas
236
ekonomikur da iuridiul uflebebs moupovebda, ver xedavda. e. gabaSvilis
Txzulebani aRsavseni arian gulSematkivruli humanizmiT, glexis adamianobis
qadagebiT, magram maTSi ar gamosWvivis glexobis sabrZolo Zalebis mobilizaci-
is survili.
mwerali xedavda, rom soflad socialuri da ekonomikuri winaaRmdegoba iz-
rdeboda da mosaxleobis diferencirebis safuZvelze erTmaneTis sawinaaRmde-
go fenebi yalibdeboda. axalma ekonomikurma wyobam axali Sexedulebani warmoS-
va, Tumca Zveli wesebi kvlav ganagrZobdnen arsebobas. igi glexis cxovrebas yo-
veli mxridan akvirdeboda da daskvnebic gamohqonda: sofeli gansakuTrebiT da-
imona fulma, daarRvia soflis mTlianoba da mosaxleobis didi nawili emsxver-
pla udierobasa da eqspluatacias. e. gabaSvili amxels amas, igi TavgamodebiT
icavs da qadagebs adamianis Tavisuflebas. aseTi survili mas gamoxatuli aqvs
moTxrobebSi `romani didxevaSi~, `kona~ da òrena da quCe~. am TxzulebebSi sof-
lis ekonomikuri da socialuri diferencirebis tragikuli Sedegebi sisruli-
Taa daxatuli, maTSi mwerali laparakobs im mizezTa Sesaxeb, romelnic glexo-
bas cxovrebasa da arsebobas uSlian. aseT tragikul momentebSi mwerals ufro
qalis mdgomareoba awuxebs, radgan igi mona iyo rogorc ojaxisa, ise yovelgva-
ri sazogadoebrivi Zalisa.
moTxrobaSi `romani didxevaSi~ e. gabaSvili tasias Svilis, pavles meSveobiT
mkiTxvels acnobs axalgazrda Tavads, ganaTlebulsa da kacTmoyvare giorgis,
romelsac sofelSi ar ucxovria, igi mouravisaTvis miunebebia da arc kiTxu-
lobs, Tu ra damokidebulebaSia mouravi glexobasTan. pavles giorgisTan ucx-
ovria qalaqSi mosamsaxured, magram namdvili amxanagi yofila memamule Tavadi-
sa. mwerali giorgis moqmedebasa da saqmianobas ar asaxavs. pavles igi glexobis
mosarCeled miaCnia. roca pavle sofelSi dabrunda da ivanika mouravTan mouxda
Setakeba, mas daemuqra — batons mivwer Seni saqcielis Sesaxebo. glexoba moura-
visaTvis miutovebia memamules, ivanikac sargeblobs batonis uyuradRebobiTa
da Tavisi mdgomareobiT, Tavis nebaze adidebs Ralas, mTeli sofeli daSinebuli
hyavs. ivanikas sofelSi duqani aqvs gamarTuli, Rvinos, arays, marilsa da dampal
Tevzs hyidis mamasisxlad. èrTi sityviT, — daaskvnis mwerali, — ivanika sruli
batonia didxevelebisa da batonobasac ise xmarobs, rogorc sisxlis mwovel
focxvers Sehferis~.
sofels unda gaWirvebis Taobaze mamulis patrons acnobos, auxsnas, ganu-
martos da sTxovos — an ivanika moaSoros Tavidan, an sofeli aiyreba. sofelsa
da mouravs Soris winaaRmdegoba izrdeba. ivanikas, maTraxiTa da revolveriT
SeiaraRebuls, xmas veravin scems, roca glexebSi gamoCndeba, yvelas xma uwydeba
SiSisagan. vinc mis duqanSi ar ivaWrebs, Sav dRes ayenebs. aseT mdgomareobaSi
myof sofels damcvelad da mSvelelad pavle moevlineba. igi aRudgeba win ivani-
kas gadaWarbebul survilebs da soflis saxeliT protests acxadebs. gamdidre-
bis gzaze Semdgari mouravi ivanika ver itans raime winaaRmdegobas da gaCndeba
Tu ara aseTi ram, mis mosaspobad maSinve xerxs gamoiyenebs. soflelTa simpaTia
male pavlesaken gadaixreba, ivanikasTan Sebmis Semdeg igi soflis gmirad iqceva.
swored amas mohyva pavlesa da SeZlebuli glexis, sosika mgelaZis, asul maros
Soris siyvarulis ambavi, romelic tragediiT mTavrdeba. am tragediis ganviTa-
rebas ki xels uwyobs uadgilo da Zveli Sexedulebani, romelnic sakmaod
Rrmadaa gamjdari xalxis SegnebaSi. moTxrobaSi naCvenebia maRali wreebis gul-
civi damokidebuleba adamianTa bedis mimarT, maTi uazro da uadamiano saqcie-
li, am SemTxvevaSi, saeklesio biurokratiisa.
meore moTxrobaSi `kona~ isev sofeli da glexobaa daxatuli, oRond sxva
mxridan. siRaribiTa da SimSil-mousavlobiT ilajgawyvetili sofeli lukma pu-
ris saSovnelad awowialebula, glexebi boSebs damsgavsebian da soflidan so-
237
felSi samaTxovrod dadian. mTeli soflis mdgomareobis daxasiaTebas e. gabaS-
vili petre axalkacis ojaxis aRweriT iZleva. am ojaxma bevri itanja SimSilisa-
gan, tiriliTa da vaiT datova saxl-kari da qiziyidan qarTlis erT sofels Sea-
fara Tavi. axal samosaxloSi petrem ufrosi Svili, aTi wlis gogona — kona, Tava-
dis ojaxSi xelze mosamsaxured daayena, meore Svilic ase iqna gabarebuli. mwe-
rali saSinel suraTebs xatavs axalgazrda glexi qalis cxovrebisa. socialuri
uTanasworoba siRaribesTan erTad did xarks iRebs glexisagan, spobs mis pirov-
nebas da miwasTan asworebs. kona uRelSi Sebmuli pirutyviviT muSaobda patara-
obidanve. Tavadis saxlSi mas yoveli grZnoba Tavmoyvareobisa Seugines, grZnoba
SeubRales da udanaSaulo adamiani sisxlamde miiyvanes.
`romani didxevaSi~ da `kona~ e. gabaSvilma zedized dawera 1881 wels. sul ma-
le, 1883 wels man Seqmna òrena da quCe~. am moTxrobaSic axalgazrda, RoniT sav-
se wyvilis sasiyvarulo kavSiria aRwerili, xolo mis paralelurad glexTa eko-
nomiuri mdgomareobis sxvadasxvaobis ulmobeli Sedegebia aRnusxuli. mwerali
aqac arafers ar zogavs, rom mkiTxvels Seacnobinos sazogadoebaSi fexmokide-
buli wesebis, uadamiano Cveulebebis, sasamarTlosa da CinovnikTa moRvaweobis
veluri arsi.
es moTxrobebi erTi Tematikuri rkaliTaa gaerTianebuli, maTSi siyvarulis sa-
kiTxia mTavari. mwerali siyvaruliT dakavSirebul adamianebs sxvadasxva ekonomiur
doneze ayenebs, rac gansazRvravs siyvarulis tragikul dasasruls. mTavari Temis
paralelurad mwerali Zveli Cvevebis ulmobel kritikasac iZleva. yvelaferi gle-
xis fizikur da zneobriv arsebobas emuqreba, spobs da angrevs, yvelaferi glexze
moqmedebs da mSromeli, janmrTeli, axalgazrda adamianebis sicocxles udrood
spobs.
ase exateba e. gabaSvils socialuri da ekonomikuri winaaRmdegobani sof-
lad. igi mxatvrulad gamarTul TxzulebebSi sinamdviles xatavs, magram, miuxe-
davad mwerlis mier gamoTqmuli protestisa, darazmuli brZolis qadageba ma-
inc ara Cans. glexTa cxovreba aRsavsea tragikuli momentebiT, magram klasob-
rivi brZola mainc araa dawyebuli.
e. gabaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi didi adgili eTmoba qalTa uflebebis dacvas.
mwerali cdilobs maTac moupovos moqalaqeobrivi ufleba, gamoiyvanos sazoga-
doebriv asparezze. qals sruli SesaZlebloba aqvs sazogadoebis sasargeblo
saqmianobisa, igic unda sargeblobdes sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela monapo-
variT. glexis qali uufleboa imisaTvis, rom misi garemoa CamorCenili. mwerals
ainteresebs qali inteligentur wreSi, Segnebul da ganaTlebul sazogadoeba-
Sic. iqneb iqa aqvs qals saWiro uflebebi? am kiTxvis pasuxad mwerals araerTi
Txzuleba aqvs dawerili. daskvna mas aseTi gamoaqvs — qals arc erT sazogadoeb-
riv fenaSi ar gaaCnia raime ufleba! mwerlis idealia qali meojaxe da sazogado-
ebrivi muSaki. im moTxrobebSi, sadac mwerali aseT sakiTxs ayenebs, mwerali am-
tyunebs sazogadoebas, tradicias, zogjer ganaTlebul adamianTa uprincipo-
bas. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa Semdegi Txzulebebi: `frTebdaglejili~, `mo-
nastris kideTa Soris~, `gatexili puri~, `sxvadasxvagvari qorwili~, `pirveli
nabiji cxovrebaSi~, `qalebis portretebi~, `gurgenaulis babo~, `luarsabma co-
li SeirTo~ da sxvani. aq e. gabaSvili qalis rolisa, sazogadoebaSi misi adgilis,
ojaxuri yofisa da fiziologiuri cxovrebis momentebs exeba. mweralma kargad
icis qalis fsiqologia da misi cxovrebis tragikul yofas xSirad acnobs mkiTx-
vels.
im moTxrobebSi, romlebSic mwerali xalxosani moRvawis saxes xatavs, qale-
bic arian gamoyvanilni, rogorc soflis maswavleblebi, glexTa mdgomareobis
Semamsubuqebelni, magram es qalebi ojaxur garemoSi ar arian mocemulni. moTx-
robaSi `gamarjvebuli niko~ liza koSkaZe niko beriSvilTan cxovrebisas gaxda
238
Tavdadebuli moRvawe, magram mwerali lizas moRvaweobas ar aRwers, sqematurad
amis Sesaxeb gadmogvcems iason jambadrukianis mier dedasTan miweril werilSi,
romelic nikosa da lizas SeTanxmebuli muSaobis mSral aRweras warmoadgens,
mxatvrul xerxTa gamoyenebis gareSe.
dramatul scenaSi `frTebdaglejili~ aRwerilia sazogadoebrivi muSakis,
mwerali qalis bedi. qeTos magida wignebiTa da qaRaldebiT aqvs savse, bevri
Jurnali da gazeTi mosdis, igi dainteresebulia qalTa politikur saqmianobaSi
monawileobis sakiTxiT. mas awuxebs qalTa gaunaTlebloba da uufleboba. igi es-
wreba sajaro leqciebs, urTierToba aqvs redaqtorebTan. masTan midian sazoga-
doebis wevrebi, saubroben, msjeloben. qeTo qmar-Svilis patronia, hyavs dedam-
Tilic. ojaxSi imdeni adamiani trialebs, rom qeTos saSualeba aqvs sazogadoeb-
rivi saqmianobis, magram ojaxSi arsebuli cocxali tradiciebi colis movaleo-
bisa da adgilis Sesaxeb, Zlieria. es tradicia qeTos zRudavs, uxSobs moqmede-
bis survils. mas ver mouxerxebia ojaxsac saTaveSi Caudges da sazogadoebriv
muSaobasac dro dauTmos, ufro sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobiT aris gatacebuli,
rac qmrisa da dedamTilis ukmayofilebas iwvevs. mwerali ilaSqrebs qalis uf-
lebis Seborkvis winaaRmdeg, magram igi qals ar aTavisuflebs ojaxisa da Svilis
patronobisagan. e. gabaSvilis ideali iyo srulyofili qali — sazogadoebrivi
muSaki da mzrunveli deda.
e. gabaSvilis moTxrobebSi gamoxatul qalebs perspeqtiva ar gaaCniaT, isini
uRononi da uilajoni arian, mweralma maT ver dausaxa aqtiuri moqmedebis gza.
igi sakmaod detalurad aRwers qalis beds, mis gancdebs, wuxilsa da tkivilebs.
e. gabaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi mniSvnelovan adgils iWers siyvarulisa da bune-
bis silamazis Tema. siyvaruls, mwerlis gagebiT, didi adgili uWiravs adamianis
zneobisa da Segnebis CamoyalibebaSi. adamianis siyvaruls TiTqos bunebac Tane-
ziareba da isic adamianis darad ganicdis sixaruls. siyvaruli da bunebis sila-
maze erTmaneTs avseben TiTqos. mwerali moiTxovda siyvarulis Tavisufal aRia-
rebas. misgan gamoxatuli siyvaruli wmindaa da ankara, mocilebuli yovelgvar
angarebasa da angariSianobas. siyvarulis diad grZnobas ar unda abrkolebdes
adamianTagan gamogonili adaTebi da Cveulebebi, kanoni (`romani didxevaSi~,
òrena da quCe~).
e. gabaSvilis ramdenime TxzulebaSi damuSavebulia Tema siyvarulis yovlad
SemZleblobisa (`mtarvalis cixe~, èolosis Cangi~, `fantazia~), romlebSic ga-
momJRavnebulia mwerlis esTetikuri ganwyobileba da Sexedulebani. maTSi lapa-
rakia siyvarulis Zlierebasa, bunebisa da wminda sulis urTierTobaze. umaRle-
si grZnobebis gamomuSaveba SesaZlebelia lamaz, zRaprul bunebaSi. mSvenier bu-
nebisagan Seqmnili ritmi, musikaloba da galoba, mimarTuli sidiadisadmi, dro-
dadro Cndeba mwerlis TxzulebebSi, amiT igi TiTqos iviwyebs im mware yofas,
romlis cocxali suraTebi aqvs daxatuli sxva TxzulebebSi. esTetikuri tkbo-
biT gataceba metad emCneva am Txzulebebs, esTetikuroba Cans mwerlis mier bune-
bis suraTebis aRweraSic. buneba xSirad samoTxes aris Sedarebuli, igi adamianTa
Tvalsa da gonebas atyvevebs, mas Seswevs Zala yvela moxiblos. bunebis silamaze
xels uwyobs adamianis grZnobaTa ganviTarebas. buneba, amasTanave, mravali senis
ganmkurnavia, adamianis aforiaqebuli azrebis damamSvidebeli. bunebis sidiadis
himnia e. gabaSvilis òcneba~, leqsi prozad, romelSic aRwerilia mSvidi da saTno
buneba, romlis sidiades adamianis Tvali ver Seswvdeba. buneba TavisTvis arse-
bobs. aqvea gaSmagebuli qariSxali, bunebis zviadobis gamoxatuleba, igi angrevs
da lewavs yvelafers. aseTi suraTi ilia WavWavaZis `gandegilis~ zogierT Tavs
gvagonebs.
ekaterine gabaSvils didi Rvawli miuZRvis qarTuli sabavSvo literaturis
safuZvlebis Cayrasa da ganviTarebaSi. iakob gogebaSvilsaviT man bevri Txzule-
239
ba dawera mcirewlovanTaTvis, romelnic saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSic ibeWde-
boda. mis sabavSvo moTxrobaTa krebuli ramdenjermea gamocemuli. bavSvebisaT-
vis daweril TxzulebebSi e. gabaSvili, ZiriTadad, Raribi adamianebis yofa-
cxovrebas aSuqebs. `magdanas lurja~, `mSieraZis ojaxi~, `RvTis Svili~, `Cveni
didi kaklis xe~ da sxvani mwerlis sxva moTxrobebisagan TemiT ar gansxvavdeba.
misi `Rvinia gadaiCexa~ da `Tinas lekuri~ xSirad ibeWdeboda bavSvebisTvis.
e. gabaSvili didi pedagogiuri taqtiT umuSavebda bavSvs sxvadasxva Tvise-
bebs, igi did yuradRebas aqcevda mozardSi Sromismoyvareobis Cvevis gamomuSa-
vebas, radgan swamda, rom adamianis upirvelesi daniSnuleba aris Sroma. mozardi
unda kacTmoyvare grZnobebiT iyos aRsavse, unda uyvardes adamiani, pativsa
scemdes ufross, maswavlebels, damrigebels. bavSvma unda icodes sxvisi mdgo-
mareobis Sefaseba, xedavdes da grZnobdes sxvis sixarulsa da mwuxarebas. er-
TurTis gatana, daxmareba, Svela, megobruli xelis gawvdena unda bunebriv
moTxovnilebad gadaeqces mozards. mwerali saintereso masalas awvdida bav-
Svebs xalxTa megobrobaze da koloniuri Cagvris raobaze.
e. gabaSvilis sabavSvo moTxrobebSi didi adgili uWiravT sadResaswaulod da-
weril moTxrobebs. maTSi erT mxares bediT kmayofilni da mdidarni dganan, meore
mxares — Raribni, romelnic xSirad uxvad sargebloben mdidarTa keTili da uxvi
guliT. mwerali TiTqos ar cdilobs bavSvebSi gaaRvivos klasobrivi da ekonomiku-
ri sxvaobis Segneba. mas sjera, rom sikeTis Tesva mospobs uTanasworobas da norC
mkiTxvels swored aseTi sikeTis qmnisaken mouwodebs. e. gabaSvilis moTxrobebSi
gamoxatuli mdidris bavSvebi RaribTa mimarT TanagrZnobiT arian aRsavseni, dRe-
saswaulebze mdidrebi Raribebs saCuqrebs urigeben da yvela kmayofilia — mdida-
rica da Raribic.
ilia WavWavaZis mxatvruli Semoqmedebis gavlena didia e. gabaSvilis mxat-
vrul azrovnebaze. zogierTi personaJi misi Txzulebebisa garkveulad iliase-
uli personaJis saxecvlilebas warmoadgens. iliaseburadaa dasmuli sakiTxi
moTxrobaSi `saxrCobelazed~. garda saerTo saTaurisa, TxzulebaSi dayenebuli
sakiTxi da misi gadaWra gameoreba aris i. WavWavaZis cnobili Txzulebis Temisa.
luarsab TaTqariZis saxl-karis aRweris msgavs momentebs vxvdebiT e. gabaSvilis
moTxrobaSi `kona~ ise, rogorc aivnidan gadmomdgari Cagorglebuli kneina bar-
bare aris asli kneina darejanisa. e. gabaSvilis TxzulebaTa enac ilia WavWavaZi-
sagan SemuSavebuli qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebs emorCileba, rogorc
avtoris, ise personaJTa ena sufTaa da daxvewili, mxolod gmirTa xasiaTis gamo-
sakveTad mimarTavs mwerali provincializmsa Tu qalaqur Jargons, an barba-
rizm-rusicizmebiT aRsavse metyvelebas. es gmirebi an glexebi arian, an vaWrebi,
anac aristokratiuli wris nervebaSlili warmomadgenelni.
axali qarTuli saliteraturo enis marTebuli gamoyenebiT e. gabaSvilma ad-
vilad gadaSala Tavisi gmirebis Rrma gancdebi, fsiqologiuri pasaJebi, adamian-
Ta rTuli urTierTobani. msubuqi eniT aRwerili ambebi mdidaria emociurobiT,
mimzidveli feradebiTa da StrixebiT. am mxrivac kargi Sefaseba daimsaxura e.
gabaSvilma didi qarTveli mwerlebisagan, kerZod, iakob gogebaSvilisagan, ro-
melic mas uwonebda rogorc leqsikas, ise winadadebaTa wyobas.
ekaterine gabaSvilma mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi didi adgili dauTmo mcire
zomis Txzulebebs. man, am SemTxvevaSic, ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebiTi praqti-
kiT isargebla. yvelazed uxvad man isargebla im formiT, rac Sio aragvispire-
lis SemoqmedebaSi maRal safexurze idga. aRsaniSnavia, rom e. gabaSvilma Tavisi
epoqis didmniSvnelovani sakiTxebi SemoqmedebiTad sainteresod moaqcia mcire-
formian TxzulebebSi ise, rom JReradoba da mniSvneloba Temasa da problemas
ar Semcirebia.
240
e. gabaSvilis moTxrobebSi ar aris daxatuli masiuri scenebi, moqmedi pire-
bis raodenoba mas metad Semcirebuli aqvs da yovelgvari paraleluri siuJete-
bis gareSe axerxebs mkiTxvelis yuradRebis SeCerebas ZiriTad azrze. mwerali
zogjer garkveuli xasiaTis eqspozicias mimarTavs ambis xveulebSi gasarkvevad.
qarTul literaturaSi e. gabaSvilma pirvelma mimarTa galeqsil prozas,
rac Semdeg uxvad gamoiyena Tavis SemoqmedebaSi vasil barnovma. e. gabaSvilma am
xerxs uwoda `leqsi prozad~, rac man, marTalia, oriode nawarmoebSi, magram ma-
inc novatoruli saxiT gamoiyena. aseTebia misi Txzulebebi `mtarvalis cixe~ da
lirikuli prozauli nawarmoebebi òcneba~ da `fantazia~. `mtarvalis cixeSi~
aRwerilia romantikuli ambavi didi feodalis asul Tamarisa da mSvenieri va-
Jis, Sevardenis siyvarulisa da zviadi Tavad zaalis saSineli ganaCenisa, roca
man stumrebiT savse did darbazSi Tavisi qaliSvilis satrfo gagmira, ris gamoc
Tavadis sasaxles `mtarvalis cixe~ Searqves.
mwerali qalis leqsi prozad — òcneba~ weliwadis droTa suraTebia, ai, er-
Ti nawili: `riJraJi aris. nisliT Seburul mTis wverzed vsdgevar, guli dawyna-
rebiT scems, garemoculi haeri filtvebs alaRebs, afarToebs, sisxls aelvebs
da aCuxCuxebs. nislSi odnav sCans ca da qveyana... magram, ager pirdapir bumberaz
mTisken ca SeiReba, mkrTal vardisfrad Seimosa da garemocul bunebas raRac
momxiblavi, saidumloebiT savse elferi misca. nisli gahfanta sinaTlem da Cem
Tvalwin gadaiSalnen Tvaluwvdeneli mindorni, velni, tyeni, mdinareni, kldi-
dan kldezeda mxtunavni. mindorT aWrelebs namuSevari, naxnav-naTesi, damwife-
bul yviTel purisa da mwvaned mobibine simindis yanebs gverds umSvenebs Savad
gaSlili vrceli xnulebi. irgvliv Semortymul mTis kalTebs amkoben zurmux-
tovanni venaxni, baRni, Wandarni, romelTa Soris aqa-iq mosCans, rogorc yvavil-
ni mdelosi, xalxis nagebni sadgurni~ da a. S.
aRsaniSnavia is mxarec mwerali qalis Semoqmedebisa, rac gamoixata Tavise-
buri Janris — novelis SemotanaSi. axali qarTuli literatura davalebulia e.
gabaSvilisagan novelis gamoyenebiT. Semdeg es forma amaRlebuli saxiT gamoi-
yena Sio aragvispirelma. mwerlobis es Janri rTulia imdenad, ramdenadac mcire
zomis nawarmoebSi unda gamoixatos xasiaTi, saxe, ganwyobileba, romelTa srul-
yofas xSirad mozrdili Txzuleba emsaxureba. es forma ZiriTadia e. gabaSvilis
literaturul memkvidreobaSi. man novelebSi aRwera rogorc sxvadasxva socia-
lur fenaTa yofacxovrebiTi suraTebi, aseve fsiqologia, maTi xasiaTebi, moq-
med pirTa socialuri da zneobrivi arsebobis mxareebi da niSnebi.
ekaterine gabaSvilis SinaarsiT mravalferovani da Sesrulebis TvalsazrisiT
maRali literaturuli memkvidreoba qarTuli mwerlobis mniSvnelovani monakve-
Tia.
241
ioseb daviTaSvili
(1850-1887)
ioseb daviTaSvili ìyo kaci, romelsac cotad Tu bevrad ganwmendili hqonda

Tvalni glexTa gulis saidumloTa mnaxvelad, yurni — glexTa gulis ucnaurTa xmaTa
msmenelad, xelni glexTa majiscemis Sematyobrad da ena yovelive amis aRmomTqmelad
da mTargmnelad~. es sityvebi ekuTvnis pirovnebas, romlis ganuzomel avtoritet-
Tan didad aris dakavSirebuli is garemoeba, rom i. daviTaSvilis saxeli daviwyebas
ar mieca. es avtoriteti ki ilia WavWavaZe iyo.
Cveni saxelovani samocianelebis — ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis mier i.
daviTaSvilis Sefaseba faqtobrivad misi SemoqmedebiT farTo sazogadoebis da-
interesebisaken xsnida gzas.
ilia WavWavaZem i. daviTaSvilis gardacvalebisas warmoTqmul sityvaSi sa-
gangebod gaxaza misi mniSvneloba Cveni literaturisaTvis, rogorc dabali so-
cialuri fenebis warmomadgenlisa. manve i. daviTaSvili im qarTvelTa gunds mia-
kuTvna, romelTac samSoblos winaSe garkveuli Rvawli miuZRviT sityviT Tu
saqmiT.
glexi poetis Semoqmedebis daxasiaTebisas ilia gansakuTrebiT gamoyofda
mis didsulovnebas, gauboroteblobas, codnis dauflebis wyurvils.
im pirovnul niSnebs, romlebsac ilia WavWavaZe ioseb daviTaSvilis leqsebSi
xedavda, faseulad mometebulad swored imitom miiCnevda, rom igi, i. daviTaSvili,
TviTon iyo im fenis warmomadgeneli, uSualo ganmcdeli im fenis yofisa, romlis
interesebis gamoxatvasac cdilobda, romelTan daaxloeba, romlis fsiqikuri Si-
naarsis wvdoma da gadmoSlac samocianelTa umTavresi amocana gaxda.
akaki wereTelic arsebiTad amave poziciidan afasebda i. daviTaSvils. akaki
ufro metad im azriT Tvlida i. daviTaSvilis pirovnebas pativiscemis Rirsad,
erTgvar nimuSad sxvaTaTvis, rom es ukanaskneli, miuxedavad cxovrebis pirquSi,
mware pirobebisa, Rirseul moqalaqed darCa. akakis TqmiT, i. daviTaSvili àr yo-
fila arc gamoCenili mecnieri, arc samagaliTod SesaniSnavi mwerali. Semcdaria
is, visac hgonia, rom marto moleqseobisaTvis vscemdiT mas pativs. dabal wodeba-
Si niWi iSviaTi ar aris da arc moSairobaa gansakuTrebiTi movlineba. gansvenebu-
li imiTi iyo SesaniSnavi ufro, rom Tavis piradobaze imdenad ara hfiqrobda, ra-
modenadac sazogadoebaze~.1
samocianelTa amgvari Sefaseba, rogorc iTqva, iyo safuZveli da imisi piro-
bac, rom i. daviTaSvils mokrZalebuli adgili daTmoboda mecxramete saukunis
qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi.
biografia
i. daviTaSvilis pirveli mokle biografia ilia WavWavaZem Seadgina da inte-

resic misi cxovrebis amsaxveli masalebis Tavmoyrisa manve gaaRviZa.
ioseb simonis Ze daviTaSvili daibada 1850 wels sofel gardatenSi, romelic qar-
TlSi, atenis xeobaSi mdebareobs.
1
a. we r e T e l i , Txzulebani TxuTmet tomad, t. XII, gv. 333-334.
mamamisi, simon daviTaSvili, glexi iyo, adre dafqviaSvilis, xolo Semdeg ki ci-
ciSvilis yma. iosebis deda mariami (maia) goreli qali iyo. did gaWirvebaSi, usixaru-
lod warimarTa iosebis bavSvoba da Wabukoba. mravali tanjva-wameba, abuCad agdeba,
damcireba gamoscada man Tavis Tavze. daviTaSvilebis mravalricxovani ojaxi1 Zali-
an xelmokled cxovrobda. TerTmet-Tormeti wlisa igi ukve daoblda — jer mama, xo-
lo male, erTi wlis Tavze dedac gardaecvala.
mSoblebis mzrunvelobas da meTvalyureobas moklebuli bavSvi erTxans
TbilisSi iyo Tavis ufros ZmasTan, mere gorSi gaiqca da iq moewyo Segirdad vi-
Rac durgalTan; iavadmyofa da isev TbilisSi daabrunes. cota xans batonTanac
mouwia Sinamosamsaxured yofna, sanam ufros Zmas gamoisyidda.
Zmis ojaxSi iosebs, etyoba, aklda siTbo da mzrunveloba. Cans, rom mas kargi
TvaliT ar uyurebda rZali.2 mere rus durgals uyeneben Segirdad garkveuli va-
diT. Tumca didis vaivaglaxiT pirobiT gaTvaliswinebul dros dayofs durgal-
Tan, magram qarglobis mowmobas ver Rebulobs da es imitom, rom mas ar SeuZlia
amisaTvis gankuTvnili gadasaxadis Setana.
bnelia misi yoveldRiuroba. yvelgan uxeSobas da usamarTlobas, simdables da
Zalmomreobas xedavs. Cveulebriv, sxva bavSvi, SeiZleba ase umeTvalyureod, Tavis
nebazed miSvebuli aseTs viTarebaSi mTlad gauxeSebuliyo, gzas acdenoda da sazo-
gadod daRupuliyo. magram, etyoba, iosebi gansxvavebuli bunebisa iyo; yoveldRiu-
robis WuWyis, warmavalisa da macduneblis iqiT, etyoba, bunebis jansaR da myar
movlenebs grZnobda, eltvoda da xarbad aRbeWdavda misi goneba. Cans, swored bune-
bis amgvari mxareebiT ixibleboda igi. amis Tqmis uflebas iZleva, sxvaTa Soris mis
leqsebze dakvirveba, romelTa umravlesoba sakuTar STabeWdilebebze da gan-
cdilzea dafuZnebuli da amdenad avtobiografiuli xasiaTisaa. am garemoebaze po-
eti pirdapirac miuTiTebs, roca erT Tavis leqsSi wers:
`garyvnili kacis qceva
axlos ar mivikare,
sadac cud saqmes Sevxvdi,
avdeq da gavipare;
davjeq, wigni vikiTxe,
miT guli gavixare~.
(`samSoblos siyvaruli~)
yofila erTi adamiani iosebis maxlobelTa Soris, kerZod misi da keke, ro-
melsac mohqonda bavSvisaTvis sixaruli, roca ki mis gverdiT aRmoCndeboda.
wera-kiTxva iosebisaTvis swored mas uswavlebia:
`qvabis muris monalesiT
momimzada melania,
xaris beWi dafad mqonda,
maswavlida melania~—
ase agviwers poeti wera-kiTxvis Seswavlis process leqsSi `glexis maswavlebe-
li~. Cveulebriv, iseT mZime pirobebSi, rogorSic iosebs uxdeboda cxovreba, ar
iyo mosalodneli raime gansakuTrebuli swrafvis gamomJRavneba swavlisadmi,
magram aRsaniSnavia, rom iosebi udidesi interesiT Sedgomia am saqmes. miuxeda-
vad misi aqtiurobisa da gulmodginebisa, misi swavleba wera-kiTxvis daufleba-
ze SeCerebula. garemo pirobebi bavSvis miswrafebaTa borkilad gamodioda.
arc damoukidebeli cxovrebis gzaze gamosuls eloda uzrunveli yofa. mu-
dam samuSaos ZiebaSi iyo. ekonomiurad Tavs yovelTvis xelmokled grZnobda.
rad da sad ar umuSavia mas; eZebda ara marto Tavis xelobis Sesafer saqmes, sxva
1
simon daviTaSvils iosebis garda kidev xuTi qal-vaJi hyavda, iosebi yvelaze umcrosi iyo.
2
amis Sesaxeb i. daviTaSvili mogviTxrobs Tavis daumTavrebel moTxrobaSi `nato~.
243
saxis samuSaozec ar ambobda uars. erTxans zeiceris qarxanaSi moewyo. gazeT
ìveriis~ damtarebladac yofila da scenis muSadac.
samuSaos ZiebaSi man Semoiara Tbilisi da gori. dasavleT saqarTveloSic iyo
oTxmocian wlebSi. bolo dros TelavSi vxedavT. bedi ekonomiuri TvalsazrisiT
arsad ar uRimoda, samagierod bevri naxa da ganicada.
cxovrebis simZimem, araadamianurma jafam adre gatexes. yovelive amas Tan
erTvoda xSiri avadmyofobac. Tavis asakTan SedarebiT, TanamedroveTa gadmo-
cemiT, moberebulad gamoiyureboda.
ioseb daviTaSvili gardaicvala 1887 wels. dasaflavebulia TelavSi.
ra SeiZleba iTqvas i. daviTaSvilis pirovnebis Sesaxeb? `sakvirveli Tavdaba-
li, uwyinari, uboroto kaci iyo... imisagan wyena, avi sityva, avi saqme aravis ax-
sovs. didi moyvaruli iyo Tavis qveynisa, qarTulis literaturisa da sityvie-
rebisa~, — wers ilia.1
sazogadod erTi interesi iCens Tavs mis cxovrebaSi, erTi mudmivi wyurvili
— ganaTleba miiRos, codna SeiZinos. es interesi misi cxovrebis adreul safe-
xurze Cndeba da arasodes ar tovebs mas. yvelaferi mis irgvliv — garemo, ro-
melSic is cxovrobs, misi yofa am survilis sawinaaRmdegodaa momarTuli, mag-
ram mis Cakvlas mainc ver axerxebs. i. daviTaSvils ar SeeZlo Tavis yofas gaqce-
oda. udides winaaRmdegobebTan WidilSi mas ar ZaluZda sabolood gamarjvebu-
li gamosuliyo, magram mainc ibrZoda bolomde, mainc cdilobda da am brZolis
gzaze bevri ram SeiZina.
arsebobis namdvil formad sulieri interesebiT cxovreba miaCnda. Tumca
yofa mudam ajaWvavda yoveldRiur sazrunavebs, wvrilmanebs, magram sulieri
moTxovnilebebiT cxovrebis wyurvils araTu ver uqrobda, aramed uZlierebda
kidec. mudam gaWirvebuli, ufulo oriod groSs moigdebda Tu ara xelT, Jur-
nal-gazeTebs, wignebs da qaRalds yidulobda. iosebis maxloblebisaTvis gauge-
bari iyo misi amgvari qceva da arc waxalisebas da mowonebas imsaxurebda am mxriv
maTgan. yovel SemTxvevaSi, faqti mainc isaa, rom iosebs zogjer, gansakuTrebiT
maSin, roca fuli uWirda da sesxeba uwevda, amgvari ganmartebebis micema uxde-
boda naTesavebisaTvis: èxlac gTxovT, Tu rom didad ar SewuxdebiT da SesaZlo
iqneba, xeli gamimarToT... amaze ki darwmunebuli var da Tqvenc kargad iciT,
rom Tqvengan nasesxeb fuls cud saqmezed ar movixmar. Tqven dajerebuli xarT,
viTom wignebzed da gazeTebzed vxarjavde, magram damerwmuneT, rom bevrjer ka-
peiki ara maqvs, rom qaRaldi viyido da imazed gadavitano Cemi gulis dardebi an
Tqven mogweroT rame~ (werili Tavisi dis — elisabedisadmi).2
ioseb daviTaSvili pirovnuli mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaze ki ara, mometebu-
lad saerTod dabali fenebis ekonomiuri mdgomareobis gaukeTesebaze fiqrobda
bevrs, maT ganaTlebaze ocnebobda. ase magaliTad, roca igi zeiceris qarxanaSi mu-
Saobda, aq sul male gaficuli muSebis Tavkacebs Soris aRmoCnda. marTalia, es ga-
ficva muSebis erTgvari warmatebiT aRiniSna, magram misi moTaveebi da maT Soris i.
daviTaSvilic, qarxnis mepatroneebma samuSaodan daiTxoves. xelosanTa sakeTil-
dReod igi mudam ocnebobda maT gaerTianebaze da am ocnebas erTgvarad xorcic Se-
asxa TelavSi yofnis dros xuTi kacisagan Semdgari xelosanTa amxanagoba Seqmna,
romlis oficialur cnobaze da wesdebis damtkicebaze bevrs zrunavda.
i. daviTaSvili didi gatacebiT Seudga qarTuli xalxuri sityvierebis masa-
lebis Segrovebis saqmes. aq igi xelmZRvanelobda akakis uSualo davalebiT da
misive instruqciiT.
1
i l i a W a v W a v a Z e, Txzulebani aT tomad, t. III, gv. 165.
2
i o s e b d a v i T a S v i l i , TzulebaTa sruli krebuli, sol. yubaneiSvilis redaqciiT, winasityvao-
biTa da SeniSvnebiT, 1951, gv. 241.
244
àqeT-iqiT bevrs dadioda... monastrebsa da Zvels naSTebsa sinjavda. saca-ki
raime SesamCnevs an CuqurTmas, an warwerils naxavda, gadmoiRebda xolme. ara er-
Ti da ori korespondencia mouweria gagonilisa da TvaliT naxulis Taobazed~.1
yovelive es ki imaze metyvelebs, rom i. daviTaSvili ara marto Tavisi leqsebiT,
aramed praqtikul-sazogadoebrivi TvalsazrisiTac Tavisi drois Rirseuli moqa-
laqe iyo.
Semoqmedeba
ioseb daviTaSvilis poeturi Semoqmedeba sul aT wels grZeldeboda (1877-

1887). am drois manZilze man ramdenime aTeuli leqsi dawera, romelTagan garkve-
uli nawili mowonebas imsaxurebda, xolo zog maTgans mRerodnen kidec.
i. daviTaSvilis leqsebi pirvel yovlisa simartiviT gamoirCevian, yvelasaT-
vis advilad misawvdomobiT. martivia da naTeli misi poezia im azriT, rom aq ara
gvaqvs saqme gabundovanebul gancdebTan, gancdebTan, romelTa an safuZveli da
wyaro iqneba gaurkveveli, an maTi mimdinareoba. i. daviTaSvilis Semoqmedebis Si-
naarsad Zalian Cveulebrivi da yoveldRiuri sagnebi da movlenebi gamodian. mi-
si yoveli calkeuli leqsis mixedviT advili gamosacnobia, Tu ra awuxebs an ra
axarebs mas yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi.
misi sawuxari Tu sasixarulo ki Zalian gansazRvrulia. amdenad, i. daviTaS-
vilis Semoqmedeba ar gamoirCeva mravalferovnebiTa da grZnobaTa gamoxatvis
sirTuliTa da siRrmiT, magram aRbeWdili kia gulwrfelobiTa da uSualobiT.
ioseb daviTaSvilis leqsebis erTi nawili moqalaqeobrivi xasiaTisaa da pat-
riotuli grZnobebis gadmoSlas warmoadgens.
misi leqsebis umTavresi sagani glexia misi yoveldRiurobiT, survilebiT
da miswrafebebiT.
poeti wvril-xelosanTa yofiTac interesdeba da esecaa gamoxatuli mis
leqsebSi.
i. daviTaSvilis leqsebis TemaTa ubralo CamoTvliTac sruliad cxadi xdeba
maTi uaRresad socialuri Sinaarsi. es leqsebi arsebiTad garkveul drosTan da
socialur viTarebasTan arian dakavSirebuli da erTgvarad mijaWvulic. amde-
nad, misi Semoqmedeba axla ZiriTadad literaturis istoriis kuTvnilebas war-
moadgens.
rogorc aRiniSna, i. daviTaSvilis Semoqmedeba moqalaqeobrivi Sinaarsis gamom-
xatvelia da es Cans mis bevr leqsSi. poeti pirdapirac araerTgzis aRniSnavs, rom sa-
zogadoebrivi saqmis samsaxurSi pirovnuli interesebi msxverplad unda iqnes mita-
nili. magaliTad, poeti erTgan wers:
`me~ movspoT, `Cvena~ vixmaroT,
miT moZmes mivceT nugeSi~
(àxal moleqses~)
xolo sxvagan am azrs igi ufro Semtevi toniT acxadebs:
`rad aris kaci cocxali,
romelic qveynis bargia,
vinc rom moqmedebs TavisTvis
sxvas ki arafers argia?~
(`wuTisofelSi cxovreba~)
moqalaqeobrivi poziciidan afasebs igi sxvebis saqmianobasac. kargi da mosa-
woni, samagaliTo misTvis isaa, vinc didi mamuliSvilia, didi moqalaqe. i. davi-
1
i . W a v W a v a Z e , dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 165.
245
TaSvilis miZRvniTi xasiaTis leqsebi (`mari broses~, `mariams~, àxal moleqses~
da a. S.), milocvebi, saaxalwloebi am azris dasabuTebas warmoadgenen. poeti ar
asxvavebs imas, Tu ra wodebas ekuTvnis kaci, misTvis mTavari mamuliSvilobaa.
leqsSi `stviri~, romelsac miwis muSebs uZRvnis da romelSiac erTgvar Suamav-
lobas kisrulobs dabal fenebsa da cnobil mamuliSvilebs Soris, igi ambobs:
`visac CamovTvli, gaxsovdeT,
imas ugdeviT yurio;
ecadeT yvelas icnobdeT,
maTzed ar gqondeT Surio.
bevria maTSi Tavadi
da zogi aznaurio,
Cveni sawyali glexisTvis
didad SestkivaT gulio~.
moqalaqeobrivi grZnobis arseboba poetis leqsebs didaqtikur iers aZlevs.
i. daviTaSvili yvelgan, an TiTqmis yvelgan amJRavnebs mzaobas Wkuis dasarigeb-
lad. es darigeba gulubryvilo formiTaa warmodgenili im azriT, rom poeti am
mxriv upretenzioa, ar iZabeba, ar cdilobs argumentirebas, raime niadagis Seq-
mnas damoZRvrisaTvis. Tavis simarTleSi sruliad darwmunebuli arc moelis sa-
winaaRmdego azris arsebobas, pirdapir, sagangebo xerxTa momarjvebis gareSe
gamoTqvams Tavis rCevas. gulubryvilobis niSniTaa, magaliTad, warmodgenili
Semdegi striqonebi:
`dRes gvatyueben vaWrebi,
ucxo da Sinaurio;
naxevar fasad rom miaqvT,
qeri gvaqvs Tunda purio!
aRar movstyuvdeT imaTgan,
swavlas davugdoT yurio;
vinc rom swavlisTvis gagvkicxos,
cxvirze wausvaT murio!~
(`stviri~)
gulubryviloa es striqonebi imitomac, rom aq dasjis saSualebad poetis
mier rekomendebulia iseTi forma, rogoricaa muris wasma. es striqonebi gu-
lubryvilo komizmis gamovlenadac SeiZleba miviCnioT.
moqalaqeobrivi poziciidan i. daviTaSvili kicxavs, dascinis qarTvels, ro-
melsac aRar axsovs patiosneba da mamuli; qals, romelic modas gadahyolia da
Tavisi namdvili movaleoba daviwyebia.
am rigis leqsebi akakis satiruli xasiaTis leqsebis gavleniTaa Seqmnili; po-
eti aq akakiseburi dacinvis ganxorcielebas cdilobs.
i. daviTaSvili zogierT leqsSi saqarTvelos istorias mimarTavs. Tumca, unda
iTqvas, rom es leqsebi TqmulebaTa, gagonilis niadagze arian Seqmnili. garkveulad
zogierTi maTganis gaxalxurebis mizezi esec unda yofiliyo. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia,
magaliTad, `Tamar dedoflis leqsi~.
sazogadod, unda aRiniSnos, rom i. daviTaSvilis zemoT ganxiluli leqsebi
ZiriTadad im rkalSi arian moqceuli, romelic Cvenma samocianelebma moxazes.
poeti maT did gavlenas ganicdis. Tuki maTSi, am leqsebSi, Cans swrafva garkveu-
li poziciisaken, es samocianelTa poziciaa. am leqsebSi patriotuli gancdebi
pirdapir da Seuferxebladaa gadmocemuli. esaa imdroindeli mowinave qarTve-
li mwerlebis moqalaqeobrivi gancdebis gadmoSlis tradiciuli formis gavle-
nis kvali.
magram i. daviTaSvils aqvs sxvagvari leqsebic. leqsebi, romlebSic gamoxat-
vis aseTi pirdapiri gza ar aris arCeuli, romlebsac Tematikuri simyare ar axa-
246
siaTebT da Tavisi gulubryvilobiT xalxur leqsebs uaxlovdebian. leqsSi `mes-
tviruli~ pirveli strofebi, romlebSic imdroindeli yofaa daxasiaTebuli,
maincadamainc ar amzadeben niadags Tematikuri TvalsazrisiT aSkarad patrio-
tuli grZnobis Semcveli striqonebisaTvis:
`qarTvelni SromiT ganTqmulan,
ibrZodnen Cveni Zvelebi;
mtris wina Seupovrebsa,
sisxliT mourwyavT velebi~.
amgvar ganwyobilebaSi sruliad moulodnelad Semodis vedreba mosavlis ga-
darCenaze, rasac isev patriotuli Sinaarsis strofi enacvleba:
`RvTisa dedao, Senca gTxovT —
ar agvarido piria:
iversa mteri aSoro,
igi xom Seni wilia~,
romelsac dasasrul isev ekonomiur uzrunvelyofaze vedreba cvlis. `mestvirul-
Tan~ siaxloves amJRavnebs am TvalsazrisiT leqsi `suraTi mwyemsis cxovrebidan~.
aq Tavidan bunebis suraTia warmodgenili, romelic male patriotuli SinaarsiT
itvirTeba Semdeg strofSi:
`vici, mkiTxavT: `ra mxarea
agre turfa, lamazio?~
me mogigebT: ìveria,
Cveni cixe-darbazio~.
magram, rogorc mere irkveva, mTavari am leqsSi ubedureba iqneba, rac erTi
Raribi mwyemsis Tavze unda datrialdes. amgvarive tendencia vlindeba leqsebSi
`me qarTveli var, qarTveli~, `nino~ da sxva.
es leqsebi meti uSualobiT xasiaTdebian im azriTac, rom literaturulad gan-
mtkicebul formaSi gadmoSlis tendencias nakleb amJRavneben da xalxurs uaxlov-
debian.
i. daviTaSvilis Semoqmedebis ZiriTadi Tema, rogorc aRiniSna, dabali fene-
bis yofa-cxovrebaa. poeti gvixasiaTebs soflelTa tkivils Tu sixaruls, maTs
fiqrsa da ocnebas. am rigis leqsebi ZiriTadad sakuTar STabeWdilebebze, nanaxze
da gancdilzea dafuZnebuli. vin ar arian aq warmodgenili — patara fexSiSvela
soflis gogo-biWebi, Zilgatexili mexreebi da guTnis dedebi, begaraze momuSave
ojaxis mama da oblebis momakvdavi deda.
glexis survilebi TiTqmis yovelTvis gansazRvrulia da erT sagans dastri-
alebs — unda ekonomiurad uzrunvelyofili iyos, mevale ar awuxebdes da vaWa-
ri, janmrTeli iyos da Sroma SeiZlos:
`qveynisa gamCens SesTxoven:
`dagvicv, Sen mogve janio~
(`weliwadis oTxi dro~)
`gvqondes samyofi mamuli,
saxlebi gvqondes Tbilia~
(`sisawyle~)
glexi gangebas imas evedreba, rom
`... mogvec Zal-Rone,
ar mogverios Zilia,
ar dagvisetyvo yanebi~
(`mestviruli~)
247
magram yoveldRiuroba winaaRmdegobaSi modis glexis survilebTan. gauxa-
relia misi yofa:
`ram dagaSro, Se oxero,
Raribebis bedis wyaro,
amoduRdi, rom qveyana
erTianad gaaxaro~ —
ambobs erTgan poeti aRSfoTebuli toniT. vin ar monawileobs glexis ZarcvaSi
da damcirebaSi: Tavadi da aznauri, mamasaxlisi, mRvdeli da vaWari; gaunaTleb-
loba, crumorwmuneoba glexis borkilebad qceula. mkiTxavi dapatronebia mis
rwmenas da usindisod wews mas. aseTi suraTebia daxatuli leqsebSi `weliwadis
oTxi dro~, `mkiTxavi~ da mravali sxva. TiTqos bunebac aRar indobs adamianTagan
daundobels:
`gvalvis zafxuli dagvidga,
fermixdilxar, mTa da baro,
tyeebi sul gadagvewva,
Senca Srebi, mTisa wyaro~.
(`gvalvis weliwads~)
poetisaTvis naTelia, rom usamarTloba da Zalmomreoba gabatonebula qvey-
nad, rom iTeleba mSromelis adamianuri Rirseba. es viTareba mas bevr leqsSi
aqvs daxasiaTebuli, iqneba es `muSis simRera~, `glexi da Tavadi~, `glexis wunias~
Tu sxva. poeti kargad xedavs, rom:
`muSis ofliTa irwyveba
mindori, mTa da qedia,
is Sromobs, sxvebi ZRebian,
dakarguli aqvs bedia,
Cascqeris dedamiwasa,
maRla ver auxedia~.
igi Sewuxebulia amgvari mdgomareobiT:
`me gulsa mwvavs es sofeli,
ornairad gayofili,
bediT Cagruls uRvTod Cagravs
Tavis bediT kmayofili~.
(`bedis wyaro~)
i. daviTaSvils miT ufro aocebs es viTareba, ramdenadac mis cnobierebaSi
damkvidrebuli aris Segneba jer kidev samocianelebidan momdinare azrisa, rom
Cveni qveynis cxovrebaSi wamyvani roli ekuTvnis miwis muSas. i. daviTaSvilis
sityvebiT:
`mTeli eris marCenali
glexkacia, miwis muSa~.
i. daviTaSvilis es leqsebi sxvaTagan mometebulad imiT gamoirCevian, rom
maTSi sibralulis grZnoba ki ar aris gamomJRavnebuli da mkiTxvelSic Sesafe-
risi grZnobis aRmoceneba da gaRviveba ki ar aris navaraudevi, aramed aq aSkarad
igrZnoba siamaye da erTgvari Tavmowoneba; poeti amayobs, rom dabali fenebis
warmomadgenelia TviTonac:
`muSa rom var, kidec vici
muSis gulis pasuxebi,
RmerTma muSas gaumarjos~
248
— acxadebs igi da swored am poziciidan moiTxovs mSromelis pirovnuli Rirsebis
dacvas, misTvis angariSis gawevas uxeSi, magram xalxurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli for-
miT:
`muSa var da muSis mklavi
vici da mwams nakurTxia,
da vinc muSas kacad ar cnobs
safurTxia, safurTxia~
(`muSis wunias~)
i. daviTaSvilis leqsebSi pirovnuli ganviTarebis garkveuli safexuria war-
modgenili, roca jer kidev ar aris gamovlenili mkafiod protestis grZnoba
usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg. mis mier daxatuli glexebi religiur miswrafebebs
amJRavneben, Svebas locvaSi pouloben. i. daviTaSvilis guli didi siyvaruliTaa
savse da SurisZiebas aravis mimarT ar grZnobs, aseTive arian umravles SemTxve-
vaSi misi leqsebis personaJebic. ZiriTadi da damaxasiaTebeli misTvis amgvari
midgomaa da amitomac mTeli misi Semoqmedebis fonze maincadamainc ara Cans ga-
azrebuli, am Semoqmedebis Sinaarsad ar aris qceuli gamoTqma, romliTac yma mi-
marTavs batons:
`dro mova rom dagamtvrio
me uZlurma rogorc SuSa~1 —
(`glexi da Tavadi~)
an am rigis zogierTi sxva fraza. ioseb daviTaSvilisaTvis ufro niSandoblivia
striqonebi:
`Sromobs muSa, Tan RiRinebs,
agondeba macxovari,
agondeba da mxnevdeba,
pirjvris weriT Sromas agrZobs
da vinc uSromlada hylapavs,
imis mtrobas mainc ar grZnobs~.
i. daviTaSvili momavlis imediT avsebuli poetia. momavlis rwmena STaago-
nebs mas keTili saqmis samsaxurs:
`Tund vkvdebode SimSiliTa,
ara mqondes lukma-puri,
mainc kidev Tvalwin midga
keTil saqmis samsaxuri.
...............................................................
Wirsa da lxins erTad viTmenT
me da Cemi Wreli stviri,
me vmReri da is bans maZlevs
`sikeTisken vqnaTo piri~
(`Tund vkvdebode~)
man icis, mas Sinaganad amoZravebs imis rwmena, rom
àxla Tu wyvdiadSi varT,

Semdgom gvinaTdes mTvaria,
dagvidges kai zafxuli,
amwvandes mTa da baria.
aRara darCes svav-yorans
mSromlisa monagaria;
1
poetis azriT, ase uwin daobdnen batoni da yma, axla ki Tavadi da glexi urTierTdaaxloebaze
fiqroben.
249
agvSordes uswavleloba,
gagveRos sibrZnis karia~
(`qarTvel qalebs~)
i. daviTaSvilis leqsebis personaJebic, miuxedavad maTi mZime da autaneli
yofisa, ar arian sasowarkveTilni, maT imedis sxivi udgaT gulSi.
magram unda aRiniSnos, rom momavlis, rogorc aseTis, naTeli suraTi i. davi-
TaSvilis leqsebSi warmodgenili araa. misTvis gaurkvevelia, gaucnobierebelia
momavali. bundovania; mSromelTa daxsnisa da maTi Rirsebis dacvis konkretuli
gzebi. aseTi programa i. daviTaSvils, rasakvirvelia, ar gaaCnia.
rogorc aRiniSna, poetis mTeli cxovrebis satkivari uswavlelobaa. codnis
miRebis survili TiTqmis yvela mis leqsSi iCens Tavs; igi mJRavndeba TiTqmis yve-
la mis personaJSi. misi patara Ramis mexreebi, ùqudo, qalaman gacveTili~ sofle-
li gogo-biWebi daJinebiT iTxoven:
`gevedrebiT, swavla momceT mcirea,
romelic rom glexisaTvis Zviria,
swavla minda, me ara gTxovT fulebsa~
(`mexreTa var~)
i. daviTaSvili icnobda qarTuli soflis bunebas da cdilobda kidec mis
gadmocemas Tavis leqsebSi, Tumca am mxriv mravalferovnebasTan saqme ara
gvaqvs. bunebis gancdis TvalsazrisiT mis leqsebSi garkveuli safexuria war-
modgenili, romlis drosac buneba fasdeba sargeblianobis principiT, praqti-
kuli adamianis praqtikul moTxovnilebaTa Sesabamisad da masTan mimarTebaSi.
es mSromelis poziciaa, pozicia, romlis drosac wamyvani ekonomiuri interese-
bia. bunebis suraTebs aq TavisTavadi Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia. am mxriv aRsaniSna-
via leqsebi: `weliwadis oTxi dro~, `gazafxuli~, `suraTi mwyemsis cxovrebidan~,
`mkaTaTve~, `gvalvis weliwads~ da a. S. gazafxulis mosvla did sixaruls iwvevs
poetSi:
àyvavdebian xe-vardni,
zamTrisgan daCagrulio,
WikWiks iwyeben mercxlebi
stumrad aq Camosulio
.................................................
mTa da mindori irTveba
viT koxta patarZalio~,
xolo es sixaruli imiTaa dapirobebuli, rom
`glexebsa, Sromis Svilebsa,
axla WirdebaT janio~.
zafxuli imitomaa mosawoni, rom igi imedia glexisa:
`zafxulo, Sromis gvirgvino,
Senzed vin ityvis avsao,
glexis imedi Sena xar,
Sen uReb sazrdos karsao~.
zamTari SeCvenebulia, rogorc
`xelis mamcreli glexisa,
xan Tovs da xanac gahyinavs,
momZvreli SiSvel fexisa~
(`weliwadis oTxi dro~)
leqsSi `gazafxuli~ poeti weliwadis am monakveTis vrcel daxasiaTebas iZ-
leva:
250
`Tebervali gavida,
marti dadga mziani,
dRes mofrinda mercxali,
moWikWike xmiani.
amwvanda mTa da veli,
yvavili hyo iama,
saamurad dahbera
gazafxulis niavma~ da a. S.
iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom poeti aq TavisTavad bunebis simSvenieres gautac-
nia, TiTqos TviT bunebam SeiZina TavisTavadi fasi mis TvalSi, magram leqsis da-
sasruls naTeli xdeba, rom es ase araa, rom yuradRebis centrSi aq sofleli ka-
cia, romelmac
`gamarTa guTneuli,
.......................................
aprilsa elodeba,
Tu ar umtyuna darma,
Tu ar mouwva kukuri
CrdiloeTisa qarma~.
i. daviTaSvilis mier daxatuli buneba — es qarTuli soflis yoveldRiuri
suraTebia. rogorc iTqva, bunebis grZnoba gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT ar gamoir-
Ceva masTan gansakuTrebuli simdidriTa da mravalferovnebiT. aq ufro zogadi
Sinaarsia warmodgenili bunebis gancdis garkveuli safexurisa da araa igi dat-
virTuli konkretuli emociebiT.
ioseb daviTaSvilma Tavis leqsebSi, garda soflelTa cxovrebisa, qalaqis
wvril xelosanTa mdgomareobac daaxasiaTa. leqsebSi `simRera CuqurTmis mWreli-
sa~, `xelosnoba ar gadis~, `qarglis bedi~, `vuZRvni durglebs da kankelis xelos-
nebs~ avtori gvacnobs xelosanTa mZime yofas.
rogorc miTiTebulia samecniero literaturaSi, i. daviTaSvili im leqse-
biT, romlebSiac igi mSromelTa cxovrebas, maT tkivilebsa da sazrunavs gamoxa-
tavs, sadac maT mCagvrelebze msjelobs, Tematikuris TvalsazrisiT siaxloves
xalxosan mwerlebTan amJRavnebs.1
i. daviTaSvils aqvs ramdenime leqsi, romlebic sabavSvodaa navaraudevi. am
leqsebis personaJebi sofleli bavSvebi arian, maTi gancdebis gadmoSlaa aq na-
cadi. am leqsebidan mowonebiT sargeblobda da sargeblobs leqsi `jejili~. aq
gamoxatuli sofleli biWis gancdebi damajereblobas araa moklebuli im azri-
Tac, rom masSi bavSvuri miamitobiT aris warmodgenili samyaro. Tavisufali
asociaciebis gziT mowodebulia bavSvuri STabeWdilebebi. ocnebas da sixaruls
aq bavSvuri tkivili da sevda enacvleba qalaqze, iq yofnaze:
`netavi, aq ar mamyofa,
qalaqSi Camiyvanao:
maswavla rame xeloba,
maswavla ana-banao~.
magram es sevda male ifanteba da natvriT icvleba; bavSvs xom ar SeuZlia
didxans SeaCeros Tavisi fiqri erT saganze:
`namglebiT garsa gexvivnen
biWebi CemisTanao...
............................................
jers umzadebdes Tinia,
a im ber kaklebTanao;
1
m . z a n d u k e l i , Txzulebani, III, 1978, gv. 239.
251
sosos xelada mohqondes,
civ-civi wyarodanao~.
unda iTqvas, rom am leqsSi i. daviTaSvilma moaxerxa bavSvis samyarosTan mi-
axloeba.
ioseb daviTaSvilis leqsebze sagangebo daZabvis gareSe dakvirvebac cxads
xdis, rom bevri maTgani gavleniTaa Seqmnili, rom am mxriv maTi saTaveebis daZeb-
na did siZneles ar warmoadgens. i. daviTaSvilis biografiidan isic kia cnobili,
rom mas zogjer ar ubeWdavdnen leqsebs sxva poetTan msgavsebis motiviT.1 ioseb
daviTaSvilis Semoqmedebis mkvlevrebi miuTiTeben kidec misi zogi leqsis li-
teraturul wyaros.2
marTlac, roca vkiTxulobT i. daviTaSvilis striqonebs:
`Zeglo Cvenis didebisav,
samlocvelo qarTlisao,
dRes rada xar agre uqmad
winamZRolo qarTlisao?~
vgrZnobT, rom es akakis cnobili striqonebis mibaZvaa; anda, roca i. daviTaS-
vili leqsSi `moxucis sinanuli~ gvamcnobs:
`sibere momiaxlovda,
ver malxens dafi, naRara,
davdivar unugeSoda,
javrma gul-RviZli daRara~ —
ar SeiZleba akakis `WaRara~ ar mogvagondes.
ilias cnobili poemis dasawyisiT aris davalebuli leqsi ùwindeli ambavi~
da gansakuTrebiT misi Semdegi strofi:
`modiT, glexno, aq mogrovdiT,
getyviT uwindels ambavsa,
Tu rogora ucxovriaT
maSin Cvens mama-papasa~.
im garemoebas, rom ilias da akakis baZavda, poeti arc TviTon faravda. akakis
Tavis ostats uwodebda:
`kargi poeti brZandeba
akaki wereTelio,
.......................................
is aris Cemi ostati,
mas unda vuZRvna salami,
misi leqsebis kiTxviTa
xelSi aviRe kalami~
(`Teatris moTamaSeebs~)
daviT guramiSvilis mibaZviT mas araerTi leqsi dauweria da aRuniSnavs ki-
dec.
yovelive amis SemCneva, rogorc iTqva, Zneli araa. magram sagangebod aq is un-
da iTqvas, rom i. daviTaSvili aris nimuSi Cveulebrivi TviTnaswavli qarTveli
glexisa Seumcdari alRoTi, romlis uSualo karnaxiTac igi agnebs namdvilsa da
WeSmarits, rom mas ar Ralatobs bunebrivi da ara sagangebod gawaful-gafaqize-
buli gemovneba. igi sulier kavSirs d. guramiSvilTan grZnobs da ara sxva vinmes-
1
ix. mag., i. daviTaSvilis werili zaqaria WiWinaZisadmi; i. d a v i T a S v i l i, dasaxelebuli wigni,
gv. 247.
2
ix. mag., m. z a n d u k e l i, dasax. wigni, gv. 249; S. r a d i a n i, axali qarTuli literatura, 1954, gv.
487.
252
Tan; mas akakis uaRresad saxalxo leqsebi xiblavs, akakis baZavs, iliaa misTvis
azris meufe da ara sxva vinme.
i. daviTaSvilis leqsebis saerTo daxasiaTebis mizniT kidev Semdegi unda
aRiniSnos:
es leqsebi, pirvel yovlisa, Tavisi upretenziobiT gamoirCevian. sazogadod
uSualobaa damaxasiaTebeli Cveni poetisaTvis. zemoT, i. daviTaSvilis leqsebis
Tematikuri daxasiaTebisas, iTqva da axlac sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom gu-
lubryvilobaa (am sityvis kargi gagebiT) damaxasiaTebeli maTTvis. am niSniT es
leqsebi xalxuri poeziis nimuSebs uaxlovdebian.
i. daviTaSvili poeti movlenebTan pirdapir dgas da Seuferxeblad iZleva
Tavis reaqcias miRebul STabeWdilebebze, misTvis ucxoa yovelgvari pirobiTo-
ba. i. daviTaSvilis gulubryviloba mis miukibav gamoTqmebSic iCens Tavs. mag.,
leqsSi `simRera~ poeti Tavis survils ase gvamcnobs:
`RamiT vnaxe Cemi nina,

mTvares Suqi moefina,
netavi imas Semyara,
imis gulTan momca bina.
..............................................
ver maamebs da arc minda
gazafxulis vardis kona,
netamc momkla da me erTxel
ninas TeTr mkerds Camakona~ —
àq adamianis ocnebas dasamatebeli TiTqos aRaraferi aqvs~,1 sagnebs pirdapir
aqvs Serqmeuli Tav-Tavisi saxeli. leqsis Sinaarsi iseTi gulRia saxiTaa war-
modgenili, rom es gulRiaoba mogvwons Tavisi uSualobiT da erotikuli gagebi-
saTvis adgils aRar tovebs. gulubryviloba aq sagnebis erTgvar Tavisufal, anu
nebismier dakavSirebaSic mJRavndeba. maincadamainc ar Cans aucilebeli kavSiri
im faqtisa, rom poets `vardis kona~ `ver aamebs~ im natvrasTan, rac Semdeg stri-
qonebSia gadmocemuli. es azrebi aq faqtobrivad imiTia gaerTianebuli, rom ga-
sariTmavad saWiro sityvebia SerCeuli — `kona~-~Camakona~. es mxarec aaxloebs
i. daviTaSvilis am da amgvar leqsebs xalxur poeziasTan.2 gulubryvilo xasiaTi
i. daviTaSvilis leqsebisa Tavs iCens enobrivadac. aq ar igrZnoba, rom poets ara
aqvs raime sagangebo kontroli dawesebuli metyvelebisadmi. igi laparakobs ub-
ralod, dauZabavad Tavis sasaubro enaze. yovel SemTxvevaSi aseTia misi leqse-
bis kiTxviT, magaliTad am striqonebis kiTxviT, miRebuli STabeWdileba:
`mkaTaTve dadga, Camocxa,
xmelia yana samkali,
sicxisa luli trialebs
muSis mtanjveli, tiali.
muSebi mkian yanasa,
namglebs gaudis JRriali,
haeri aRar moZraobs
da ismis foTolT Sriali.
samklisa pirsa, pantis qveS,
darbian gogo-biWebi,
Ror-xbo dayrila Walis pirs,
sicxiT SehkvriaT kriWebi~.
1
gamoTqma ekuTvnis gr. k i k n a Z e s ; ix. misi — vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedeba, 1957, gv. 160-161.
2
xalxuri poeziis am niSanze msjelobs gr. k i k n a Z e wignSi — qarTuli satirisa da iumoris gan-
viTarebis istoriisaTvis, 1953, gv. 156.
253
i. daviTaSvilis ena ZiriTadad xalxis cocxali sametyvelo enaa. literatu-
ruli formebis moWarbeba igrZnoba ufro iseT leqsebSi, romlebic mibaZviT Tu
gavleniT Cans dawerili. mag., roca vkiTxulobT:
`droTa brunvisgan ars sneuli Cveni iveri!
magram moelis dro kacuri, dro mSvenieri.
.................................................................................
monaT namyofsa, keTil nayofsa eZleva feri,
Sen, macxovaro, Cven macxovaro,
gTxovT, daumarcxo aw misi mteri~...
vgrZnobT, rom es i. daviTaSvilis bunebrivi metyveleba araa, rom is aq sagange-
bodaa daZabuli da sxvas baZavs.
enobrivi daxasiaTebis mizniT isic unda iTqvas, rom i. daviTaSvilTan iSvia-
Tad gvxvdeba moulodnelobis, gaucveTelis, erTi sityviT, originalobis niS-
niT aRbeWdili poeturi xati, fraza. aseTi erTeulebis mopovebisaken swrafva
ar igrZnoba maincadamainc Cvens poetTan. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom i. daviTaSvils
sagangebod ara aqvs gafaqizebuli sityvis mxatvruli Zalis grZnoba.
imis aRniSvnac saWiro unda iyos, rom, i. daviTaSvils dawerili aqvs moTxro-
ba `nato~ (ambavi namdvilidan), romelic dasrulebuli araa. moTxroba avtobi-
ografiuli xasiaTisaa. aq i. daviTaSvilis cxovrebis is periodia asaxuli, roca
igi Tavis ufros ZmasTan iyo TbilisSi. natoSi mwerali rZals gulisxmobs.
moTxrobis Sesaxeb saerTod is SeiZleba iTqvas, rom i. daviTaSvili masSi ver
amaRlda yofiTi masalidan, ver moaxerxa misi mxatvruli ganzogadeba. masala aq
nedl masaladvea darCenili. aq maincadamainc ver aris gamokveTili mTavari da
ufro Rirebuli meorexarisxovanisagan; detalebi gauazrebelia da maincadama-
inc arc isaa naTeli, Tu ra aris mwerlis mTavari mizani.
254
aleqsandre yazbegi
(1848-1893)
al. yazbegis cxovreba da moRvaweoba
aleqsandre mixeilis Ze yazbegi daibada 1848 wlis 8 (20) ianvars sofel ste-
fanwmindaSi, romelsac amJamad yazbegi ewodeba.
patara aleqsandres fufunebaSi zrdidnen. es fufuneba imdenad gadaWarbebuli
iyo, rom Semdgom Cveni avtori TviTonve sayvedurobda amgvari aRzrdis gamo. aRsa-
niSnavia, rom momaval mweralze gansakuTrebuli gavlena mouxdenia erT glexis qals,
romelic misi ojaxis mravalricxovan mosamsaxureTa Soris iyo. mecxramete saukunis
oTxmocian wlebSi, rodesac al. yazbegi ukve cnobili mwerali iyo, Tavis gamzrdel
glexis qals pirad werilSi mimarTavda:
`Seni sityvebi ar daikarga muqTaT da aq daimarxa Cems gulSi... da exla, amTve-
ni xnis ganmavlobis Semdeg, rodesac SemiZlian angariSi mivce Cems moZraobas, Se-
miZlian siamayiT giTxra, Sens gazrdilSi Tu ipoveba rame rigiani bavSvobidanve
Canergili, amis mizezi Sena xar~.1
aleqsandre yazbegs jer kidev skolaSi Sesvlamde miuCines Sinamaswavleble-
bi, romlebic mas rusul da frangul enebs aswavlidnen. 1859 wels al. yazbegi
erT-erT kerZo pansionSi Seiyvanes, xolo 1863 wels igi Tbilisis gimnaziis mesa-
me klasSi Cairicxa.
aleqsandre yazbegis moswavleobis periodidan sayuradReboa momavali mwer-
lis pirveli literaturuli cdebi. 1861 wels Jurnal `ciskarSi~ daibeWda misi
leqsi `nana~, romelic miZRvnilia axaldabadebuli naTesavi bavSvisadmi. leqsi im-
denad poeturad aris Sesrulebuli, rom `ciskris~ redaqcias misi dabeWdva SesaZ-
leblad daunaxavs.2
1865 wels al. yazbegi gimnaziis mexuTe klasidan gamovida. amis mizezi is iyo, rom
misi mSoblebi xevidan TbilisSi Camosvlas ver axerxebdnen da masac marto ar gzav-
nidnen.
1866 wlis ivlisSi al. yazbegis mama gardaicvala. am SemTxvevas TiTqosda un-
da gadaewyvita misi swavla-ganaTlebis sakiTxi; SesaZlebeli iyo, rom mas ganaT-
lebaze sabolood xeli aeRo. es miT ufro mosalodneli iyo, rom Wabuki mwer-
lis dedas ganzraxuli hqonda Tavisi erTaderTi vaJiSvili daeqorwinebina da
sabolood ojaxSi daebinavebina. miuxedavad yovelive amisa, 1867 wels yazbegi
moskovs gaemgzavra da iq sasoflo-sameurneo akademiaSi Cairicxa.
moskovSi yofnis dros al. yazbegi daewafa rusul literaturas da mowinave
sazogadoebriv azrs. igulisxmeba, rom am faqts mniSvneloba hqonda axalgazrda
mwerlis ideuri Camoyalibebis TvalsazrisiT. 1870 wlis Semodgomaze al. yazbe-
gi saqarTveloSi dabrunda.
1871 wlis gazafxulze al. yazbegma naTesavebsa da nacnob-megobrebs molo-
dini gaucrua da ramdenime moxevesTan erTad mecxvareoba daiwyo.
1
al. ya z b e g i , TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli xuT tomad, t. V, Tb., 1950, gv. 209-210.
2
Jurnali `ciskari~, 1861, N 12.
`rasakvirvelia, — mogviTxrobs mwerali, — pirveli Cemi nabiji yvelam, ga-
nurCevlad, yvelam masxrad aigdo, radganac ambobdnen, rom mebatones da masTan
saxelian kacis Svils ubralo mecxvareoba ar ekadrebao, magram me Cemi mizani
mqonda, Cemi survili da es iqamdis Zlieri iyo, rom araviTar rCevas yuri ar vug-
de; me mindoda menaxa xalxi, msurda gamego imaTi survili, mecxovra imaTi cxovre-
biT, Cem Tavzed gamomecada is moTxovnileba da gaWirveba, romelic ukan sdevs mu-
Sa xalxs, da raRa damayenebda Sin, mivaRwie Cems mizans, davuaxlovdi, gavican isi-
ni, visic gacnoba da daaxloeba ase guliT msurda~.1
al. yazbegma mecxvareobaSi Svidi weli gaatara. am xnis ganmavlobaSi igi zed-
miwevniT gaecno xalxis yofas, mis yoveldRiur Wir-varams. mwyemsur cxovrebaSi,
romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia mudmivi mogzauroba, Ria cis qveS yofna da
brZola bunebis stiqiasTan, mweralma SeiZina bunebis Rrma gancda, romelic ase
momxibvlelad warmogvidgina Tavis moTxrobebsa da romanebSi. mecxvareTa So-
ris yofniT man uSualod SeiTvisa mdidari xalxuri zepirsityviereba, romelic
agreTve moxdenilad gamoiyena Tavis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi.
1879 wels al. yazbegi mudmiv sacxovreblad TbilisSi Camodis. am droidan
iwyeba misi farTo sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba da nayofieri literaturuli
saqmianoba. 1880-1885 wlebSi zedized iqmneba misi Txzulebebi: èlguja~, `mamis
mkvleli~, `cicia~, `gankicxuli~, èliso~, `xevisberi goCa~, `moZRvari~, àrsena~,
`wameba qeTevan dedoflisa~ da sxvebi.
sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis TvalsazrisiT al. yazbegis cxovrebaSi gansakuT-
rebiT mniSvnelovania misi saqmianoba ociani wlebis qarTul Jurnal-gazeTebsa da
TeatrSi.
***
aleqsandre yazbegs TbilisSi gadmosvlisTanave ganuzraxavs stambis mowyo-

ba, romelic xels gaumarTavda qarTuli wignebis beWdvasa da gavrcelebas. Tana-
medroveTa gadmocemiT, mwerals Seudgenia amxanagoba da stambisaTvis saWiro
mowyobilobaTa SeZenac dauwyia, magram sabolood ganzraxva ver ganuxorciele-
bia.
oTxmocian wlebSi al. yazbegi dauaxlovda cnobil Jurnalistsa da publi-
cist sergei mesxs da misi miwveviT muSaoba daiwyo gazeT `droebis~ redaqciaSi.
am gazeTis muSakTa mcirericxovan jgufSi mwerali sapatio adgils ikavebs. igi
`droebis~ ZiriTadi TanamSromeli, misi erT-erTi sulisCamdgmeli iyo.
`droebis~ redaqciaSi al. yazbegis moRvaweobaze saintereso cnobebia Semo-
naxuli TanamedroveTa mogonebebSi. am masalebSi saxelovani beletristi daxa-
siaTebulia rogorc gazeTisaTvis uangarod Tavdadebuli da dauRalavi muSaki.
interess moklebuli araa vicodeT, rom mas `droebis~ TanamSromlebma metsaxe-
lad `gaWirvebis talkvesi~ Searqves.
aleqsandre yazbegi, romelic wlebis manZilze `droebis~ ZiriTadi moRvawe
iyo, Tavisdroindel sxva qarTul Jurnal-gazeTebSic aqtiurad TanamSromlob-
da. ilia WavWavaZis ìveriaSi~ igi aqveynebda moTxrobebsa da romanebs, xolo ga-
zeT `TeatrSi~ Tavis mier Sekrebil xalxur leqsebs beWdavda.
***
al. yazbegis sazogadoebriv moRvaweobaSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania mi-

si damsaxureba oTxmocian wlebSi ganaxlebuli qarTuli Teatris winaSe.
1
a l . y a z b e g i , `namwyemsaris mogonebani~, Tavi 1.
256
aleqsandre yazbegi Teatrs uyurebda rogorc didi sazogadoebrivi mniSvne-
lobis dawesebulebas. misi msjeloba Teatris daniSnulebaze dResac ar kargavs
cxovelmyofelobas da rCeba, rogorc erTi didebuli gamonaTqvami Teatris
kulturul-aRmzrdelobiT mniSvnelobaze sazogadod: `Teatri aris sarke Cve-
nis cxovrebisa, Teatri aris saSualeba kacis gonebis moZraobaSi mosayvani. Te-
atri aris sajaro gamofena mTeli qveynis geniosTa Wkuis moZraobisa da cis
jildoTi dasaCuqrebulTa moqmedebiT gamoxatva xalxis winaSe. Teatri aris
mkacri gamkicxi borotebisa, Teatri aris damyvavebeli mSobeli keTili da qvey-
nis gamdidrebulis Svilisa. Teatri aris msajuli yovlad Zlieri da wminda, man
icis grZnoba da kvnesa guliT mkvnesavTan, icis gankicxva, Zmazed uRmrToT gaz-
viadebulis daTrgunva~.1
es msjeloba Teatris mniSvnelobaze ganuyrel kavSirSia mwerlis saerTo
msoflmxedvelobasTan, mis realistur SexedulebebTan literaturisa da xe-
lovnebis daniSnulebaze.
aleqsandre yazbegis Rvawli qarTuli Teatris winaSe ormagi xasiaTisaa: jer
erTi, igi iyo praqtikuli moRvawe qarTuli scenisa da meore — mis kalams ekuT-
vnis ramdenime dramatuli Txzuleba. misi ramdenime piesa didi warmatebiT sar-
geblobda im dros da zogierT maTgans mimzidveloba dRemde ar daukargavs.
***
aleqsandre yazbegis, rogorc mwerlisa da sazogado moRvawis, mTeli saqmianoba

arsebiTad mecxramete saukunis oTxmocian wlebSi daiwyo da damTavrda. 1880-1885
wlebSi Seiqmna is didi literaturuli memkvidreoba, romelic gavlenas axdenda da
axdens mkiTxvelTa farTo masebze.
1886 wlidan moyolebuli, aleqsandre yazbegis cxovreba ZiriTadad praqti-
kuli saqmianobiT, gansakuTrebiT sasceno moRvaweobiT xasiaTdeba. am dros mwe-
rali xSirad moCans quTaisSi, baTumSi, Telavsa da sxva qalaqebSi, sadac igi mo-
nawileobs dramatul wreebSi. saliteraturo saRamoebze imave xanebSi al. yazbe-
gi mZimed daavadda saSineli seniT. igi suliT avadmyofi gaxda. 1890 wels mwera-
li saavadmyofoSi moaTavses. iq gaatara saxelovanma beletristma sicocxlis
ukanaskneli wlebi. mxatvruli sityvis didi ostati suliT avadmyofTa TavSesa-
farSi itanjeboda im dros, rodesac misi ukvdavi nawerebi, ukve tomebad gamoce-
muli, qveyanas efineboda da mkiTxvelebi maT avtors adidebdnen.
aleqsandre yazbegi 1893 wlis 10 dekembers gardaicvala. sayvareli mwerlis
dakargva mSobliurma erma mwvaved ganicada. Jurnal-gazeTebSi ramdenime dRis
ganmavlobaSi qveyndeboda literaturul-kritikuli werilebi, mogonebebi da
sxva masalebi. swored am samgloviaro dReebSi ilias ìveriam~ al. yazbegs or-
jer dabadebuli uwoda. ìveria~ werda:
`gardaicvala! magram vin moigona es sityva? ukvdavTan sikvdils ra xeli
aqvs? orjer dabadebuls, RvTiuris madliT cxebuls, erTi sikvdili veras
uzams. yazbegi — ki meored maSin daibada, rodesac Tavisi niWieri kalami uZRvna
qveyanas, daibada ise, rom misi akvani yovelis qarTvelis gulSi irweoda da aseTs
akvanSi gamozrdils adamians ki sikvdili xels ver Seaxebs~.2
1893 wlis 19 dekembers al. yazbegis cxedari mSobliur xevSi waasvenes. im dRes
dilaadrianad saavadmyofos maxlobeli quCebi mozRvavebul xalxs ver itevda. saa-
vadmyofodan gamosvenebis Semdeg mwerlis neSti veris jvarTan SeaCeres. aq gamo-
1
al. y a z b e g i , TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli xuT tomad, t. V, Tb., 1950, gv. 164.
2
gazeTi ìveria~, 1893, N 269.
257
saTxovari sityvebi da leqsebi warmosTqves: akaki wereTelma, giorgi wereTelma,
grigol abaSiZem, valerian guniam, k.TavarTqilaZem, el. WiWinaZem da sxvebma.
aleqsandre yazbegis gardacvalebas gansakuTrebuli paTosiT gamoexmaura
misi uaxloesi megobari da Tanamoazre vaJa-fSavelac.
sayvareli beletristis cxedari misma pativismcemlebma Tbilisidan gaaci-
les. sami dRis Semdeg, 1893 wlis 22 dekembers, Tavis sofelSi, sakuTar ezoSi,
aleqsandre yazbegi samudamod miabares mSobliur miwas.
aleqsandre yazbegi, rogorc mwerali da moazrovne, saqarTvelos erovnul-
ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis moRvawea. am politikuri moZraobis ideebis ga-
momxatveli iyo qarTvel samocianelTa literaturuli Taoba, romelsac ilia
WavWavaZe da akaki wereTeli meTaurobdnen. Tergdaleulebma qarTul mwerloba-
Si daamkvidres kritikuli realizmi, romelic samociani wlebidan gabatonebul
mimarTulebad iqca.
oTxmocian wlebSi, rodesac sazogadoebriv asparezze al. yazbegi da vaJa-
fSavela gamovidnen, kritikuli realizmis damkvidrebisaTvis brZola ukve gan-
vlil etaps warmoadgenda. yazbegsa da vaJas qarTul literaturaSi araviTari
gansxvavebuli mimarTuleba ar SeuqmniaT. isini asparezze gamovidnen rogorc
mxatvruli sityvis niWieri ostatebi, romelTac moRvaweoba mouxdaT kritiku-
li realizmis epoqaSi. maT, rogorc xalxis wiaRidan gamosulma mwerlebma, mxat-
vruli Semoqmedebis sagnad eris Wir-varami, misi awmyo da momavali gaixades.
al. yazbegis memkvidreobaSi Semonaxulia rigi saintereso gamonaTqvamebi
literaturis Teoriul sakiTxebze. es gamonaTqvamebi didad gvexmareba rogorc
literaturuli meTodis, ise sazogadod Cveni avtoris mxatvruli Semoqmedebis
kvleva-ZiebaSi.
al. yazbegi qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi Sedis rogorc kritikuli rea-
lizmis warmomadgeneli. SeuZlebelia sxvagvarad vilaparakoT im mweralze, ro-
melic Tavis Tavze ambobda:
`me ara maqvs dasaxuli miznad saxeli ukvdavad gavixado, da ar mivibrZvi uk-
vdavi Seqspiris gamokvlevas mivyo xeli. me ar vxatav lirebs da hamletebs, Cems
moZmeTaTvis gaugebars pirebs, me veltvi Cems qveyanas, keklucs da Semkobils,
veltvi mis bunebas, romelmac aRzarda da Seifara Cemi moZmeni, Sevxari imaT da
vtiri im tiriliT, romelic gvaswavla misma moqmedebam~.1
imave werilSi Cveni beletristi erTxel kidev migviTiTebs mkviTxvelTa
farTo masebTan Tavis pirad mimarTebaze, maTTan xmaSewyobilad kvnesasa da si-
xarulze. igi STambeWdavad ambobs:
`me myavs Cemi sazogadoeba da Cven mivxvdiT erTmaneTis grZnobas, erTmane-
Tis gulis Zgeras, Cven gavigoneT erTmaneTis kvnesa da xmebi didi xania rac Se-
vawyveT, erTi gvaqvs sixaruli da erTive samgloviaro~.2
bunebrivia, rom xalxis cxovrebasTan esoden dakavSirebuli mwerlis Semoqmede-
biTi meTodi mxolod kritikuli realizmi SeiZleboda yofiliyo. mkiTxvelisaTvis
savsebiT naTelia, rom mwerali masalas iRebs cxovrebis sinamdvilidan, romelic er-
Tsa da imave dros rogorc sasixarulos, ise samgloviaros Seicavs. yazbegis nawereb-
Si swored es saWirboroto urTierTobaa mxatvrulad ganzogadebuli.
al. yazbegis TxzulebebSi praqtikulad ganxorcielebuli realizmis meTo-
di miT ufro sarwmunoa, rom igi dasabuTebulia misive Teoriuli xasiaTis nawe-
rebSi.
kritikos i. meunargiasadmi sapasuxo statiis erT nawilSi mwerali sagangebod
msjelobda mxatvruli nawarmoebis tendenciurobaze sazogadod. aq mowodebu-
1
al. y a z b e g i , TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli xuT tomad, t. V, Tb., 1950, gv. 139-40.
2
iqve, gv. 151-152.
258
lia avtoris savsebiT naTeli azri imaze, Tu ra mniSvnelobas aniWebda igi tenden-
cias da rogor wyvetda mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi Sinaarsisa da formis urTierTo-
bis sakiTxs:
`rodesac sazogadoT moTxroba iwereba, Sig tendencia, azri ram ueWvelad
unda iyos Careuli da me ara mwams imaTi nawerebi, vinc azris gautareblad usu-
lo suraTebs xataven. azri ueWvelad unda iyves yovel ubralo aRweraSiac, mxo-
lod azriT gadamlaSeba moTxrobisa, agreTve rogorc sxva mxareebiT gadamla-
Seba, marTalia ar varga. rodesac azrovnoba da suraTovnoba erTmaneTs wesie-
rad Sezavdebian, maSin moTxrobis RirsebisaTvis ukeTesi sanatreli aRara rCeba
ra~.1
aleqsandre yazbegis azriT, mxatvrul literaturas erTaderTi daniSnule-
ba aqvs. es aris adamianis, sazogadoebis sasicocxlo interesebi. mwerals ara aq-
vs-ra imaze ufro sapatio amocana, rom sagnebsa da movlenebs adamianur cxovre-
basTan kavSirSi xatavdes.
Cveni avtori acxadebs, rom igi usulo da usicocxlo sagnebis mlocveli ar
aris da misi kalami aseT sagnebs ver Seexeba. `me, — ambobs mwerali, — ara var
mlocveli usulo, usicocxlo sagnebisa. verc Cemi ocneba, verc Cemi goneba,
verc Cemi kalami ver miubrundeba mkvdars, moqmedebamoklebuls sagans~.2
aleqsandre yazbegis, rogorc realisti mxatvris, sasargeblod metyvelebs is
garemoebac, rom mis TxzulebebSi TiTqmis yovelTvis icnoba konkretuli istoriu-
li epoqa. misi nawerebis kiTxvisas yovelTvis SegviZlia warmovidginoT monakveTi
droisa, zogjer meti, zogjer naklebi konkretulobiT. vkiTxulobT `xevisber go-
Cas~ da Cvens mexsierebaSi aRdgeba saqarTvelos istoriuli viTareba meTeqvsmete sa-
ukunis miwurulis da meCvidmete saukunis pirveli wlebisa. vkiTxulobT èlgujas~
da Cven Tvalwin cocxldeba saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi da politikuri mdgomare-
oba meTvramete saukunis miwurulis da mecxramete saukunis damdegisa. vkiTxulobT
`mamis mkvlels~ da bunebrivad warmogvidgeba mecxramete saukunis ormocdaaTiani
wlebis saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi viTareba da ase Semdeg.
aleqsandre yazbegi Tavis moTxrobebsa da romanebSi bunebis SesaniSnav suraTebs
xatavs. mis nawerebSi bunebis suraTebi yovelTvis Sexamebulia Txzulebis gmirTa
mdgomareobasTan da saqmeebTan. bunebis sanaxaobaTa amgvari warmodgena Cveni avto-
ris saerTo Segnebidan, misi esTetikuri Sexedulebebidan bunebrivad gamomdinare-
obs. imave werilSi al. yazbegi sagangebod Cerdeba mxatvrul nawarmoebSi bunebis su-
raTebis mniSvnelobaze da am SemTxvevaSic misi msjeloba epoqis mowinave azrovnebis
simaRleze dgas.
`buneba kargia mxolod maSin, rodesac Sig sicocxle trialebs da brunavs,
brunavs im sitkbo-simware Sereulis ZaliT, romelic adamianis TviT cxovrebas
Seadgens. ra aris mTvare mokaSkaSe, romelic aSuqebs aTas yvavils, Tu iqav
gverds ar udgas suldgmuli, romelzedac ase Tu ise gavlena aqvs, axarebs, Tu
Cawyvdiadebul guls nugeSs aZlevs~.3
aleqsandre yazbegis mxatvrul TxzulebebSi mTavari da ganmsazRvrelia si-
tuacia, romelSic gmirebi moqmedeben, xolo buneba adamianis mdgomareobis Se-
saferisad warmogvidgeba xolme. mwerlis mier daxatuli bunebis suraTebi, su-
lerTia iqneba es mokaSkaSe mTvaris Suqze gabrwyinebuli mTis yvavilebi Tu pir-
quS RameSi Semzaravi Weqa-quxili, bolos da bolos mainc erT mizans emsaxureba;
igi adamianis mdgomareobidan da saqmeebidan momdinare emocias aZlierebs.
1
al. y a z b e g i , TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli xuT tomad, t. V, Tb., 1950, gv. 150.
2
iqve, gv. 142.
3
iqve.
259
***
samocdaaTidan oTxmocian wlebamde aris erTgvari mosamzadebeli periodi

aleqsandre yazbegis, rogorc mwerlis, sabolood gaformebisaTvis. es aris, er-
Ti mxriv, literaturuli Ziebisa, xolo, meore mxriv, xalxis cxovrebis gacnobi-
sa da masalis dagrovebis xana. gansakuTrebiT mecxvareobis dros, xalxTan uSua-
lod cxovrebiT, mweralma daagrova didZali masala, romelic Semdeg Tavis
mxatvrul TxzulebebSi gamoiyena.
erT pirad werilSi megobari moxevisadmi al. yazbegi wers: `Tu Cems nawerebs
kiTxulobs vinme, Tu hpoulobs imaSi gulis gasarTobs, Tu ara swyindeba da bo-
lomdis Cadis, yvela amis mizezi Cemi warsulia, Cemi mecxvareoba da TqvenTan
cxovreba Svidi wlis ganmavlobaSi, romelmac erTi da igive gvagrZnobina, erTi
da igive kvnesiT daakvnesa Cveni guli, erTi da igive mizani dagvanaxa~.1
mwyemsobaSi xalxTan gatarebuli periodi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania ma-
salis dagrovebis TvalsazrisiT. yazbegma sul raRac eqvsiode wlis ganmavlo-
baSi (1880-1885) didi literaturuli memkvidreoba Seqmna. amgvari nayofierebis
erTi piroba albaT isic iyo, rom mwerals muSaoba uxdeboda erTgvarad mza masa-
laze, piradad naxulsa da gancdilze.
al. yazbegis kalams ekuTvnis bevri leqsi. isini yuradRebas imsaxureben uf-
ro ideur-Sinaarsobrivad, naklebad poeturi RirsebiT. `mamis mkvlelis~ av-
torma ukanaskneli anderZic leqsad gaaforma, Tavisi gulis saidumlo poetur
striqonebSi Caaqsova:
`rveulo! me Tu movkvdebi,
Sen xom darCebi amier,
me miwis miwad viqcevi
Sen ivli dRe da Ramier.
gemudarebi, CasZaxo
erobas yovel-wamier,
rom mxolod Zmuris erTobiT
icocxlebs mravalJamier~.
aleqsandre yazbegi nayofier moRvaweobas eweoda agreTve dramaturgiis dar-
gSi. mis kalams ekuTvnis mTeli rigi dramatuli Txzulebani, magram mTavari mainc,
ramac al. yazbegs ukvdavebis gvirgvini daadga, aris misi mxatvruli proza.
qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi prozas saTanado tradicia aqvs. jer ki-
dev meaTe-meTormete saukuneebSi Seiqmna iseTi maRali Rirsebis prozauli na-
warmoebebi, rogoricaa: giorgi merCules `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~, mose
xonelis àmirandarejaniani~ da sargis Tmogvelis `visramiani~. es tradicia Sem-
degac ar Sewyvetila. amis saukeTeso dadasturebas warmoadgens sulxan-saba
orbelianis maRalmxatvruli da Rrma Sinaarsis Semcveli proza. mecxramete sa-
ukunis qarTul literaturaSi am formas iyenebdnen gamoCenili mwerlebi: ilia
WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, lavrenti ardaziani, iakob gogebaSvili, giorgi were-
Teli da sxvebi. am avtorebs TavianTi epoqis mtkivneuli sakiTxebi mzis sinaTle-
ze gamohqondaT metwilad swored mxatvruli prozis saSualebiT. aleqsandre
yazbegma qarTuli mxatvruli prozis tradicia ganviTarebis umaRles safexur-
ze aiyvana.
1
a l . y a z b e g i , TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli xuT tomad, t. V, Tb., 1950, gv. 212.
260
al. yazbegis Semoqmedebis motivebi
mecxramete saukunis samocian wlebSi ilia WavWavaZem `mgzavris werilebSi~ pir-

velad aalaparaka qarTveli mTieli glexi. oTxmocian wlebSi al. yazbegma da vaJa-
fSavelam samarTlianobisa da adamianis Rirsebis dasacavad mebrZol gmirTa wyeba
Semoiyvanes aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTiani raionebidan. es gmirebi arian moxevee-
bi, mTiulebi, gudamayrelebi, TuSebi, fSavlebi da xevsurebi.
aleqsandre yazbegis mxatvruli SemoqmedebisaTvis ZiriTadi da damaxasiaTebe-
lia socialuri motivi. misi Txzulebebidan sayovelTaod cnobili gmirebis brZo-
la sakuTari adamianuri uflebis dasacavad umTavresad swored am niSnis matarebe-
lia. elguja, iago, koba da maT bedSi myofi gmirebi, arsebiTad dapirispirebulni
arian axal sazogadoebriv viTarebaSi gaZlierebul adamianebTan.
yazbegis moTxrobebsa da romanebSi warmodgenilia mTeli wyeba adamianebisa,
romelnic aSkara borotebisa da upatiosnobis gziT axali cxovrebis pirobebSi
gamdidrebulan, gaZlierebulan da xalxis mCagvrelebad qceulan. aseTebi arian
yazbegis nawerebidan cnobili gagi CofikaSvili, girgola, gorjasp RuduSauri,
gela goderZiSvili da sxvebi.
aleqsandre yazbegis nawarmoebebSi warmoCenil adamianTa Soris Tavidanve
mkafiod yalibdeba ori mowinaaRmdege banaki: erTi mxriv, dadebiTi gmirebi da
xalxi, xolo, meore mxriv — axali cxovrebis pirobebSi warmoSobili mCagvrele-
bi, romelTac saxelmwifoebrivi marTva-gamgeoba icavs.
yazbegis moTxrobebsa da romanebSi xalxisa da gmirebis brZola saxelmwifo-
ebrivi aparatis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli. es bunebrivicaa imdenad, ramdena-
dac girgolasa da gorjasp RuduSauris msgavsi mCagvrelebi am wyobilebaSi war-
moSobilni arian da amave sistemis wyalobiT batonoben xalxis masebze. aqedanve
bunebrivad gamomdinareobs, rom Tavisuflebismoyvare mTielisaTvis erTnai-
rad sazizRaria saxelmwifo aparatis yoveli moxele, rusi iqneba igi Tu qarTve-
li.
aleqsandre yazbegis SemoqmedebaSi socialur motivTan uSualod dakavSirebu-
lia erovnuli Tavisuflebis motivi. mefis TviTmpyrobelobis saxelmwifo mmar-
Tveloba, romelic gagi CofikaSvilsa da gela goderZiSvils icavs, xalxis farTo
masebis sasicocxlo interesebs upirispirdeba. saxelmwifo aparatis moxeleebi
araviTar pativs ar scemen qarTveli xalxis erovnul Tavmoyvareobas, uxeSad ar-
Rveven saukuneebis manZilze gamomuSavebul adgilobriv mkvidrTa yofacxovrebiT
normebs.
mwerali mkiTxvelis yuradRebas sagangebod miaqcevs im garemoebas, rom rus
moxeleebs qarTveli xalxisadmi mkacrad mopyrobas ukarnaxebdnen TavianTi uf-
rosebi. Cveni avtori ambobs: àxladmosulebs Cagonebuli hqondaT, rom qarTve-
lebi uzrdelni, briyvni, gareganni da barbarosebi ariano; rom maTzed gavlena
mxolod ZaldatanebiT da simkacriT SeiZlebao; amisaTvis yoveli rusi moxele
saqarTveloSi, pirvelsave fexis Semodgmazed, Tavis movaleobad xdida adgi-
lobriv mcxovreblebs am azris Tanaxmad moqceoda, ramdenadac SeiZleboda sim-
kacre da Seubralebloba gamoeCina~.1
aseTi STagonebiT moqmedeben saxelmwifo aparatis moxeleebi da amitomacaa,
rom isini yovel nabijze xalxis mxriv sastik winaaRmdegobas awydebian. swored
am winaaRmdegobisa da brZolis suraTebs gvixatavs aleqsandre yazbegi. igi Ta-
visi TxzulebebisaTvis masalas iRebs qarTvel mTielTa cxovrebidan, magram
imave nawerebidan sruliad naTlad igrZnoba, rom maTSi asaxuli socialuri usa-
marTloba saqarTvelos yvela kuTxisaTvis saerTo da damaxasiaTebelia.
1
al. y a z b e g i , èlguja~, Tavi XX.
261
al. yazbegis moTxrobebi da romanebi mkiTxvelSi bunebrivad iwveven zizRsa
da undoblobas mTeli saxelmwifoebrivi sistemis mimarT, romelSic elgujas, ia-
gos, kobas, onofres, nunus, mayvalas da maT bedSi myofi adamianebisaTvis cxovre-
ba jojoxeTad gadaqceula. imave siZulvilisa da undoblobis grZnobas aRvivebs
yazbegis nawerebidan cnobil uaryofiT personaJTa mdgomareoba da saqmeebi. bu-
nebrivia, rom mkiTxvels ezizReba saxelmwifo mmarTveloba, romelic gela go-
derZiSvils, girgolas da àprakunes~ mfarvelobs, icavs da exmareba.
aleqsandre yazbegis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi socialur motivTan organu-
lad aris gadajaWvuli erovnuli Cagvris winaaRmdeg brZolis motivi. es motivi,
uwinares yovlisa, Tavs iCens xalxisa da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis urTierToba-
Si. saxelmwifo aparatis moxeleebi, garda imisa, rom icaven axal viTarebaSi dam-
yarebul socialur uTanasworobas, upativcemulod epyrobian qarTvel mTiel-
Ta yofisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebebs, saukuneebiT ganmtkicebul we-
sebsa da adaTebs.
al. yazbegis nawerebSi erovnuli Tavisuflebis idea sazogadod keTilSobi-
luri patriotizmis donemde maRldeba. aseTia misi `wameba qeTevan dedoflisa~,
`xevisberi goCa~, `moZRvari~ da sxvebi.
aRsaniSnavia xevisberi goCas mimarTva onisesadmi im momentSi, rodesac
mgrZnobiare mama erTaderT Svils brZolis velisaken istumrebs: àr daiviwyo,
rom sadac Seni mama-papa gaCenila da damarxula, sadac maTi Zvlebia Cafluli,
imas gedavebian da ar daanebo... maTac cota Wiri ar unaxavT TavianT miwa-wyalis
dacvis dros, maTis sisxlis nakaduls miwa qvesknelamdis gauJRenTavs... axla
Tqven iciT, rasac iqT~.1
analogiur mdgomareobasTan gvaqvs saqme `moZRvarSi~. Temidan mimaval onise
arabuls xalxis saxeliT moxuci fareSa eTxoveba da Tanac mimarTavs: `nu dai-
viwyeb ZuZus, romelmac gagzarda, nu daiviwyeb guls, romelic Senma moSorebam
aaRelva!.. gaxede mTebsa! — gauSvira moxucma xeli da TvalebSi cremlebi gaub-
rwyinda: — aq ucxovriaT Sens mamapapaT, aq moukliaT sevda, aq aRgZgerebiaT gu-
li... aq ucocxliaT da aq daxocilan... Sexede da nu daiviwyeb!.. Senia, Seni!~.2
goCasa da fareSas sityvebSi garkveviT ismis xma im adamianebisa, romelTaT-
visac patriotizmis grZnoba yvela sxva grZnobaze diadi da amaRlebulia.
***
aleqsandre yazbegis mxatvruli SemoqmedebisaTvis, rogorc vnaxeT, ZiriTadi

da ganmsazRvrelia socialuri da erovnuli Tavisuflebis motivebi. magram es Zi-
riTadi motivebi Rrmavdebian da srulyofil saxes iReben sxva motivebis daxmare-
biT. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania siyvarulis, megobrobisa da gmirobis
motivebi.
aleqsandre yazbegis, rogorc mwerlis, Zala mkafiod moCans siyvarulis
grZnobis gamoxatvaSi. igi am SemTxvevaSi marTlac araCveulebriv gulTamxilao-
bas iCens. bunebrivoba da uSualoba aris damaxasiaTebeli niSani Cveni mwerlisa
siyvarulis grZnobis gamoxatvis dros. vakvirdebiT mzaRos, nunus, mayvalas, ma-
ris, cicias, iagos, onise arabulis, levanis, beJias siyvaruls da isini Cvens Ta-
nagrZnobas iwveven imiT, rom am grZnobaSi yovelTvis bunebrivi, uSualoni da
pirdapirni arian.
al. yazbegis gmirebSi siyvarulis grZnoba Zalian swrafad da martivad war-
moiSoba, magram mkiTxvels eWvi ar epareba, rom es siyvaruli sruliad kanonzo-
1
a l . y a z b e g i , `xevisberi goCa~, Tavi XX.
2
a l . y a z b e g i , `moZRvari~, Tavi X.
262
mieria. am rwmenas ganamtkicebs is faqti, rom maTi siyvaruli patiosani SromiTi
ojaxebis Seqmnis azriT aris gapirobebuli. swrafad iwyeba mzaRosa da elgujas,
nunusa da iagos, mayvalasa da onise arabulis, ciciasa da beJias, cikosa da gugu-
as romani cal-calke. miuxedavad imisa, rom am wyvilTa siyvaruli Zalze marti-
vad da swrafad warmoiSoba, maTi es grZnoba mkiTxvelisaTvis sruliad bunebri-
vi da damajerebelia.
al. yazbegis TxzulebaTa gmirebi siyvarulis grZnobas mTeli arsebiT eZle-
vian. maTi siyvaruli wminda da uangaroa. isini sakuTar Tavze metad Seyvarebu-
lis sicocxles ufrTxildebian. es Tviseba erTnairad damaxasiaTebelia mis na-
warmoebebSi gamoxatuli gmirebisaTvis — rogorc qalebisaTvis, ise vaJebisaT-
vis.
aleqsandre yazbegis mxatvruli SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia megob-
robisa da gmirobis motivebi. am mxriv igi gamoirCeva Tavisi epoqis sxva qarTveli
mwerlebisagan. mis nawarmoebebSi Cveulebrivad gxvdeba Zmadgaficvisa da diadi
megobrobis warmtaci suraTebi. mwerali misTvis sazogadod damaxasiaTebel bu-
nebriobasa da uSualobas am grZnobaTa gamoxatvis drosac inarCunebs. megobro-
bis diadi nimuSebia mocemuli al. yazbegis èlgujaSi~, `mamis mkvlelSi~ da sxva
nawarmoebebSi.
avtoris mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi siyvarulisa da megobrobis motivTan uSua-
lod aris dakavSirebuli gmirobis motivi. mis moTxrobebsa da romanebSi mdgomare-
oba daxatulia ise, rom adamianisaTvis, Tu mas swadia darCes srulyofil adamia-
nad, gmiroba da vaJkacoba aucilebelia. yazbegis nawarmoebebSi mxolod erTi gza
arsebobs, es aris sakuTari adamianuri Rirsebis dasacavad brZolisa da Seupovro-
bis gza. marTalia, es adamianebi usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi iRupebian, mag-
ram iRupebian rogorc uTanasworo brZolaSi Zleuli gmirebi. maTTvis ucxoa bo-
roti Zalebis winaSe qedis moxra, SiSi da Zrwola.
***
aleqsandre yazbegis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi gamoxatulebas poulobs Zveli

Temuri wyobilebidan momdinare wesebi. aseTia Temis yrilobis, stumar-maspin-
Zlobis, ufros-umcrosobis CvevebTan dakavSirebuli suraTebi, rac mis moTxro-
bebsa da romanebSi araerTgzis gvxvdeba. yazbegis dadebiTi gmirebi mTeli arse-
biT Temis erTgulni arian. isini Temis gadawyvetilebebs uyoymanod emorCilebian
iseT SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac SesaZlebelia es gadawyvetilebani maTTvis xelsay-
reli ar iyos.
gadaWriT unda iTqvas, rom Zveli adaT-wesebis yazbegiseuli gadmocema ara-
viTar SemTxvevaSi warsulis idealizacias ar gulisxmobs. mwerals mxolod is
mizani amoqmedebs, rom aCvenos mefis TviTmpyrobelobis uxeSi Zaladoba qar-
Tvel mTielTa tradiciuli cxovrebis mimarT. mis nawarmoebebSi erT mxareze
dgas xalxi, romelic ZvelTagan momdinare cxovrebis wesebs icavs, xolo meore
mxareze arian mefis moxeleebi da gadagvarebuli qarTveli mTielebi, romelnic
xalxis mravalsaukunovan adaT-wesebs abuCad igdeben, dascinian da anadgureben.
al. yazbegis mxatvrul TxzulebebSi mdgomareoba daxatulia imgvarad, rom
Temuri wyobilebis gadmonaSTebs arRvevs mefis TviTmpyrobelobis saxelmwifo-
ebrivi mmarTvelobis mTeli sistema.
mwerlis mier gansakuTrebuli siZulviliT arian daxatuli is qarTveli mTi-
elebi, romelnic angarebis mizniT mmarTvelobis samsaxurSi Sesulan da Tavian-
Ti ufrosebis saameblad sakuTar mamapapur adaTebs gadadgomian. aseTebi arian
al. yazbegis Txzulebidan sayovelTaod cnobili gadagvarebuli qarTvelebi:
gagi CofikaSvili, gela goderZiSvili, girgola da sxvebi. swored es znedacemu-
263
li adamianebi arRveven tradiciul wesebsa da adaTebs, isini TavianTi piradi in-
teresebisaTvis, xalxuri wesebis sawinaaRmdegod, iyeneben saxelmwifo mmarTve-
lobis mier SemoRebul kanonebs da am kanonebs amofarebulni sakuTar saqmeebs
iwesrigeben.
damaxasiaTebelia girgolas saqcieli im momentSi, rodesac igi nunus biZis
ojaxSi molaparakebas awarmoebs. darbaisel moxuc papas mimarTavs imis Taobaze,
rom qalis ZaliT SerTva wesi araa da rom aseTi Zaladobis SemTxvevaSi Tems uf-
leba aqvs jvardawerili col-qmaric gahyaros, girgola damcinavad upasuxebs:
èg iqneba uwin iyo, iqneba uwin Temobas hqonda magisTana Zala, magram exla TaT-
roba xom aRaraa? exla suyvela zakonis kanonzed aris... ara, papau, urvadi auRi-
aT, qali unda mamcen, me rad minda an Temi da an sxva? me winandels Cveulebas ki
ar mivyvebi, waval, erTs sityvas vetyvi diambegs, naCalniksa da qalsac waviyvan
da onisesac davRupav! RvTis madlma, colSviliT davaRupineb!~.1
analogiur mdgomareobasTan gvaqvs saqme `moZRvarSi~, sadac aSkarad dapi-
rispirebulia Temis yrilobis gadawyvetileba erTi mxriv da oficialuri xeli-
suflebis kanoni — meore mxriv.
gelasagan ukiduresad Seviwroebulma mayvalam daxmarebisaTvis Tems mimar-
Ta. igi qmris saxlidan gaiqca, samSobloSi gadavida da iqidan moaxerxa wminda sa-
mebis sabWoSi Temis yriloba moexdina. yrilobam saqme ganixila da isini, ro-
gorc ZaliT, qalis uneburad SeuRlebuli col-qmari, erTmaneTs gaaSora. Temis
gadawyvetilebas gela ar daemorCila. rogorc avtori ambobs, im xanSi Temoba
irRveoda, mis gadawyvetilebas is saSualeba aRara hqonda, rom Tavisi wevrebi-
saTvis Zala daetanebina — gadawyvetileba aResrulebinaT. im xanebSi naCalnik-
diambegoba Camovardniliyo da kanoni ki iZaxda: col-qmris ganSoreba SeuZlebe-
liao!
gela Temis yrilobidan muqariT gamovida. mwerali gveubneba, rom man icoda
`mSvelelebi sadac da rogor epovna~. Temis adaT-wesebis uarmyofelma mTielma,
xelmwifis kanonis ZaliT coli Sin daibruna da amis Semdeg mas kidev ufro sas-
tikad epyroba.
Temis adaT-wesebisadmi aseve upativcemulo damokidebulebas iCens èlgu-
jaSi~ gagi CofikaSvili.
arsebiTad gansxvavebul mdgomareobasTan gvaqvs saqme al. yazbegis dadebiT
gmirTa saqmianobaSi. isini Temis usazRvrod erTgulni arian mudam da yovelTvis.
iseT SemTxvevebSic ki, rodesac Temis yriloba raime valdebulebas akisrebs (sas-
jels adebs), TiToeuli maTgani uyoymanod emorCileba da asrulebs xalxis gadawy-
vetilebas.
aseTia al. yazbegis mxatvruli Semoqmedebis ZiriTadi Tematika da motivebi.
al. yazbegis proza
aleqsandre yazbegi farTo mkiTxvelma sazogadoebam 1880 wels gaicno. am

wels gazeT `droebis~ furclebze gamoqveynda misi vrceli eTnografiuli nar-
kvevi `moxeveebi da imaTi cxovreba~.
narkvevSi mocemulia mTeli rigi saintereso eTnografiuli cnobebi saqar-
Tvelos erTi kuTxis garSemo, rac Txzulebas garkveul mecnierul Rirebule-
bas aniWebs. igive narkvevi sainteresoa avtoris mxatvruli memkvidreobis Tval-
sazrisiTac. am Txzulebis kiTxvisas bunebrivad gvagondeba al. yazbegis mxat-
vrul nawarmoebebSi mocemuli suraTebi da mTielTa yofis calkeuli epizodebi.
1
a l . y a z b e g i , `mamis mkvleli~, nawili I, Tavi X.
264
es garemoeba imiT aixsneba, rom Tavis mxriv es eTnografiuli Txzulebac daweri-
lia imave sazogadoebrivi interesiT da misdroindeli cxovrebis movlenebisadmi
kritikuli damokidebulebiT, rasac mwerali Tavis mxatvrul nawerebSi esoden
mkafiod amJRavnebs.
al. yazbegis eTnografiul narkvevSi gadmocemulia rigi faqtebi moxeveTa
mZime cxovrebisa; maTi araadamianuri Cagvrisa mefis moxeleebis, CarC-vaWrebisa
da eklesiis msaxurTa mier. mwerali axasiaTebs misdroindeli mTieli glexobis
mZime mdgomareobas da iqve pirdapir asaxelebs mCagvrelTa im wres, romelic
xalxs normaluri Sromisa da cxovrebis saSualebas ar aZlevs.
yazbegma Tavis mxatvrul TxzulebebSi mzis sinaTleze gamoitana Tavisdro-
indeli aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTiani raionebis mSromelTa cxovreba, maTi
yoveldRiuri tanjva, fiqri da konkretuli faqtebi mxatvrulad ganazogada,
qarTveli xalxis saerTo miswrafebaTa prizmaSi gadatexa da amiT kuTxur mov-
lenebs farTo erovnuli xasiaTi mianiWa.
imave 1880 wels gamoqveynda al. yazbegis moTxroba `cicka~. am mcire mocu-
lobis nawarmoebidan mkiTxvels warmodgena eZleva mwerlisdroindel socialur
usamarTlobaze. oblobasa da siRaribeSi gamozrdili cicka xevSi yvelasaTvis
sayvareli axalgazrdaa. igi patiosani SromiT ojaxis Sesaqmnelad emzadeba, mag-
ram cxovrebis ukuRmarTi pirobebis gamo amas ver axerxebs. es patiosani da saqmia-
ni axalgazrda gaqnili vaWris, geo minasaSvilisa da mefis moxeleTa veragobis
msxverpli xdeba.
***
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobisagan xalxis Seviwroebis mZime suraTebia gadmoce-

muli al. yazbegis moTxrobaSi èliso~.
nawarmoebSi pirveli striqonebidanve gamoCndebian samSoblodan gandevni-
li, Soreul gadasaxlebaSi gamgzavrebuli CeCnebi. gadasaxlebulia mTeli sofe-
li. aq arian kacebi, qalebi da bavSvebi. mkiTxvelze mZime STabeWdilebas axdens
vladikavkazis maxloblad mindorze SesvenebisaTvis dabanakebul mgzavrTa
mdgomareoba. jariskacebiT garSemortymuli banakidan drodadro ismis usamar-
Tlod gatanjulTa gminva da oxvra.
iqve, nawarmoebis pirvelsave TavSi, mkiTxvelisaTvis am xalxis gadasaxlebis
mizezic cnobili xdeba. mwerali gveubneba, maTi amgvarad dasjis mizezi mxolod
is iyo, rom `CeCnis mmarTvelebma isurves erTbaSad gamdidreba, isurves gaumaZR-
ari Tvalebis gaZRoma da moiwadines CeCnelT mdidari miwebis xelSi Cayra~. ami-
saTvis maT saWirod dainaxes adgilobriv mkvidrTa Tavidan moSoreba da kidec
moiSores.
gadasaxlebulTa banakis saerTo gminvasa da oxvras gamoTiSuli moCans Teq-
vsmeti wlis qaliSvili `warmouTqmelis silamazisa~. es aris Samilis saxelgan-
Tqmuli naibis, anzora CerbiJis qaliSvili eliso. igi xalxisagan ganmartoebula
imisaTvis, `raTa mometebulad dahkvirveboda Tavis mdgomareobas da mometebu-
lad egrZno Tavisi mwuxareba, Tavisi ubedureba~.
elisos mdgomareoba gansakuTrebiT mZimea imdenad, ramdenadac igi samSob-
losTan erTad Seyvarebulsac tovebs. CeCen qaliSvils guliT uyvars moxeve va-
Jia. eliso vaJiasTan SeuRlebaze ocnebobda da axla ki, Seqmnili viTarebis gamo,
masze samudamod unda aiRos xeli.
elisos pirovnebis, misi Rrma adamianuri gancdebis warmoCenis Semdeg moTx-
robaSi gadmocemulia mama-Svilis, anzorasa da elisos, saubari. aq ukve mkiTx-
vels warmodgena eZleva anzora CerbiJis rogorc warsul cxovrebaze, ise awin-
del mdgomareobaze.
265
anzora CerbiJi, axalgazrdobaSi Samilis sanaqebo naibi, mTels CeCenSi sa-
xelganTqmuli vaJkaci iyo. anzoras gmirobaze Tanamemamuleebi `leqss leqszed
gamosTqvamdnen, qebas qebaze Seasxamdnen xolme~.
anzora CerbiJs cxovrebis umetesi nawili samSoblos Tavisuflebisa da da-
moukideblobisaTvis brZolebSi gautarebia da Tavisi sami vaJiSvilic imave
brZolebisaTvis Seuwiravs.
adre vaJkacobiT ganTqmuli anzora CerbiJi, axla ukve moxucebuli, Tana-
soflelebTan erTad Soreul gadasaxlebaSi igzavneba. gadasaxlebaSi miemgzav-
reba agreTve misi erTaderTi qaliSvili eliso.
anzora xalxisagan ganmartoebul qaliSvils gverdiT moujdeba da mama-
Svils Soris guliTadi saubari imarTeba. moxuci mama, romelsac mze da mTvare
elisoze amosdis, qaliSvilis tanjvas grZnobs da mTeli arsebiT mondomebulia,
rom naRveli Seumsubuqos.
mama-Svilis saubari arsebiTad elisosa da vaJias romans Seexeba. anzoram
elisosa da vaJias siyvarulze raRac ukve icis: `marTalia, zedmiwevniT ar ico-
da es, magram eWvi ki didi hqonda~.
es eWvi anzora CerbiJs karga xnis ganmavlobaSi gulsa RrRnis da awvalebs.
mas ar unda misi qaliSvili qristian qarTvels miTxovdes. am SemTxvevaSi anzora
CerbiJi mahmadian mTielTa saerTo suliskveTebis gamomxatvelia. moTxrobaSi
jer kidev manam, sanam anzoras azrs gavigebdeT, naTqvamia, rom èlisos aramc Tu
vaJiazed gaTxovebis nebas miscemdnen, aramed laparaksac ki veravisTan hbedavda
am saganzed... darwmunebuli iyo, rom TanamgrZnobels ver ipovida Tavis moZmeTa
Soris~.
qarTvel da mahmadian mTielTa Soris ukanasknelad warmoSobili ganxeTqi-
lebisa da undoblobis gamo avtors saWirod daunaxavs Tavisi ganmarteba moewo-
debina:
ùwindels droSi rom momxdariyo amgvari SemTxveva da mahmadians `mTieli~
qristiani Sehyvareboda, maSindels iqauris CveulebiT, sarwmunoeba damabrko-
lebel mizezad ver Seiqmneboda imaT SeerTebisTvis; magram exla, rodesac qar-
Tvelebi, e. i. qristianebi `giuarebs~ anu rusebs win miuZRvodnen da gzebs uCve-
nebdnen, rodesac isini giuarebTan erTad ebrZodnen damoyvrebuls mezoblebs,
— exla sul sxva iyo. qristianebis SemweobiT daimorCiles `mSiSara giuarebma~
isini da amis Semdeg raRa erToba SeiZleboda amaT Soris~. mwerali iqve daas-
kvnis, rom àse hfiqrobda, ase ambobda yoveli CeCneli~.1
TanamemamuleTa saerTo azrisagan erTgvarad gansxvavebulia anzora Cerbi-
Jis Sexeduleba imave sakiTxebze. misi azriT, dapyrobil `giuarebs~ qarTvelebi
zogi motyuebiT, sxvadasxva dapirebiT, xolo zogi ZaliT gamohyavdaT mezobeli
mahmadiani mTielebis winaaRmdeg.
anzora CerbiJis Sexeduleba qarTvelTa da mahmadian mTielTa axlandel ur-
TierTobaze mwerlis Tvalsazrisis gamomxatvelia. igive Tvalsazrisi Tavs
iCens `mamis mkvlelSi~, roca iago da misi Zmadnaficebi Samils inaxuleben da xan-
grZlivi guliTadi saubris Semdeg imamis laSqarTan erTad ibrZvian.
anzora CerbiJis Sexeduleba qarTvelTa da mahmadian mTielTa urTierToba-
ze sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba TanamemamuleTa saerTo azrisagan, magram igi àse
iyo Tu ise, `giuarebis~ gamarjvebas mainc qarTvelebs miawerda da nebaunebliv
guliT undoda daSoreboda maT~.
anzorasa da elisos guliTadi mamaSviluri saubari im niSniT mimdinareobs,
rom anzoras guliT swadia misma qaliSvilma moxeve vaJias siyvaruli gulidan
amoiRos. diax, igi amas cdilobs, Tumca Sinaganad am ganzraxvis sisworeSi dar-
1
a l . y a z b e g i , èliso~, Tavi II.
266
wmunebuli araa. man kargad icis, rom `CeCneli Znelad Seiyvarebs, magram Tu er-
Txel Seiyvara, iman ar icis naxevrad siyvaruli — is am grZnobas eZleva suliT da
guliT~.
im dros, rodesac mama-Svilis saubari arsebiTad jer kidev damTavrebuli
araa, moqmedebaSi gamoCndeba vaJia. igi anzorasa da elisos miagnebs gadasaxle-
bul mgzavrTa banakSi. axla ukve elisosa da vaJias SeuRlebis sakiTxi sabolood
unda gadawydes. am Sexvedris dros anzora CerbiJi TviTonve darwmunda, rom ma-
Ti daSoreba SeuZlebeli iyo da `raodenime xnis Semdeg mama locavda imaT da ma-
sukan pirobasa sdebdnen, rom xval ZaugSi gamoecxadebinaT, rom anzora Tavis qa-
liT aRar midis stambols. amis magivrad isini wavidodnen vaJias saxlSi, sadac
vaJia iqorwinebda elisosTan da moxuci mama iq gaatarebda danarCens sicocx-
les~.
rogorc nawarmoebidan Cans, samSoblodan gandevnilebs ufleba eZleodaT
gadasaxlebis adgilebi TviTonve aerCiaT. mTavari iyo, rom TavianTi samkvidro
daetovebinaT, radgan mmarTvelebma `moiwadines CeCnelT mdidari miwebis xelSi
Cayra~. samSoblodan gaZevebulni sad, romel qveyanaSi dabinavdebodnen, CeCnel-
Ta mmarTvelobisaTvis amas ukve mniSvneloba aRar hqonda.
nawarmoebSi moqmedebis ganviTarebis axal safexurs qmnis vaJias misvla sa-
xelmwifo mmarTvelebis erT-erT warmomadgenelTan, romelsac anzora CerbiJis
Txovna unda gaagebinos. moTxrobaSi vkiTxulobT, rom vaJias `karga lodinis
Semdeg `didma batonma~ naCalnikma Zlivs aRirsa Tavisi xilva~.
`didi batonis~ moqmedebaSi gamoCenisTanave cnobili xdeba, rom man adgi-
lobriv mkvidrTa ena ar icis. mmarTveli, romelic masze mindobili raionis
cxovrebis kursSi unda iyos da mis yoveldRiur Wir-varams icnobdes, xalxTan
kavSirs Tarjimanis saSualebiT amyarebs. konkretul SemTxvevaSi mTavari es
araa, ase iyo Tu ise, vaJiam ufross yvelaferi gaagebina, magram mmarTvelma
Txovna ar Seiwynara da Tavmoyvare axalgazrda moxevec sastikad gakicxa, daam-
cira. gulqva mmarTvelma vaJia aseTi gesliani pasuxiT gamoistumra:
`me rom SemeZlos, suyvelas, gesmis, suyvelas gadagasaxlebdiT, Tavidgan mo-
giSorebdiT da Sen ki mTxov, vinc Cawerilia isic gavaTavisuflo?.. wadi, wadi,
momSordi Tavidgan~.
mkiTxvelisaTvis savsebiT gasagebia, rom mmarTvelis am pasuxSi anzora Cer-
biJisa da misi qaliSvilis bedi sabolood gadawyvetilia. isini maincdamainc os-
maleTSi unda gaemgzavron; sxva arCevanis ufleba maT ukve aRar aqvT, radgan
mmarTvelma sabolood ase mousurva.
es mkacri ganaCeni rom mmarTvelis erTpirovnuli gadawyvetilebaa, garkve-
viT Cans moTxrobis momdevno nawilidan, rodesac igive moxele, ramdenime saa-
Tis Semdeg, Zaugis boloSi dabanakebul CeCnebs mkacrad mimarTavs:
`Tqven Tqveni surviliT moiwadineT osmaleTSi gadasaxleba da Cvenc neba
mogveciT. exla Cems yuramdis moaRwia xmam, rom zogierTs isev darCena mouwadi-
nia... gicxadebT rom, vinc erTxel Caewera gadasaxlebulT siaSi, imisi aq darCena
yovlad SeuZlebelia. rom gaqceva ver gabedoT, Tqveni mcvelebi erTiorad ga-
vamravle da... icodeT, vinc gaqcevas moiwadinebs, imas Seubraleblad mohklamen,
agre aqvsT nabrZanebi~.1
mmarTvelis imave pasuxma cxovrebis gzas aacdina axalgazrda moxeve vaJia.
swored mmarTvelis araadamianuri mopyrobis Sedegad, Tavisi kacobis Rirsebis
dasacavad yazaxebTan brZolaSi, oci wlis axalgazrda ukve kacnaklavi gaxda.
vaJias yazaxebTan Setakebis Semdeg nawarmoebSi Txroba metwilad kvlav ga-
dasaxlebaSi mimavalTa mdgomareobazea gadatanili. vladikavkazis quCebSi xal-
1
a l . y a z b e g i , èliso~, Tavi IV.
267
xi xedavs samSoblodan gandevnilTa urmebs, romelTa sanaxaoba adamians guls
uwvrilebs. urmebs misdeven `fexSiSvela bavSvebi, romelTaTvisac sicxes da
wvril qvas, qviSaSi areuls, yavar-yavar daexeTqaT titvela xorci, Sig Cakvdo-
modaT mtveri da waRma-ukuRma lurjad daexazaT~. iqve naTqvamia, rom xalxi am
mZime sanaxaobas gulSi jojoxeTis cecxlanTebuli Sescqeroda, `magram ra iyo
imaT xels? riTi Seumsubuqebdnen varams?~.
vaJia erTxel kidev Sedis gadasaxlebulTa banakSi, romelsac gars artyia
jariskacTa erTiorad gaZlierebuli razmi. igi anzorasa da elisos gamoyvana-
sac axerxebs, magram gzaSi, sofel larsTan gamagrebul yazaxebTan uTanasworo
brZolaSi isini iRupebian.
***
socialuri Sinaarsis Semcvelia al. yazbegis moTxroba `ciko~. cikosa da gu-

guas siyvarulis fonze mwerals gadmocemuli aqvs misdroindeli sazogadoeb-
rivi cxovrebis mtkivneuli movlenebi. cikos ojaxis TavgadasavalSi gamoxatu-
lebas poulobs mSromeli glexobis mZime mdgomareoba sazogadod. mama qalis
cxovrebaSi arsebuli pirobebis gamo abragobis gzas dadgomia da yazaxebTan
brZolaSi momkvdara, ori Zma osmalebTan omSi daRupula, xolo mesame, begaraze
gawveuli, TovlSi damarxula. ukacod darCenili ojaxi (ciko Tavisi dediTa da
bebiiT) metad mZime yofaSia. es adamianebi qeris puriTa da marilwyaliT ikvebe-
bian.
nawarmoebidan naTlad igrZnoba, rom es mZime mdgomareoba mxolod am ojaxis
xvedri ki araa, aramed igi saerToa mosaxleobis didi umravlesobisaTvis. saxel-
mwifo mmarTveloba isedac dabeCavebul glexobas kvlav axal-axali begariTa da
gadasaxadebiT aviwroebs. xalxisaTvis gansakuTrebiT autanelia egzekuciebi,
romelsac, rogorc Txzulebidan Cans, mTis soflebSi xSirad ayenebdnen.
soflad arsebuli Cagvrisa da usamarTlobis STabeWdilebas aZlierebs
moTxrobaSi gamoyvanili gorjasp RuduSauris saxe. mwerals mokled, magram da-
majereblad aqvs gadmocemuli RuduSauris cxovrebis gza da misi awindeli
mdgomareoba. igi axlo warsulSi erTi moxelis meZaRle yofila, magram Tavisi
moxerxebulobiT, cbierebiTa da veragobiT imdenad gamdidrebula da gaZliere-
bula, rom axla mezobeli moxeveebi TvalSi buzadac aRar uCans. mwerali gveub-
neba, rom `gorjasp Seiqmna xevis batoni da TiTon isic ki, romelsac gorjasp me-
ZaRleTa hyavda, Seiqmna am bazieris qveSevrdomi da sxvebisamebr daedo misi ya-
lani~.
gorjasp RuduSaurma ukanasknelad glexebisaTvis saTibi miwebis warTmevac
moindoma. man, mmarvelTa daxmarebiT, saqmis `mowesrigebac~ SeZlo, magram gle-
xobam miwa ar daTmo. amis Sedegad moxda yazaxebisa da glexebis samkvdro-sasi-
cocxlo Setakeba, romelmac ramdenime adamiani imsxverpla.
mkiTxveli nawarmoebis pirveli striqonebidanve aSkara siZulvilisa da un-
doblobis grZnobiT imsWvaleba saxelmwifoebrivi sistemis mimarT, romelic
RuduSauris veragobas ase farTo gasaqans aZlevs. igive grZnoba kidev ufro
Zlierdeba, rodesac vigebT, rom am saqmis gamo dapatimrebuli cxrameti udana-
Saulo glexidan ori ukve CamouxrCviaT, xolo danarCenebi Soreul gadasaxle-
baSi gaugzavniaT.
aleqsandre yazbegs, rogorc mwerals, gansakuTrebuli popularoba roma-
nebma mouxveWes. misi èlguja~, `mamis mkvleli~, `cicia~, `xevisberi goCa~, `moZR-
vari~ da `gankicxuli~ sayovelTaod cnobili Txzulebebia. am farTo tiloebze
mxatvrulad asaxulia qarTveli xalxis cxovreba, misi sazogadoebrivi mdgoma-
reoba, misi Wir-varami arsebuli usamarTlobis pirobebSi.
268
èlguja~ . 1881 wels daiwera da imave wels pirvelad daibeWda al. yazbegis
romani èlguja~. am Txzulebam adreve miiqcia farTo sazogadoebrivi yuradRe-
ba. 1884 wels èlguja~ calke wignad daibeWda, magram mefis cenzuram misi gav-
rcelebis nebarTva ar gasca da mTeli tiraJi gaanadgura.
èlguja~ meTvramete saukunis miwurulisa da mecxramete saukunis damdegi
wlebis istoriul fonze iSleba. romanSi aSkaraa siZneleebi, romelnic saqar-
TveloSi rusuli mmarTvelobis damkvidrebas Tan axlda. aleqsandre yazbegi sa-
zogadoebriv-politikuri movlenebis mxatvrulad ganzogadebisas istoriul
simarTles yovelTvis icavs da amdenad mis TxzulebebSi gamosaxuli epoqis sa-
erTo xasiaTis aRdgenac xerxdeba. am TvalsazrisiT èlgujaSi~ gansakuTrebiT
sayuradReboa 1804 wlis mTiuleTis cnobili ajanyebis rigi epizodebi.
nawarmoebSi dapirispirebuli arian erTi mxriv elguja, romlis mxareze
dgas xalxi, xolo meore mxriv — gagi CofikaSvili, romelsac mxars uWeren ofi-
cialuri dawesebulebebis usulgulo moxeleebi.
elgujam gagi CofikaSvilis ojaxidan nayidi qali gaitaca. mTaSi arsebuli
wesis mixedviT elgujas mdgomareobaSi myofi pirovneba valdebulia pasuxi agos
imis winaSe, visi ojaxidanac qali wamoiyvana. elgujam gagi CofikaSvils winada-
deba SesTavaza, rom xalxis saSualebiT mSvidobianad, usisxlod morigebuliy-
vnen, magram gadagvarebulma moxevem es winadadeba ar miiRo da elgujas mkacrad
dasja ganizraxa.
elgujasa da gagis pirveli dapirispirebisTanave mkiTxveli xedavs CofikaS-
vilis gadagvarebasa da znedacemulobas. CofikaSvilis aSkara gadagvarebis maC-
venebelia misi saubari martiasTan.
martiam icis, rom elgujam gagi CofikaSvilis winaSe pasuxi unda agos. elgu-
jasaTvis samagieros gadaxdevinebis survili martias gagisTan akavSirebs, mag-
ram isini arsebiTad gansxvavdebian erTimeorisagan imaSi, Tu rogor da ra gziT
azRvevinon mowinaaRmdeges. martia moiTxovs, rom isini vaJkacurad SeebrZolon
elgujas, gagis ki gadawyvetili aqvs elguja wamebiT moakvlevinos da amitomac
unda, rom igi yazaxebs Caugdos xelSi.
martia bevrs exvewa gagis, magram verafers gaxda, bolos, roca darwmunda,
rom CofikaSvils mamapapur Cveulebaze samudamod xeli auRia, gadawyvita elgu-
jas SeerTeboda da masTan erTad ebrZola gadagvarebuli moxevis winaaRmdeg.
martiam gadawyvita elgujas daxmareboda da asec moiqca. masTan mivida, Zmo-
ba Sehfica da daxmareba aRuTqva. Zmadnaficebma gagi CofikaSvili Tavisive una-
musobas waakles, mas murdlad sikvdili argunes. gagis araadamianuri saqcielis
Sedegad moxda cnobili Setakeba naRvarevTan, romelmac imsxverpla elgujas
Zmadnaficebi giorgi da martia. aqedan iwyeba is mZime Tavgadasavali, romelic
elgujam da mzaRom gadaitanes. romanis mTel manZilze elgujas mxarezea yvela
patiosani mTieli — moxeve, mTiuli Tu sxvebi. isini yovelTvis mzad arian daxma-
rebis xeli gauwodon mas. elgujas mxares iWers iseTi adamianic ki, romelsac
oficialurad misgan, rogorc gagi CofikaSvilis mkvlelisagan, samagierod sis-
xlis Zieba evaleba. es adamiani aris svimon CofikaSvili.
svimon CofikaSvili erTi metad saintereso saxea Cveni mwerlis Semoqmedeba-
Si. svimonis pirovnebaSi gaerTianebulia znemaRali qarTveli mTieli adamiani
da xalxis gonieri mmarTveli. am keTilSobili qarTvelis pirovnebaSi gamoxatu-
lebas poulobs TviTon mwerlis ideur-politikuri Sexedulebani. am Tvalsaz-
risiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa svimon CofikaSvilis damokidebuleba aleq-
sandre batoniSvilTan.
aleqsandre batoniSvilma, romelic saTaveSi edga ruseTis sawinaaRmdego
moZraobas, svimon CofikaSvilis mimxrobac ganizraxa. man CofikaSvils mociqu-
lebi gaugzavna, mxardaWera da daxmareba mosTxova, xolo winaaRmdeg SemTxveva-
269
Si batoniSvili sastikad imuqreboda. CofikaSvilma batoniSvils daxmarebaze
uariT upasuxa da Tanac Tavis mxriv sayuradRebo rCevac SeuTvala. mociquli
svimon CofikaSvils ekiTxeba:
`— maS batoniSvils ra pasuxs uTvli?
`— batoniSvilsa? Cemgan xvewna da mudara moaxsene: mefes nu ewinaaRmdegeba
da saqarTvelos Zalas Suaze nu hyofs... Tu erTad viqnebiT, rusebi kidev veras
gvizamen, magram Tu Sua gaviyaviT, maSin Cveni saqme wasulia!.. Cavides mefesTan,
moudges gverdsa da raica rusebTan pirobebi gvaqvs, isini aasrulebinos! Torem
Tu egre moviqeciT, Cven erTmaneTTan brZolaSi daviqancebiT, davsustdebiT, da
rusebi ki TavianT wadils aasruleben... Cavides mefesTan, Ca! mefe RvTisagan aris
daniSnuli, imis gulis pasuxs kaci ver miswvdebis~.1
svimon CofikaSvilis am sityvebiT gadmocemulia romanis avtoris politi-
kuri mrwamsi. aleqsandre yazbegi tipuri warmomadgenelia mecxramete saukunis
im qarTveli inteligenciisa, romelic rus xalxTan kavSiris aucileblobas aRi-
arebda, magram imave dros mefis ruseTis saxelmwifoebriv-politikur reJims ki
ebrZoda. svimon CofikaSvili nawarmoebSi daxasiaTebulia rogorc WeSmariti
qarTveli, romlisTvisac `Tavisufleba yvelaze umaRlesi jildo aris~. ase ic-
nobs mas yvela mTieli da amitomacaa, rom mas xalxi usmens, ujerebs.
svimoni zedmiwevniT icnobs Tavis xalxs, icnobs da Tayvans scems mis maRal
Tvisebebs. igi xalxuri adaT-wesebis erTgulia im drosac, roca ukve mmarTve-
lia da didi ZalauflebiT sargeblobs. maSin, rodesac ajanyebam ifeTqa da mosa-
lodneli iyo uazro sisxlis Rvra, svimoni xalxTan TviTon mivida, saqmis nam-
dvili viTareba ganumarta da axaldamyarebuli mmarTvelobisadmi morCilebisa-
ken mouwoda.
svimonis rCeva-darigebam keTili nayofi gamoiRo: xalxi uazro xocva-Jle-
tas gadaarCina. svimon CofikaSvili momxrea rusuli marTva-gamgeobisa, magram
igi winaaRmdegia im araadamianuri damokidebulebisa, romelsac TviTmpyrobelo-
bis moxeleebi Tavisuflebismoyvare mTielebis mimarT iCenen. aseTia, magaliTad,
misi Setakeba, erT-erT oficerTan, romelmac nacemi da nawamebi moxeveebi uremze
dakrulebi miiyvana mmarTvelis karze.
svimon CofikaSvilis amaRlebuli pirovneba kidev ufro mkveTrad gamoCnde-
ba elgujasadmi damokidebulebis fonze. mas ormagi safuZveli aqvs imisaTvis,
rom elgujas sicocxle ar dazogos. erTi is, rom igi mmarTvelia da meore is,
rom man gagi CofikaSvilis sisxli unda iZios. miuxedavad yovelive amisa, svimoni
elgujas sicocxles ufrTxildeba da icavs.
svimon CofikaSvili didi Tanamdebobis piria, magram es garemoeba mas xels ar
uSlis, rom iyos gulisxmieri adamiani, mezoblisa da Tavisianis gamtani. igi ar-
sad, arc erT SemTxvevaSi Tanamdebobrivi mdgomareobiT ar sargeblobs.
svimon CofikaSvilma elgujasTan Tavisi sadavo saqmec Tems gaarCevina. igi
sityvis Seubruneblad daemorCila Temis gadawyvetilebas. imave Temis, xalxis
TxovniT man elguja Seiriga da SeiTvisa kidec. svimonis pirovnebas erTxel ki-
dev Suqs hfens misi mimarTva xalxisadmi im momentSi, roca igi elgujas Seiri-
gebs:
Cemi saqme Tqven mogandeviT, Tqven gadaswyviteT da mec dagmorCildebiT...
gaxsovdeT, rom Temis survili, — uflis survilia... me momxedeT da xalxis sur-
vils Tqvenc ase aRasrulebdeT... amasve anderZad daugdebdeT Tqvens Svilebsao.
svimon CofikaSvilis pirovnebaSi gansaxierebulia Temis erTguli da xalxi-
saTvis Tavdadebuli adamiani. im dros, rodesac svimoni avadmyofis sarecels
aris mikruli, mas Tavs daadgeba xevis axali mmarTveli. svimons bralad sdeben,
1
a l . y a z b e g i , èlguja~, Tavi IX.
270
rom igi xalxs metismetad mfarvelobda. axali mmarTveli imuqreba, rom sastikad
dasjis xalxs. ufrosis es muqara svimon CofikaSvils sakuTar tkivilebs aviwyebs.
momakvdavi kaci ukanasknel Zalas ikrebs da gulqva mmarTvels xalxis gadarCenas
SesTxovs.
svimon CofikaSvilis kacuri kacobiT aris gapirobebuli is faqti, rom igi
xalxis siyvaruliT aris garemoculi mTels cxovrebaSi, xolo misi gardacvale-
ba sayovelTao glovis xasiaTs iRebs. CofikaSvilis adamianuri damokidebuleba
Tanamemamuleebisadmi bunebrivad iwvevs undoblobisa da zizRis grZnobas er-
Teuli, gulnamceca qarTvelebisadmi, romelnic samsaxurSi Sesvlis Semdeg Ta-
vianTi guSindeli mezoblisa da megobris mCagvrelebad qceulan.
èlgujas~ gmirTa Soris sainteresoa maTia nadibaiZe. maTia tragikuli pi-
rovnebaa, xolo es tragedia misive maRali adamianuri TvisebebiT aris gapirobe-
buli. igi elgujas gasaWirSi myofs dauZmobilda da bolomde misTvis Tavdade-
buli megobaria. imave dros mas mzaRoc uyvars imdenad Zlierad, rom am grZnobi-
sagan Tavis daRweva ver mouxerxebia. maTias pirovnebaSi erTmaneTs ebrZvis mza-
Rosadmi uangaro siyvarulis grZnoba da elgujas mimarT Zmadnaficis movaleo-
bis maRali grZnoba:
ìmasa stanjavda grZnoba, romelic cecxlsaviT uvlida gulSi da romlis
moSorebac undoda, magram Zala aRar swvdeboda. yoveli imis sxeuli, yoveli
aso, yoveli niWi mzaRos Seepyro, daemorCilebina da Tavis daxsnis mxolod mome-
tebuli wvaleba-Ra iyo. erTi azri-Ra umagrebda guls da es azri iyo Zmadnafi-
cis winaSe movaleoba, magram, vin icis, didxans SeiZlebda amiT brZolas?~.1
maTia aseTi tanjva-wvalebiT cxovrobs nawarmoebis pirveli nawilebidan
vidre ukanasknel striqonebamde. mis TavgadasavalSi mTeli rigi momentebia,
roca igi siyvarulis grZnobisagan Tavis daRwevas cdilobs, magram vera da ver
mouxerxebia.
maTias wadili siyvarulis grZnobisgan ganTavisuflebisaTvis bunebrivad
gvagonebs xevisberi goCas onises. sazogadod, am or gmirs Soris bevri ram aris
saerTo, magram maTias mdgomareoba kidev ufro mZimea. onises erTi TanamgrZno-
bi mainc hyavs ZiZias saxiT, maTia amasac moklebulia. mis mimarT mzaRoc gulgri-
lia. marTalia, qalis qceva TavisTavad sruliad normaluria, magram Seyvarebul
vaJkacs amgvari qcevac tanjva-wvalebas uorkecebs.
maTias tragedia umaRles safexurs aRwevs misi sicocxlis ukanasknel wuTeb-
Si, rodesac igi `gabrazebulis xarxariT karebisaken gaqanda~, TiTqos elgujas
mosaklavad, magram sinamdvileSi mefis yazaxebis winaSe aRmoCnda. mTiel vaJkacs,
miuxedavad mZime Sinagani adamianuri gancdebisa, elgujasTan urTierTobaSi me-
gobrobis idealisaTvis arasodes uRalatnia da bolos, man Tavisi sicocxlec
Zmadnaficis mtrebTan brZolaSi daasrula.
romanis ZiriTadi Temaa elgujas cxovrebis istoria. elguja, romelic aris
fizikurad jansaRi, patiosani da mSromeli axalgazrda, mTeli arsebiT mondo-
mebulia iyos Rirseuli wevri sazogadoebisa, koleqtivisa, romelSic igi daiba-
da da cxovrobs. elgujas, misgan damoukidebeli mizezis gamo, win eRobebian siZ-
neleebi, romelTa gadalaxva gansakuTrebul Zalasa da energias moiTxovs. mas
upirispirdeba axal pirobebSi gaZlierebuli da gadagvarebuli gagi CofikaSvi-
li, romelsac mxars uWers mmarTvelobis mTeli sistema. elgujas Tavgadasavali
mkiTxvels warmodgenas aZlevs epoqaze, romelSic es kaci cxovrobs.
Txzulebis ZiriTadi kvanZi inaskveba im momentSi, roca elguja gagi Cofi-
kaSvilis ojaxidan mzaRos itacebs. romanis mesame TavSi ukve naTqvamia, rom el-
gujas `gadaewyvita advilad aravisTvis daenebebina Tavisi mSvenieri mzaRo da,
1
a l . y a z b e g i , èlguja~, Tavi XIV.
271
Tu gzaSi vinme gadaeRobeboda, maSin iafad ar daesva es Tavxedoba~. meoTxe Tavis
dasasrul striqonebSi, rodesac elguja da misi Zmadnaficebi Tavdacvis miz-
niT, sisxlismRvreli SetakebisaTvis mzad arian, romanis ZiriTadi kvanZi ukve
sabolood ganaskulia.
romanis mexuTe Tavidan moqmedeba uwyveti TanamimdevrobiT viTardeba da aR-
mavlobis gziT midis. meSvide Tavidan, naRvarevTan Setakebis Semdeg, nawarmoebSi
gadmocemulia mzaRos, jajalas, svimon CofikaSvilisa da maTia nadibaiZis cxovre-
bis saintereso epizodebi. elguja karga xnis ganmavlobaSi uSualod moqmedebaSi
ar moCans. igi daWrili Tavs afarebs jer qimbarianT-kars mTiul ninias saxlSi, xo-
lo Semdeg TuSebSi — xaranaulebis ojaxSi. miuxedavad amisa, elguja, rogorc mTa-
vari gmiri, kvlav yuradRebis centrSia. nawarmoebSi Txroba imgvarad mimdinare-
obs, rom yvela personaJis mdgomareoba da Tavgadasavali sabolood mainc elgu-
jas pirovnebas ukavSirdeba.
romanSi moqmedebis aRmavlobis TvalsazrisiT ramdenime momentia gansakuT-
rebiT mniSvnelovani. pirveli es aris elgujasTan maTia nadibaiZis damegobreba.
imis Semdeg, rac Seyvarebul moxeves giorgi da martia moukles, maTia erTader-
Ti adamiania, romelTanac elguja mindobilia da romelzedac mTels imedebs am-
yarebs. maTias saSualebiT elguja, jer erTi, kavSirs amyarebs mzaRosTan, da me-
ore — svimon CofikaSvilis cxovrebisa da saqmianobis kursSicaa. es ubralo cno-
bismoyvareoba ki araa, aramed arsebiTi mniSvnelobis faqtorebia gmiris Semdgo-
mi saqmianobisaTvis.
moqmedebis Semdgomi aRmavlobis safexuria svimon CofikaSvilisa da maTia
nadibaiZis Zmadgaficvis faqti, rac nawarmoebis meTxuTmete TavSia gadmocemu-
li. svimonisa da maTias saubarSi, romelic win uswrebs ZmadSeficvas, mkiTxveli-
saTvis cnobili xdeba, rom xev-mTiuleTis mmarTveli elgujas exmareba, usamar-
Tlod devnil moxeves Soridan mfarvelobs. CofikaSvilis pirovnebis amgvarad
Secnobam gansazRvra isic, rom maTia daTanxmda masTan iasaulad damdgariyo. ia-
sauloba mxolod garegnuli safarvelia svimonisa da maTias urTierTobisaTvis,
romelnic ukve Zmadnaficebi arian.
maTia mxolod imis Semdeg dauZmobilda svimon CofikaSvils, roca darwmunda,
rom mmarTveli elgujas mfarvelobda, misi bednierebisaTvis zrunavda. svimonisa
da maTias Zmadgaficvis pirveli Sedegi is iyo, rom elgujam mzaRo gaitaca da
ojaxi Seqmna. romanis meCvidmete TavSi vkiTxulobT, rom mzaRos motacebisaTvis
svimons gansakuTrebiT yuradReba ar miuqcevia da TiTon mdevari, romelic gamo-
uyena, xalxis Tvalad iyo gagzavnili da amisTvis mdevris moTaved maTia daeniSna.
eWvi ar iyo, rom maTia elgujas ueWvelad Semweobas miscemda.
dro gadis. elguja, ukve colSviliani, xaranaulebisas cxovrobs. raRa Tqma
unda, elgujas ojaxis amJamindeli yofa, marTalia, mSobliur Tems mowyvetili,
magram mainc mSvidobiani yofa svimonisa da maTias mzrunvelobis Sedegia.
dasasrul, romanSi moqmedebis ganviTareba umaRles safexurs aRwevs ocdame-
same TavSi, romelSic gadmocemulia mezoblebis mier elgujas miyvana CofikaSvi-
lis ojaxSi da qeTevanisa da svimonisagan misi Svilad aRiareba. Tu aqamde svimoni
elgujas samarTlian brZolas Soridan mxars uWerda, axla isini ukve erTiandebi-
an, rogorc arsebuli usamarTlobiT erTnairad ukmayofilo adamianebi.
imave nawilSi romanis ZiriTadi kvanZic ixsneba. svimon CofikaSvilis adgi-
las axali mmarTvelis mosvla da misi pirveli mkacri gankargulebani Txzule-
bis faqtobriv dasasruls warmoadgens. CofikaSvilis gardacvaleba, elgujas
ukanaskneli gabrZoleba da misi mokvla nawarmoebis bunebrivi finalia.
`mamis mkvleli~. aleqsandre yazbegis romani `mamis mkvleli~ TviTmpyrobe-

lobis saxelmwifo aparatisa da gadagvarebuli qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg brZo-
272
lis fonze iSleba. TxzulebaSi Tavidanve yalibdeba moqmed pirTa ori ZiriTadi
banaki: erTia girgola, romelsac zurgs umagreben oficialuri xelisuflebis
moxeleebi, xolo meore mxriv — iago da misi Zmadnaficebi, romlebic xalxis mud-
mivi mxardaWeriT arian garemoculni.
aleqsandre yazbegma Tavis mTel rig TxzulebebSi arsebuli usamarTlobisa-
gan xalxis Cagvrisa da Seviwroebis farTo suraTebi gadagviSala, magram `mamis
mkvleli~ mainc gamoirCeva movlenaTa siuxviT da gmirTa simravliT. nawarmoeb-
Si, glaxa gelaSvilis Tavgadasavlidan moyolebuli, gadmocemulia xalxis far-
To masebis cxovreba TviTmpyrobeluri reJimis pirobebSi.
`mamis mkvleli~ gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva scenebisa da suraTebis simrav-
liT. es scenebi da suraTebi ise bunebrivad arian dakavSirebulni, rom maTi er-
TmaneTisagan daSoreba SeuZlebelia. es mimzidveli Txroba mTlianad dakavSire-
bulia ZiriTadi ambis ganviTarebasTan, ZiriTadi ambavi ki nunus cxovrebis is-
toriaa.
romanSi pirvelad vecnobiT glaxa gelaSvilis Tavgadasavals. glaxas saxiT
daxatulia gmiri vaJkaci, romelsac usamarTlobasTan brZolaSi sakuTari ada-
mianuri Rirseba daucavs. sakmarisia gonebis TvaliT davakvirdeT glaxas im mo-
mentSi, roca igi fandurs aiRebs, daukravs da daamRerebs, rom warmogvidges ra-
Rac gansakuTrebiT didebuli suraTi. mSobliur miwa-wyals monatrebuli adami-
ani xalxur savaJkaco simRerebSi poulobs sulis simSvides. simReris teqtsi ase
ikiTxeba:
`rostom Tqva: miwa rbilia,
sityvas miT unda rbiloba;
vaJkacs rom gauWirdebis,
maSinis unda cdiloba.
rostom Tqva: erTi ara sjobs
am Cemsa mogonebasa:
erTxel sjobia sikvdili
sul mudam daRonebasa!..~
glaxas Tavgadasavlis gacnobiT warmodgena gveZleva saerTod imdroindel
sazogadoebriv ukuRmarTobaze. igi rogorc malviT mosula, iseve malviT Sor-
deba Tavis miwa-wyals. glaxas wasvlis istoriasTan uSualod aris dakavSirebu-
li misi erTaderTi qaliSvilis, nunus romanis dasawyisi.
nunu Seyvarebulia axalgazrda moxeve iago gogobaiZeze, romelsac Tanamema-
muleebi `xevis Tvals~ uwodeben. nunusa da iagos siyvaruli spetaki da uanga-
roa. isini gulwrfelad da mTeli gatacebiT emzadebian patiosani, SromiTi oja-
xis Sesaqmnelad. qal-vaJis keTilSobilur samzadiss win gadaeRobeba diambegis
iasauli, gadagvarebuli da garyvnili girgola.
girgolas nunu moswons, magram oficialurad SerTva ar SeuZlia, radgan
TviTon colSviliania. marTalia, igi misive mizeziT, Zalze mouwesrigebeli
ojaxisa, magram mainc ojaxis patronia. amitomac mas ganzraxuli aqvs nunu
rZlad miiyvanos, formalurad jvari dasweros Tavis maxinj Zmaze da faq-
tobrivad qali TviTon daisakuTros. `Cemi Zma me ver momSordeba da imas ki —
jvardawerili coli~, — aseTia gadawyvetileba, romliTac girgola moqmedebs.
avtoris TxzulebebSi qalebs vxvdebiT rogorc didi brZolebis gzaze, ise
Cveulebriv yofa-cxovrebaSi. Cveulebrivi cxovrebis fonzea daxatuli svimon
CofikaSvilis coli qeTevani. igi nawarmoebSi mxolod oriode momentSi gamoC-
ndeba, magram mis saxeSi naTlad Seicnoba keTilSobili mandilosani — coli da
deda. STambeWdavia qeTevanis mier elgujas daSvilobileba da avadmyof svimo-
nis sawolTan miyvana dasalocavad. aseve Cveulebrivi cxovrebis fonzea war-
273
modgenili znemaRali qarTveli deda jaTia, romelic mzad aris Temisagan mokve-
Tili, uTvistomod darCenili mayvala Sin waiyvanos da Seifaros.
es keTilSobili dedebi mwerlis mier metad gulTbilad arian daxatulni,
magram al. yazbegis kalami aranakleb Zlieria im dros, rodesac igi avsa da anga-
rebian qalebs xatavs. aseTia `mamis mkvlelSi~ maxia, romelmac, arsebiTad rom
iTqvas, nunu girgolas mihyida. aseTivea `gankicxulSi~ gamoyvanili sofio, ro-
melic axalgazrda rZals imisaTvis Rupavs, rom Tavisi uxasiaTo Zmis, porfiris
simdidre TviTon flangos.
sazogadod rom iTqvas, aleqsandre yazbegis qalTa galereaSi wina planze arian
is qalebi, romelnic TavianTi adamianuri Rirsebis dasacavad ibrZvian. am qalebis
mZime mdgomareoba da maTi Tavganwirva miznis misaRwevad xSir SemTxvevaSi imave ro-
manebidan cnobil gmir mamakacTa brZolis donemde maRldeba. saqmis saerTo viTare-
bas ver cvlis is garemoeba, rom sabolood es qalebi iRupebian. isini TavianTi adami-
anuri uflebisaTvis Tanamimdevruli brZoliT mkiTxvelis mxardaWeras imsaxureben
mudam da yovelTvis.
al. yazbegis romanebSi gamoxatul qalTa Soris nunu yvelaze rTuli da mZi-
me Tavgadasavlis mqone gmiria. mSobliur alerss moklebuli, angarebiani bico-
las xelqveiT gatarebuli bavSvobidan im saSinel ciliswamebamde, roca mamis
mkvlelad iqna gamocxadebuli. nunus cxovreba Tavidan bolomde didi siZnelee-
biT xasiaTdeba, magram igi mainc mtkice da gautexelia miznisaTvis brZolaSi.
imave dros nunu tragikuli pirovnebacaa. igi keTilSobiluri tragikuli qalis
yvelaze srulyofili saxea axal qarTul literaturaSi.
nunus mZime mdgomareobaze STabeWdileba iqmneba moqmedebaSi misi gamoCenis-
Tanave. mamis Sin ardaxvedris gamo mwvave gancdebi imis mauwyebelia, rom nunus
misTvis raRac unda eTxova, misgan raRac mxardaWeras saWiroebda. glaxas naadre-
vad wasvlis gamo qaliSvilma saubari ver moaxerxa da, bunebrivia, igi esoden saso-
warkveTili moCans. nunum ukve icis, rom iagoze gaTxovebis nebas ar aZleven da igu-
lisxmeba, mamis daxmareba amisaTvis esaWiroeboda. biZa da bicola sxvaze gaTxove-
bas upireben nunus. qali upirispirdeba biZamiss, maxias da gadawyvetili aqvs mis-
Txovdes mxolod iago gogobaiZes, romelic mas uyvars. es ukve dasawyisia im rTuli
winaaRmdegobebisa, romelic nawarmoebs bolomde gasdevs. mesame Tavidan, rodesac
moqmedebaSi gamoCndeba girgola, situacia kidev ufro iZabeba, xolo mexuTe TavSi,
nunusa da iagos saubarSi, romanis ZiriTadi kvanZi sabolood inaskveba.
qal-vaJi mtkiced SeTanxmdnen, rom siZneleebis winaSe ukan ar daixion, SeuR-
ldnen da ojaxi Seqmnan. am gadawyvetilebiT isini erTmaneTs daSordnen.
swored am gadawyvetileba-ficis Sesrulebis survili amoqmedebs nunus Ta-
visi cxovrebis vrcelsa da Znel gzaze, romelsac nawarmoebidan vecnobiT.
girgolam ciliswamebiT daapatimrebina udanaSaulo iago, xolo angarebiani
da gautaneli maxias xelSewyobiT nunu gaitaca. ìmave saRamos, imis miuxedavad,
rom nunu xmamaRla uars ambobda Tavis gaTxovebazed, ibrZoda da ara dgeboda,
sofel x. saydarSi Rvdelma nunu da ninia Zalad SeauRla im uRliT, romlidga-
nac daSoreba xalxis xelSi aRar iyo~.1
aqedan iwyeba nunus tanjva-wameba, romelic nawarmoebis ukanasknel striqonebSi
mTavrdeba. jvrisweris dRidan moyolebuli, nunus Tavgadasavali WeSmaritad mZime
STabeWdilebas axdens mkiTxvelze. sakmarisia gavixsenoT nunus wameba arSis cixeSi,
sadac gatacebis pirvel dReebSi girgolas hyavs gadamaluli, an kidev is epizodi,
rodesac mraval satanjvels gamovlili qali xelebgakruli, mSieri da mwyurvali
imave girgolas saxlSi hyavs gamomwyvdeuli.
1
a l . y a z b e g i , `mamis mkvleli~, nawili I, Tavi XI.
274
nunus cxovrebis am periodSi mxolod oriode dRea, rodesac igi iagosTan
erTad aris, bednieri. aseTia Sexvedra daTvias tyeSi, rodesac iago nunus auci-
lebeli daRupvisagan ixsnis da isini, sruliad moulodnelad, erTad aRmoCnde-
bian. qalis es bedniereba metismetad xanmoklea da misi saerTo yofa ki mudmivi
tanjviT, wvalebiTa da ubedurebiT xasiaTdeba.
nunus xangrZlivi tanjva-wameba imiT mTavrdeba, rom mas sakuTari mamis mok-
vlas daabraleben da cimbirSi gagzavnas gadauwyveten.
vladikavkazis bazarSi ficris estradaze aRmarTulia aWrelebuli boZi
warweriT `samarcxvino boZi~. gamoCndeba `povoska~, romelzec ukuRma zis qali
patimris tanisamosiT. qals gulze mikruli aqvs ficari, ficarze warweraa `ma-
mis mkvleli!~, romanSi vkiTxulobT:
`jalaTi, pirutyulis da moRimaris saxiT, gverds ujda da eoxunjeboda
qals~.
`povoska~ gaCerda estradas win da qali CamoaTries, radganac siarulis Tavi
aRara hqonda, aiyvanes estradazed da ise miakres boZs, rom zezed mdgoms esmgav-
seboda~.
boZze mikrul nunusTan midis mRvdeli, raTa gacimbirebis win aRsareba aT-
qmevinos. mravaltanjuli qali ukanasknel Zalas moikrebs da ambobs aRsarebas,
romliTac wuTisofels eTxoveba. nunus mier am dros warmoTqmuli sityvebi aR-
sareba ki ara — ficia da saficari ki ori ram misTvis yvelaze uZvirfasesi: Tavi-
si sakuTari namusi da iagos suli.
` — jvari momec, — miuSvira iman xelebi.
`mRvdelma miawoda jvari da nunus raRac cecxliT Tvalebi aenTo; is miswvda
jvars, miikra tuCebzed da sakmaod maRla, Tumca xmis kankaliT, warmosTqva mdu-
Rarebis frqveviT:
`— vficav gulTamxilavs zeciers mamas, vficav am wminda jvarcmas, vficav
Cems namuss, vficav iagos suls, — me damnaSave ara var!~.
aseTi iyo nunus saboloo mimarTva RvTisa da kacTadmi. ukanaskneli dRis
mRelvarebiT mravalgzis wamebuli qalis SesaZleblobac amoiwura da igi boZze-
ve mikruli gardaicvala. mRvdelma miaSvela xeli, raTa jvari Zirs ar dacemu-
liyo. is daacqerda sacodavs wamebuls da mTrTolare xmiT warmosTqva: `ganus-
vene, ufalo, mxevalsa amas Sensa!~ gadaiwera pirjvari da moSorda~.1
nunus, rogorc sakuTari adamianuri Rirsebis dasacavad mebrZol pirovne-
bas, pirveli maxia upirispirdeba. misi mamoZravebeli angarebaa. nunus girgolas
Zmaze gaTxovebiT maxias ojaxs rCeba glaxa gelaSvilis kuTvnili qoneba da sasi-
Zos mier motanili urvadi, romelic, rogorc Cans, sakmarisad Rirebulia.
maxia erTgvari wina kacia, romelsac Semdeg nawarmoebSi Semoyavs diambegis
iasauli girgola.
romanis meore nawilis dasawyisSi girgolas pirovnul Tvisebebze naTqvamia:
is Ronieri, Zlieri, mxarbeWgadgmuli, iyo jiuti da Seupovari. imisi gaqvavebu-
li guli, raki erTxel moiwadinebda rasme, saSualebas aRar daerideboda imis
aRsasruleblad, veRarc xvewna, veRarc mwuxareba, veRarc cremlebi Seayeneb-
dneno.
al. yazbegis romanebis uaryofiTi personaJebidan girgola Tavisi verago-
biT yvelasagan gamoirCeva. moulodneli araa, rom am garewarTan brZolaSi iRu-
pebian cxovrebaSi jer kidev gamoucdeli, sicocxles mowyurebuli axalgazrda
qal-vaJi, nunu da iago.
borotebis grZel gzaze girgolas umTavresad erTi grZnoba amoqmedebs. es
aris daukmayofilebeli wadili SurisZiebisa. nunusagan dawunebulma girgolam
1
a l . y a z b e g i , `mamis mkvleli~, nawili III, Tavi XVI.
275
uari Tqva Temze, xalxze, Tavisianze; xeli aiRo vaJkacur Tavmoyvareobaze da
mucelze xoxviT emsaxureba Tanamdebobis pirebs. samagierod igi mmarTvelobi-
sagan mxardaWeriTa da daxmarebiT sargeblobs nunusa da iagos winaaRmdeg brZo-
laSi.
al. yazbegis dadebiT gmirebs xalxi yovelTvis gverdSi udgas. mkiTxveli si-
amovnebiT ecnoba `mamis mkvlelis~ im adgils, romelSic moTxrobilia kobasa da
TorRas mier ananuris cixidan iagos gamoyvana. aseve kmayofilebis momgvrelia
is suraTi, rodesac jRuna SimSiliT wamebul nunus jer sasmel-saWmels awvdis
da Semdeg Cumad SeaWris Toks, romliTac igi girgolas boZze mikruli hyavs.
xalxis Segnebis, misi pirisa da namusis gamomxatvelni arian koba, TorRa, jRu-
na, vefxvia, Siola, farCo da sxva.
garda erTeuli adamianebisagan daxmarebisa, mwerals TxzulebaSi mocemuli
aqvs mTeli rigi SemTxvevebi, roca iagos mxars uWers da icavs xalxi sazogadod.
am mxriv damaxasiaTebelia sarqal Siolas damokidebuleba girgolasadmi. Sio-
lam, romlis pirovnebaSic qarTveli glexkacis saukeTeso Tvisebebia xorcSes-
xmuli, iagos Sesapyrobad daxmarebaze girgolas mtkice uariT upasuxa. man diam-
begis iasauls èSmakis muSa~ uwoda da Tanac daufaravad uTxra, rom igi iagos
uyurebs rogorc moZmesa da megobars da mas arasodes ar uRalatebs.
girgolam Siolas dapatimreba moindoma. gaimarTa xelCarTuli brZola yaza-
xebsa da mwyemsebs Soris. brZola mwyemsebis gamarjvebiT damTavrda.
Siolasa da mwyemsebis damokidebuleba iagosadmi tipuri gamovlinebaa xal-
xis mxardaWerisa usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli adamianebisadmi. amgvari
mxardaWeriT sargebloben yovelTvis koba, elguja, maTia, moZRvari onofre da
sxva gmirebi.
mefis TviTmpyrobelobis moxeleebisa da gadagvarebuli erTeuli mTiele-
bis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi mkiTxvels bunebrivad eqmneba warmodgena mTiel qar-
TvelTa tradiciul cxovrebaze. mweralma isini daaxasiaTa rogorc mSromeli,
Tavisuflebismoyvare, megobrobaSi gamtani da sakuTari kacuri Rirsebis dam-
cveli adamianebi. isini aseTad moCanan yoveldRiur cxovrebasa da moqmedebaSi.
amis wyalobiTaa, rom mwerali xalxis tradiciuli cxovrebis gadmocemisas
yvelgan da yovelTvis damajerebelia.
mwerali aSkarad gveubneba, rom xalxs dakarguli aqvs yovelgvari ndoba sa-
xelmwifo aparatisadmi. misi yoveli moxelis gamoCena sazogadoebaSi, sofelSi
xalxis SeZrwunebas iwvevs. yoveli maTgani zizRisa da Suris aRmZvrelia qar-
Tvel mTielSi. yazbegis TxzulebebSi mdgomareoba daxatulia ise, rom xalxs
yvela safuZveli aqvs saxelmwifo aparatsa da mis moxeleebs undoblad uyureb-
des. dawesebulebani, romelnic mowodebulni arian xalxs emsaxuron, samarTali
daicvan da cxovrebis normaluri mimdinareoba uzrunvelyon, TviT arian meq-
rTameebis, qurdebisa da avazakebis TavSesafrad gadaqceuli. saTave yovelgvari
borotmoqmedebisa, romelic xalxis normalur cxovrebas arRvevs, swored am
dawesebulebebSia; borotmoqmedebaTa xelSemwyobad, garewrebis mfarvelebad
TviTon mmarTvelebi gamodian.
`mamis mkvlelSi~ gansakuTrebiT iCens Tavs al. yazbegis SemoqmedebisaTvis sa-
zogadod damaxasiaTebeli megobrobis motivi. romanis gmirTa megobroba sruli-
ad bunebrivi, gulwrfeli da uangaroa. isini TavianT megobrobaze ki ar lapara-
koben, aramed uSualod moqmedebaSi moCans maTi Tavdadeba da Tavganwirva urTi-
erTisaTvis.
nawarmoebSi Txroba imgvarad mimdinareobs, rom sakuTari adamianuri Rirse-
bis dasacavad mebrZoli gmirebisaTvis megobrobis gareSe arseboba warmoudge-
nelic iqneboda. SeuZlebelia kobas, TorRas, vefxias, farCos, jRunasa da el-
berdis gareSe warmovidginoT iagos gmiruli, SeupovrobiT aRbeWdili sabrZo-
276
lo gza, romelsac romanidan vicnobT. zedmeti araa gavixsenoT, rom iago kobasa
da jRunas adreve megobrobda, xolo TorRa, vefxia, farCo da elberdi mis mier
uSualod brZolebSi mopovebuli Zmadnaficebi arian.
al. yazbegis nawerebSi araerTgzis gxvdeba ZmadSeficvis SemTxvevebi. gasage-
bia, rom mwerali amgvarad Seficvis gaformebisas xalxur tradicias emyareba.
damaxasiaTebelia iagosa da TorRas ZmadSeficvis epizodi, romelsac koba es-
wreba.
`— TorRau! Sen kobas Zmadnafici hyofilxar, dReis iqiT Cemic Zma iqnebi.
— mterzed moqneuli xmali tarSimc gadutydes Sens moRalates, — upasuxa
TorRam da amoiRo masridan tyvia: — aha, Cemi tyvia.
iagomac Tavis saswrafodan, romelic kobas moetana imisTvis, amoiRo tyvia.
— aha, Cemic.
orivem erTs dros gaiSvires xelebi da, sanam gascvlidnen tyviebs, warmos-
Tqves:
Cemi marjvena Sens marjvenas emsaxuros, Cemi Tvali — Sens Tvals, Cemi muxli
— Sens muxls; moRalates risxvavdes lomisa.
— amin, — wynarad warmosTqves samTav.
iagom da TorRam tyviebi Secvales, moexvivnen erTmaneTs da samjer Caikres
gulSi erTmaneTi~.1
amgvarive ficiT arian dakavSirebuli `mamis mkvlelis~ danarCeni gmirebic.
maTi arsebiTi damaxasiaTebeli niSani is aris, rom isini erTmaneTisaTvis uanga-
rod Tavdadebulni arian.
Zneli araa warmovidginoT, raodeni unda yofiliyo kobasa da TorRas Tav-
ganwirva im wuTebSi, rodesac ananuris cixidan iago gamoyavdaT. SeuZlebelia
gulgrilad wavikiTxoT romanis is nawilebi, romlebSic moTxrobilia jRunas
mier girgolas klanWebidan nunus gamoxsnisa da vladikavkazSi gadayvanis epizo-
debi. rac Seexeba iagosa da misi megobrebis erTobliv saqmianobas, aq ukve maTi
Zala da sazrisianoba SeuZlebelsac SesaZleblad xdis. maTi warmatebebi mowina-
aRmdege ZalebTan brZolaSi xSirad metismetad didia, magram yazbegiseuli
Txrobis wyalobiT yovelTvis sarwmuno da damajerebelia.
`mamis mkvlelis~ ZiriTadi kvanZi nunus gardacvalebiT ixsneba, magram amiT
yvelaferi ar mTavrdeba. nawarmoebis finali, romelic sul ramdenime striqoni-
sagan Sedgeba, erTgvarad gvirgvins adgams iagosa da misi megobrebis sabrZolo
SemarTebas. SemTxveviTi araa, rom nawarmoebSi ukanaskneli vaJkacuri gasrola wi-
lad xvda kobas. man erTi tyviiT diambegi adgilzeve gaaTava, xolo girgola im-
gvarad daWra, rom amazrzeni aRsareba aTqmevina da mainc uziareblad mokla.
`cicia~. al. yazbegis `ciciaSi~ ZiriTadad gadmocemulia erTi moxevis qalis

Tavgadasavali, magram imdenad, ramdenadac ciciasTan erTad moqmedebaSi moCans
mTeli wyeba adamianebisa, mkiTxvels warmodgena eqmneba imdroindel qarTvel mTi-
elTa yofa-cxovrebaze sazogadod.
Txzulebis dasawyisidanve cnobili xdeba ciciasa da beJias urTierTsiyva-
ruli, maTi samzadisi normaluri ojaxis Sesaqmnelad. marTalia, qalis mama, qor-
Ruyo, pirvel xanebSi Tanaxma araa ciciasa da beJias SeuRlebisa, magram iqve
vgrZnobT, rom axalgazrdebi sabolood mainc Tavisas gaitanen.
im dros, rodesac qal-vaJsa da qorRuyos Soris jer kidev Tanxmoba araa; ro-
ca moxuci kvlav maT daSorebas cdilobs, cicias gaitacebs mTaSi saxelganTqmu-
li vaJkaci CeCeni sulTi jaxoti. sulTis gulwrfelad uyvars moxevis qali da
fiqrobs misganac pasuxad aseTsave siyvaruls miiRebs.
1
a l . y a z b e g i , `mamis mkvleli~, nawili II, Tavi IX.
277
sulTi da misi mxleblebi tyeSi uSiSar adgilas dabinavdebian. sulTis mego-
bari murTuza saqmes gaiCens, raTa qal-vaJi martod datovos, Tavisufali saub-
ris saSualeba misces. sulTi cicias Tavis gulisnadebs agebinebs, razedac qali
mtkice uariT upasuxebs.
qalisagan amgvari pasuxis erTaderTi mizezi is aris, rom mas beJiasTan ukve
colqmrobis piroba aqvs. amitomacaa, rom cicia CeCen vaJkacs ase gadaWriT mi-
marTavs: `Seni tyve var, Zala gaqvs, raic ginda, is miyav, momkal, Tu ginda, — mag-
ram ar Segiyvareb~.
sulTi siyvarulSi iseve uangaro, faqizi da gulsrulia, rogorc elguja,
iago, levani, onise arabuli. igi, yazbegis sxva gmirebis msgavsad, mzad aris Sey-
varebulis sakeTildReod sakuTari sicocxle gawiros.
sulTi jaxoti, romelic mTels mTaSi cnobilia rogorc gmiri vaJkaci, rome-
lic, àTasjer pirzed RimiliT sikvdils win Sehgebebia~, Seyvarebulis winaSe
aRelvebuli, ferwasuli da SeSinebuli dgas. gasagebia, rom sulTis amgvari `da-
uZlurebis~ mizezi aris misive gulwrfeli siyvaruli ciciasadmi. nawarmoebSi
pirdapiraa miTiTebuli, rom sulTis pirovnebiT ciciac moxiblulia, magram `ra
unda eqna?... beJia agondeboda, beJia uyvarda da axalis wyobilebiT jered gaur-
yvnels guls oris erTad siyvaruli ki ver moexerxebina~.
ciciam sulTis srulad uambo sakuTar mdgomareobaze; Soridan gaacno ki-
dec Tavisi saqmro, xolo CeCeni vaJkacisadmi pativiscema imiT gamoxata, rom mas
da-Zmobis winadadeba SesTavaza. sulTisaTvis amgvari winadadebis mosmena me-
tismetad Zneli iyo.
miuxedavad yovelive amisa, sulTi jaxotma cicias winadadeba miiRo. raRa
Tqma unda, vaJkacis amgvari saqcieli misive siyvaruliT aris gapirobebuli.
sulTi Tavis sasicocxlo grZnobas swiravs imisaTvis, raTa cicias gabedniere-
bas xeli ar SeuSalos. swored am gadawyvetilebis gamomxatvelia misi mimarTva
ciciasadmi: `dao, miTxar, saiT wagiyvano?~ amis Semdeg sulTim TviTonve kisrad
ido ciciaze mzrunveloba. misi uSualo xelSewyobiT cicia da beJia kidec SeuR-
ldnen.
sulTi jaxoti ciciasa da beJiasadmi Zmadnaficobis erTguli rCeba bolom-
de, Tumca am qalisadmi siyvaruli gulidan ver amouRia.
STambeWdavia ciciasa da sulTis ganSorebis scena, romelic nawarmoebis oc-
dameeqvse TavSia gadmocemuli. igive scena erTgvari winapirobacaa imisaTvis,
raTa mkiTxvelma bunebrivad miiRos romanis dasasruli, roca igive sulTi ja-
xoti cicias erTaderT mxsnelad mogvevlineba.
al. yazbegis es Txzulebac farTo sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis fonze iSleba.
romanis gmirebi dasaxuli miznisaTvis brZolaSi mTel rig winaaRmdegobebs xvde-
bian. am winaaRmdegobaTa mwerliseuli mxatvruli ganzogadebis wyalobiT mkiTx-
vels warmodgena eZleva saerTod xalxis farTo masebis cxovrebaze, mis yovel-
dRiur Wir-varamze.
cicias gatacebam erTnairad SeaSfoTa rogorc qorRuyo, ise beJia. isini `sa-
erTo ubedurebam~ SeaerTa, magram iseT viTarebaSi gaiyarnen, rom maT moqmede-
bis erTnairi programac ar dausaxavT. saqmro ambis gagebisTanave gamtacebels
gamoudga, xolo mama saxelmwifo dawesebulebisken gaeSura, raTa kanonierebis
gziT daecva Tavisi adamianuri Rirseba.
rogorc viciT, beJiam cicia Cqara ipova. sulTi jaxotma isini SeauRla da
ise gamoistumra. qorRuyo, romelsac ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi gatacebuli
qaliSvilis mdgomareobaze araviTari cnoba ar hqonda, mazris ufrosTan Cavida,
raTa `Tavisi mwuxareba SeeCivla da saWiro Semweoba eTxova~.
aqedan iwyeba qorRuyos tanjva-wameba. simarTlis saZieblad Casul gulub-
ryvilo moxeves saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi mokalaTebuli garewrebi unamu-
278
sod atyueben, qrTamad msxvil-msxvil Tanxebs arTmeven da saqmeSi ki arafers
Svelian.
mazris ufrosma qorRuyo saTxovnelad axlosac ar miikara. ar moisurva, rom
misTvis piradad moesmina. mwerali gveubneba, rom mTaSi bevr mmarTvels Tavisi na-
ziri hyavda da xalxis saqmes aseTi piris saSualebiT awesrigebda.
pirveli oficialuri piri, romelsac qorRuyom Tavis mdgomareobaze Ses-
Civla da daxmareba sTxova, swored aseTi naziria, romlisTvisac xalxs metsaxe-
lad àprakune~ Seurqmevia. mwerali gveubneba, rom àprakune~, warmoSobiT azna-
uri, `mudam sxvaTa kars gdebas da bavSvobidangave usaqmurobas gaeryvna. SimSi-
liT rom momkvdariyo, Cxirs ver gadaabrunebda da, Tu vinme romelsame saqmes
urCevda, is wyeniT Tavis gvariSvilobas moagonebda da daumatebda: `ra vqna aba?!
me rom erTi glexi vyofiliyav yvelafers vikadrebdi, magram aznauriSvili var
da meTakileba, mrcxvenian!..~
gvariSvilobiT gaamayebuli, umaqnisi àprakune~ arc erT muqTa sadils,
lxinsa da qorwils ar gamotovebda.
aseTi moxelis klanWebSi aRmoCnda samarTlis maZiebeli qorRuyo. avtorise-
uli Txrobis wyalobiT mkiTxvelze sruliad damajerebel STabeWdilebas to-
vebs is faqti, rom àprakunem~ Semweobis mTxovneli moxeve jer gaZarcva, misi
ojaxis mTeli sarCo-sabadebeli miiTvisa, xolo sabolood qorRuyo da beJiac
imsxverpla.
àprakunes~ sisxli sisxlTagania romanSi gamoyvanili yvela moxele.
aseve mZarcvelia `wesrigis damcveli~ policia da misi ufrosi. policieleb-
ma sruliad udanaSaulo qorRuyo jer quCaSi, xalxis Tvalwin, daamcires, scemes
da awvales, xolo Semdeg sapatimroSi miyvanil moxeves jibeebidan fulebi amoa-
cales ukanasknel groSamde. `wesrigis damcvelTa~ meufrosemac saqme imiT daag-
virgvina, rom qorRuyos iaraRi, vercxlis qamari, vercxliT moWedili xanjali
da vercxlisave saswrafo TviTonve miiTvisa da kancelariis mdivans ki ubrZana,
rom saqmeSi Caewera: `moxuci quCazed ugrZnoblad ipoves da araviTari iaraRi
zed ar hqonia~.
gaqnili, gaiZvera da mZarcvelia is moxelec, romelTanac saqmis daWera ux-
deba beJias. qorRuyos saZebnelad Zaugs Casulma beJiam, raki moxucis samyofeli
TviTon verafriT ver gaigo, `daiyena Tolmaji~, romelic veqilobasac uwevda da,
radganac beJia kargs msuqan lukmad miaCnda, moxucis Zebnis magier veqili moxevis
Zarcvas da gzidan gadagdebas da saqmeebis awewvas Seudga.
gaiZvera moxelis dapirebidan beJias araferi gamouvida da `fuli ki sakmaod
mieflanga~.
msgavs simaxinjes mTeli saxelmwifo mmarTveloba moucavs da sistemis xasia-
Ti miuRia. am TvalsazrisiT `ciciaSi~ saqmis viTareba imgvaradve warmogvidgeba,
rogorc èlgujasa~ da `mamis mkvlelSi~. arsebuli saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTve-
lobis sistema xalxis masebs normaluri cxovrebis saSualebas ar aZlevs. igi ga-
nukiTxavad awvalebs da amwarebs alalmarTal adamianebs, uxeSad Telavs adgi-
lobriv mkvidrTa yofisaTvis damaxasiaTebel adaT-wesebs. qveyenaSi iseTi mdgo-
mareobaa Seqmnili, rom xalxi, mZime tvirTis qveS moxrili, niadag itanjeba. gaba-
tonebuli saerTo mdgomareobis msxverpls warmoadgenen `cicias~ konkretuli
personaJebic, kerZod, sulTis Zmadnafici CeCeni murTuzac. mas erTi ZiriTadi
funqcia akisria — gza gaukafos Tavis megobar qal-vaJs erTi adgilidan meore
adgilze gadasvlaSi. es ioli saqme ar gaxlavT, radgan saxelmwifo gzebze Caye-
nebuli jariskacebi sisastikiTa da daundoblobiT gamoirCevian, maTTvis sxve-
bis damcireba, wvaleba da wameba — siamovnebaa. murTuza yovelTvis marjved
aRasrulebda masze mindobil saqmes... bolos, murTuza, yazaxebTan brZolisas
gamoCndeba nawarmoebSi da moqmedebidan qreba...
279
dasasrul am romanSi sainteresoa Temuryos saxe. igi moqmedebaSi gamoCenis-
Tanave warmogvidgeba rogorc sruliad arasimpaTiuri pirovneba. Temuryo aseT
STabeWdilebas axdens jer kidev im momentSi, rodesac igi qorRuyos evaWreba,
cdilobs rac SeiZleba didi safasuri gadaaxdevinos imaSi, rom cicias gatace-
bis ambavi mouTxros. es STabeWdileba moqmedebis ganviTarebaSi TandaTan Zli-
erdeba. Temuryos pirovneba mkiTxvelisaTvis gansakuTrebiT sazizRari xdeba
imis Semdeg, roca igi beJias sasikvdilod imetebs, zurgidan dambaCas daaxlis ki-
dec, magram bednieri SemTxvevis wyalobiT moxeve msubuqad daWrili gadarCeba.
Temuryos verag pirovnebas sulTi jaxoti amxels. Temuryo damnaSaved cnes
da igi saxalxod moikveTes. xalxis mier gamotanil ganaCenSi Temuryos pirovne-
bis sruli daxasiaTebaa mocemuli. es daxasiaTeba ki sainteresoa imdenad, ramde-
nadac igi am romanSi erTaderTi uaryofiTi tipia adgilobriv mkvidrTagan ga-
moyvanili.
`— xalxo! — bolos win wamodga erTi moxucTagani: — Temuryo aRmoCnda damna-
Saved... is gamodis mudam mTxrobelad da fulis gulisTvis Tavis moZmed aZlevs
mters xelSi... fulis gulisTvis hgmobs purmarils, kars, saxls... ar daundvia
arc kaci, arc qali, oRondac Tavis gaumaZRari Tvali daakmayofilos... ifaravs
imisTana qurdebs, romelnic Cvens mokeTe mezobel xalxs hqurdaven da, bolos,
CvenTan stumrad mosulis moxevis motyuebiT, RalatiT da diacurad sikvdilic
ki ganizraxa... iyos wyeuli Temuryo! — daiZaxa moxucma da daaJRriala droSa,
romelmac msmenelT tanSi Jruanteli gautara...
— wyeuli iyos! — moisma saerTo xma, romelmac yvelas guli raRaca grZnobiT
aavso, aaTrTola da aacaxcaxa; Temuryos mkvdris feri edo da Zlivs-Ra sunTqav-
da~.1
aseTia am romanSi mxatvrulad ganzogadebuli cxovrebiseuli movlenebi.
` xevisberi goCa~. aleqsandre yazbegis `xevisber goCaSi~ gadmocemulia sa-

qarTvelos erTi kuTxis sazogadoebrivi viTareba meTeqvsmete saukunis miwuru-
lisa da meCvidmete saukunis damdegi wlebisa.
istoriulad aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTiani raionebi Temuri wyobilebi-
dan momdinare wesebiT cxovrobdnen da batonymurma urTierTobam iq fexi ver
moikida. Zlieri feodalebi dainteresebuli iyvnen, rom es raionebi daemorCi-
lebinaT da maTze gabatonebuliyvnen. isini, raki dros ixelTebdnen, Tavs es-
xmodnen dasaxlebul raionebs. gansakuTrebiT cnobilia nugzar da zurab arag-
vis erisTavebis sisxlismRvreli Tavdasxmebi mTis raionebze.
`xevisberi goCa~ erT-erTi brZolis fonze iSleba. nawarmoebSi erT-erTi mo-
qmedi piri, nugzar aragvis erisTavi, istoriulad cnobili pirovnebaa. igi cxov-
robda meTeqvsmete saukunis meore naxevarSi da meCvidmete saukunis damdegs. man
ramdenjerme ilaSqra aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTian raionebze. nugzar eris-
Tavma erT periodSi warmatebasac miaRwia. xevi Tavisi gavlenis qveS moaqcia (XVI
saukunis 90-ian lebSi), magram moxeveTa saboloo damorCileba mainc ver SeZlo.
nugzar da zurab erisTavebze xalxma mTeli rigi leqsebi da Tqmulebebi Se-
moinaxa. am leqsebSi xalxi wyevla-krulviT ixseniebs dampyrobel erisTavebs,
xolo maT winaaRmdeg mebrZol gmirebs didebis SaravandediT mosavs.
aleqsandre yazbegma `xevisber goCaSi~ moxeveTa brZola sakuTari adamianu-
ri Rirsebisa da Tavisuflebis dasacavad nugzar erisTavis pirovnebas daukav-
Sira. maSasadame, romanSi aRweril movlenebs adgili hqonda meTeqvsmete sauku-
nis dasasruls an meCvidmete saukunis damdegs, nugzar erisTavis gardacvale-
bamde.
1
a l . y a z b e g i , `cicia~, Tavi XXIII.
280
samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom avtors Tavisi TxzulebisaTvis
gamoyenebuli aqvs xevSi gavrcelebuli xalxuri Tqmuleba. amis Taobaze TviTon
mweralic gveubneba: ès moTxroba sityviT-sityvamde miambo friad moxucma mo-
xevem Rinja xulelmao~.
1940 da 1948 wlebSi gamoqveynda ori varianti xalxuri Tqmulebisa (`CaZine-
buli~), romelic Tavis droze safuZvlad unda dasdeboda al. yazbegis nawarmo-
ebs. xalxur Tqmulebasa da `xevisber goCas~ Soris erTgvari msgavseba udavod
arsebobs, magram imav dros isini erTimeorisagan didad gansxvavdebian.
xalxuri Tqmulebis arc erT variantSi konkretuli istoriuli epoqa miTi-
Tebuli araa. udavoa, rom onises tragikuli Tavgadasavali dakavSirebulia ro-
meliRac omTan, magram konkretulad romelia es omi, amis Tqma SeuZlebeli xde-
ba. Tqmulebis arc erT variantSi dasaxelebuli araa arc erTi istoriuli pi-
rovneba, rom amis mixedviT iq aRwerili SemTxveva miaxloebiT mainc dagveTari-
Rebina. ase rom, xalxuri Tqmuleba `CaZinebuli~ SesaZlebelia exebodes sruli-
ad sxva epoqas da gacilebiT ufro Zveli iyos, vidre nugzar da zurab erisTave-
bis laSqrobani mTielTa dasapyrobad.
`xevisberi goCa~ kompoziciurad mtkiced Sekruli romania. nawarmoebSi wam-
yvania xevisberi goCas cxovrebis istoria. xevisberi xalxis saukeTeso miswrafe-
baTa gamomxatvelia, goCas piriT xSirad TviTon mwerali laparakobs. am Txzu-
lebaSi ufro metad, vidre sxva romelime nawarmoebSi, gadmocemulia Temuri
wyobilebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSani — `yvela erTisaTvis da erTi yvelasaT-
vis~.
nugzar erisTavis Tavdasxma xevze arsebiTad socialur-klasobrivi xasiaTi-
sa iyo. igi miznad isaxavda, rom es kuTxe Tavis safeodalosTan SeeerTebina da,
amrigad, moxeveebisaTvis batonymobis uReli daedga. xalxma da, uwinares yovli-
sa, xevisberma erisTavis ganzraxva ufro farTo gagebiT miiRo; aSkarad socia-
lur brZolaSi patriotizmis motivic Seitana, dampyroblis muqara TiToeuli
moxevis, mTlianad xevis saerTo Rirsebaze gadaitana da amiT brZolas farTo
xalxuri xasiaTi misca. moxeveebma didi msxverplis fasad moigeries gorozi fe-
odalis Tavdasxma. erisTavis mravalricxovani laSqari moxeveebTan omSi TiT-
qmis mTlianad ganadgurda.
romanSi, garda xalxisa, ramdenime moqmedi piria maRalmxatvrulad warmod-
genili, eseni arian: ZiZia, onise, gugua fiCitauri, magram mTavari gmiri xevisbe-
ri goCaa. xevisberi Txzulebis centraluri figuraa da yvela sxva personaJis
mdgomareoba da saqmeebi saboloo gadawyvetas masTan mimarTebaSi poulobs.
xevisberi pirvelad gamoCndeba nawarmoebis meSvide TavSi, rodesac igi sofel
yanobidan dabrunebul meqorwileebs egebeba sxva moxeveebTan erTad. misi sagange-
bo daxasiaTeba mocemuli araa Txzulebis erT romelime nawilSi. goCas saxe daxa-
tulia uSualod moqmedebaSi. am gziT vecnobiT mas da Cvens mexsierebaSi didxans
rCeba.
goCas pirveli gamoCenisTanave mwerali gvixatavs mis portrets. igi aris warmo-
sadegi moxuci da lazaTiani Sesaxedaobisa. goCas portreti dasrulebuli saxiT mo-
Cans romanis meToTxmete TavSi, rodesac xevisberi xalxs amwyalobebs: `kedelzed
gadmoCnda qudmoxdili kaci, grZelis gaSlilis TeTri TmiT da wveriT. xamis umtve-
ro TeTri perangi, romelzedac ubralo Toki qamrad SemoeWira, raRaca saocnebod
mogaCvenebdaT moxucs. gabrwyinebuli, magram damyarebuli moxucis saxe, zrunviTa
da mWvunvarebiT savse, yvelas guls igebda da misive uneburad imorCilebda~.1
xevisberma nugzar erisTavis winaaRmdeg mTeli xevi fexze daayena. rodesac
vakvirdebiT xevis saerTo moZraobas pirvelsave mowodebaze, vgrZnobT, rom
1
a l . y a z b e g i , `xevisberi goCa~, Tavi XIV.
281
brZen xelmZRvanels Tavisi xalxi adreve mzad hyavs yovelgvari mosalodneli
SemTxvevisaTvis. xalxis gonieri xelmZRvaneli droulad iTvaliswinebs mtris
SesaZleblobas da misi Zalis Semcirebaze zrunavs. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sayu-
radReboa goCas mier mTiulebTan mociqulebis saSualebiT molaparakeba, ris
Sedegadac maT (mTiulebma) moxeveebTan sisxlismRvrel omze xeli aiRes. am gare-
moebam erTgvarad winaswar gansazRvra omis Sedegebi.
al. yazbegis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi did adgils ikavebs patriotizmis mo-
tivi. mSobliuri qveynisa da xalxisaTvis Tavdadeba, pirad miswrafebaTa damor-
Cileba sazogadoebrivi interesebisaTvis misi gmirebis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebas
Seadgens. igive patriotizmis motivi gansakuTrebuli mimzidvelobis Zalas ani-
Webs `xevisber goCas~. es grZnoba yvelaze metad TviTon goCas pirovnebaSia gan-
saxierebuli.
xevisberis saerTo daxasiaTebisaTvis mwerali gveubneba, rom `goCa iyo mSo-
beli mama Tavisi xalxisa~ da iqve, ramdenime striqonis Semdeg, vkiTxulobT: xe-
visberisaTvis `ganuwyvetliv zrunvas, fiqrs, gamocdilebas da gonebriv muSao-
bas ufro umetesis patiosnebis, Wkuis da adamianobis beWedi daesva~.1
xevisberi goCa Tavisi xalxis meTauria rogorc mSvidobian cxovrebaSi, ise
saomar mdgomareobaSi. dampyrobeli erisTavis winaaRmdeg samkvdro-sasicocx-
lo brZolis momentSi goCas pirovneba mkiTxvelis TvalSi kidev ufro maRldeba.
igi jer gorakidan dahyurebs brZolis vels, xolo rodesac gamoCndeba nugzar
erisTavi, romelic moxeveebs umowyalod Cexavs, xevisberi brZolis qarcecxlSi
gadaeSveba. am dros gaismis misi gmiruli mowodeba Tanamemamuleebisadmi: àba,
biWebo!.. momyeviT, visac guli gerCiT!..~ raRa Tqma unda, uTanasworo omis moge-
bis erT-erTi piroba isic iyo, rom moxeveebs am mZime gansacdelis Jams xevisberi
goCa winamZRolobda.
rogorc viciT, xevisberis cxovreba tragikulad mTavrdeba. goCas tragedi-
is wyarod iqceva ZiZiasa da onises sabediswero romani. ZiZiasa da onises siyva-
rulis istoria qal-vaJis pirveli Sexvedridanve iwyeba, xolo marxiliT mgzav-
robis dros maTi romani sabolood formdeba.
ZiZia im dros, rodesac gugua fiCitaurze jvars iwers, oniseze ukve Seyvare-
bulia. miuxedavad amisa, ZiZiasa da guguas SeuRleba sruliad kanonzomieria da
arsebiTad araviTari safuZveli ar arsebobs imisaTvis, rom am qorwinebis naZa-
ladeobaze vilaparakoT.
ZaldatanebiT, qalis uneburad qorwinebis SemTxvevebi al. yazbegis romaneb-
Si mravalgzis gxvdeba. rogorc zemoT ukve iTqva, ZaliT SeauRles nunu girgo-
las maxinj ZmasTan — niniasTan.
aseve ZaliT SeauRles mayvala gela goderZiSvilTan. romanSi vkiTxulobT,
rom mayvalas saqmro ukve amorCeuli hyavda, `momavali tkbilad ealerseboda da
sitkboebis sruli imedi hqonda. magram bedma umuxTla, imedi ar gaumarTla da er-
TbaSad, misave moulodnelad, ymawvilqaloba moukles da sruliad sxva pirzed ga-
aTxoves~.2
ZaldatanebiT gaaTxoves mari porfir gelasianze (`gankicxuli~). `rodesac
saqmro vnaxe, — ambobs mari, — pirveli naxvidganave SemzizRda da vuTxar, rom Ti-
Ton eTqva Cems SerTvazed uari, radganac Cemi naTesaobisa da gansakuTrebiT Ce-
mi dedinacvlis SiSiT me TiTon ver gamebedna. uaris magivrad porfirma miCivla
Cem dedinacvalTan, romelmac daarwmuna, rom siymawviliT momsvlia is laparaki.
me damtuqses, mibrZanes, Camacves da jvari gadamweres~.3
1
a l . y a z b e g i , `xevisberi goCa~, Tavi VIII.
2
a l . y a z b e g i , `moZRvari~, Tavi IV.
3
a l . y a z b e g i , `gankicxuli~, Tavi II.
282
aseTia al. yazbegis romanebSi mocemuli qalis uneburad, ZaldatanebiT
jvrisweris damaxasiaTebeli SemTxvevebi. nunus, mayvalasa da maris qorwinebisa-
gan arsebiTad gansxvavdeba ZiZias SeuRleba guguasTan. maTi SeuRlebis istoria
urTierTgagebiTa da SeTanxmebiT daiwyo. romanSi sruliad garkveviTaa naTqva-
mi, rom ZiZia Tavisi surviliT Txovdeba; rom mas guguaze fiqrSi Rameebi gauTe-
nebia. mwerali pirdapir gveubneba, rom ZiZias `moswonda Tavisi gugua da ara er-
Ti Rame gaeTenebina masTan Cqara SaerTebazed fiqriT, ara erTxel mozmaneboda
misi lomebrivi, vaJkacis saxe~.1
ase emzadeboda ZiZia qorwinebisaTvis da amitomacaa, rom jvrisweris momen-
tSi mas mRvdlis SekiTxvaze araviTari pasuxi ar gaucia, arc Tanxmobisa da arc
uarisa. ZiZias magivrad damswre qalebma upasuxes mRvdels: `hai, hai, ro surs! ra-
iRa kiTxva unda?.. Tu ar sdomoda, aq raRad movidoda?..~ damswreTagan amgvari
gamoxmaureba safuZvels moklebuli araa. ZiZiasa da guguas jvriswerisaTvis
samzadisi rogorc erTis, ise meoris sofelma icoda. arc guguas da arc qorwi-
lis sxva romelime monawiles ar SeeZlo mimxvdariyo im cvlilebas, romelic Zi-
Zias arsebaSi ramdenime saaTis ganmavlobaSi moxda. axla qals guguasTan SeuR-
lebaze uaris Tqma ar SeuZlia, amisaTvis mas araviTari safuZveli ara aqvs da
imave dros onisec ukve uyvars.
ZiZiasa da guguas SeuRleba sruliad normalur pirobebSi xdeba da, maSasa-
dame, igi ar SeiZleba iyos mizezi tragediisa, romelsac nawarmoebidan vicnobT.
am tragediis mizezia ZiZiasa da onises siyvaruli, romelic saqorwilo situaci-
aSi daiwyo, jvrisweris Semdeg ZiZias ojaxuri pirobebi sruliad sasurvelia. mas
pativiscemiT epyroba ojaxis yvela wevri, xolo gugua saxlSi ise ar Semova, rom
cols CurCxela an wiTeli vaSli ar moutanos da gulwrfelad ar moeferos. miu-
xedavad imisa, rom ZiZias garSemo sruliad normaluri atmosferoa Seqmnili, igi
mainc gulCaTxrobili da gauxarelia. qalis yoveli gamoCena moqmedebaSi imis ma-
uwyebelia, rom sabediswero siyvaruli kvlav Seunelebelia.
ZiZias pirovnebasTan uSualod dakavSirebulia onises tragedia. onise, ZiZi-
asagan gansxvavebiT, cdilobs siyvarulis grZnobisagan gaTavisufldes. am miz-
niT igi fSavSi midis stumrad biZebTan. ìq nadirobaSi da mecxvareobaSi apireb-
da dros gatarebas da naRvelis gaqarvebas~, magram es RonisZiebac uSedego aR-
moCnda. iqac ònise oxravda, qSinavda, mosveneba ver pova da daWrils lomsaviT
gamedgrebuli gminviT dadioda mTa-barad~.
onises fSavSi cxovrebis gaTvaliswinebiT mkiTxvelisaTvis aSkara xdeba, rom
sofel yanobSi saqorwilo situaciaSi Casaxuli romani grZeldeba, onises Ronis-
Ziebani satrfos dasaviwyeblad sakuTar adamianur grZnobebze unayofo Zaldata-
neba iyo. samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg ZiZiasa da onises romani kvlav Seuneleb-
lad grZeldeba da isini sabolood urTierTsiyvarulis msxverplni xdebian.
Seyvarebulni erTmaneTs ukanasknelad xvdebian nugzar erisTavis Tavdas-
xmis pirvel Rames, rodesac onise gzaSi jer ZiZiasa da guguas saubars ismens da
Semdeg qmrisagan mitovebul ZiZias TviTmkvlelobisagan ixsnis da ramdenime saa-
Tis ganmavlobaSi masTan erTad aris.
Txzulebis am nawilSi moqmedebis ganviTareba umaRles safexurs aRwevs. aq
yvelaze metad Tavmoyrilia winaaRmdegobani, romliTac ganpirobebulia onises
tragedia. erTi mxriv movaleoba, rom Cabarebuli adgilidan mteri ar Semoepa-
ros, rasac emateba brZeni mamis darigeba da sakuTari fici, xolo meore mxriv —
SeyvarebulTan yofna da alersi. dabolos, mwerali gveubneba, rom èseni am Tav-
daviwyebaSi iyvnen, rodesac erTbaSad gavarda Tofi da Seyvarebulebi fexzed
1
a l . y a z b e g i , `xevisberi goCa~, Tavi III.
283
wamocvivdnen~. axla ukve SeyvarebulTa tragikuli xvedri sabolood gamorkve-
ulia.
onises pirovnebas keTilSobilebiT mosavs misive aRiareba Temis yrilobaze,
sadac igi Tavisi Tavis bralmdeblad gvevlineba. am aRiarebidan icnoba znemaRa-
li adamiani, romelic sakuTari marcxis Semdegac vaJkacobis ideals ar Rala-
tobs.
rogorc nawarmoebidan viciT, Temma onises moqmedeba Seafasa ara rogorc
Ralati, aramed rogorc ymawvilkacobiT gamowveuli Secdoma. amitom iyo, rom
Temma igi ar dasaja, magram xalxisagan Sewynarebuli onise sakuTarma mamam ar
daindo.
onises mokvla goCasaTvis garduvalia imdenad, ramdenadac misi adamianuri
tragedia swored am moqmedebaSi unda gaformdes. xalxi onises saqciels axal-
gazrdul Secdomad Tvlis da patiebas Suamdgomlobs, xolo goCa onises dasjas
moiTxovs.
Temisa da goCas gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba onises saqcielisadmi, amas-
Tanave xevisberis gadawyvetilebis Sesrulebis garduvaloba bunebrivad saWi-
roebs movlenaTa Tavisebur ganviTarebas. amitomacaa, rom aq, Txzulebis am na-
wilSi gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia moqmedebis swrafi tempi. mwerali gveubneba,
rom onises mokvlis momentSi ès moZraoba ise swrafad moxda, ise saCqarod, rom
ubedurebis Seyeneba veRaravin moaswro~.
xevisberisagan sakuTari Svilis mokvlis scena imgvaradaa warmodgenili,
rom goCas moqmedebaSi fiqrisa da gansjis kvali ar Cans. sxva SemTxvevebSi dinji
da mosazrebuli xevisberi, axla, rodesac onises aRiareba moismina, wuTieri
aRelvebis Sedegad, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli wonasworobidan gamodis. mkiTx-
velze sruliad damajerebel STabeWdilebas axdens mwerlis sityvebi, rom oni-
ses aRiarebis dasasruls `zardacemuli moxuci mTlada caxcaxebda da karga
xans gons ver mosuliyo~. mkvlelobis momentSi situaciis daZabulobaze, goCas
gansakuTrebul mRelvarebaze mkiTxvelis STabeWdilebas aZlierebs isic, rom sa-
kuTari gadawyvetilebis sisruleSi moyvanis dros, roca xalxma misi Seyeneba sca-
da, `pirgamexebuli xevisberi cecxlebsa hyrida TvalTagan~.
viTarebis amgvari warmodgeniT xevisberi goCas, rogorc kacuri kacis, ada-
mianuri tragedia kidev ufro damajerebeli moCans.
`xevisberi goCa~ kompoziciurad agebulia ise, rom yoveli wina Txroba Sei-
cavs mizezs ambis Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis. uwyveti kavSiri Txrobisa da Seu-
nelebeli dinamika moqmedebisa nawarmoebs gansakuTrebuli mimzidvelobis Za-
las aniWebs.
ZiZiasa da onises romani saqorwilo situaciaSi pirveli SexvedrisTanave iwye-
ba, xolo marxiliT mgzavrobis dros isini sabolood Seyvarebulni xdebian. na-
warmoebis ZiriTadi kvanZi mexuTe TavSi sabolood inaskveba.
qorwilis damTavrebis Semdeg ZiZiasa da onises yoveli gamoCena moqmedebaSi
imis mauwyebelia, rom maTi romani Seuneleblad grZeldeba. qal-vaJis mZime mo-
mavalze mkiTxvelis winaTgrZnobas aZlierebs xevisberis SiSi erTaderTi Svilis
bedze, romelic Txzulebis merve Tavidan moyolebuli araerTgzis iCens Tavs
moqmedebis ganviTarebaSi.
romanis ZiriTadi winaaRmdegobani Tavmoyrilia ocdameore TavSi. aq ukve
moqmedebis ganviTareba umaRles safexurs aRwevs da kvanZic ixsneba. Tofis sro-
lis xmaze Tavdaviwyebidan gamofxizlebuli qal-vaJis tragikuli xvedri sabo-
lood gamorkveulia.
ocdamesame Tavidan romanis bolo istoria iwyeba. es nawili sakmarisad
vrcelia, magram mkiTxvelis interesi mainc ar neldeba TviT ukanasknel striqo-
284
nebamde. ZiZiasa da onises ukanaskneli Sexvedris Semdeg yuradReba arsebiTad
xevisberisaken ixreba.
mkiTxvelma icis, rom goCas mze da mTvare oniseze amosdis. raRa Tqma unda,
man Svilis saqcieli unda gaigos da Seafasos. es ubralo cnobismoyvareoba ki
ara, sruliad kanonzomieri moTxovnilebaa. nawarmoebSi Txroba Tavidanve imgva-
rad mimdinareobs, rom saqme damTavrebulad CaiTvleba mxolod imis Semdeg, ro-
ca mas gaigebs da Tavis msjavrs dasdebs brZeni xevisberi.
mkiTxvels ainteresebs ZiZias bedic. igi Tofis srolaze gamofxizlebulma
onisem gzaSi miatova da, bunebrivia, misi Semdgomi mdgomareobac gasarkvevia.
dasasrul, nugzar erisTavis winaaRmdeg omi, romlisTvisac xevSi `qudze kaci~
aris gamosuli, mxolod axla iwyeba. onise pirveli Tofis srolam gamoafxizla
da namdvili omi ki amis Semdeg unda moxdes.
aseTia umTavresad sakiTxebi, romelsac `xevisberi goCas~ bolo istoria mo-
icavs. aq sabolood formdeba rogorc ZiZiasa da onises, ise gugua fiCitaurisa
da xevisberi goCas tragedia.
` moZRvari~. aleqsandre yazbegis `moZRvari~ 1885 wels gamoqveynda. amis

Semdeg Cvens beletrists raime RirsSesaniSnavi nawarmoebi aRar Seuqmnia.
romanis ZiriTadi Temaa gudamayris xeobis moZRvris, onofres cxovrebis is-
toria. Seyvarebuli qal-vaJis, mayvalasa da onise arabulis mZime Tavgadasavali,
agreTve, maTTan dapirispirebuli gela goderZiSvilis avi saqmianoba sabolood
Tavs iyris da formdeba onofre moZRvris pirovnebaSi. onofre, rogorc idea-
luri moZRvari, jer mayvalas, xolo Semdeg onise arabulis mimarT mzrunvelo-
biT obieqturad gelas mfarvel saxelmwifoebriv sistemas upirispirdeba da amis
gamo udanaSaulod msjavrdadebuli Soreul gadasaxlebaSi iRupeba.
`moZRvarSi~ mayvalasa da onise arabulis siyvarulis fonze urTierTdapi-
rispirebuli arian, erTi mxriv, xalxi Tavisi tradiciuli cxovrebiT — patiosa-
ni SromiT, maRali adamianuri TvisebebiT, xolo meore mxriv, TviTmpyrobelobis
saxelmwifo aparati Tavisi gulgrili moxeleebiTa da maT erTgulebaSi Sesuli
gadagvarebuli qarTvelebiT.
gela goderZiSvili iseTive undo, znedacemuli da garewaria, rogorc gagi
CofikaSvili da girgola. gelas saxiT mkiTxvelis winaSe dgas namusze xelaRebuli
adamiani, romelic Tavis mezobels ramdenime groSad gahyidis.
gela goderZiSvili, iseve rogorc girgola, Tavisi boroti saqmeebis gan-
xorcielebas imis wyalobiT axerxebs, rom mas mfarvelobs, mxars uWers da exma-
reba TviTmpyrobelobis saxelmwifo aparati. xelisuflebis daxmarebiT gela
goderZiSvili Temis yrilobis mier gaSorebul mayvalas Sin ibrunebs da mas
kvlav sastik tanjva-wamebaSi ayenebs. gelas veragobasTan aris dakavSirebuli
mayvalasa da onise arabulis mZime Tavgadasavali, rac Txzulebis ZiriTad am-
bavs warmoadgens.
mayvalasa da onise arabuls erTmaneTi bavSvobidan uyvardaT. siyvaruls Tan
erTvoda fiqri da imedi imaze, rom isini SeuRldebodnen da normalur ojaxs
Seqmnidnen. magram saqme sruliad sxvagvarad warimarTa: Tavisi neba-survilis
winaaRmdeg, mayvalas jvari gadasweres gela goderZiSvilze. moulodneli araa,
rom mayvalas gaTxovebam onise arabulze mZimed imoqmeda. Tavis mxriv mayvalac
agreTve araa mosvenebul mdgomareobaSi. jer erTi, igi daaSores onise arabuls,
romelic bavSvobidan uyvarda da meorec — igi Cavarda iseTi gadagvarebuli ka-
cis xelSi, rogoricaa gela goderZiSvili. gelas azriT `dedakaci da cxeni er-
Tia — maTraxi ki orivesaTvis gaCenili~!
gadis dro. onise arabuli, romelmac ojaxis Seqmnaze ukve xeli aiRo da Ta-
vis mZime mdgomareobas TiTqos kidec Seurigda, SemTxveviT saqmeze moxvdeba ge-
285
la goderZiSvilis ojaxSi. am Sexvedris dros naTeli xdeba, rom qal-vaJs kvlav
erTmaneTi uyvarT da daSorebiT erTnairad itanjebian. aqedan iwyeba maTi gansa-
kuTrebiT mZime Tavgadasavali.
am Sexvedris Semdeg maTi romani grZeldeba ufro meti ZaliT, vidre aqamde yo-
fila. isini kvlav xvdebian erTmaneTs, magram erTica da meorec grZnobs, rom maTi
mdgomareoba Znelia; rom maT win eRobeba iseTi didi da boroti Zala, rogoric
aris gela goderZiSvilis pirovneba.
mayvala, romelsac onise arabuli Tavze metad uyvars, cdilobs es grZnoba
gulSive Caiklas, oRond Seyvarebuls raime usiamovneba ar Seaxvedros da bedni-
ers xedavdes. man adreve miiRo gadawyvetileba: ìm TaviT am Tavamde ubedurs
gzas vadgavar, Cems saqmeSi biWai raisTvi-Ra gavaba?.. ara, RvTis madlma!.. metad
miyors da iRbals ar davukargav~!
winaswar rom iTqvas, mis irgvliv Seqmnili mdgomareobis gonebis TvaliT
gansja, sifrTxile da windaxeduloba mayvalas erTgvarad ganasxvavebs al. yaz-
begis TxzulebebSi daxatuli sxva qalebisagan.
erTgvari sifrTxile da TavSekaveba onise arabulis moqmedebaSic igrZnoba.
zogjer masac gonebaSi gaurbens azri, rom gelasTan brZola xumroba araa. amas
emateba qalis xvewna-mudara da vaJkaci cdilobs, rom mayvalas saxe gulidan
amoiRos. am mizniT igi mSobliur sofels miatovebs da mwyemsebTan gadaixveweba,
magram saqmes verc es Svelis.
mwerals misTvis Cveuli bunebriobiTa da damajereblobiT aqvs gadmocemu-
li siyvarulis grZnobis SekavebisaTvis brZolaSi vaJkacis nebisyofis gatexa. es
momenti gadmocemulia Txzulebis im nawilSi, sadac erTi mwyemsi fandurze mo-
nadiris daRupvis ambavs amRerebs. mefanduris mier Tqmulma leqsma gansakuTre-
buli gavlena moaxdina oniseze. mas TavdaviwyebiT uyvars mayvala da am momentSi
Tqmulma simReram guli dausera, TiTqos daeWvda kidec; mas mefanduris sityve-
bi gonebidan ar Sordeba, xSirad TavSi gaurbens saSineli eWvi da wamoiZaxebs:
ìqneb qmarsaca Ralatobs da meca~?
mayvalasa da onise arabulis romanis istoriaSi aris mxolod erTi xanmokle
periodi, rodesac `dReebi maTis trfialebisa warmoudgenelis siamovnebiT mi-
dioda~. es iyo im dros, rodesac gela goderZiSvili cxvarSi imyofeboda. es bed-
niereba mxolod ramdenime dRe grZeldeboda da maSin, roca Seyvarebulni sabo-
lood SeTanxmdnen, rom gaparuliyvnen da mSobliuri soflidan moSorebiT da-
ewyoT cxovreba, swored am dros gela Sin dabrunda da maTi Setakebac moxda.
rogorc Txzulebidan viciT, gelas mier daWrili onise arabuli waiyvanes da
mas eqimi miuCines. mayvala am SemTxvevis Semdeg daikarga ise, rom misi ambis
mcodne TemSi aravin iyo, xolo gela goderZiSvili, onises gvareulobisagan sis-
xlis Ziebis SiSiT, soflidan miimala. moulodneli araa, rom am adamianebis saqme-
Si Temi Caeria. Temis yrilobam TiToeuli maTgani cal-calke damnaSaved aRiara
da samive moikveTa: `samTav CaesvaT saTemo samani, samniv Temisagan mowyvetili da
SeCvenebul iqmnen~.
bunebrivia, rom Temisagan mokveTis Semdeg mkiTxvels kidev ufro aintere-
sebs gmirebis bedi, maTi awindeli mdgomareoba. onise arabulisa da gelas Seta-
kebis Semdeg isini mkiTxvelis TvalTagan ikargebian da Temisagan mokveTac maT
dauswreblad xdeba. amis Semdeg nawarmoebis gmirTa mdgomareoba arsebiTad ic-
vleba. amJamad es adamianebi axal, kidev ufro rTul viTarebaSi gamoCndebian,
magram mwerali SesaniSnavad axerxebs maT dakavSirebas winaT moTxrobil ambeb-
Tan da gansxvavebuli situaciebis Tavmoyras erTi wamyvani xazis garSemo.
Temisagan mokveTis Semdeg mkiTxvelis winaSe pirveli mayvala gamoCndeba. es
garemoebac sruliad kanonzomieria da igi `moZRvris~ saerTo kompoziciidan
bunebrivad gamomdinareobs. romanis dasawyisSi (pirveli sami Tavi) mwerali mog-
286
viTxrobs mayvalas cxovrebaze Temisagan mokveTilobis periodSi. qalis mdgoma-
reobas mkiTxveli ecnoba im momentSi, rodesac igi uTvistomod darCenili
klde-RreebSi upatronod cxovrobs da, bolos, sasikvdilod ganwiruls, moZR-
vari onofre Tovlidan amoiyvans da Tavis binaSi Seifarebs.
bunebrivia, mkiTxvels ainteresebs is mizezebi, romelTa gamo qali ase mZime
mdgomareobaSi Cavardnila. romanis IV-XII TavebSi gadmocemulia mayvalasa da oni-
se arabulis siyvarulis istoria, maSasadame, cnobili xdeba is movlenebi, romel-
Tac qalis Temisagan mokveTa da, sabolood, moZRvris TavSesafarSi dabinaveba ga-
napirobes.
mayvala romanis XIII Tavidan onofres binaSi cxovrobs da amdenad mkiTxveli-
saTvis saWiroa icodes, Tu ras warmoadgens misi es TavSesafari da rogori SeiZ-
leba iyos qalis awindeli mdgomareoba. am Tavis dasawyisSi mwerali afarToebs
Cvens warmodgenas onofre moZRvarze, romlis pirovnebas nawilobriv III Tavidan
vicnobT. amJamad onofres idealuri pirovneba mkiTxvelisaTvis ukve imdenad
aris cnobili, rom mas moZRvris qoxSi Temisagan mokveTili mayvalas cxovreba
sruliad SesaZleblad miaCnia.
amjerad mayvalas pirovnebaSi arsebiTi mniSvnelobis gardatexaa momxdari.
axla igi ukve aRar aris is cqriala, kekluci da sicocxliT savse qali, rogora-
dac Cven mas adre vicnobdiT. mkiTxveli igebs, rom imis Semdeg, rac moZRvars Ta-
visi mZime Tavgadasavali gaagebina, mayvalam sicocxle SesaZleblad CaTvala
mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac igi Tavisi sicocxliT qveynisa da xalxisaTvis sar-
geblobis motanas SeZlebda. mwerali gveubneba, rom àm dRidgan, am wuTebidan
(e. i. im momentidan, rodesac moZRvars aRsareba uTxra — a. m.) mayvalam sicocxle
SesaZleblad CasTvala da SesaZleblad dainaxa qveynisaTvis da xalxisaTvis Ta-
vis cxovrebiT sargebloba moetana. male SaeCvia samkurnalo balaxebis cnobas
da moZRvarTan erTad hkrefavda, agrovebda da Sveloda sneulTaTvis wamlebis
momzadebas~.1
mayvala, romelic erT dros sicocxlisa da siyvarulis gansaxiereba iyo, ax-
la sulieri mamis Segirdad qceula da Tavis wuTisofels locva-vedrebaSi aRa-
mebs. mwerlis sityvebi rom gavimeoroT, igi qveynisaTvis didi xania ukve mkvda-
ria, da Tu fizikurad mainc cocxlobs, es mxolod imisaTvis, rom sakuTari saSi-
neli xvedri ufro meti simwvaviT ganicados. qalis namdvilad saSineli mdgoma-
reoba grZeldeba manam, sanam mas zRvars daudebdes onise arabuli, romelic Ta-
visTvis usayvarles adamians sakuTari xeliT klavs.
onises amgvari moqmedebis safuZveli aris misi uzado da uangaro siyvaruli.
ise rogorc al. yazbegis sxva gmirebisaTvis, onise arabulisaTvis damaxasiaTebe-
lia bunebrioba da pirdapiroba Tavisi grZnobis gamoxatvaSi.
onise arabulis moqmedeba bunebrivi da damajerebelia rogorc maSin, rode-
sac qal-vaJi erTnairi gegmiTa da imedebiT moqmedebs, ise im periodSi, rodesac
mayvala `didi xania qveynisaTvis mkvdaria~.
Txzulebis im nawilSi, romelSic Temis yrilobis Semdegdroindeli ambebia
moTxrobili, onise arabuli pirvelad gamoCndeba mayvalas mokvlis Semdeg, ro-
desac mas moZRvari tyeSi SemTxveviT waawydeba (Tavi XVI). mxolod amis Semdeg
irkveva, rom didi xnis ganmavlobaSi onise arabuls sruliad uTvistomod ucx-
ovria. igi imdenad daSorebulia sazogadoebas, rom oficialuri xelisuflebis
dawesebulebaTa saqmeebSi gaformebulia, rogorc ukve gardacvalebuli.
mweralma onise arabulis cxovreba am periodSi onofre moZRvris pirovnebas
daukavSira. onofre misTvis Cveuli mzrunvelobiT miudga am kacs: Wriloba Se-
uxvia, mSobliurad dauyvava da dauwyo gamokiTxva mizezisa, romlis gamoc mTie-
1
a l . y a z b e g i , `moZRvari~, Tavi XIII.
287
li ase mZime mdgomareobaSi Cavardnila. xangrZlivi saubris, STagonebisa da
mzrunveli damokidebulebis Sedegad moZRvarma siyvarulisaTvis wamebuli mo-
xevis gulis mogeba SeZlo. bolos da bolos onisem moZRvars yvelaferi gaagebi-
na da es ukanasknelic misi erTaderTi mesaidumle gaxda.
rogorc nawarmoebidan viciT, oficialurma xelisuflebam, gela goderZiSvi-
lis dabezRebiT, mayvalas mkvlelobaSi brali onofre moZRvars dasdo da mas So-
reul cimbirSi gadasaxleba miusaja. onise arabuli, romelic xevsureTSi cxov-
robs, gaigebs, rom misi mizeziT onofre isjeba. igi grZnobs, rom moZRvarma sai-
dumloeba ar gacsa da sakuTari sicocxle ki gawira. marTalia, saqmis namdvili vi-
Tareba sxva aravin icis, rom axalgazrda moxeves gamoaSkaravebisa eSinodes. moZR-
varsa da onise arabuls Soris arc erTi mowme ar dgas, magram znemaRal vaJkacs
aseTi mowme ar esaWiroeba. amitomac aris, rom im dros, rodesac moZRvris gamox-
snis mizniT Sekrebilia ramdenime Temis saerTo yriloba, onise arabuli iq miva da
mayvalas mkvlelobis namdvil viTarebas gamoamJRavnebs. misi monaTxrobidan er-
Txel kidev moCans namusiani vaJkaci, romelic mzad aris TviTon usastikesi sas-
jeli miiRos, oRond udanaSaulo moZRvari gamoixsnas.
Temma onise arabuls uneblieT Cadenili danaSauli apatia da kvlav sicocx-
lis saSualeba misca, magram vaJkaci Tavis Tavs aseTi Sebralebis Rirsad ar
Tvlis da sikvdils ixvewebs. misTvis cxovrebam ukve azri dakarga. rogorc mwe-
rali gveubneba, `mayvala iyo onisesTvis yvelaferi da, mis sikvdilTan erTad,
ubedurs mTiels aRarafrisTana aRara darCenoda-ra~. marTalia, igi fizikurad
cocxlobs, magram es mxolod tanjva da vai-vaglaxia da ara namdvili cxovreba.
rodesac vakvirdebiT onise arabulis mdgomareobas, vgrZnobT, rom misi cxovre-
bis gagrZeleba SeuZlebelia.
rogorc viciT, Temma onise arabuli ar dasaja. mweralma siyvarulisTvis
tanjuli adamianis mkvlelis rolSi xalxi ar gamoiyvana. marTalia, yrilobam
erTxel mokveTilis xelmeored Temis mTlian organizmTan SeduReba ver dauSva,
magram misi cxovrebaSi darCena mainc SesaZleblad dainaxa.
onise arabuli or cecxls Sua dgas da itanjeba: igi ukve sicocxleze xel-
Caqneulia, sikvdils eZebs da Temi ki mas xelaxla adamianuri cxovrebisaken mou-
wodebs. WeSmaritad Zlieri mxatvruli ferebiT aris Sesrulebuli romanis is
adgili, romelSic mocemulia jer mwerliseuli daxasiaTeba gmiris imdroinde-
li mdgomareobisa da Semdgom TviT onise arabulis gulwrfeli mimarTva Temi-
sadmi. nawarmoebSi vkiTxulobT:
ònise gaJrJolda da sixarulis cremlebi gadmoscvivda: metad Zvirfasi gasa-
goni iyo, yvelas mosxletilis gulisagan gagoneba, rom mas kidev radme afaseben,
kidev raodenadme siyvaruls uCendnen. is daeca muxlis Tavebzed, mTrTolares
xelebiT jmuxas Coxis kalTas daeZebda raTa daelorTxa da madlobis grZnobiT
daeloSna.
àra, xalxo, ara jmuxav! ara, agremc Tqvens Wirs davlev!.. ara var Tqveni wya-
lobis Rirsi... es wyaloba didia, magram Zneli, metad Zneli... ara var Rirsi, arc
im purisa, romelsac momawvdens... vinc lukmas momiSvers, is lukma alali iqnebis
da me ki arami!.. yel veRar CauSvebs!.. jmuxaisi! Senai kvnesame... xalxo, Temo!.. ag-
remc Tqvens Wirs davlev... ar minda, magad ar movsulvar~.1
Txzulebis am nawilis gacnobis Semdeg mkiTxvelis interesi kidev ufro iz-
rdeba mravaltanjuli moxevis momavali xvedrisadmi. kvlav aRiZvris kiTxva: ri-
Ti damTavrdeba onise arabulis xangrZlivi tanjva-wvaleba?.. swored am dros
moqmedebaSi gamoCndeba mkiTxvelisaTvis kargad cnobili, mravalgzis saxelga-
texili gela goderZiSvili.
1
a l . y a z b e g i , `moZRvari~, Tavi XXIII.
288
gela Temis yrilobaze mivida, xalxis wre gaarRvia da pirdapir onisesTan mi-
iWra. man fexiT gaTela Temis neba-survili da xalxis mier Sendobili onise ara-
buli xalxisave Tvalwin gangmira.
ase mTavrdeba mayvalasa da onise arabulis romani. am adamianTa mdgomareo-
ba, maTi tragikuli Tavgadasavali mkiTxvelSi bunebrivad iwvevs zizRsa da un-
doblobas im saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis mimarT, romelSic isini cxovroben.
`gankicxuli~. aleqsandre yazbegis mxatvruli Semoqmedeba umTavresad

soflis cxovrebis fonze iSleba. misive kalams ekuTvnis ramdenime nawarmoebi,
romelSic mwerlisdroindeli qalaqis yofaa gadmocemuli. aseTebia, umTavre-
sad, romani `gankicxuli~, moTxrobebi `faTi~ da `Cinovniki eluriZe~.
al. yazbegis `gankicxulma~ adreve miiqcia farTo sazogadoebriobis yuradReba.
damaxasiaTebelia erTi literaturuli faqti: 1884 wlis gazafxulze, rodesac es
romani ìveriaSi~ gamoqveynda, yazbegs madlobis weriliT mimarTa gamoCenilma qar-
Tvelma mweralma daviT kldiaSvilma.
`gankicxulSi~ moqmedeba TbilisSi viTardeba. gelasianebis ojaxi TbilisSi
cxovrobs. porfir gelasianze naTqvamia, rom igi aris `mdidari mebatone~. por-
firi samsaxuris kacia da imave dros mamulis patronic. moqmedebis ganviTareba-
Si igrZnoba, rom igi gavlenas axdens sakmarisad did moxeleebze, magram misi saq-
mianobis xasiaTze konkretulad miTiTebuli araa. nawarmoebSi moCanan rogorc
samoqalaqo, ise samxedro moxeleebi. romanSi ixsenieba gubernatori, romelzec
mxardaWeris imeds amaod amyareben usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli mari da
levani.
romanis centrSi dgas axalgazrda qali mari (`gankicxuli~). Txzulebis da-
sawyisidanve vigebT, rom mari ZaliT miuTxovebiaT sruliad Seuferebeli kaci-
saTvis. Cvidmet-Tvrameti wlis qals, romelic aris `gansacvifreblis mSvenie-
ris saxisa~, qmrad hyavs ormocdaaT weliwads gadaSorebuli, `Tavgasiebuli da
TmagaburZgnili~ porfir gelasiani.
maris mZime mdgomareoba cxadi xdeba jer kidev imiT, rom igi colia iseTi ka-
cisa, romelTanac saerTo enas ver poulobs. am qalis mwvave adamianuri gancdebi
ufro mkafiod warmogvidgeba mas Semdeg, rodesac Cven Tvalwin gaiSleba misi
ojaxuri yofa.
am dros moqmedebaSi gamoCndeba porfiris da, avi da angarebiani, gauTxovro-
biT gakapasebuli sofio. am aspit qals xelSi hyavs gamoWerili Tavisi uxasiaTo
Zma da masze iseT gavlenas axdens, rom mTeli ojaxis baton-patronad TviTon
qceula. porfirs Tavis ojaxSi yovelgvari ufleba dakarguli aqvs. igi raRac
gansakuTrebuli SiSis grZnobiT emorCileba sofios survilebs.
sofios unda aseTsave morCilebaSi iyolios mari da am miznis misaRwevad aravi-
Tar RonisZiebas ar erideba. rZlisa da mulis brZolaSi aSkarad igrZnoba, rom upira-
tesoba sofios mxarezea. romanis meore Tavis dasawyisSi naTqvamia: `mari iqamdisin
Cums tanjvaSi da mwuxarebaSi iyo, rom kacs guls mouklavda~. sofiom SeZlo, rom ma-
ri, romelic ojaxis kanonieri diasaxlisia, binad erT patara oTaxSi gamoemwyvdia,
xolo porfiris qonebas TviTon dapatroneboda.
im dros, rodesac mari ase mZime viTarebaSia, mas dauaxlovdeba porfiris na-
Tesavi axalgazrda levani. igi nawarmoebSi gamoCenisTanave warmogvidgeba ro-
gorc saqmiani, Wkviani da grZnobieri axalgazrda inteligenti. levanis pirveli
daaxloeba marisTan mxolod da mxolod TanagrZnobis safuZvelze daiwyo. xe-
davda ra marisadmi porfirisa da sofios araadamianur damokidebulebas, levan-
ma gadawyvita daxmarebis xeli gaewodebina, raTa misTvis mdgomareoba Seemsubu-
qebina.
289
yvelasagan damcirebulma marim ipova uangaro megobari, romelTanac gulis
gaxsna SeiZleboda da mas yvelaferi gaagebina Tavis mZime mdgomareobaze. ase da-
iwyo qal-vaJis megobroba da igi TandaTan, sruliad bunebrivad, yovelgvari biwie-
rebis gareSe, siyvarulSi gadaizarda.
marisa da levanis daaxloebis Semdeg qalis mdgomareoba sagrZnoblad Semsu-
buqebulia, magram mainc saerTo situacia imdenad rTulia, Znelad savaraudoa,
rom qalma am siZneleebs Tavi daaRwios.
rogorc nawarmoebidan viciT, sabolood mari da levani iRupebian. isini so-
fios da porfiris veragobis msxverplni xdebian. nawarmoebSi Txroba imgvarad
warmoebs, mkiTxveli bunebrivad grZnobs, rom axalgazrdebis daRupvis mTavari
mizezi imdroindeli saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobis sistemaSia. sofio da por-
firi TavianTi boroti saqmeebis ganxorcielebas saxelmwifo dawesebulebebisa
da maTi moxeleebis SemweobiT axerxeben. amitomac es nawarmoebi mkiTxvelSi bu-
nebrivad aRZravda zizRisa da undoblobis grZnobas mTeli saxelmwifoebrivi
wyobilebisadmi, romelSic sofiosa da porfiris veragobas ase farTo gasaqani
eZleoda.
`gankicxulidan~ gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa marisa da levanis saxeebi. es ax-
algazrdebi axali tipis mebrZoli inteligentebi arian. amgvar adamianTa tipebi
qarTul literaturaSi pirvelad anton furcelaZem Semoiyvana. gasagebia, rom
al. yazbegis levani da mari ufro amaRlebuli da mxatvrulobis TvalsazrisiT
srulyofili tipebi arian, vidre a. furcelaZis TxzulebaTa gmirebi.
mari porfirTan SeuRlebisTanave upirispirdeba gelasianebis ojaxisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel adamianis Rirsebis damamcirebel atmosferos. es brZola pir-
vel xanebSi SedarebiT Cumia da uxmauro, maris TavdacvisaTvis `gaCumebuli
moTmineba aeRo farad~, magram droTa viTarebaSi igi sakuTari adamianuri Rir-
sebis dasacavad TandaTan aqtiuri, Semtevi mebrZoli xdeba.
marisa da levanis damegobrebis Semdeg brZola ukve aSkara xasiaTisa xdeba.
mkiTxvelis Tvalwin yalibdeba ori mowinaaRmdege banaki. erTi mxriv, axalgaz-
rda qal-vaJi, romelic maris adaminur uflebaTa dasacavad ibrZvis, xolo meo-
re mxriv — porfiri da sofio, romelnic araviTar saSualebas ar eridebian imi-
saTvis, rom axalgazrdebis samarTliani pretenziebi uaryon da, maSasadame, mari
usityvo morCilebaSi iyolion.
mowinaaRmdege banakebis xangrZlivi brZola bolosa da bolos erTi arsebi-
Ti sakiTxis garSemo iyris Tavs. axalgazrdebi moiTxoven, rom mari da porfiri
gaiyaron, xolo porfiri da sofio amis winaaRmdegni arian im erTaderTi sabu-
TiT, rom col-qmris gayra gelasianebis ojaxs raRac laqas moscxebs; rom amis
gamo xalxi gelasianebze raRacas ityvis.
mkiTxveli axalgazrdebis mxareze dgeba, radgan igi TviTonac rwmundeba,
rom gelasianebis uwesrigo ojaxSi kulturuli da saTno maris darCena SeuZle-
belia. swored imis gamo, rom marisa da levanis brZola adamianuri RirsebisaT-
vis mxolod TavdacviTi xasiaTisaa, igi mkiTxvelis mudmivi mxardaWeriT sargeb-
lobs.
mowinaaRmdege banakebis brZolaSi mkiTxveli sruliad garkveviT grZnobs,
rom gelasianebi saxelmwifo dawesebulebaTa da moxeleebis mxardaWeriT sar-
gebloben. yvelafridan Cans, rom isini dawesebulebebisa da moxeleTa mimxrobas
TavianTi simdidris saSualebiT aRweven. gelasianebisagan gansxvavebiT, levani
da mari mxolod sakuTar Zalebs emyarebian da, amdenad, brZola aSkarad uTanas-
woroa. miuxedavad amisa, axalgazrdebi TavianT samarTlian brZolaSi bolomde
gautexelni rCebian. marTalia, es axalgazrdebi sabolood iRupebian, magram is-
ini boroti Zalebis winaSe arasodes qeds ar ixrian, kvdebian da ki ar tydebian.
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mari da levani mkiTxvelis mexsierebaSi sabolood mkvidrdebian rogorc adamia-
nuri Rirsebis dasacavad mebrZoli gmirebi.
marisa da levanis dapirispireba gelasianebTan Txzulebis pirveli Tavebi-
danve iwyeba. moqmedebis ganviTarebaSi winaaRmdegoba TandaTan Rrmavdeba da aS-
karad brZolis xasiaTs iRebs. maTi brZola umaRles safexurs aRwevs im momen-
tSi, rodesac qmris ojaxidan gaqceul maris policielebi apatimreben da suliT
avadmyofTa TavSesafarSi aTavseben.
romanis ZiriTadi winaaRmdegobani Tavs iyrian mecamete TavSi. levani da ma-
ri mTel Rames saavadmyofos palataSi erTad saubarSi atareben. isini darwmune-
bulni arian, rom kanoni gelasianebs mkacrad dasjis. `Cven gadavwyviteT, — am-
bobs levani, — rom pirdapir gubernatorisaTvis unda Segvetyobina es uweso da
umsgavso saqcieli da vimedovnebdiT — saqme rigianad, Cvenda sasiamovnod gaTav-
deboda~.
axalgazrdebis am imedian varauds mkiTxvelic uerTdeba. igi fiqrobs, rom
sofiosa da porfiris veragobas axla mainc bolo moeReba, magram sinamdvileSi
sruliad sawinaaRmdego xdeba. aqac, moqmedebaSi gamoCndebian policielebi, ro-
melnic levans apatimreben, xolo maris suliT davrdomilTa TavSesafarSi to-
veben.
romanis am nawilSi situacia ukiduresad daZabulia, magram nawarmoebis Zi-
riTadi kvanZi jer kidev ar ixsneba. gelasianebisa da axalgazrdebis brZola, rac
mkiTxvelis yuradRebis centrSia, jer kidev damTavrebuli araa. mecamete TavSi
ambavTa Txroba mkiTxvels safuZvels aZlevs, rom am brZolis kvlav gagrZelebas
moelodes.
Txroba marTlac grZeldeba. momdevno nawilSi mkiTxvelisaTvis ukve cnobi-
li xdeba rogorc dapirispirebul banakTa brZolis Sedegebi, ise TiToeuli moq-
medi piris saboloo xvedri.
romanis es nawili sami Tavisagan Sedgeba (XIV, XV da XVI). Txzulebis am nawil-
Si Txroba imgvarad warmoebs, rom igi moculobis TvalsazrisiT Zalze lakoniu-
ria da imav dros yazbegiseburad STambeWdavi. es Sedegia mxatvruli ostatobisa,
romelic mweralma konkretul SemTxvevaSi gamoiyena. man romanis XIV da XV Tavebi
gaaerTiana, mravalwertilebis mwkrivi gaukeTa da iqve mravlismetyveli SeniS-
vnac daurTo: àm ors Tavs vstovebT, radganac maTi dabeWdva amJamad mouxerxeb-
lad migvaCnia~.
am SeniSvnidan mkiTxvelisaTvis gasagebi xdeba, rom axalgazrdebis Tavgada-
savali levanis dapatimrebis Semdeg imdenad mZime yofila, mwerali mis gamomze-
urebas ver bedavs. raRa Tqma unda, amis mizezi mxolod is SeiZleba iyos, rom ma-
risa da levans TavianT samarTlian brZolaSi mosalodneli mxardaWera ver upo-
viaT, maSasadame, saboloo gamarjvebas gelasianebi zeimoben. sxva varaudisaTvis
mkiTxvels safuZveli ar gaaCnia, radgan nawarmoebis wina TavebSi dapirispire-
bulTa brZola umTavresad swored am niSnis matarebelia.
mwerlis mier gamoyenebuli es mxatvruli xerxi mkiTxvelis interess kidev uf-
ro aZlierebs romanis meTeqvsmete, damamTavrebeli Tavisadmi. aq pirveli gamoC-
ndeba levani. am Tavis dasawyisidanve vigebT, rom ukve aTi weli gasula mas Semdeg,
rac Seyvarebuli qal-vaJi TbilisSi, suliT davrdomilTa saavadmyofoSi policie-
lebma daaSores. amjerad levani Tavis mSobliur sofelSia.
romanis damamTavrebeli Tavic levanis sityvebiT iwyeba: `srulma aTma weli-
wadma ganvlo, rac vebrZodi Cems grZnobas, sruli aTi weliwadi guli miduRda
maTis gadaxdis surviliT, romelTac arc Cemi ymawvilkacoba Seibrales, arc sa-
marTliani moTxovna miiRes mxedvelobaSi!.. gadalaxes yovelisferi, fexqveS
gasrises, mxolod imisTvis, rom ar viyav Zlieri da gamocdili, cxovrebis gar-
291
yvnilebas ar SevCveodi. yovelis RonisZiebiT ecadnen — SemzizReboda kacobri-
obac da misi debulebac da SemZulda kidec~.
mkiTxvelisaTvis ukve gasagebi xdeba rogorc gamotovebuli Tavebis Sinaarsi,
ise levanis awindeli mdgomareoba. ramdenime striqonis Semdeg moqmedebaSi gamoC-
ndeba mari, romelic aqve, mkiTxvelis Tvalwin iRupeba kidec.
romanis ukanaskneli striqonebidan mkiTxveli imasac igebs, rom ormocdaxu-
Tis wlis sofiom gaTxovebiT guli daimSvida da porfiruSka ki viRac gamoc-
dils qvrivs Cauvarda xelSi, romelic sakmaod mecadineobda misi simdidre mar-
dad gaeflanga.
mari da levani mkiTxvelis mexsierebaSi mkvidrdebian rogorc usamarTlobis wi-
naaRmdeg adamianuri Rirsebis dasacavad mebrZoli gmirebi. aseTia nawarmoebis saer-
To suliskveTeba. ukanasknel TavSic ki, rodesac levani cxovrebaze sabolood xel-
Caqneulia da sikvdils natrobs, am drosac xalxze mzrunvelobs: soflidan sofelSi
dadis, avadmyofebs mkurnalobs, moxeleTagan Seviwroebul glexebs rCeva-darige-
bebs aZlevs da saCivris qaRaldebs uwers.
`gankicxulSi~ naCvenebia mwerlisdroindeli Tbilisis cxovrebis rigi dama-
xasiaTebeli mxareebi. moqmedebaSi moCanan saxelmwifo dawesebulebani, didi da
patara moxeleebi, samxedro msaxurni da policielebi. romanSi araa masobrivi
scenebi, Txroba imgvarad mimdinareobs, moqmedebaSi xalxi ar Cans, rom amis mi-
xedviT cxovrebis saerTo pirobebze gvelaparakna.
qalaquri cxovrebaa naCvenebi, agreTve, al. yazbegis moTxrobebSi `faTi~ da `Ci-
novniki eluriZe~. am nawarmoebebSi ukve igrZnoba qalaqis yofis saerTo majiscema,
aq Canan adamianebi, erTi mxriv, gancxromis Svilni, bednierni da uzrunvelni, xolo
meore mxriv — cxovrebis mier gaTelili, lukmapuris saSovnelad xelgawvdili Ra-
ribebi. garda amisa, qalaquri yofis suraTebi gvxvdeba agreTve mis daumTavrebel
moTxrobebsa da dramatul TxzulebebSi.
al. yazbegis dramaturgia
aleqsandre yazbegis SemoqmedebiT memkvidreobaSi mniSvnelovan adgils iWers

dramaturgia. misi piesebi XIX saukunis oTxmociani wlebis qarTul TeatrSi warmate-
biT idgmeboda, xolo zogierTi maTgani dRemde inarCunebs cxovelmyofelobasa da
mimzidvelobis Zalas. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania àrsena~ da `wameba qeTevan de-
doflisa~.
drama àrsenas~ Temad aRebulia batonymobis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli glexis,
cnobili saxalxo gmiris — arsena oZelaSvilis Tavgadasavali. arsena oZelaSvi-
li mecxramete saukunis pirvel naxevarSi cxovrobda. igi yma iyo, romelic ba-
tonis veragobam aiZula yaCaRad gavardniliyo. misi, rogorc batonymobis wina-
aRmdeg mebrZoli glexis, saxeli sayovelTaod popularuli gaxda. arsenas gmi-
robaze xalxuri leqsebi iqmneboda jer kidev saukunis pirvelsave naxevarSi, xo-
lo meore naxevris damdegs sabolood Camoyalibda cnobili àrsenas leqsi~.
al. yazbegis àrsena~ mkiTxvelis mexsierebaSi xSirad aRadgens xalxur àr-
senas leqss~, magram misi TxzulebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia rTuli situaciebi
da mTavari gmiris mkafiod gamoxatuli dramatizmi.
TxzulebaSi dasawyisidanve gamoCndeba batonymuri urTierTobiT Seviwroebuli
axalgazrda glexi arsena. fardis axdisTanave gaismis misi mamxilebeli sityvebi ba-
tonis veragobaze: `batonebs rom didi xarji undebodesT, Cveni ra gadasaxadia?.. im-
dens raTa xarjaven, rac ar SeuZlianT~.
Cqara isic cnobili xdeba, rom arsena colis SerTvas apirebs, magram batoni-
sagan saWiro nebarTva ver miuRia. erT SemTxvevaSi, ioramTan saubarSi, arsena
292
pirdapir ambobs, rom mas amgvar SemTxvevaSi, saWiro yovelgvari movaleoba mox-
dili aqvs, magram batoni mainc jvrisweris nebas ar aZlevs. saqmes isic aZnelebs,
rom arsenas sacole TvalSi mosvlia zaqara mouravs. igi arsenas aSkarad emuqre-
ba, rom sacoles waarTmevs.
batonisa da misi mouravis araadamianurma saqcielma patiosani SromisaTvis
ganwyobili arsena kacis mkvlelad aqcia, normaluri cxovrebis kalapotidan
amoagdo da yaCaRobis saxifaTo gzaze daayena.
dramis meore da mesame moqmedebaSi arsenasa da garsevan amayaZes Soris wina-
aRmdegoba umaRles safexurs aRwevs. isini am dros ukve samkvdro-sasicocxlo
brZolaSi arian Cabmulni. erT mxarezea batoni, romelsac icavs mefis xelisuf-
leba, diambegisa da yazaxebis saxiT, xolo meore mxareze dgas arsena, romelic
glexobis saerTo mxardaWeriT aris garemoculi. arsenas ukve sakuTari razmi
hyavs, romelSic mis bedSi myofi glexebi arian gaerTianebulni. arsenasadmi
glexobis saerTo mxardaWeriT mwerlis mier xazgasmulia maTi ideuri erTiano-
ba. mkiTxvels savsebiT bunebrivad gamohyavs daskvna, rom arsena yma glexobis sa-
erTo mZime yofis, misi adamianuri fiqrisa da miswrafebis gamomxatvelia.
mweralma garsevan amayaZis pirovnebaSi SesaniSnavad ganasaxiera uxasiaTo,
gulqva da veragi mebatone. arsena bolos mainc amayaZis mier mosazrebuli geg-
miT iRupeba. amayaZem SeZlo, rom arsenas mkvlelad misive naTlimama petre gamo-
eyvana. petrec, Tavis mxriv, mebatonis msxverplia. amayaZem SeZlo, rom adre gu-
lubryvilo da keTili glexi naTel-mironis moRalated da xalxis sayvareli
gmiris mkvlelis rolSi gamoeyvana.
gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavia arsenas daRupvis scena. axalgazrda col-qma-
ri, arsena da nino, tyeSi erTad arian da erTmaneTis siaxloviT tkbebian. miuxe-
davad yaCaRuri cxovrebisa, isini mainc Tavs bednierad Tvlian. am netarebis wu-
TebSi qal-vaJs zurgidan epareba moRalate naTlimama, romelsac xelSi dambaCa
uWiravs. igi aRelvebuli ucqeris Tavis samsxverplos, iaraRsac umiznebs, mag-
ram jer kidev ver imetebs, meryeobs da, amrigad, is TviTonac erTgvarad itanje-
ba. am dros kvlav gamoCndeba veragi amayaZe. igi usityvod emuqreba sulgayidul
mouravs da es ukanasknelic arsenas ukve klavs. srolis xmaze SemTxvevis adgi-
las modian moxuci Tavadi iorami Tavisi glexebiT, garsevan amayaZe diambegiTa
da yazaxebiT. momakvdav arsenas dakonebuli nino gulsaklavad qviTinebs, xolo
megobris moRalate petre `gaSterebuli da gafiTrebuli~ dgas. moxuci iorami-
sa da glexebis zizRi arsenas mkvlelisadmi petres warmogvidgens rogorc iseT
adamians, romelic mkacri da Tanamimdevruli egoizmis msxverpli gamxdara.
arsenas saxe, rogorc batonymobis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli gmirisa, cxovrebis
amgvari dasasruliT kidev ufro mimzidveli da damajerebeli moCans. saxelovan-
ma mweralma arsenas cxovrebis istoriaSi moxdenilad Caaqsova socialuri usa-
marTlobis winaaRmdeg brZolis motivi, rac misi mxatvruli memkvidreobisaTvis
sazogadod damaxasiaTebelia. dramis mTels manZilze arsena warmogvidgeba ro-
gorc adamianis mier adamianis Cagvris winaaRmdeg mebrZoli gmiri. igi Tavisi Seu-
povari brZoliT da adamianuri keTilSobiluri TvisebebiT sapatio adgils ika-
vebs al. yazbegis saxelovan gmirTa galereaSi.
***
aleqsandre yazbegis dramatuli nawerebidan gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva misi

xuTmoqmedebiani istoriuli drama `wameba qeTevan dedoflisa~. es Txzuleba av-
torma 1883 wlis damdegs daamTavra da imave wels gamoaqveyna kidec Jurnal ìv-
eriaSi~.
293
nawarmoebma gamoqveynebisTanave sazogadoebis mowoneba daimsaxura. maSinve
iyo cdebi, rom igi dadgmuliyo, magram sacenzuro pirobebis gamo XIX saukunis
oTxmocian wlebSi am dramis scenaze warmodgena ar moxerxda. `wameba qeTevan de-
doflisa~ sazogadoebam scenaze mxolod mecxramete saukunis miwuruls naxa.
`wameba qeTevan dedoflisa~ pirveli qarTuli originaluri patriotuli
dramaa, romelic istoriul Temazea gaSlili. dramas safuZvlad udevs konkretu-
li faqti, romelsac adgili hqonda meCvidmete saukunis damdegs.
istoriulad cnobilia, rom 1605 wels sparseTis Sahma saqarTveloSi gamog-
zavna Tavis karze aRzrdili, gamahmadianebuli konstantine batoniSvili. moRa-
late batoniSvils Tan axlda yizilbaSTa laSqari. konstantinem mokla sakuTari
mama kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre, mokla agreTve RviZli Zma giorgi, Tavi kaxeTis me-
fed gamoacxada da qvrivi rZlis qeTevanis colad SerTva ganizraxa. bunebrivia,
rom qarTvelebma gadagvarebuli batoniSvili mefed ar miiRes da mas omi gaumar-
Tes. konstantine batoniSvili Tavisi yizilbaSebiT damarcxda da igi TviTonac
imave omSi moikla.
al. yazbegma Tavis dramaSi am istoriul movlenas SeuerTa qeTevan dedoflis
wamebis faqti, rac 1624 wels moxda. konkretuli istoriuli movlenebis mxatvruli
ganzogadebiT mweralama Seqmna mgznebare patriotuli Txzuleba, romelic mkiTx-
velze gavlenas axdens. nawarmoebSi gamoxatul adamianTa mamuliSviluri saqmeebi
mkiTxvelSi bunebrivad aRZravs samSoblos TavisuflebisaTvis Tavdadebisa da Tav-
ganwirvis keTilSobilur grZnobas.
qeTevan dedoflis pirovnebaSi mwerlis mier xorcSesxmulia qarTveli qalis
maRali moraluri da patriotuli Tvisebebi. igi warmogvidgeba ara rogorc dide-
bis maZiebeli dedofali, aramed rogorc Tavisi qveynisa da xalxisaTvis Tavdade-
buli deda. qeTevani simpaTias imsaxurebs nawarmoebSi pirveli gamoCenisTanave.
mSvidobian mdgomareobaSi, alaverdobaze, dedoflis yovel sityvaSi, yovel moqme-
debaSi igrZnoba misi daucxromeli zrunva xalxis keTildReobaze. misi pirovneba
mkiTxvelis TvalSi kidev ufro maRldeba im dros, rodesac saTno dedofals brZo-
lis velze vxedavT, rogorc xalxis meTaurs.
drama `wameba qeTevan dedoflisa~ dasawyisidanve izidavs da Tavis orbitaSi
aqcevs mkiTxvelsa Tu mayurebels. am nawarmoebis yoveli scena Zlier gavlenas ax-
dens, magram gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavia ukanaskneli moqmedeba, romelSic mamu-
lisaTvis Tavdadebul adamianTa gmiruli saqmeebi dasrulebuli saxiT warmog-
vidgeba.
aqac yuradRebis centrSi dgas qeTevan dedofali. moqmedeba sparseTSi mim-
dinareobs. qeTevani arCevanis winaSe dgas: sarwmunoeba Seicvalos da Sah abasis
colobas daTanxmdes, Tu darCes qristian qarTvelad da amis gamo usastikesi wa-
meba miiRos. qeTevanis pirovnebis STamagonebeli sidiade swored imaSi mdgoma-
reobs, rom igi meores irCevs. qarTveli qalis umaRlesi sispetake, simtkice da
gautexeloba aleqsandre yazbegis dramaSi didi mxatvruli zomierebiTa da da-
majereblobiT aris gadmocemuli. qeTevanis cxovrebaSi mTeli rigi movlenebia,
romelTa gavleniT mosalodneli iyo misi nebisyofis gatexa, magram gulsruli
dedofali bolomde uryevad rCeba Tavis gadawyvetilebaze.
mkiTxvelze STamagonebel gavlenas axdens dedoflis pasuxi im momentSi,
rodesac mas qaixosro da konstantine samSobloSi gamoqcevis winadadebas aZle-
ven. TanamemamuleTagan SeTavazebuli winadadebis sapasuxod qeTevani mtkiced
ambobs: `me ar gaviqcevi, SiSs ar vuCveneb... rodesac mTeli qristianobis Tvali
Cvenken aris moqceuli, rodesac Cvengan moelian magaliTs, me neba ara maqvs, Sev-
drke am sofliur satanjvelis winaSe da veCveno sulmokled... arc veCvenebi~!
qeTevan dedoflis am pasuxs uSualod mosdevs misi wamebis aqti. scenaze moCans
aguzguzebuli koconi, romelzec daCoqili dgas TeTri tansacmliT Semosili qe-
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Tevani. dedofals xelebi gulze dauwyvia da mravlismetyveli Tvalebi zecisaTvis
miupyria. mas ukve cecxli ekideba.
aleqsandre yazbegis dramaSi qeTevanis pirovneba imdenad amaRlebulia, rom
igi marTlac gansakuTrebul STabeWdilebas tovebs. Tu qarTveli mkiTxveli
dramaSi gadmocemul movlenebs SedarebiT mSvidad da uSfoTvelad iRebs, es
imis wyalobiTaa, rom igi qeTevan dedoflis cxovrebas icnobs; man icis, rom is-
toriuli sinamdvile mwerals yvela safuZvels aZlevda, raTa qeTevanis pirov-
neba amgvarad gamoesaxa.
TxzulebaSi, garda qeTevan dedoflisa, samSoblosaTvis Tavdadebisa da
Tavganwirvis SesaniSnav magaliTebs iZlevian gmiri vaJkacebi. amaTgan pirvel
rigSi dasaxelebulia qaixosro omaniSvili.
qaixosro Wabukobidanve qeTevanze Seyvarebuli yofila. igulisxmeba, rom
qeTevanis gaTxovebis Semdeg qaixosro kvlav saTuTad inaxavda dedoflisadmi
uzado Tayvaniscemis grZnobas. igi, axla ukve saxelovani sardali, erTgulad
emsaxureba rogorc mSobliur qveyanas, ise Tavis saTayvanebel dedofals. dama-
xasiaTebelia, rom qaixosro omaniSvili samSoblos gansacdelis Jams Tavis pi-
rad grZnobas vaJkacurad ikavebs da mTels Zalasa da energias saqveyno saqmes an-
domebs.
konstantine batoniSvilis winaaRmdeg saomrad mzadebis momentSi qaixosro
mtkiced dgas samSoblos Rirsebis dasacavad mebrZolTa mowinave rigebSi. igi
sasaxleSi gamarTul pirvelsave TaTbirze STamagoneblad mouwodebs Tanamema-
muleebs: `qarTvels SeuZlian iyos qarTveli da mxolod qarTveli!.. mas SiSi da
Zala ver SeakrTobs, ver acvlevinebs fers... Cven es dagvimtkices CvenTa wina-
parT, maT gagvikvales gza da maTs nakvalevs unda mivyveT... Tu ubedurebam dag-
vZlia, gavwydeT pirze RimiliT, gavwydeT darwmunebulni, rom Cvenis movaleo-
bisaTvis ar gviRalatnia!..~
qaixosros mgznebare mamuliSviluri mowodeba moqmedebis devizad iqceva
TaTbirze damswre qarTveli sardlebisaTvis. am azriT ibrZvis yvela maTgani da
yvelaze pirvelad TviTon qaixosro omaniSvili.
qaixosro samSoblo qveynis gadasarCenad brZolaSi mowinave poziciebze mo-
Cans mudam da yvela SemTxvevaSi. amasTanave, yovelTvis igrZnoba misi amaRlebu-
li, kdemamosili damokidebuleba satrfo dedoflisadmi. qaixosro qeTevanTan
aris sicocxlis ukanasknel wuTebSic. im dros, rodesac dedofali ukve wamebis
koconzea, mis gverdiT cal muxlze daCoqili qaixosro dgas. mgrZnobiare vaJka-
ci, romelic qeTevanisadmi uzado siyvaruls Wabukobidanve guliT atarebda, ax-
lac masTanaa da masTan erTad Sahis brZanebiT danTebul koconze iwvis.
samSoblosaTvis Tavdadebas, sasaxelo gmirobasa da vaJkacobas amJRavneben,
agreTve, dramaSi gamoyvanili Sermazan ColoyaSvili, gorjasp arabuli da sxve-
bi.
dasasrul, saWiroa isic iTqvas, rom TxzulebaSi gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia
xalxis roli am TavdacviT omSi. dramaSi swored glexoba moCans, rogorc umTav-
resi Zala, romelmac am sabediswero momentSi qveyana gansacdelisagan ixsna.
***
aleqsandre yazbegis TxzulebaTa ena ZiriTadad mwerlis epoqis literatu-

rul qarTuls emyareba. aRsaniSnavia mxolod is, rom mis TxzulebebSi zogjer
Tavs iCens marTlweris normaTa darRvevis iseTi SemTxvevebi, rogoric mwerli-
sagan moulodnelad SeiZleba gveCvenos. am garemoebaze jer kidev mwerlis Tana-
medroveebi miuTiTebdnen. grigol orbelianma al. yazbegis ena aRiara rogorc
295
`mSvenieri qarTuli~ da mas mxolod marTlweris wesebis calkeul darRvevebze
miuTiTa.
aleqsandre yazbegis moTxrobebsa da romanebSi sagrZnobia dialeqtizmebi. mis
TxzulebebSi ZiriTadad moxeuri kiloa gabatonebuli, magram rodesac moqmedeba-
Si gamoCndebian sxva kuTxis adamianebic (mTiulebi, gudamayrelebi, xevsurebi), maT
saubarSi Tavs iCens konkretuli kuTxis dialeqtisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tavise-
burebani.
aleqsandre yazbegis nawerebSi dialeqtizmebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi ZiriTa-
dad personaJTa metyvelebaSi gvxvdeba, xolo TviTon mwerali am mxriv Tavisufa-
lia. aqve isic unda iTqvas, rom dialeqturi sityvebisa da gamoTqmebis xmareba Cveni
beletristis TxzulebaTa saerTo mimzidvelobas sruliadac ar amcirebs. misi yve-
la nawarmoebi Tavidan bolomde Seunelebeli interesiT ikiTxeba.
296
vaJa-fSavela
(1861-1915)
biografiuli cnobebi. axla duSeTisa da TianeTis raionebSi Sedis is Zvel-

Taganve cnobili kuTxe, romelsac fSavi ewodeba. xevsureTTan da TuSeTTan er-
Tad, fSavi Tavidanve iqcevda yuradRebas rogorc Tavisi diadi da, amasTanave,
pirquSi bunebiT, ise mosaxleobis eTnografiuli TaviseburebebiT. fSavlebs,
iseve rogorc xevsurebsa da TuSebs, Zalian xSirad uxdebodaT TavdacviTi
brZola sxvadasxva moTareSe tomTan; isini TavgamodebiT icavdnen mtrisagan Ta-
vianT miwa-wyals, ojaxsa da saqonels. am brZolebma mravalferovani gamoxatu-
leba pova maT xalxur SemoqmedebaSi.
fSav-xevsurul poeziaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia legendebs im zRap-
rulsa da saocar Zalebze, romlebic, ganmtkicebuli crurwmenis Tanaxmad,
mterze gamarjvebas uzrunvelyofdnen. am poeziaSi daxasiaTebulia ama Tu im
vaJkacis gmiroba da, bunebis suraTebTan erTad, gadmocemulia mravali legen-
daruli SemTxveva maTi piradi cxovrebidan.
swored fSavis amnair bunebasa da zRaprul-legendarul garemocvaSi, pata-
ra sofel CargalSi, 1861 wlis 14 (26) ivliss daibada luka razikaSvili, romel-
mac Tavis poetur fsevdonimad `vaJa-fSavela~ airCia.
vaJas deda barbale (gulqani) fxikleSvili, — sofel sxlovanidan, gamoirCe-
oda Tavisi mgrZnobiarobiT, keTili guliT da xalxuri poeziis siyvaruliT.
vaJas mama pavle razikaSvili mRvdeli iyo da sazogadod wignier kacad iT-
vleboda. amasTanave is kargi meurne iyo da gonieradac uZRveboda Tavis wvril-
Svilian ojaxs. mas 6 Svili hyavda: giorgi, marTa, luka (vaJa-fSavela), niko (baCa-
na), Tedo da aleqsandre.
vaJa-fSavelas biografiidan gansakuTrebiT Semdegi momentebia sagulisxmo:
8 wlis vaJa Telavis sasuliero saswavlebelSi miabares. iq man 6 weli dahyo, Sem-
deg Tbilisis orklasian samoqalaqo saswavlebelSi gadmoiyvanes, xolo ori
wlis Semdeg is Cairicxa goris sasuliero seminariaSi, sadac amzadebdnen maswav-
leblebs soflis saxalxo skolebisaTvis.
1882 wels vaJam daamTavra es seminaria da is daniSnes maswavleblad amtnisxe-
vis skolaSi, sofel tolaTsofelSi. cota xanSi vaJas am skolis datoveba moux-
da da man ganizraxa umaRlesi ganaTlebis miReba. am mizniT is 1883 wels peter-
burgs gaemgzavra, sadac misi ufrosi Zma giorgi swavlobda da Cairicxa kidec
iuridiul fakultetze, magram usaxsrobis gamo mecadineoba Sewyvita da mom-
devno welsve dabrunda saqarTveloSi.
erTxans is Sinamaswavleblad dadga sof. oTarSenSi amilaxvrianT ojaxSi: as-
wavlida oTar amilaxvris vaJs — giorgis. aq Seuyvarda mas amave ojaxSi gazrdili
ekaterine (keke) nebieriZe, romelic colad SeirTo 1886 wels da masTan erTad
dabrunda sof. CargalSi. imave wels gadavidnen sof. did-ToneTSi, sadac is mas-
wavleblad dainiSna. did-ToneTSi man ori weli dahyo: maswavleblobidan ganTavi-
suflebis Semdeg mxolod ramdenime dRe muSaobda gaz. ìveriis~ redaqciaSi, rad-
gan aseT muSaobas ver Seegua, dabrunda CargalSi da sabolood iq dasaxlda.
1890 wels vaJas dedac gardaecvala da mamac. 1892 wels vaJas marjvena Tvali
dausaxiCrda (cimbiris WiriT daavadebuli saqonlis xorcis Wamisagan). karga
xans mkurnalobda. vaJas ojaxi TandaTan izrdeboda da rodesac 1902 wels sru-
liad moulodnelad gardaicvala misi coli, vaJas xelze oTxi patara bavSvi
darCa.
vaJam 1904 wels SeirTo didebaSvilis qali — nino (Tamari), romelTanac See-
Zina vaJi da didi ojaxis rCena mas ukve mZime tvirTad daawva.
mZime fizikurma, glexkacurma Sromam da daZabulma sazogadoebriv-litera-
turulma moRvaweobam Tavisi kvali daaCnia vaJa-fSavelas janmrTelobas. bolo
xanebSi is Tavs kargad ver grZnobda da drodadro cudadac xdeboda.
1915 wels vaJa TbilisSi samkurnalod Camovida. aq mas qarTuli sityvakazmu-
li sazogadoebis iniciativiT iubile gaumarTes. TandaTanobiT misi janmrTe-
loba ise gauaresda, rom daawvines samxedro lazareTSi, romelic maSin, omiano-
bis gamo, dRevandeli universitetis SenobaSi iyo moTavsebuli. miuxedavad ga-
mocdil eqimTa zrunvisa, avadmyofoba ufro da ufro moekida vaJas. mTeli sa-
qarTvelo adevnebda Tvalyurs misi janmrTelobis mdgomareobas. imdroindeli
presa yoveldRiurad awvdida sazogadoebas cnobas avadmyofobis mimdinareobis
Sesaxeb. 1915 wlis 27 ivliss (9 agvistos) presam auwya qveyanas, rom 54 wlis asakSi
gardaicvala qarTveli sasiqadulo poeti vaJa-fSavela.
ramdenime dRis Semdeg qarTvelma sazogadoebam vaJas cxedari didubis pan-
TeonSi daasaflava, xolo gardacvalebidan 20 wlisTavze, 1935 wels, didi poe-
tis neSti mTawmindis panTeonSi gadaasvenes.
zemogadmocemuli cnobebi vaJas cxovrebis ufro garegnul mxares gvidgens
da maSasadame, is sruliadac ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom erTgvari warmod-
gena mainc SeviqmnaT misi cxovrebis mTavar Sinaarsze, misi sicocxlis mamoZrave-
bel motivebze, sazogadoebriv cxovrebasa da damsaxurebaze.
TviT vaJa-fSavela wers, rom waruSlel STabeWdilebas tovebda masze mamis
naambobi moTxrobebi da sxvadasxva gmiris Tavgadasavali. Telavis sasuliero
saswavlebelSi Sesvlamde, e.i. 8 wlamde, gaecno is `vefxistyaosans~ da mraval
sagmiro ambavs. Tavisi sicocxlis am periods vaJa imdenad did mniSvnelobas ani-
Webs, rom ambobs: `swored es xana daedva saZirkvlad, libod Cems Semoqmedebaso.~
Telavis sasuliero saswavlebelSi yofnam ki, piriqiT, `Cems gulsa da gonebas ve-
raferi Sehmatao,~ — gveubneba is, — radgan bavSvebisagan `laTinuri da berZnuli
frazebis dazepirebas moiTxovdnen da Tan reJimic autanlad mkacri iyoo~.
rogorc Cans, vaJas pirovnebis Camoyalibebasa da gamomJRavnebaSi didi roli
iTamaSa goris saostato seminariaSi yofnam. vaJas imdroindeli amxanagebis da
nacnobebis mogonebebidan viciT, rom igi Zalian bevrs kiTxulobda, werda leq-
sebs, erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli iyo moswavleTa xelnaweri saliteraturo Jurna-
lisa, gaecno xalxosnuri moZraobis TvalsaCino muSakebs da aqtiurad monawile-
obda legalurad Tu aralegalurad gamarTul disputebSi. Semdgom, rodesac
vaJa maswavleblobda, martooden Tavisi uSualo movaleobis SesrulebiT araso-
des kmayofildeboda. amitom xSirad mosdioda konfliqti adgilobriv memamu-
leebTan, mRvdlebTan da mamasaxlisebTan.
vaJa Tavmoyvare da udreki pirovneba iyo. es Cans misi cxovrebis yvela nabi-
jidan da es iyo imis mizezi, rom vaJa saxelmwifo samsaxurs ver egueboda. samagi-
erod is did energias axmarda sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo saqmianobas: iRvwo-
da imisaTvis, rom SiraqSi Caesaxlebina umiwawylo fSavelebi; mieRwiaT fSavis
aragvTan gamomdinare mJave wylis keTilmowyobisaTvis; gamoekvliaT fSavis mi-
damo, iqneb mis wiaRSi raime Zvirfasi madani aRmoeCinaT, rac materialuri arse-
bobis tvirTs Seumsubuqebda adgilobriv mosaxleobas. vaJa-fSavela 1905 wlis
moZraobaSic aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli da policiis sagangebo zedamxedvelobis
qveSac imyofeboda.
298
am dros vaJa sofel CargalSia, mwirniadagian sofelSi. is TviTon xnavs, Te-
savs, mkis, lewavs da wisqvilSiac TviTon fqvavs; saqonels aSenebs, uvlis. igi sa-
naxevrod bnel qoxSi cxovrobs da xandaxan navTis SeZenis Tavic ara aqvs, rom
Wraqi aanTos. xSirad is buxarSi Seyrili fiCxis Suqze wers. araferi aqvs vaJas,
rigiani Coxac ki, rom literaturul saRamoze gamovides da, miuxedavad aseTi
pirobebisa, igi wers Tavis brwyinvale leqsebs, uSesaniSnaves poemebs, warmtac
moTxrobebs, mecnieruli Rirebulebis eTnografiul werilebs da gonebamaxvi-
lur publicistursa da literaturul-kritikul statiebs. vaJas 800-mde didi
da mcire moculobis Txzulebebidan moismis xma da mowodeba didi moqalaqisa,
gulistkivili didi patriotisa, xma samarTliani da, amasTanave, lmobieri vaJka-
cisa, filosofiuri interesebiT ganmsWvaluli pirovnebisa, uaRresad humanuri
da Rrma moazrovne xelovanisa. yvelaferi es vaJas SemoqmedebaSi gansaxierebu-
lia iseTi poeturi ZaliT, rom gancvifrebaSi mohyavda da mohyavs ara marto Ta-
namemamuleni, aramed yvela ucxoeli, vinc ki ramdenadme mainc miuaxlovda mis
TxzulebebSi moqceul azrsa da mxatvruli gansaxierebis vaJaseul gzas.
I. vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi

da mTavari azri
vaJa-fSavelas Sexeduleba literaturasa da xelovnebaze. vaJa-

fSavelas literaturuli mrwamsi 80-90-ian wlebSi yalibdeba; amave xanebSi mom-
wifda literaturul movlenaTa, misi analizis unari. ukve am periodis dasawy-
isSive savsebiT Segnebulad afasebs vaJa xalxuri poeziis nimuSebs da maTi ana-
lizi iseT doneze ahyavs, romelic dRemde ar aris gadalaxuli. es aris namdvili
profesiuli analizis nimuSi, radgan dasabuTeba da mxolod dasabuTeba uZRvis,
axlavs da amarTlebs azrisa Tu STabeWdilebis gadmocemas. aseTia eTnografi-
ul masalaze dayrdnobili, magram azrobrivad amgvar farglebs didad gacile-
buli misi werilebi — `fSavlebi~, `fSavlebis cxovrebidam~, `gmiris ideali fSa-
uri poeziis gamoxatulebiT~, `kopala da iaxsari-devebis mebrZolni~, `fSaveli
dedakacis mdgomareoba da ideali fSauri poeziis gamoxatulebiT~ da mravali
sxva. amave periodSi upretenzio, magram damarwmunebeli toniT ganmartavs vaJa
rig enobrivsa da literaturul problemas. roca xelTa gvaqvs CvenTvis sainte-
reso masala, erT sayuradRebo da zogadi mniSvnelobis daskvnamde mivdivarT —
Tuki vinme axalgazrda poetsa da kritikosze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 80-90-ian
wlebSi Tavisi TvalsazrisiT, movlenaTadmi midgomiT da SemoqmedebiTi ideale-
biT 60-ianeli iyo, pirvel yovlisa, vaJaze iTqmis. vaJa-fSavela moucilebelia im
literaturuli atmosferosgan, romelic Cvens sinamdvileSi iliasa da akakis
gamoCeniT Seiqmna. vaJasa da maT Soris gansxvavebas poeturi individualuroba
qmnis da ara Tvalsazrisi. es asea yovelTvis, roca msoflmxedveloba aerTianebs
nairnairi poeturi individualobiT dajildoebul xelovanT. amitom vgrZnobT
Cven, rom msoflmxedvelobrivad vaJa iliasa da akakis Tanamedrove ufroa, vid-
re momdevno Taobis warmomadgeneli.
zemoTqmuls mowmobs sakiTxebis is wre, romelSiac moqceulia vaJa-fSavela
da gza, romelsac igi am sakiTxebis gasaSuqeblad irCevs.
299
***
vaJa-fSavelas literaturul SexedulebaTa gaTvaliswineba im siZnelesTa-

naa dakavSirebuli, rom mas Tavidanve ar miucia Tavisi mosazrebisaTvis ramde-
nadme mainc Camoyalibebuli saxe.
24 wlis ilia WavWavaZem programuli mniSvnelobis òriode sityva..~ dastam-
ba; daaxloebiT aseTive mniSvnelobisa iyo akaki wereTlis `ramdenime sityva `Can-
guris~ Sesaxeb~, romelic man 25 wlis asakSi gamoaqveyna. vaJa-fSavela ki ukve sa-
xelmoxveWili da savsebiT dasrulebuli poeti iyo, roca literaturuli sa-
kiTxebisadmi sagangebod miZRvnili statiebis weras Seudga: 35 wlisa Sesrulda
is, roca `Pro domo sua~ dawera, xolo am xasiaTis sxva werilebi vaJas sicocxlis
bolo aTeul wlebs miekuTvneba.
adreuli periodis vaJas Sexedulebebi ufro poeturi, leqsiTi Txzulebe-
bis saxiT aris gadmocemuli, rac, cxadia, yovelTvis ar aris Tvalsazrisis gamo-
xatvisaTvis zustad da savsebiT Sesaferisi forma.
amasTanave, Semdegi momenticaa gasaTvaliswinebeli: iliam da akakim paeqro-
biT, SeteviTa da TavdasxmiT daiwyes literaturuli moRvaweoba. am situaciaSi
aucilebeli iyo sakuTari poziciis gaTvalsaCinoeba, misi daxasiaTeba, upirate-
sobis Cveneba da damtkiceba. vaJa-fSavelas winaSe aseTi moTxovna ar idga, is uSu-
alod erTvoda ukve arsebul literaturul garemos — iliasa da akakis praqtika-
Si ukve ganxorcielebul, ukve Seqmnil garemos. amitom adrindelTan Setevaze ga-
dasvliT ar dauwyia vaJas literaturuli moRvaweoba. is im moTxovnilebis winaSe
idga, rom miegno axali poeturi SesaZleblobisaTvis, e. i. mas axleburad unda eT-
qva is, rac sxva saxiT da sxva sityvieri samosiT arsebiTad ukve Tqves vaJas winap-
rebma, qarTuli sityvis gigantebma — iliam da akakim. es ki umZimesi amocanaa xelo-
vanis winaSe mdgar amocanaTa Soris: es aris poeturi individualobis gamocda, ga-
mocda xelovanis niWis originalobisa da SesaZleblobebisa.
zemonaTqvami, rasakvirvelia, ki ar ugulebelyofs, aramed gulisxmobs inte-
ress imis gagebisas, Tu ra da rogor SexedulebaTa rkalSi trialebs vaJa, ra asaz-
rdoebs mis moqalaqeobriv Segnebasa da poetur ganwyobilebebs.
vaJa-fSavelasaTvis ueWveli iyo, rom `yvela poets qveynis saWiroeba aRo-
nebs da awuxebs.~ misi amosavali iyo debuleba — `xelovneba qveynis saWiroebas
Tan misdevs~. vaJas mixedviT, esaa xelovnebis Sinaarsica da mizanic. amocanad
mxolod imis garkveva rCeboda, Tu konkretulad raSi mdgomareobs `qveynis sa-
Wiroeba~ da ra evaleba mwerals, poets, xelovans, anu raSi mdgomareobs litera-
turisa da xelovnebis sazogadoebrivi roli da mniSvneloba.
vaJa-fSavela, roca `qveynis saWiroebaze~ laparakobda, arc maincdamainc ma-
terialur viTarebas gulisxmobda da arc mxolod patriotuli ganzraxviT izR-
udeboda. mis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba miTiTeba mZime ekono-
miur pirobebze, rogorc sulieri amaRlebisaTvis gadaulaxav dabrkolebebze,
rogorc gonebrivi da zneobrivi energiis damSretsa Tu borkilze. xalxosnebi-
sagan vaJas es momenti gamohyofs da ganasxvavebs. mis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi
aramcTu sagangebo, ramdenadme mniSvnelovani adgilic ki ara aqvs daTmobili
msjelobas qveynis materialuri donis amaRlebis sakiTxebze. rogorc Cans, mas
kargad hqonda gaTvaliswinebuli mxatvruli literaturis SesaZleblobaTa
farglebi da sruliadac ar aWarbebda mwerlobis rolis SefasebaSi. literatu-
ras moeTxoveba (da SeuZlia) qveynis sulier `saWiroebaTa~ dakmayofileba; mas
SeuZlia inteleqtualuri da emociuri sferoebis momzadeba imisaTvis, rom ada-
mianma upasuxos am saWiroebas. vaJa-fSavela mravalgzis imeorebs, rom am uzar-
mazari amocanis ganxorcieleba aris mwerlobis sapatio movaleoba.
300
xelovneba, romelic aucileblobiT gulisxmobs ocnebas, sul imis qadageba da
mowodebaa, rom adamiani ar aRmoCndes garemos mona, moerios mas da amaRldes masze.
esaa literaturisa da xelovnebis mTavari azri da daniSnuleba.
vaJas SemoqmedebaSi ver vadasturebT erTi poziciis meoreTi Secvlis niS-
nebs. Cveni mwerali erT mTlian, SeiZleba iTqvas, ganuxrel Tvalsazriss adgas
xelovnebisa da literaturis daniSnulebis sakiTxebSi: xelovneba mowodebulia
upasuxos qveynis saWiroebas da xelovans aseTi pasuxis imedic unda hqondes. sa-
dac es imedi ar arsebobs, iq TviT xelovanic ar arsebobs. umZimesi tvirTia da
umaRlesi amocana, gamoxato saWiroeba qveynisa, magram namdvili xelovani, roca
am amocanis pirispir dgas, Tavs ar grZnobs umweod da brZnulad kiTxulobs:
`ros mohyolia sicocxle mkvdaris mSobelis glovasa!?~ amitom WeSmariti xe-
lovneba optimisturia Tavisi Sinagani arsiT, uimedoba ùsaqmurTa da ukeTur-
Ta saqmeao~ — ambobs vaJa.
es optimizmi, vaJa-fSavela rom gulisxmobs, sinamdvilis analizs eyrdnoba,
sinamdvilisa, romelic xSirad mwarea da dasagmobi. `qveynis av-kargis gacnobas
Turme Tan cremli hxleboda~, — gveubneba vaJa da amiT gviCvenebs, rom sevdis ga-
reSe yofna, sevdis ganucdeloba qarafSutobaa da cerceti optimizmi. `lxinic
xo ar melxineba, zogjer Tu ara vstiria,~ — leqsad wers vaJa-fSavela, e. i. amtki-
cebs, rom imeds maSin aqvs damarwmunebeli Rirebuleba, rodesac moZebnilia mZi-
me dabrkolebaTa gadasasvleli gza.
namdvilad faseuli optimizmis sayrdens vaJa pirovnul gamZleobaSi xedavs.
aseTi gamZleobis magaliTs TviTon iZleva, roca wers: `RmerTo nu damcem iqam-
de, borots Sevekra zaviTa~. sxva leqsSi isev bejiTad imeorebs: `rac unda Wiri
momkerZo, bilwT ar Savekvri zaviTa; mcnebas ver Semacvlevineb mozRvavebulis
aviTa~.
pirovnuli gamZleoba brZolis unars gulisxmobs da vaJas SemoqmedebaSi ga-
ismis mowodeba brZolisaTvis mzadyofnisaken: àr gveSveleba, Tu erTxel sis-
xlad ar iqec, melano!~ — qadagebs is. brZolas momavali saWiroebs da misTvis
warmoebs; warsulis gaxseneba awymosa da momavlis gaukeTesebas emsaxureba.
kiTxvis formaSi aqvs es azri gamoxatuli vaJa-fSavelas: `ros mohyolia sicocx-
le mkvdaris mSobelis glovasa?~ — ambobs is da am SesaniSnavi poeturi striqo-
niT xelaxla gviCvenebs im mkafio mowodebis mniSvnelobas, romelic CvenSi 60-ia-
ni wlebidan ilia WavWavaZisagan momdinareobda (`moviklaT warsul droebze
dardi~ da sxva).
yvelaferi es mowmobs, Tu ramdenad didi socialuri datvirTva aqvs vaJas
Sexedulebas xelovnebasa da literaturaze. magram ufro konkretulad gamom-
JRavnda misi Tvalsazrisi im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac igi sagangebod Seexo mxat-
vruli kritikis Temas, enisa da, kerZod, mwerlis enis problemas da gvamcno Ta-
visi mimarTeba sxvadasxva mwerlis SemoqmedebasTan.
vaJa-fSavelam sruliad naTlad gansazRvra kritikis mTavari daniSnuleba.
literaturuli kritikis erTi amocana isaa, rom fexze daayenos gzasamcdari
mwerali. man unda naTelyos, `Tu ra movlenani gauxdia mas (mwerals) Tavis mwer-
lobis sagnad da ra Rirebulebisaa es movlenani.. ramdenad esmis saWirboroto
kiTxvebi am cxovrebisa da ramdenad Zlierad igrZno maTi mavnebloba da maTi
sargebloba~. kritikosmao, — araerTgzis ambobs vaJa-fSavela, — unda SeZlos
gansxvaveba xalxuri Semoqmedebis nimuSisa da individualuri Semoqmedebis na-
yofisa. es moTxovna mkafiod aqvs dasmuli vaJas `vefxistyaosnis~ Sesaxeb al. xa-
nanaSvilis sapasuxod daweril statiaSi. amazeve laparakobs is ip.varTagavas ga-
sagonad. varTagavam, Tu mas `kargi kritikuli alRo aqvs, Cem dauxmareblad unda
gaigos, raa am nawarmoebSi xalxuri da ra individualuri~, — wers vaJa. sxva Sem-
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TxvevaSi is ambobs, rom kritikoss intuicia unda gaaCndes, is `suniT unda mix-
vdes~ da wvdes nawarmoebis mxatvrul siRrmesa da faqiz mimdinareobas.
vaJa-fSavelam gaxaza saliteraturo kritikis gzis gamkvlevi mniSvneloba.
kritikis upirvelesi movaleobaa mkiTxvelTa orientireba urTules literatu-
rul movlenaTa wyebaSi, Camoyalibeba maTi (mkiTxvelTa) Tvalsazrisisa, gamomuSa-
veba Sefasebis unarisa da maTi esTetikuri gemovnebis daxvewa. es sapatio, saqveyno
da gadaudebeli amocanaa. àxalgazrda niWs, romelsac jer gza ver gaukvlevia,
bnelSi xelebs afaTurebs, tirilze tiris, sicilze icinis, xolo ar icis, ver hxe-
davs tirili mglisaa Tu cxvrisa, sicili keTil adamianebisa Tu avazakTa, xSirad
misdevs modas, brbos, droebis gemovnebas, hRalatobs Tavis niWs, im fesvebs, ro-
melzedac aRmocenda misi niWi da Semoqmedeba, am SemTxvevaSi mas daxmareba kritikam
unda gauwios, daayenos Sesaferis gzazeo~, — ambobs vaJa.
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, vaJasaTvis sruliad miuRebelia winaswar gamomu-
Savebuli azriT misvla mxatvrul TxzulebasTan. nawarmoebis ganmxilvelma is-
torizmis principi unda daicvas, kritikosma nawarmoebs unda ùfro istoriu-
lis TvaliT ucqiroso~. sazogadod, — ambobs vaJa-fSavela da am princips mis-
devs roca wers SesaniSnav mimoxilvas `Zveli da axali fSavlebis poezia~. Seda-
rebiT kerZo sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT vaJa miuTiTebs — p. mirianaSvils gansakuT-
rebuli sifrTxilisa da msjelobis safuZvlianobis aucileblobaze. p. miria-
naSvili ìse sjis niSanSi amoRebul saganze, TiTqos safuZvlianad, mecnierulad
hqondes Seswavlili sakiTxio~, — werda vaJa jer kidev 1888 wels, roca is mxo-
lod 27 wlis Wabuki iyo.
vaJa-fSavelas araerTxel ukisria upretenzio ganmxilveli literaturis kri-
tikosis movaleoba. mas miaCnda, rom advilad mwerlis arc xotba SeiZleba da arc
gakicxva. ip. varTagavas pirdapir SeniSna vaJam, rom erTi leqsiT an moTxrobiT ar
SeiZleba mivceT klasifikacia qveynisaTvis mwerlis mniSvnelobas. am kiTxvaze pa-
suxi unda mogvces `poetis cxovrebam, moRvaweobam, nawerebma~.
kritikosma unda SeZlos imisi garkveva, Tu ra apirobebs mwerlis mier ama Tu
im Temis SerCevas, man unda gaarkvios, Tu risi `bralia, rom zogi poeti sagmiro
movlenaT dahmRers, meore bunebas, mesames Tavis sagnad mdabio xalxis cxovreba
gauxdia da sxva~.
vaJa sruliad garkveviT miuTiTebs formalisturi TvalTaxedvis uniadago-
baze WeSmariti xelovnebis ganxilvisas. maRal xelovnebaSi forma Sinaarss mis-
devs, Sinaarsi iwvevs formas da ara piruku. `windawinve gansazRvra formisa nam-
dvili poetisaTvis yovlad SeuZlebelia. forma unda mohyves TviT nagrZnobs da
naazrevs. namdvilad nagrZnobs sagans da nawarmoebs Tan mohyveba forma. roca ki
mwerali kalams xels mohkidebs da formis winaswar planis Sedgenas, Zaldatane-
bas TviT Seudgeba, nawarmoebis sisustis momaswavebeliao~ — vkiTxulobT 1910
wels daweril vaJas werilSi `niWieri mwerali~. sadac formaa mTavari, iq sustia
Txzuleba. is arafers gvmatebs Cven, — sruliad garkveulad ambobs vaJa.
vaJa-fSavelasaTvis saerTod ucxo iyo lamaz-lamazi sityvebis gamodevneba.
mas araerTxel uaruyvia nawarmoebis viTomda gamSvenierebis cda sagangebod mo-
povebuli sityvebiTa da gamoTqmebiT. xelovnebis uSualoba, rac TviT vaJas Se-
moqmedebiTi bunebis arsebiTi niSania, ver egueboda e. w. poeturi samkaulebis Zie-
bas. aseT samkaulebs TavisTavadi damoukidebeli fasi da Rirebuleba ar gaaCniaT,
isini `samkaulebia~, e. i. maTi daniSnulebaa moemsaxuros nawarmoebis ama Tu im mxa-
res, anu Seasrulos is funqcia, romelic aqvs yovel saSualebas. maSasadame, poe-
turi samkaulebis Semotanis yoveli cda teqnikis — am SemTxvevaSi poeturi teqni-
kis — gaxazvaa. vaJas mxatvruli SemoqmedebisaTvis miuRebeli iyo es funqciona-
lizmi. es cxadad Cans formisa da Sinaarsis Taobaze misi zemogadmocemuli msje-
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lobidanac. amave azrs poeturad gamoxatavda vaJa, roca mweralTa gasagonad am-
bobda: àra mogvca ra lamazis sityvebiT amayobama~.
vaJa-fSavelas literaturuli Tvalsazrisi realobis grZnobas efuZneba.
marTalia, is mravaljer aRniSnavs, rom ocneba SemoqmedebiTi faqtoria, magram
is laparakobs jansaR ocnebaze da iqve azustebs, rasac aseT ocnebaSi gulis-
xmobs: `saRi fantazia iseTs arafers Sehqmnis, sinamdviles ar eTanxmebodes, ar
Seeferebodes~.
vaJa ufro Sorsac midis. varTagavas sapasuxod daweril statiaSi realobidan
dacilebis sawinaaRmdegod igi imasac ki ambobs, rom momavlis daxatvas mxolod ma-
Sin aqvs fasi, roca is arsebuli sinamdvilidan momdinareobs, `Torem maincdamainc
win sirbili da momavali Cvenis cxovrebis suraTis daxatva ar aris saWiro, amisTana
Sromis Sesruleba aravis gvirgvins geniosobisas ar daadgams~.
vaJa-fSavelas literaturuli Sexedulebani, misi kritikuli alRos siRrme
da analizis unari gansakuTrebiT gamomJRavnda im statiebSi, romlebic xalxuri
poeziis nimuSTa ganxilvas mieZRvna. misi statiebi da is folkloristuli SeniS-
vnebi, romlebic CanarTis saxiTaa am statiebSi mocemuli, gviCvenebs, rom mrava-
li sakiTxi Cvens sinamdvileSi pirvelad vaJam dasva, anda maTi axali kuTxiT ga-
Suqeba SeZlo.
magaliTad, vaJa-fSavelam sruliad garkveulad aRniSna, rom `fSaur poezia-
Si SeerTebulia ukiduresi idealizmi ukidures realizmTan~.
vaJas am TqmaSi is azria gatarebuli, rom xalxur poeziaSi erTmaneTTanaa
Serwymuli ideali da cxovrebiseuli sinamdvile; rom xalxuri poezia realis-
turi TvalsazrisiT afasebs ideals da rom xalxur Semoqmedebas Tu Tvali ze-
cisken aqvs mipyrobili, es miwisagan mowyvetas ki ar niSnavs, aramed miswrafebas,
rom zeca adamianTa samyofelTan daaaxloos.
Zveli da axali poeziis Sedarebisas vaJa-fSavelam yuradReba miaqcia erT me-
tad mniSvnelovan garemoebas, es aris gansxvaveba maT motivebSi. axal poeziaSi
Warbobs Tema materialuri dovlaTisa: siRaribisa da simdidrisa; axal poeziaSi
ùmTavresi Zala eris gonebisa mimarTulia cxovrebis ekonomiurs mxareze.~ Zvels
poeziaSi ki ekonomiuri wuxili, Tu SeiZleba ase vTqvaT, ar ismis~, —ambobs vaJa.
`sazogadod Zvels leqsebSi erTaderTi wadili, RaRadisi ismis: vaJkacoba, mama-
coba, guladoba~.
xalxuri poeziis codna safuZvels aZlevs vaJas Tqvas, rom misi mTavari principi
zneobrivi Sinaarsisaa da xalxuri poeziis am principis mniSvnelobas, mis amaRlebul
xasiaTs araerTxel gviCvenebs is, brZolis procesi iqneba es, trfiali, Tu adamianT
urTierTobis sxva SemTxveva.
vaJa-fSavelas sagangebod ar umsjelia poetikis sakiTxebze. am mxriv mas arc
ganuxilavs mxatvruli nimuSebi, magram zogi iseTi SeniSvna da mosazreba gamoT-
qva, romlebic ramdenadme mainc fenen Suqs mis literaturaTmodneobiT inte-
ressa da Tvalsazriss. vaJas interesTa siRrmis maCvenebelia misi dakvirveba:
`Cvens xalxs ar uyvars, sazogadod rom vsTqvaT, leqsad zRaprebi da ver ipovniT
qarTul erovnul zRapars galeqsils~. vaJas am dakvirvebas jer kidev ar upovia
saTanado axsna-Sefaseba, Tumca sruliad ueWvelia misi Teoriuli da kritikul-
istoriuli mniSvneloba.
zemoT ukve aRniSnuli iyo, rom vaJa-fSavela istorizmis princips miiCnevda
yovelgvari literaturuli kvleva-Ziebis safuZvlad. marTalia, mis kritikul
werilebsa da gamonaTqvamebSi maincdamainc ar aris asaxuli konkretuli poli-
tikuri situacia, politikuri yofa, magram igi arasodes ar cildeba saerTo so-
cialur-ekonomikur niadags da mxedvelobidan ar uSvebs mis gadamwyvet mniSvne-
lobas nawarmoebis gasagebad.
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vaJa-fSavelam zogi iseTi sakiTxi ganixila, romelic literaturismcodneo-
bis specialuri interesis sagans Seadgens. aseT sakiTxTa rigs miekuTvneba tipi-
sa da literaturis tendenciurobis sakiTxi.
tipis raobaze msjelobas vaJa imis aRniSvniT iwyebs, rom gansxvavebaa mxat-
vrulsa da aramxatvruls sityvas Soris. aseT gansxvavebas is emociurobis mo-
mentSi xedavs. publicisturi Tqma ise `ver aRelvebs kacis guls da grZnobas~,
rogorc poetur-beletristuli. `poeti suraTebiT gvesaubreba, tipebsa hqmnis,
xSirad idealurs, misabaZavs, iseT tipebs, romlis msgavsnic unda rom iyvnen po-
ets cxovrebaSi, raTa Seavson misgan TvalSi amoRebuli nakli~. poetis erTi um-
Tavresi movaleobaTagania `tipebis xatva, iseTi tipebisa, romelnic uvargisnia,
da meore, romelnic saWiroa cxovrebis gasaukeTeseblad~. tipebi cxovrebas, mis
movlenebs gamoxataven da xazgasasmelia isic, rom `sazogadoebaze nayofieri ze-
moqmedeba aqvs poetisagan Seqmnil tipebs~. `rani varT, ras veltviT, ra Zali da
Rone gvaqvs gulisa da tvinisa. saWiroa vicodeT, unda awonili, Segnebuli gvqon-
des, saiT, raze mivapyroT Cveni Zal-Rone. am SemTxvevaSi xelovneba unda mogveSve-
los~. mwerlobis `did naklad da did codvad~ vaJas is miaCnia, roca àxalgazrdo-
bas sakuTar idealad sayoli tipi ara aqvs mwerlobisagan micemuli~.
vaJas am msjelobidanve Cans, Tu rogori iqneba misi Sexeduleba xelovnebis
tendenciurobis sakiTxze. is aratendenciuri literaturis arsebobis SesaZ-
leblobasac ki kategoriulad uaryofs: `yoveli poeturi nawarmoebi ase Tu ise
tendenciuriao~, — ambobs vaJa. tendencia yoveli mwerlisa Tanabari sicxadiT
araa mocemuli da àmitom advilad erTi eCveneba gamoucdels mkiTxvels ten-
denciad da meore ki ara~. vaJas TvalsazrisiT, savsebiT bunebrivia, rom xelovne-
ba da literatura tendenciuri yofila, aris da iqneba da `poeziisaTvis saTaki-
lo ar aris eris saWiroebas emsaxuros da amisaTvis Seqmnas tipebi realuri da
idealurio~, — askvnis vaJa-fSavela. WeSmariti mwerloba tendenciuria da es sru-
liad ueWvelia imitomac, rom namdvili mwerali Tavisi eris sulsa da guls unda
gamoxatavdes. ase afasebda vaJa-fSavela servantess, Seqspirsa da goeTes, tol-
stois, puSkinsa da turgenevs... is ufro Sorsac wavida da roca tragikulma Tav-
dasxmam ilia WavWavaZis damsaxurebis saboloo Sefaseba moiTxova, vaJam am didi
mwerlis saxeli mTeli eris sinonimad miiCnia. `sofeli vin da erTi kacio~, — gaime-
ora man xalxuri Tqma. vaJam amiT gviCvena, rom ilia mTeli Cveni samSoblos mniS-
vnelobas itevda.
qveynis sakeTildReod moRvaweoba, samSoblos sadidebeli sityva ukvdav-
yofs mwerals, — ai, is Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac afasebs igi yvelas — ra-
fiel erisTavi iqneba is, akaki wereTeli, lev tolstoi Tu sxva. Tavis ers da
mTel kacobriobas sikeTe SeiZleba man moutanos, visac adamianisadmi siyvaruli
amoZravebs. tolstoi didebulia, upirveles yovlisa, imitom, rom `man siyvaru-
li haerad Seqmna~.
literaturasa da xelovnebaze msjelobisas vaJa SemoqmedebiTi gavlenis
problemasac Seexo. es sakiTxi mas ganxiluli aqvs sxvadasxva konteqstSi. kriti-
kosTa interesis dasakmayofileblad is ambobs, rom rafiel erisTavis weris ma-
neram (`saero kilo~) iqonia masze erTgvari wamaxalisebeli gavlena; ilia WavWa-
vaZis `mefe dimitri Tavdadebulmac~ ubiZga `moxucis naTqvamis~ dasawerad, rom
aRaraferi vTqvaT im cxovelmyofeli gavlenis Sesaxeb, rac xalxur Semoqmede-
bas mouxdenia mis poetur TxzulebaTa Seqmnasa da saboloo gaformebaze. amri-
gad, zogierTi mwerlisagan gansxvavebiT, vaJa-fSavela sruliadac ar fiqrobs,
rom mwerlis TavisTavadoba da namdvili originaloba gavlenaTagan mis srul Ta-
visuflebas gulisxmobdes. garkveulad wers is amis Sesaxeb Tavis `Pro domo sua~-Si.
`CvenSio, — ambobs vaJa, — Zalian saTakilod da viTom niWis damamcireblad miaCni-
aT mweralze sxvisi gavlena. me ki es wesier, saR, normalur da aucilebel movle-
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nad micnia. didebuli poetebi, geniosad cnobilni, xSirad uniWo poetebs hbaZav-
dnen win — pirvelad, magram imaT Taviseburebas es arafers uSlida. zemoqmedeba
mweralze aucileblad saWiroa. uamisod mwerali carieli, uSinaarso arseba iqne-
boda, Tu amasTanave igi cocxlad gamomsaxavi ar iyos STabeWdilebaTa...~
rogorc ki SemTxveva amis nebas aZlevs, vaJa-fSavela gvamcnobs Tavis poe-
tur mimarTebas Cveni mwerlobis sxvadasxva warmomadgenelTan. daviT guramiS-
vilTan is Rrma poetur kavSirs grZnobda da amitom uwodebda mas Tavis winamor-
beds, ùZvirfases papas;~ vaJa ar erideboda imas, rom Tavis poetur samyaroSi
moeqcia da TiTqmis saxeucvlelad moewodebina akakis bevri STambeWdavi emoci-
uri da ukve sayovelTaod cnobili striqonebi, advilad SesamCnevi msgavsebiT
imeorebda is ilias Semdegi striqonebis azrs: ..`Cemi Tavis arafrobisa ar Zal-
miZs, Zmano, ver riT gaZleba!~, roca 1904 wels werda, rom Cemi Conguri da Cemi
poeturi swrafva `Cemi sicocxle siClungis, ra vqna, ver SesZlebs ymobasa~.
rogorc vxedavT, roca vaJa-fSavela exeba SemoqmedebiTi gavlenis sakiTx-
ebs, marto advilad dasanaxi msgavsebis faqtebs ki ar arCevs, aramed gavlenis
iseTi formebis arsebobasac gvaniSnebs, romelTa SemCneva advili sruliadac ar
aris, anu sagangebo ganswavlulobas, dakvirvebis unarsa da alRos moiTxovs.
vaJas midgomis aseT siRrmesa da sifarToves mowmobs daviT guramiSvilisad-
mi mimarTebis gamomxatveli leqsi da, agreTve xalxuri Semoqmedebis, SoTa rus-
Tavelis, nikoloz baraTaSvilis, lev tolstois da sxva mwerlebis mniSvnelobis
vaJaseuli daxasiaTeba. vaJa-fSavelam erTi sayuradRebo SeniSvna warumZRvara
ip. varTagavas mier dasmuli sakiTxis ganmartebas. ip.varTagavas ainteresebda
gaego, Tu vaJas cnobil nawarmoebebSi ra ekuTvnis xalxs da ra ekuTvnis TviT va-
Jas, e.i., ip.varTagavas surda mieRo pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu ra mxriv daetyo xalxuri
Semoqmedebis gavlena vaJas iseT poemebs, rogoricaa: `stumar-maspinZeli~ da
`gvelis mWameli~. am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemamde vaJa wers: `varTagavam, Tu mas
kargi kritikuli alRo aqvs, unda Cem dauxmareblad gaigos raa am nawarmoebSi
xalxuri da ra individualuri~. maSasadame, vaJa aRniSnavs, rom mxatvruli gav-
lenis faqtebi zedapirze ar tivtiveben da rom isini yvelasaTvis SesamCnevi ar
arian. aseTi faqtebis dadastureba xSirad nawarmoebis siRrmeSi SeWras gulis-
xmobs. gavlena ar unda gavigoT mxolod ise, rom es aris erTi avtoris mier meore
avtorisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli azris, xatis, manerisa da gadmocemis saSualebaTa
pirdapiri gameoreba. rasakvirvelia, gameoreba azrisa, xatisa da a.S. Zalian Tvalsa-
Cinod da xelSesaxebad mowmobs literaturuli gavlenis arsebobas, magram swored
Tavisi TvalsaCinoebis da uSualo mocemulobis gamo, es faqtebi Semoqmedebis ze-
dapirze Zevs da amitomac ver avlenen xelovanTa urTierTzemoqmedebis Sinagan me-
qanizms. amis gamo, sakuTriv literaturismcodneobis TvalsazrisiT, im faqtebs,
romlebic aseT aSkara gavlenaze miuTiTeben, ar SeuZliaT gviCvenon WeSmaritad ma-
Ralmxatvruli urTierTzemoqmedebis specifikuri formebi.
namdvili SemoqmedebiTi gavlenis aucilebeli pirobaa mimarTebis damyareba
mxatvrul nawarmoebTan da mis avtorTan. es mimarTeba analogiuria im mimarTe-
bisa, romelsac mwerali amyarebs yovel, ase Tu ise mniSvnelovan cxovrebiseul
ambavTan. `ram unda aaJReros misi (poetis) Cangi, Tu an ambavi ar gaigona, an leq-
si, an saqme, an garemoeba cxovrebisa ar naxa amaRelvebeli, an bunebis movlenebs
mouyrua yuri~ — wers vaJa. WeSmarit xelovanTa urTierTzemoqmedeba erTmane-
Tisadmi mimarTebis damyarebaSi mdgomareobs. am mimarTebis gamoxatulebaa is
mniSvneloba,—sulerTia, dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi —romelsac erTi mwerlis Se-
moqmedeba meorisaTvis iZens.
SemoqmedebiTi gavlena aucilebeli da bunebrivi procesia. misi aseTi gagebis sa-
fuZvelzea SesaZlebeli gaviazroT literaturuli procesi, rogorc cocxali, ga-
nuwyvetliv ganviTarebaSi myofi sasicocxlo procesi, anu rogorc vaJa ityoda, mim-
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dinare ìm kanonis ZaliTa, romelsac hqvian kanoni TandaTanobisa~. gavlenis proble-
mis aseTi interpretacia gasagebad xdis vaJas Semoqmedebas, rogorc Cveni cxovrebis,
xalxuri poeziis da mwerlobis iseT nayofs, romelic, rasakvirvelia, Tavisi warmom-
Sobi niadagidan aris amozrdili, magram gansxvavdeba misgan da Tavisi xatovanebis
usazRvrobiT kidec upirispirdeba am niadags — misda sasikeTod, asamaRleblad da
gansaviTareblad.
aseTia im literaturul sakiTxTa wre, romelic gansakuTrebiT ainteresebs
vaJas. CvenTvis sruliad ueWvelia, rom vaJa iyo Tavisi drois literaturul
problemaTa kursSi da maTi ganxilvisas fxizelsa da mowinave poziciaze idga. is
poets did rols aniWebs sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi da Tu mas xelovanTa misa-
marTiT raime sayveduri gamouTqvams, es im manZilis gamo, romelic urTierTisa-
gan TiSavda amnair xelovanTa sityvasa da saqmes. `magram es aris sadardo, Tqma
aris, saqme ki arao~, — uTqvams vaJas da amiT poetTagan yvela moqalaqeobriv val-
debulebaTa Sesruleba mouTxovnia.
zemoganxilul zogad sakiTxebTan erTad Tavis literaturul kritikul sta-
tiebSi vaJa-fSavela iseT sakiTxebsac Seexo, romelTac garkveuli mniSvneloba
aqvT misi mxatvruli xedvis dasaxasiaTeblad. aseTia, magaliTad, poetis enis sa-
kiTxi. es sakiTxi man ganixila p. mirianaSvilTan polemikis dros. 1888 wels p. miria-
naSvilma ìveriaSi~ gamoaqveyna werili: `saero ena da saTemo kilo~. aq man Semdegna-
irad gakenwla vaJa-fSavela: `vaJa-fSavelas fSaurma poeziam dRevandels qarTul-
Tan SedarebiT ukan CamorCenili gramatikebri formebi Semoitana da amasTanave zo-
gierTi met-xorci sityvebi, qarTul literaturaSi, Turme, `fSauris poeziis mov-
linebam...mTlad aria enis taZari, hlamis dahbados mwvalebloba, metad sazari~.1
p. mirianaSvilis am werils jer erTi is mniSvneloba hqonda, rom vaJa-fSave-
la iZulebuli gaxda epasuxa da, garda amisa, ufro mogvianebiT akaki wereTel-
mac arsebiTad igive azri gamoTqva, rodesac vaJas enas Seexo Tavis `bibliogra-
fiul SeniSvnebsa da 1913 wels gamoqveynebul leqsSi `vaJa-fSavelas~.
vaJa-fSavelam sul male dabeWda `mcire SeniSvna (pasuxad b-n p. mirianaSvil-
sa)~, romelSic cxadyo mirianaSvilis sayveduris usafuZvloba, misi Secdoma da
Semdeg gaarCia kardinaluri sakiTxi, Tu rogoria da rogori unda iyos enobrivi
monacemebisadmi mwerlis mimarTeba. vaJa sxva drosac Seexo mwerlis enis sakiTx-
ebs, magram gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa misi azri gamoTqmul statiaSi `niWieri
mwerali~. aq vaJa ambobs, rom `poetisaTvis deda ena, misi sityvebis akinZva, misi
mimoxvra erTnairi amamoZravebeli Zalaa, STabervaa~. magram, amasTanave, vaJa win
aRudga mxatvruli enis unifikaciisaken mimarTul tendencias. `mwerals, upir-
velesad yovlisa, sakuTari ena unda hqondes, vinaidan ena saxea mwerlisa, misi
fizionomiaa da, ukeTesad rom vTqvaT, mwerlis sulia; enaSi imaleba mwerlis in-
dividualoba, misi `me~. `mwerals unda hqondes sakuTari frazeologia, sakuTa-
ri winadadebani, sakuTari suraTebi, Tundac isini sxvis suraTebs hgavdes, main-
cdamainc Taviseburad unda iyos gamoTqmuli, maSasadame, originaloba unda
etyobodes, beWedi Taviseburebisa unda esvas~.
aseTi mwerlis `nawarmoebi, Tu erTi ori ram wagikiTxavT winad, Semdeg xel-
mouwerladac rom SevxvdeT, advilad icnobT, vis kalamsac ekuTvnis~, — wers va-
Ja. marto am sityvebidan Cans, Tu raoden did moTxovnas uyenebda vaJa-fSavela
poetis enas da movlenaTa mxatvrul-enobriv gansaxierebas. vaJa xelovnadac
mxolod mas Tvlida, vinc Taviseburebas amJRavnebda da Rirseul originalobas
aRwevda TemasTan erTad. swored es miiCnia man nawarmoebTa Sefasebis kriteriu-
mad.
1
ìveria~, 1888, 166. gadmobeWdilia i. bocvaZis mier Sedgenil qrestomaTiaSi: `vaJa-fSavela qar-
Tul literaturul kritikaSi~, 1955, gv. 95. sazogadod am saWiro qrestomaTiaSi Tavmoyrilia
revoluciamdel presaSi dabeWdili statiebi vaJas Sesaxeb.
306
II. vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebis ZiriTadi Tematika
60-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, Cvens qveyanaSi yoveli socialur-yofiTi sakiTxi

ise mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli sakuTriv erovnuli rigis sakiTxebTan, rom cal-
calke arc erTi maTgani aRar Suqdeboda: yvela sakiTxi patriotuli TvalsazrisiT
ganixileboda da gaiazreboda. swored es socialur da patriotul midgomaTa ganu-
yofeloba iyo Cveni samocianelebis TxzulebaTa erT-erTi Tavisebureba.
arsebul sazogadoebaSi Sinagani diferenciaciis, Sinagani dapirispirebis Cve-
nebas ufro da ufro meti yuradReba 80-iani wlebidan daeTmo. am xanebSi gaixaza,
rom TviT e.w. dabal wodebaSive gaCnda da gamoiyo axali socialuri fena. patrio-
tizmis TvalTaxedviT socialuri sakiTxebis ganxilva erTgvarad Senelda, rad-
gan awmyoSi mimdinare sazogadoebrivi urTierToba saWiroebda mowesrigebas. es
niSnavs, rom Cvens mwerlobaSi socialurma sakiTxma ufro meti damoukidebeli
mniSvneloba moipova.
amgvari gamiznulobis mkafio niSnebs vxedavT Cvens xalxosnebad miCneul
mweralTa SemoqmedebaSi. ase, magaliTad, ise CavikiTxavT niko lomouris àls~,
`qajanasa~ da `gigo RrubelaSvils~, sofrom mgalobliSvilis `jor-zaqaras~,
`Ramis mexre cecos~ da `wiTel sarCuls~, ekaterine gabaSvilis `magdanas lur-
jas~, `Tinas lekurs~, Tu `romans didxevaSi~, rom win arc erTi saxiT ar wamoi-
wevs patriotuli grZnoba. es Seexeba zemoT dasaxelebul mweralTa mraval
Txzulebas. rasakvirvelia, es imas ki ar niSnavs, rom isini Tavisufali iyvnen am
grZnobisagan, aramed imas, rom socialuri problemebi iyo wamyvani maT Semoqme-
debaSi, romelTa SigniT daqvemdebarebuli saxiT Canda patriotuli gulistki-
vili.
vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedeba avsebulia patriotuli grZnobiT. mis nawarmoebeb-
Si Cans erovnuli Segnebis maRal doneze mdgomi poeti. magram amasTanave is aris
iseTi moqalaqe, romelic dRevandeli dRiTac cxovrobs da patriotul grZnobam-
de dayvanis gareSec cdilobs gviCvenos es uswormasworo sazogadoebrivi urTi-
erToba. vaJas socialuri Tematikidan amitomac unda gamovyoT da calke ganvixi-
loT misi patriotuli grZnobis Sinaarsi.
rasakvirvelia, socialuri Sinaarsi aqvs vaJas mier ganxilul sakiTxs, Tu
rogoria adamianTa urTierToba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis pirobebSi. gansa-
kuTrebuli gulisyuriT axasiaTebs igi adamianTa qcevasa da sulier mdgomareo-
bas Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi. magram am sakiTxisadmi, sazogadoebaSi adamian-
Ta urTierTobis sakiTxisadmi vaJas interesi imdenad Rrmaa, rom mis Tanamedro-
ve sazogadoebriv urTierTobis farglebs scildeba da pirovnebisa da sazoga-
doebis urTierTobis zogadi problemis saxiT dgas. amitom vaJas Semoqmedebis
es Temac sagangebo ganxilvas saWiroebs.
vaJa-fSavelas yvela mkiTxvelma icis, rom mis SemoqmedebaSi gansakuTrebu-
li adgili ukavia bunebasa da mis movlenebs. is yuradReba, romelsac mwerali
iCens bunebis warmonaqmnTa daxasiaTebisadmi, TavisTavad mowmobs, rom mas ain-
teresebs bunebis mravalsaxianobis azri da formebi. es interesi Cans vaJas mTel
SemoqmedebaSi da mitomac misi mxatvruli nawarmoebebis gaTvaliswinebisas cal-
ke unda iqnes gamoyofili Tema bunebisa da misdami adamianis mimarTebisa.
vaJa-fSavelas interesma pirovnebisa da, kerZod, bunebasTan misi mimarTebisad-
mi, aucileblobiT gamoiwvia sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra saSualebebi moepoveba ada-
mians, raTa igi wvdes mravalferovan da CvenTvis utyvi saxiT mocemul bunebas. am
sibrtyeze dasmulma sakiTxma vaJasTan sabolood Semdegi saxe miiRo: buneba Tvi-
Ton laparakobs Tu ara Tavisi Tavis Sesaxeb? umJRavnebs Tu ara igi adamians Tavis
raobas? da ranairi Zalebi SeiZleba amoZravdes adamianSi bunebis ganuzomel siR-
rmeebSi SesaRwevad?
307
aseTia vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebis ZiriTadi Temebi, rac ki ar gamoricxavs,
aramed gulisxmobs mraval sxva TemaTa arsebobas.
1) s o c i a l u r i T e m a t i k a . vaJa-fSavela Cvens literaturaSi gamoC-
nda 1879 wels, rodesac gazeT `droebaSi~ pirvelad daibeWda misi koresponden-
ciebi xevsurTa da fSavelTa yofis Sesaxeb. am xanebSi qarTvel moRvaweTa ideu-
ri cxovreba, iseve rogorc rusi moazrovneebis mizandasaxuloba, gadanacvle-
buli iyo batonymobis winaaRmdeg galaSqrebidan daZabuli brZolisaken axali
ekonomikuri urTierTobisa da ramdenadme Secvlili politikuri reJimis wina-
aRmdeg.
vaJa-fSavelam Tavis upirveles movaleobad xevsurTa da fSavelTa yofis daxa-
siaTeba miiCnia da misi Semoqmedebis TvalnaTlivi Sedegi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom
maTi yofa da xasiaTi mtkiced daukavSirda Cveni qveynis warsuls, mis awmyo viTare-
bas da qarTveli xalxis sanukvar idealebs. vaJa-fSavelam ise gaiazra da asaxa mTi-
elTa cxovreba, rom aSkara gaxda maTi ganuwyveteli kavSiri mTeli qveynis saarsebo
interesebTan. vaJam gviCvena, rom qarTveli mTielebis suliskveTeba Serwymulia sa-
qarTvelos sxva kuTxeebis mcxovrebTa sabrZolo idealebTan. man dagvanaxa, rom
mTielebi arsebiTad imave mdgomareobaSi arian, romelSic baris muSa xalxi imyofe-
ba. es TvalnaTliv aqvs vaJas naCvenebi Tavis eTnografiuli xasiaTis mxatvrul
moTxroba-narkvevebSi (`suraTi fSavelis cxovrebidam~, `mTielis ubedureba~,
`STabeWdilebani~, `suraTebi~, `Cveni sofeli~, `bagrat zaxariCis sikvdili~ da sxv.).
soflad siRatake sufevs; patiosani SromiT glexi aucilebelze aucilebel
saarsebo moTxovnilebebs ver ikmayofilebs; mis cxovrebaSi didi adgili ukavia
crumorwmuneobas; glexobas Sesevia kancelariis moxele, ùriadniki~, meduqne...
yoveli maTgani mas aviwroebs da hyvlefs. soflis mcxovrebTa aseTi mZime viTa-
rebaa daxatuli am narkvevebSi. igive iTqmis am Temaze dawerili vaJas leqsebis
Sesaxebac. misi leqsebis: `guTnis dedis Civili~, `mwyemsis simRera~ (èrTi Zroxa
gvyavs, niSas veZaxiT~...), `papas col-Svilis glova~ da sxva mravali glexur dux-
Wir cxovrebas exeba.
yvelaferi es miuTiTebs, rom vaJa-fSavela didad iyo dainteresebuli gle-
xobis socialur-ekonomiuri mdgomareobiT. am TvalsazrisiT, vaJas Semoqmedeba
erTvis Cveni mwerlobis im nakads, romelic dabali socialuri fenebis cxovre-
bas asaxavda.
vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi Cven ara erTi da ori leqsi gvxvdeba, romlida-
nac Cans, Tu ramdenad did imeds amyarebda poeti 1905 wlis revoluciis period-
Si gaSlil saxalxo moZraobaze.
1905 wlis revoluciis wina wlebSi vaJa-fSavela Seudrekeli brZolis survils
gamoxatavda. am xanebSi (1905 wels) aris dawerili misi `simRera~, romelic dasawyis-
Sive Seicavs simtkicisaken mowodebas da imediT aris avsebuli:
`gulo, ar gatyde, gamagrdi, nu davberdebiT Savada
kldeo, klded iqec salada! .......................
ra vqnaT, rom janRi gvexveva, gulo, gakldevdi, gamagrdi,
meca gyevivar avada. nisli nu gadagefara:
cda gavuqarwyloT sawuTros, Tu aqamomde gavZeliT,
dRes mteri gagvtexs veRara~.
aseTi imediani ganwyobileba aris damaxasiaTebeli 1905 wlis revoluciis pe-
riodSi dawerili vaJas mravali leqsisaTvis. ase, magaliTad, erT `simReraSi~ va-
Ja-fSavela TiTqos bunebis momaval suraTs xatavs, magram sazogadoebrivi Sina-
arsiT avsebs mas da Tavis optimistur Tvalsazriss araCveulebrivi gatacebiT
gvawvdis:
`kidevac vnaxav ca sWeqdes, aravin itanjebodes
Tovlis wil wvima cviodes, da aRarc visa hSiodes;
308
anoyivrebdes miwasa, simarTlis gamarjvebasa
mdinareebi xviodes, mTaze arwivi hyiodes;
mec mas bans veubnebode,
guli aRara mtkiodes~.
ufro mogvianebiT, reaqciis xanaSi, vaJa-fSavelam ramdenime leqsi dawera,
romlebSic igi revoluciur moZraobasTan mitmasnebul elementebs Seexo. ase-
Tia, magaliTad, misi `boqauli~ da `qebaTa qeba~ (`mavne azrebzed damdgara~). aq
poeti isev imediania, gamarjvebis erT-erT pirobad sazogadoebrivi sifxizle
miaCnia da iZleva rCevas, rom nu vendobiT Seumowmebel adamianebs:
`nurc imaT fics, nurc saZmoda~ `mamapapas sagZlad yuris:
Semowiruls or Saurebs. `ZaRli imis erTgulia,
swored uTqvamT cxonebulebs vinac swurTnis, vinc purs uyris~.
es oriode magaliTic sakmaod gviCvenebs, rom vaJa-fSavela poeturi sityviT

exmaureboda Tavisi drois mwvave sazogadoebriv-politikur viTarebas.
aqtualuri sazogadoebrivi da politikuri sakiTxebiT vaJa-fSavelas dainte-
resebaze miuTiTebs agreTve is literaturul-publicisturi statiebi, romel-
Tac igi drodadro Cvens Jurnal-gazeTebSi aqveynebda. am statiebSi vaJa-fSavela
met-naklebi sisruliT ganixilavs iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa: mefis administraci-
asTan brZolis, ruseTTan damokidebulebis, ama Tu im eris `daberebis~ da namdvili
patriotobis sakiTxebi. am sakiTxebs xSirad exeba vaJa-fSavela, magram ufro gamok-
veTilad msjelobs statiebSi — `fiqrebi~, `Sav-bneli ambebi~, `kosmopolitizmi da
patriotizmi~ da werilSi `mcire SeniSvna~.
Tavis `mcire SeniSvnaSi~ vaJa-fSavela moiTxovs qarTuli beWdviTi sityvis
gafarToebas da sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom am moTxovnas araferi ara aqvs saerTo
nacionalizmTan; piriqiT, am werilSi vaJa-fSavela dabejiTebiT acxadebs, rom
saqarTvelo ruseTs unda èdges gverdiT, rogorc cocxali, saRi arseba, ru-
seTTan erTad mosiarule progresis gzaze, TavisTavis mcnobeli, Tavis Tavisa
da kargis mgrZnobelio~.
ufro adre gamoqveynebul erT werilSi vaJa-fSavela arCevs kontis mier ga-
moTqmul da im dros fexmokidebul azrs, rom yoveli eri Tavis ganviTarebaSi ga-
ivlis gzas bavSvobidan moxucebulobamde, raTa bolos mokvdes da aRigavos. vaJa-
fSavela kategoriulad uaryofs aseT Sexedulebas, rogorc istoriulad gaumar-
Tlebels, faqtobrivad mcdarsa da sazogadoebrivad mavnes.
1905 wlis oqtomberSi vaJa-fSavelam dastamba werili, romliTac xma aimaRla
politikuri motivebiT ubralo adamianTa Sepyrobis winaaRmdeg. am werilSi vaJa
aRniSnavs, rom apatimreben menaxSireebs, `Camowewil-Camoglejil xalxs~, apatim-
reben maT, romlebsac òdesme sadme uTqvamT `gvSiano~..~ es adamianebi àm Tqmi-
saTvis dRes pasuxisgebaSi arian micemulni, rogorc `buntovCikebi~, rogorc sa-
zogadoebis mavne pirebio,~ — wers vaJa. am statiis dasasruls vaJa-fSavela ndo-
biT epyroba xalxis Segnebas da, xalxis saboloo gamarjvebaSi darwmunebuli, am-
bobs: àra, tyuilad vinme moelis ndobis mopovebas im dromde, vidre sityvasa da
saqmes Soris ar damyardeba sruli Tanxmoba, — vidre administraciis moqmedeba ar
iqneba mimarTuli qveynis, xalxis sakeTildReod. xalxi marTla brma da yru xom ar
aris, ver icnos Tavis keTilismyofeli, Tavis moyvare da mteri erTmaneTSi auri-
os...
ara, nu hgoniaT, rom amoiZron Tavidan eg fiqri, rom xalxis motyuileba ad-
vili mosaxerxebeli iyos — SeiZleba, xalxi droebiT daimorCilon, magram es ar
iqneba samudamod...~
309
am sityvebidan sruliad naTlad Cans, rom vaJa-fSavelas eWvi ar epareba xal-
xis gamarjvebaSi da igi energiul winaaRmdegobas uwevs am sferoSi gulgatexi-
lobisa da pesimistur ganwyobilebaTa yovelgvar gamovlinebas.
2) p a t r i o t i z m i. ara erTi da ori cnoba migviTiTebs im mniSvnelobaze,
romelic adamianisaTvis mis mxaresTan kavSirs aqvs.
marTlac da gasagebia, rom Zvirfasad CaiTvalos is adgili, romelTanac ada-
mianis mTeli rigi mogonebebia dakavSirebuli; bunebrivia, rom sxva kuTxeze ar
gaicvalos is garemo, romlis bunebis yovel mniSvnelovan adgils adamianisaT-
vis mSobliuri saxelwodeba aqvs, saxelwodeba, romelic misTvis mraval sagu-
lisxmo ambavTan aris dakavSirebuli.
Tavisi mxaris aseTi gancda damaxasiaTebelia adamianisaTvis kacobriobis
ganviTarebis adreul safexurze, magram es gancda srulebiTac ar kargavs Tavis
cxovelmyofelobas adamianis cxovrebis Semdgom safexurzec. cnobili striqo-
ni rafiel erisTavis leqsisa —
àr gavcvli salsa kldeebsa ukvdavebisa xezeda,
ar gavcvli Cemsa samSoblos sxva qveynis samoTxezeda~
— am grZnobis uSualo gansaxierebaa.

Tu am TvaliT SevxedavT vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebas, davinaxavT, rom igi pa-
triotuli grZnobis siRrmeebs wvdeba. Tu davakvirdebiT vaJas joyolas an alu-
das, davinaxavT, imdenad mtkicea am gmirebis grZnobiTi kavSiri TavianT qveya-
nasTan, rom brZola qveynis sakeTildReod yovelgvar eWvsa da ukandaxevas gamo-
ricxavs. movigonoT joyolas mzadeba xevsurTa jaris winaaRmdeg sabrZolve-
lad, misi gancxadeba, rom `martokam unda viomo, mTelma jaregam mnaxosa~, movi-
gonoT, rom mters —
`kldidam gaduxta uecrad akvirvebs qistis laSqarsa,
qisti xmalmoRerebiTa, mtris jaris mogerebiTa~—
da cxadi gaxdeba, rom, Tumca joyola Temis, TanamoZmeebis mier gankicxulia,
magram is mainc Tavisi qveynis dasacavad ibrZvis.
analogiur, oRond ufro intimur masalazea gadmocemuli patriotuli gan-
cdebi àluda qeTelaurSi~. ufro mkveTria da faqizi aludas damokidebuleba
Tavisi qveynisadmi. amas gamoxatavs misi sityvebi:
`diacno nu xarT ybedada,
modiT, mamyeviT, vidinoT,
RmerTm es gvarguna bedada,
jvars ar awyinoT, Tems nu swyevT,
nu gadiqceviT cetada!~
metad intimuri kavSiria damyarebuli àluda qeTelaurSi~ samSoblos bune-
bis wiaRTan: `veRar miuvalT Cvens saxkars, gaRma Satilis xeviTa~, — ambobs alu-
das deda. es patriotuli grZnoba gamkafioebulia imitom, rom adamiani scilde-
ba Tavis samSoblo kuTxes. amas aRniSnavs aludas dedis sevdiani wamoZaxili:
`vah, mama-papis saflavno,
kldeno, damdgarno mwvetada~.
rogorc vxedavT, aq Zvirfasad iqceva adamianisaTvis Tavisi kuTxis yoveli
adgili, miT ufro, mTeli misi warsuli am adgilebTanaa dakavSirebuli:
`mSvidobiT sajixveebo, gulSi amSlelo bralisa!
gamaxarelno Tvalisa! mSvidobiT, Cveno batono,
mSvidobiT, Cemo sax-karo, ymaTad mimcemo Zalisa!~
310
ase emSvidobeba aluda qeTelauri Tavis kuTxes. es sakmarisi unda iyos im
Rrma grZnobiTi kavSiris warmosadgenad, rac pirovnebasa da mis qveyanas Soris
arsebobs. es Rrma kavSiri dagvanaxa vaJam Tavis SemoqmedebaSi.
vaJa-fSavelas patriotuli interesebi sakmaod farTo iyo. yoveli movlena,
yoveli adgili da yoveli arseba mis poeziaSi am interesebis dakmayofilebasac
axerxebda. Tu raoden mZafri da myari iyo vaJas patriotuli grZnoba, pirvel yov-
lisa, SeiZleba vixiloT mis `simRerebSi~.
vaJa mReris ise momxibvlelad, rom Cven xandaxan TiTqos gvaviwydeba kidec
am simReris mizezi da saboloo mizani: Cven TviT am simReriT vtkbebiT.
vaJa-fSavelas TiTqmis yvela poetur qmnilebaSi sxvadasxva Tematuri nakadi
iCens Tavs. es mJRavndeba `simRerebSic~.
`simRera~, romlis pirveli striqonia: ìsev Sen, isev, qalao~, TiTqos satrfia-
lo leqsis nimuSad unda CaiTvalos: es motivi, marTlac, ZiriTadi motivia am leq-
sisa, magram iqve iseTnairi striqonebic gvxvdeba, romlebic gvaviwyebs am motivs da
bunebis Sesaxeb mWevrmetyvelebs:
èm kldeebs mainc Sestire
danabarebi Cemia:
idgnen gulsalni amayad,
ar SamauSvan mteria!
su daiwyeben CamoSlas..
arwivT mozardon wiwilni,
dahbrunon Cemsa samares,
mal-mal maiRon bibini,
mTebma ayaron yvavilni,
kisriT ataron nislebi.
mkvdars gulzed nami manamon,—
isev cocxali viqnebi~.
satrfialosa da bunebis motivis gverdiT, aq Cven imave uflebiT SegviZlia
vilaparakoT patriotuli motivis Sesaxebac. amaze migviTiTebs ara marto aq
gadmocemuli striqoni, mimarTuli mTebisadmi, rom ìdgnen gul-salni amayad,
ar SamauSvan mteria~, aramed is striqonebic, romlebic satrfosadmi vedrebas
gamoxatavs:
`maRlisa mTisa wverzeda Cemis samSoblos qviSani
saflavi gamiTxarodi, xSir-xSirad momayarodi~.
amgvarad, am leqsSi trfials cvlis bunebis grZnoba, maTSi samSoblosadmi

siyvarulia gaSlili da dauZaleblad ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, Tu mTavari da gaba-
tonebuli romelia aq: trfiali, bunebisadmi ltolva, Tu patriotuli grZnoba.
aseTive suraTi gveZleva Cven sxva `simRerebSiac~, magram aSkarad patriotulia
da, am mxriv, msjelobasac ki ar moiTxovs iseTi leqsebi, rogoricaa: `papiCemis an-
derZi~, `mwyemsis anderZi~, òmis win jaris simRera~, `Civili xmlisa~, `molodini~,
èlegia~, `beberi lomi~, `xma samaridam~, `qebaTa qeba~ (`moquCdnen amrezilebi mxe-
darni oTxsav kidesa~), (`xelSi aviReb Congursa, minda davmRero laRada~), `danaba-
rebi~, `zmaneba~, `mxedarTa Zveli simRera~, `giorgi saakaZis suraTze~, `kaxeTs~,
`fSaveli jariskacis werili~, `didi Tamari~, `bunebis glova~ da sxva mravali.
am leqsebSia warmodgenili saxe vaJkacisa, romelsac
`...ar hSvenis cremlis Rvra,
qviTini diacurada,
mters xmali unda safTxulad,
kvalze miyola mglurada~
(`papiCemis anderZi~)
311
aqvea gamxneveba, sabrZolod momzadebisaken mowodeba, raTa
ìxilos miwam mSobelma:
guli gvaqvs papaTeuli,
sisxli gvifuis ZarRvebSi,
sisxli laSqrobas Cveuli.
mklavic gvaqvs Samqors nacadi,
ara varT gamorCeuli~
(òmis win jaris simRera~)
samSoblos dasacavad iaraRi mzad unda iyos. vaJkaci ar unda SeuSindes
mtrebs (romlebic `das atireben Zmazeda~), vinaidan èrTxel sjobia sikvdili,
Savs yofnas qveyanazeda!~ (`xma samaridam~).
vaJas leqsebSi samSoblosaTvis Tavganwirvas momavlisaTvis realuri mniS-
vneloba eniWeba:
`mSobeli mokvdes, ra uSav, yvelas isa Zlevs, sicocxles
Svilebi rCeba mamasa. vinac ar agdebs Calada.
........................ cocxlebi arvis davuTmobT
kargis mamis Svils, wesia, mSobeli miwis Ralasa;
mteric ufrTxeba kvalada: sikvdils aRuTqviT sicocxle
xval da zeg vervin gahbedavs da piri — sisxliT banasa~
Sin SemogveWras Zalada. (`mxedarTa Zveli simRera~)
vaJa-fSavelas patriotuli grZnoba uaRresad keTilSobilia da amitomaa,
rom poeti afasebs da samagieros uzRavs sxva eris amdagvar grZnobasac. es mxo-
lod TavdacviTi grZnobaa, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, da ara Semtevi da Tavdasxmi-
Ti:
`samSoblos arvis wavarTmevT, ar mivcemT sxvasa samSoblos
Cvenc nurvin Segvecileba, Cvenis cocxalis TaviTa,
Torem iseT dRes davayriT, ukan ver dagvaxevinebT
mkvdarsac ki gaecineba. misTvis naZRvnevis SxamiTa~.
aseTia vaJa-fSavelas leqsebis patriotika ideuri TvalsazrisiT. rogorc
vxedavT, TavisTavad axali ideebi am sferoSi vaJas ar warmouqmnia, am mxriv igi
qarTul literaturaSi damkvidrebul tradicias misdevs.
magram sagulisxmoa sxva mxare misi patriotuli grZnobis gamosaxvisa, saxel-
dobr, mxatvruli mxare. WeSmaritma poetma Taviseburi saxeebi unda Seqmnas, axalna-
irad xorcSesxmuli idea unda warmoadginos mkiTxvelis winaSe.
ra Taviseburi saxeebi Seqmna vaJa-fSavelam patriotuli grZnobis gamosaaS-
karaveblad, rogor Seasxa xorci man am ideas?
upirveles yovlisa, vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia uSu-
alo kavSiri Tavis qveynis teritoriasTan. es kavSiri, erTi avtoris gamoTqma
rom vixmaroT, `sasicocxlo kavSiria~. yoveli kuTxe misi qveynisa, yoveli warmo-
naqmni misi bunebisa Zvirfasia vaJa-fSavelasaTvis. mometebulad amazea gaSlili
mis SemoqmedebaSi patriotuli grZnoba, misTvis esaa gansakuTrebiT damaxasia-
Tebeli:1
`netavi mena, Tu miwa samare gamiTxareTa;
meRirsa Tqvenis xeliTa; .......................
1
es rom namdvilad asea, Cans vaJas werilidanac — `kosmopolitizmi da patriotizmi~ (ìveria~, 1905,
#172). aq igi bavSvobis xanaze werda, magaliTad, rom: `vidre gafarTovdeba bavSvis mxedveloba da
gaizrdeba misi patriotizmi, mas mxolod gansakuTrebiT is sofeli an daba uyvars, sadac dabadebula
da bavSvoba gautarebia~. magram es marto misi Sexedulebebis gamoxatuleba ki ar aris, aramed vaJas,
rogorc cocxali adamianis, damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa. movigonoT avadmyofobis dros vaJas survili
fSavSi yofnisa, imedi, rom fSavi gamoajansaRebda mas; gavixsenoT, rom sikvdilis win man yvavilebi
moiTxova da ueWveli gaxdeba, rom vaJas gansakuTrebiT uyvarda Tavisi kuTxe — fSavi.
312
aq nu gamwiravT, wamiReT, damcqerdes diyelis gori,
Cems adgils mimabareTa; inos mTa Wiuxiani,
....................... yinCad naRratni aqa-iq
CemT mama-papaT gverdiTa xevebi Saldayiani....~
stovebs vaJas mwyemsi anderZad (`mwyemsis anderZi~). vaJa-fSavelas romeli Txzu-
lebac ar unda aviRoT, — yelmoRerebuli iisa, uRrani tyeebisa, gulmkerdCamoRa-
ruli kldeebisa da ciur mnaTobTa, iseTi siyvarulia maTSi gadmocemuli, rom
mkiTxvels erTxelac ki ar Seuva eWvi bunebisa da vaJa-fSavelas mkveTr siaxlove-
Si. esaa damaxasiaTebeli Cveni mTis mgosnis SemoqmedebisaTvis.
vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi samSoblo warmodgenilia ara rogorc zogadi
idea, aramed rogorc misi kuTxe Tavisi mdinareebiTa da mTebiT, yvavilebiT, frin-
velebiT da cxovelebiT; aq samSoblo TviT am konkretul movlenebSi dainaxeba,
e.i.., samSoblos idea moucilebelia qveynis konkretuli Sinaarsisagan. amdenad, va-
Jas SemoqmedebaSi xatovnebaa damkvidrebuli da patriotuli grZnoba sul erTia-
nad misi kuTxis bunebis movlenebiT aris Semosili. es niSnavs, rom vaJasTan samSob-
los idea xorcSesxmulia savsebiT konkretuli masaliT da amazea aRmocenebuli,
amazea dafuZnebuli mTeli samSoblos mgznebare siyvaruli.
amave mizniT vaJa-fSavela marto awymos ki ar mimarTavs, aramed Tavis patri-
otul grZnobas aRrmavebs imiT, rom acocxlebs movlenebs samSoblos warsuli-
dan.
warsuliT moxibluloba Cqefs vaJas SemoqmedebaSi. warsulisadmi aseTi da-
mokidebuleba mTlianad vrceldeba `moxucis naTqvamze~. am nawarmoebSi gadmo-
cemulia, rom warsulis mogonebas erTgvari simwarec axlavs. aq ase moTqvams mo-
xuci:
`vahme, siberem wyeulma xmals ver Sevirtyam welzeda
grkalad momxara welSia! ......................
................ ...... afsuso, Zvelo droebav!..
ver movaxtebi lurjasa ar dabrundebi netara?!~
aseTive ganwyobilebiTaa dawerili vaJas mravali nawarmoebi rogorc leqsi-
Ti, ise prozauli.
vaJa-fSavela patriotul grZnobas `kargi ymis~ daxasiaTebiTac Slis. kargi
yma vaJa-fSavelas leqsebSi warmodgenilia, rogorc damoukidebeli da brma gav-
lenisagan Tavisufali pirovneba: `ver maawonebT kargs ymasa, rac ar ujdeba
WkvaSia!~— wers poeti (`qeifi~), kargi ymis daCagvris cda amaoa (`fSavlis siyva-
ruli~).
es saxe vaJas SemoqmedebaSi patriotuli grZnobis gamomxatveli saxecaa. mag-
ram kargi ymis gverdiT sxva gmirebic emsaxurebian imave mizans.
arsebobs safuZveli, vTqvaT, rom vaJa-fSavela im masalidan, im gamocdile-
bidan, romlis niadagze TxzulebaTa gaformeba xdeba, gamokveTilad naRvliani
tonis mqone masalas irCevs.
gana mTaSi xmeli wifeli da gamxmari fesvebi ufro moiZebneba, vidre cocxa-
li da jansaRi? ratom oboli nukri da daCagruli patara mwyemsi aqcia man Tavisi
Semoqmedebis masalad da ara sxva? ratom mtirali klde warmogvidgina da sxva
aseTi masala mogvawoda vaJam?
cxadia, vaJas ocneba saxeSecvlili mTaa — misi kldeebiT, wifeliT, wyaroTi,
fesvebiT...
es ocneba iwvevs vaJa-fSavelas naRvliani grZnobiTi tonis gamZafrebas, xo-
lo ocnebis ganxorcielebaSi darwmunebuloba ki optimisturi ieriT Rebavs
mTel mis Semoqmedebas.
ratom irCevs vaJa-fSavela aseT masalas? pasuxi mxolod erTi SeiZleba iyos:
aseTi masalis SerCeva gansazRvrulia im TvalsazrisiT, romelic Cveni XIX sau-
313
kunis literaturis korifeebs gaaCndaT — erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli Tval-
sazrisiT.
marTlacda, rac unda bevri vilaparakoT, Cven ar gvaqvs safuZveli, magali-
Tad, TviT mTis wyaroSi maSindeli saqarTvelo davinaxoT, ukeTu ar davdgebiT
masalis SerCevis im Tvalsazrisze, romelsac vaJa eyrdnoboda. sakiTxisadmi
sxvagvari midgoma advilad dagvayenebs im molipul gzaze, romelmac SeiZleba
simbolist mwerlad vaJas gamocxadebamdec ki migviyvanos.
sazogadod, vaJa-fSavelas TxzulebaTa didi nawili warsulidan iRebs masalas,
misi gmirebi warsulidan metyveleben, magram sagangebod unda gaesvas xazi, rom vaJas
nawerebSi Cven win dgas ara ubralod warsuli, aramed cocxali warsuli, anu iseTi,
romelsac CvenTvis sadReiso mniSvneloba aqvs. raoden Soreuli warsulis gmirebi ar
unda hyavdes vaJas gamoyvanili, isini yovelTvis gamodian samSoblosTan daaxloebis
wyarod. swored aseTi warsuli aris gacocxlebuli `moxucis naTqvamSi~ da ganskuT-
rebiT ki `baxtrionSia~ igi warmomdgari mTeli mxatvruli ZaliT.
es poemebic gviCvenebs, Tu raoden didia da mWidro poetis kavSiri mis qveya-
nasTan, mis kuTxesTan:
`mogesalmebiT, qedebo, Cemsamc samares amkoben
momaqvs salami gviani, Tqveni deka da Rviani~, —
ase wers poeti `baxtrionSi~. aseTi damokidebuleba samSoblo kuTxisadmi, misi
aseTi gancda Warbadaa mowodebuli `moxucis naTqvamSic~. amasTanave sagulis-
xmoa, rom samSoblo kuTxisadmi aseTi mimarTva damaxasiaTebelia ara marto poe-
tisaTvis, aramed im gmirebisTvisac, romlebic nawarmoebSi moqmedeben.
kviria Tavisi maxlobeli kuTxeebis xilvisas, sanaTa maxlobel adgilebTan
Sexebisas gansakuTrebul kavSirs grZnoben maTTan —
òci welia mwyemsad var,— sabarod gadmamavalTa
TuSeTs, ucxosa mxaresa,— ambavs vkiTxavdi weroTa,—
da fSavis xevis stumarsa ra werilobas gagviwevs,
marto vxedavdi mTvaresa. Tovlze ambavi vweroTa?~
samSoblo bunebis wiaRi gamodis im miznebis ganxorcielebis xelSemwyobad, ro-
melTac misi mosaxleoba isaxavs:
àragvo, uyaraule urcxvad moadges Sens kides,
omSi mimdinars laSqarsa. lami aWame Sercxvenils,
Tu vinme gamoqceuli rom saxlSi veRar mivides~
(`moxucis naTqvami~)
aqedan cxadia, rom yoveli kuTxe da adgili amtkicebs gmiris patriotul
grZnobas, isini gamodian am grZnobis erT-erT gamaRrmavebel faqtorad.
warsulidan metyveleben zezvas, luxumis, sumeljis da Tavgamwiravi lela-
kvirias saxeebi. am warsuls saocari sidiade imiTac aqvs miniWebuli, rom nisli-
viT xeze gawolili — `gveli morTuli jagriTa~ mkerdze sisxlmimxmari luxumis
xilvisas sibraluls grZnobs, misken miimarTeba `didronis tanis glarzvniTa~,
igi aSterdeba sneul luxums `Tavisis `gveluris saxiTa~, Tavisis `gulis mzara-
vi TvaliTa~, mas `guli evseba braliTa~ da
`bevri codvebis moqmedsa cremlebis CamodeniTa

gadaubrunda guneba: ayruebs tyesa da velsa
ra sibraluliT imsWvalvis oxvriTa ramodeniTa!
misi gveluri buneba! ........................
zed gadaawva mkerdzeda saWmelsac TviTon uzidavs
wylulsa ulokda eniTa. asmevs wyals laRis mTisasa;
Tan mkerds usvelebs mxedarsa Ram-Ram zRaparsac uambobs
ori obolis Zmisasa~.
314
patriotuli mizniT am ambis gamoyeneba legendisaTvis ufro meti Rirebu-
lebis miniWebas niSnavs. borotebac ki ukan ixevs, rodesac saqme samSoblos dac-
vis ganmaxorcielebels exeba. keTilSobileba samSoblosaTvis Tavdadebulisa
sxvaTa gakeTilSobilebasac iwvevs. ai, erTi azri am legendisa.
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom vaJa-fSavelasaTvis ar aris da-
maxasiaTebeli sarkazmi. amas vaJa arc maSin mimarTavs, rodesac saqme exeba pat-
riotul grZnobas. vaJam icis aRtaceba, rodesac patriotuli ganwyobilebiT
savse arsebebs xedavs:
`fSavlis Svilebi moidnen, ra saamuri dro aris,
sulTqma Tan mohyva Cqaria, ra saamuri wamia!~
magram, amasTanave, vaJam icis TavSekavebac, rodesac saqme adamianis msajulad
gamosvlas exeba. Tuki raime qceva aris Rirsi gakicxvisa, Tqma ar unda, — vaJas rwme-
niT, — sastiki gakicxvis Rirsia is, vinc samSoblos dacvis dros silaCres gamoiCens,
magram vaJa aqac did sulgrZelobas amJRavnebs. SekiTxvaze — àxla isa sTqviT, moy-
meno, vin darCa sircxviliani?~ — brZolidan dabrunebuli fSavlebi wiwolas asaxe-
leben: `wiwolam lafiT gagvTxifa, gagveqca sirbiliani~, — amboben isini; meomrebi
misi qcevis ukeTurobas aRniSnaven da amboben, rom wiwolas axloblebi aRar gaika-
rebeno (`vinRa gaivlevs axlosa, Caaqvaveben dedani~).
magram vaJa-fSavela am silaCris àxsnas~cdilobs. igi laCarsave gamoasyidvi-
nebs Tavis danaSauls da amiT erTgvarad akeTilSobilebs mas. vaJa xedavs da gveub-
neba, rom wiwola imdenad dacinvis Rirsi ar aris, ramdenadac Sebralebisa (ùklo-
sa, ukeTurs, beCavsa sad daekarga goneba?!~). sibralulis grZnobas poeti miT ufro
nergavs, rom laCarma wiwolam Tavi CamoixrCo (`muxaze Camokiduli kaci sCans sam-
klaviani, Tavi dauxrCav mxedarsa, Tu iyo guljavriani?~). wiwola Tavisi saqcielis
msajulad TviTve gamovida da avtorma dedis cremlebi daadina Svils, romelic
TviTon iyo `mwamlavi~ `Tavis ubedo bedisa~. aqedan mxolod im daskvnis gamotana
SeiZleba, rom vaJa-fSavela mowyale guls atarebda da adamianis Rirsebis arc erTi
mxaris miCqmalvas ar cdilobda; igi `gamgebi~ iyo da adamianis sulis moZraobis
Rrma fenebs wvdeboda. vaJa gansakuTrebul lmobierebas misadmi iCenda, vinc ama Tu
im mizezis gamo ubeduri iyo. vaJasaTvis gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia sxvisi ga-
gebis unari, xolo es didi adamianis Tvisebaa, radgan, rasakvirvelia, Seudareblad
ufro Znelia gaigo adamiani, vidre gahkicxo da xeli hkra mas.
3) s a z o g a d o e b i s a d a p i r o v n e b i s u r T i e r T o b i s p r o b l e -
m a. sayovelTaod gavrcelebulia azri, rom vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebis ZiriTad
sakiTxs pirovnebasa da sazogadoebas Soris arsebuli urTierToba warmoadgens.
am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba vaJas or poemas —
`stumar-maspinZelsa~ da àluda qeTelaurs~.
aRniSnaven, rom TviT am poemaTa fabulaSi aris mowodebuli winaaRmdegoba Temsa
da pirovnebas Soris. saxeldobr, aluda qeTelauri da `stumar-maspinZlis~ mTavari
personaJi — joyola arRveven Temis adaTebsa da swored amis Sedegia rogorc joyo-
las ganapireba, ise aludas gaZeveba Temidan. maSasadame, Temi calkeuli adamianebisa-
gan brma morCilebas moiTxovs adaTobrivi samarTlis niadagze.
magram adaTobrivi samarTlis ZiriTadi niSani isaa, rom igi savaldebuloa
Sesasruleblad, maSin, rodesac qcevis zogierTi normisagan gadaxveva SesaZle-
belia da aseT SemTxvevaSi sasjeli aucilebeli ar aris. adaTs iuridiuli Zala
mxolod maSin eZleva, rodesac mis dacvas daemateba misi savaldebulobis cno-
biereba.
gmirebis cnobierebaSi damkvidrebulia Tu ara adaTis Sesrulebis savalde-
bulobisa da misi Seusruleblobisas pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba? aseTi cnobie-
315
reba, faqtia, magaliTad, sisxlis aRebis adaTis SemTxvevaSi. am adaTisagan gadax-
veva sasjels iwvevs da es savsebiT gasagebia Temis yoveli wevrisaTvis.
magram vaJas àluda qeTelaurSi~ sxvagvar mdgomareobazec aris miTiTebu-
li. rogorc adaTobrivi samarTlis norma, ise ar unda gavigoT mtris mklavis
moWris Cveuleba. am tradiciis savaldebulobis cnobiereba ar gaaCnia aludas:
`raad swyrebian xevsurni, `wesi ar aris mtris mokvla,
rada tyvrebian javriTa?! Tu xel ar masWer daniTa~.
mters movklav, kidevac vai egeTas samarTals,
ar movsWri monaTluls codva-braliTa!~
marjvenas magaT jibriTa!
magram, rac mTavaria, aseTi cnobiereba TviT Temsac ara aqvs. saqme isaa, rom
Temi mklavis moWris adaTiT ki araa maincdamainc dainteresebuli, aramed mas
aludas vaJkacobaSi epareba eWvi:
`xevsurTa axal-uxlebi aixsen gvelispiruli,
gadaiqcian tyemlada, diacT gadugde cxelada;
avad Sahxedes aludas, ......................
SauZraxnian xmelada: gamqcevixar qistiSvils,
`mokvdi, sikvdili gaduqcevixar qalada,
girCevnav, mahkal, marjvena ar masWer,
ra xar sicruis mTqmelada; ukven misdevdi ma rada?!~
amitom gawires aluda, amitom aqcies mas zurgi `piriTa javrianiTa~. Tems
aludasadmi guli ar moubrundeboda, mklavis moWris adaTis darRveva rom id-
ges yuradRebis centrSi. mklavis mouWreloba rom sasjels iwvevdes, maSin min-
diac aludas renomes aRdgenas SeuZleblad miiCnevda da ver ityoda:
`— axlebo, sisxli gifuisT, marTali ari aluda,

sWriTa da hkeravT guliTa, Tavs ar dameqcnen cania!
guls aTrevinebT gonebas, Tu ara gjeraT, qistisa,
Tavs aWreinebT culiTa... ai, moWrili mklavia~.
ukve am sityvebidan Cans, rom mklavis moWra ar warmoadgens adaTobrivi samar-
Tlis normas. TviT Temsac aluda amitom ar gauZevebia, rom man mklavi ar mosWra
mucals. aludas gaZeveba am niadagze ar momxdara. saqme isaa, rom aludas qcevam,
misma moqmedebam sxva sibrtyeze gadainacvla, — sarwmunoebriv sibrtyeze. xevisberi
berdia aRaSfoTa aludas survilma mucalis sulis damwyalobebisa:
`— gaurjulebuls arjuleb, .......................

Sen eg ar Sagixdebisa, gonT modi, qristiani xar,
qistisad saklavis dakvla urjulovdebi magiTa...~
kargad ar mogixdebisa.
da mxolod maSin, rodesac TviT aludam daarRvia sarwmunoebrivi wesi, `xeli
gaikra frangulsa~, ùqniva mozvers qedzeda~ da
`Tan Saexvewa batonsa, allada hqondes mucalsa,
nu Samicodeb Svilsao, mag mounaTlav gmirsao~.
jagaraSlilma berdiam igi mokveTilad gamoacxada da xalxs mouwoda:

`wadiT, umtvrieT Sav-bnelsa gudans SinSni da qalebi;
saxlisa, cixis karebi. hrisxamdes Cveni batoni,
.......................... ar aris Sesabralebi~.
Satils col-Svili utireT,
316
amgvarad, mklavis moWra ar warmoadgens adaTobrivi samarTlis normas, mis-
gan gadaxveva SesaZlebelia da es ar iwvevs sasjels saerTod da arc kerZod alu-
das mimarT gamouwvevia.
metic SeiZleba iTqvas: aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac am Cveulebisagan gadaxveva
pirovnebis RirsebaTa simaRlesac ki aRniSnavs. ase, magaliTad, vaJas erT poemaSi
xalxi Semdegnairad axasiaTebs ivane kotoraSvils:
`RonesTan Wkuac did hqonda, mters ro mokvlevdis, ityodis:

guli xom edva lomisa, `veRara vjijgni, mrcxvenia,
metad lamazad icoda mkvdars ro marjvena movaWra,
wesi da rigi omisa. ra WkvaSi mosaxdenia!
mas ara hqonda wesada ra biWobaa, usulos
mtrisad moeWra marjvena leSs kidev sisxli vadino...~
(ìvane kotoraSvilis ambavi~)
rogorc vxedavT, gmiris saxels araferi ar akldeba imis gamo, rom igi mters
mklavs ara sWris, — piriqiTac ki xdeba.
aluda qeTelauris SemTxvevaSi mTavari isaa, rom igi sarwmunoebriv sferoSi
SeiWra, TviTneboba aq gamoiCina, sarwmunoebrivi samarTlis norma daarRvia. mag-
ram aseTi normis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens Tu ara pirovnebis dasja
swored Temuri wyobilebisaTvis specifikurad damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebas?
rasakvirvelia, ara. aseTi moqmedeba TemSi ki ara, yovel morwmune sazogadoebaSi
iqneboda sruliad sakmarisi safuZveli pirovnebis gakicxvisa da mokveTisaTvis.
amrigad, maincdamainc ise ar unda gavigoT vaJas nawarmoebi, TiTqos, maTSi
dasmuli sakiTxi mxolod Temuri viTarebiT iyos SemozRuduli. Cven gvaqvs sa-
fuZveli vilaparakoT, rom vaJas SemoqmedebaSi Temi sxva sazogadoebrivi forma-
ciisagan arsebiTad gansxvavebul sferos ar warmoadgens. amitom, Cven unda gamo-
vitanoT daskvna, rom Tems ganixilavs vaJa ara rogorc aseTs (обшина-s), ara ro-
gorc sxva formaciisadmi dapirispirebuls, aramed rogorc saerTod sazogadoe-
bas; Temis ganxilvisas vaJa iseTi sakiTxebiTaa dainteresebuli, romlebic aqtua-
luria sxva sazogadoebrivi formaciebisaTvis.
amgvarad, nacvlad Temisa da pirovnebis urTierTobis problemisa, Cven unda
vilaparakoT vaJas SemoqmedebaSi sazogadoebisa da pirovnebis urTierTobis
problemis Sesaxeb.
sakiTxis amgvari dasma aTavisuflebs Cvens poets Temis problemiT SezRud-
visagan da misi Semoqmedebisadmi nayofieri, farTo literaturuli Tvalsazri-
sis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas qmnis.
gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa isic, rom Temuri cxovrebis safexuri pirovne-
bis ganviTarebis maRal dones ar gulisxmobs, xolo vaJa-fSavelas gmirebi, piri-
qiT, Semkulni arian im unariT, rom mkafio mimarTeba daamyaron garemosTan, anu
maTSi gansaxierebulia is niSnebi, romlebic sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis ufro
maRal safexurze mdgom pirovnebas axasiaTebs. aq brma morCilebasTan ki ara, ga-
remosTan Tavisufal da kritikul damokidebulebasTan gvaqvs saqme.
vaJas personaJebs gaaCniaT agreTve imis unari, rom win aRudgenen pirvel
mozRvavebas TavianTi sulisas, gza Seucvalon instinqtTa mimarTulebas, Secva-
lon isini, moaxdinon faqtTa analizi da sakuTari TvaliT ki ara — obieqturi
TvaliTac Sexedon movlenebs.
joyolas dakvirvebul Tvals `ver daemalvis im grZnobis nakvalevia~, ro-
melsac zviadauris datirebiT gamowveuli aRazas morcxvoba faravda. magram
aRazas aRsarebis sityvebs joyolam iseTi azri Seageba, romelic mas aTavisuf-
lebs Savi eWvisagan da moraluri sidiadiT anaTebs mis maRal pirovnul saxes:
317
`— magisTvis rogor Segrisxav? me ra gamge var magisa?
tyuls sjobs simarTlis Tqmao. diacs mudamac uxdeba
itire?! — madli giqnia, glova vaJkacis kargisa~.
maRal pirovnul donesTan gvaqvs saqme agreTve poemaSi `gogoTur da afSina~
— gogoTuris saxiT. aq aris daxasiaTebuli garkveuli damokidebuleba ojaxuri
yofisadmi. am poemaSi maiZulebeli momentebisadmi morCileba ki ar aris gamoxa-
tuli, aramed sakuTar SinasamyarosTan SeTanxmebuli moqmedeba pirovnebisa. im
Seuracxyofam, romelic afSinam gogoTurs miayena, gogoTurs mxolod amaRle-
buli, keTilSobilebiT savse pirovnebis Semamkobeli sityvebi aTqmevina:
`me Sen iaraRn rad mindan,
simrudis gzaze navali?~
kvirias da lelas pirovneba (`baxtrioni~) xom iseTi Segnebuli Tavganwirvis
gamomJRavnebaa, rom, ueWvelia, Cven Tvalwin warmodgebian naTelmosili pirov-
nebebis Camoyalibebuli xatebi.
rogorc vxedavT, vaJas gmirebi aaSkaraveben yvela ZiriTad Tvisebas pirov-
nebis maRalganviTarebul safexurs rom axasiaTebs. vaJac swored im adamianebiT
aris dainteresebuli, romlebic pirovnebad Camoyalibebulan da, maSasadame, ga-
resamyarosTan garkveuli mimarTebis damyareba ZaluZT. sxvagvarad ar SeiZleba
joyolas, aludas, mindias, gogoTuris da sxvaTa gageba.
yvelaferi es gvikarnaxebs, rom vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebis ganxilvisas Te-
misa da pirovnebis urTierTobis nacvlad sazogadoebisa da pirovnebis urTier-
Tobaze vilaparakoT.
kritikosebi aRniSnaven, rom vaJas gmirebi cdiloben gadalaxon bunebrivi da
aTaswlovani tradiciebiT ganmtkicebuli sazogadoebrivi sazRvrebi. tragiku-
lia aluda qeTelauris bedi: man Temis Cveuleba daarRvia da marjvena xeli ar
mosWra moklul mters; bolos tragikulia joyolasa da aRazas bedi `stumar-
maspinZelSi~: maT uRalates TavianT Temsa da qistebis mosisxle mters maspin-
Zloba da Wirisufloba gauwies. magram, rodesac adaTebisa da tradiciebis Sesa-
xeb vlaparakobT, ar SeiZleba vigulisxmobT, rom maTi `saxeldaxelod~ Seqmna
aris SesaZlebeli. amis xazgasmiT aRniSvnas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs
Cveni sakiTxisaTvis.
Tems rom mtrisadmi mtruli daxvedris tradicia aqvs gamomuSavebuli, es
udavoa rogorc `stumar-maspinZlis~, ise àluda qeTelauris~ mixedviT:
`magram mters mtrulad moeqec,
TviTon ufalma brZanao,
is sjobs, rac male vecdebiT,
gulSi CavurWoT danao —~
ambobs xalxi `stumar-maspinZelSi~.
erTi sityviT, adaTi mtris gamklavebisa gasagebi, mkveTri da TavisTavad na-
Teli adaTia. magram TemSive arsebobs tradicia, rom vaJkacs pativi unda sce. ai,
ras ambobs mindia aRtacebis, yovelgvari Selamazebis gareSe, rodesac aludas
hkicxaven:
`nu ityviT vaJkacis augs advil nu ityviT sityvasa,

eniTa qarianiTa advil nu ityviT vaJkacze,
......................... ara vargao, imisa!~
anda:
àdvil ver icnobT vaJkacsa
mis vaJkacuris rjuliTa~
318
vaJkacis pativiscemas `stumar-maspinZelSi~ vaJa RvTis nabrZanebad Tvlis:
`zviadaursa glovobda oxvra maRalis mTisao.
SfoTva da borgvna wylisao, cremli nislebis jarisa
niavad Camonadeni nabrZanebia RvTisao~.
amis mixedviTac cxadia, rom TemSi arsebobs adaTi vaJkacis pativiscemisa. am
tradiciis gverdiT ganmtkicebulia TemSi tradicia stumarTmoyvareobisa,
tradicia, rom stumari unda daicva da uWirisuflo. amas mowmobs joyolas
sityvebi:
ài, stumari moggvare,
RvTis wyalobaa Cvenzeda~,
anda:
`Cems stumarsa hklaven sworeda
..............................
uyure unamusoTa,
Cems ojaxs rogor qelaven~,
anda:
`— ras sCadiT? — SemouZaxa:
vis stumars hboWavT TokiTa?
rad stexT sauflo Cvens wessa,
Tavs lafs rad masxamT kokiTa~.
`dRes stumarisa eg Cemi, vis gauyidav stumari?
Tund zRva emarTos sisxlisa, qisteTs sad Tqmula ambada?
miTac me ver vuRalateb! .........................
vficav RmerTs, qmnili imisa Tvis rjuli dagviwyebiaT,
.......................... mitom iqceviT mcdarada~.
aq, garda stumarTmoyvareobis adaTis daxasiaTebisa, sagulisxmoa, rom jo-
yola TviT momxvdurebs miuTiTebs am adaTis ugulebelyofaze, `Tvis rjuli
dagviwyebiaT,~ — usayvedurebs maT.
amave adaTis simtkiceze laparakobs `sisxlis ZiebaSi~ qiCiri, romelic as-
lanTan, am mosisxle mterTan, misvlas apirebs:
`diaR, wamoval, Tunda Tqvan dae, mameqces mtrulada.

qiCiri rasa Svrebisa?! arc es meqneba sanaRvlod,
me ki Cvens CerqezT rjulzeda arc Tavi dakargulada.
saxlSi miuval Zmurada! saRmrTo wess rogor daarRvevs,
Tu ar daircxvnis TiTona, isic gafuWda srulada?!~
stumar-maspinZloba araa ufro naklebi Zalis adaTi, vidre romelime sxva
adaTi. jer kidev òdiseaSi~ aris dawyevlili herakle, romelic saSinlad moeq-
ca hefestoss. qarTul xalxur poeziaSi mravalgzis gamoxatula am adaTis sim-
tkice.
amgvarad Cven aseT mdgomareobasTan gvaqvs saqme:
a) TemSi arsebobs adaTi mtris mtrulad daxvedrisa da, amasTanave, moqme-
debs adaTi vaJkacis pativiscemisa;
b) TemSi arsebobs adaTi mtris mtrulad daxvedrisa da, amasTanave, moqme-
debs adaTi stumris pativiscemisa.
aqedan cal-calke romeli adaTic ar unda aviRoT, vaJas gmirebi maT dacvas
sruliadac ar gaurbian. joyola sruliadac ar zrunavs zviadauris, rogorc
mtris, dacvaze:
319
`me gTxov gauSva, musao, roca gascdeba Cems ojaxs,
nu stanjav udierada, iq moepyarivT avada~ —
mimarTavs igi momxdurTa winamZRols, romelsac man Semdgom mwared anana `mix-
doma sxvisa karzeo~.
joyola am SemTxvevaSi cnobs im adaTs, romlis Tanaxmad, ojaxidan gasuli
stumris mimarT isev ZalaSi Sedis sisxlis aRebis moTxovna. ase rom, joyola sav-
sebiT Tanmimdevrulia adaTebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT.
sazogadod, joyolas dasaxasiaTeblad aRsaniSnavia, rom mas azradac ki ar
mosdis, uRalatos Tems. piriqiT, igi saerTo mterTan SetakebaSi iSviaT gambeda-
obas iCens.
yvelaferi es mowmobs, rom vaJas mixedviT, personaJebi romelime adaTis
darRvevisaken ar miiswrafvian, maSasadame, ar SeiZleba gaviziaroT gavrcelebu-
li mosazreba, rom vaJas gmirebi Temis aTaswlovani tradiciebis winaaRmdeg ib-
rZvian. amaSi sruliadac ar mdgomareobs maTi tragedia.
saqme is aris, rom TviT Temi Seicavs erTimeorisadmi dapirispirebul, Seu-
Tanxmebel tradicia-adaTebs; aq Cven vxedavT, rom Tems ar ukisria iseTi pozi-
tiuri samarTlis mowodeba, romelic uzrunvelyofda mosaxleobis normalur
cxovrebas. garkveul situaciaSi urTierTSeTanxmebuli dadebiTi adaTi Tems ar
moepoveba da es iwvevs pirovnebis tragedias. TviT Temia gaorebuli, TviT masSi-
vea mocemuli Sinagani winaaRmdegoba.
es winaaRmdegoba im xarvezSi iCens Tavs, romelic Temis adaTobrivi samar-
Tlis sistemaSi arsebobs. vaJas gmirebisaTvis ar aris cnobili adaTi, Tu rogor
unda moiqces adamiani maSin, rodesac mteri stumradaa. am SemTxvevaSi romels
misdios man — stumarTmoyvareobis Tu sisxlis aRebis adaTs? mterze SurisZie-
bis, Tu vaJkacis pativiscemis adaTi unda daicvas man? am kiTxvebze pasuxi ar
aris gacemuli Temis adaTebSi.
aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom pirovnebis tragedias Temis romelime adaTis wi-
naaRmdeg brZola ar iwvevs. Temis aTaswlovani tradiciis mowinaaRmdege ki ar
gamodis pirovneba, aramed igi xdeba TemSive arsebuli winaaRmdegobis msxver-
pli.
vaJa-fSavelas gansakuTrebul damsaxurebad swored is unda miviCnioT, rom
man Temis es Sinagani winaaRmdegoba dagvixasiaTa. man, SeiZleba iTqvas, rogorc
arc erTma mweralma qarTul literaturaSi, gviCvena, rom pirovnebis tragedia
sazogadoebis SigniT arsebuli winaaRmdegobis safuZvelzea aRmocenebuli. am-
gvarad, vaJam ara marto dagvixata adamianis tragediis suraTi, aramed mTeli da
marTebuli axsniTi TvalsazrisiT gamoiyena. swored amitomac unda gaesvas xazi
imas, rom vaJa-fSavela uaRresad socialuri mweralia.
4) b u n e b i s a d m i m i m a r T e b a. bunebis xilva adamianSi sixarulis gan-
cdas iwvevs, magram ar SeiZleba vigulisxmoT, rom amiT ukve savsebiT Seqmnilia
sakmao piroba, raTa es sixaruli gadaiqces bunebis gagebisa da sxvisaTvis miwo-
debis unarad. am unariT mxolod zogierTia dajildoebuli. is uTqmeli gancda,
romelic bunebis xilvazea aRmocenebuli, gamosaxvis sirTulesTanaa dakavSire-
buli da Zalian xSirad ver xerxdeba misi Sesatyvis gamomxatvel saSualebaTa ga-
moZebna: bunebis saxiT gadaSlili mZafr da `saidumloebiT~ savse movlenaTa wi-
naSe xSirad adamiani utyvia.
qarTul mxatvrul literaturaSi bunebis grZnobas sxvadasxva saxe hqonda
miRebuli, vidre im simaRlemde avidoda, romelic vaJa-fSavelam warmogvidgina.
pirveli STabeWdileba, romelic Cven vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebis gacnobi-
dan gvrCeba, isaa, rom igi bunebis didi mgosania; Zalian didia bunebis xvedriTi
wona mis SemoqmedebaSi.
320
amTaviTve aRsaniSnavia, rom vaJasTn buneba sakmaod mravalferovania: mdina-
reebi, wyaroebi, mTebi da kldeebi, yvavilebi, TavTavebi, quCi da wiflebi, arwi-
vebi, Cxikvebi, svavebi da bulbulebi, meliebi, turebi, mglebi da vefxvebi; Rvari,
Tovli, qari da nisli... aseTia vaJas mier warmodgenili buneba da misi mosaxleo-
ba. cudi da kargi, warmtaci, momxiblavi da piriqiT, — Rirsia imisa, rom ar gan-
sxvavdes urTierTisagan rogorc obieqti vaJas poeziisa. yvelaferi imsaxurebs
vaJas yuradRebas da misi interesis obieqti xdeba. da, marTlac, `mTlad me me-
kuTvnis qveyanao,~ — kidec ambobs erTgan poeti.
aqamde unaxavi da ucnauri simaRlea bunebis grZnobisa xorcSesxmuli vaJas
`baxtrionSi~:
`gadvidnen alaznis Tavsa,
mTebis wverebi Cndebodnen,
saca gahxedav, yovelgan
gasaSteroni dgebodnen.
zogni cis gul-mkerds hkocnian,
zogni ukana rCebodnen~.
yoveli movlena bunebisa, rogoric unda iyos igi, garkveul sulier Sinaarss
gvidgens. mTani qviTineben, anda `fiqrs miscemian mwaresa~, kldeni pirs ibanen
wyalzeda, mcenareni sixarulsa da mwuxarebas avlenen, nukri SiSisagan TrTis,
mxarmotexili arwivi Tavis mdgomareobas afasebs da nisli mTis fiqrs warmoad-
gens. bunebis yoveli movlena, mis wiaRSi monavarde yoveli arseba mgrZnobiare
da azriania.
poets mTeli msoflio danaTesavebulad ganucdia; aseTnairi viTarebis dros
gasagebia, rom bunebam upasuxos avtorisa Tu personaJis suliskveTebas da, mar-
Tlac:
`roca giglia kvdeboda,
mTeb satirelzed sxdeboda;
erTi beberi arwivi
zeiT WiuxSi wyreboda,
sayornis Tavi maRali
zed Sua gulzed tyvreboda,
maRliT momfreni mTis wyaro
sibralulisgan Sreboda.
beCavi imis lurjai
giglias TaviT bndeboda,
tot dascis, daiWixvinis,
TvalebSi cremli hlxeboda.
samyarom Savi Caicva...~
(`gigila~)
aqedan Cans, rom vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi Cven cxadad gvaqvs warmodgeni-
li bunebis simpaTikuri grZnoba, am mxriv igi SesaniSnavad agrZelebs Cvens poe-
ziaSi ukve ganmtkicebul gzas. magram es kidev sakmarisi ar aris vaJas dasaxasia-
Teblad, misi Taviseburebebis naTelsayofad.
vaJa-fSavelas mier brwyinvaledaa gamoxatuli iseTi grZnoba, romelic bu-
nebas TavisTavadsa da damoukidebel saxes aZlevs. vaJas SemoqmedebaSi buneba
xSirad mowodebulia, rogorc sakuTari Sinaarsis mqone samyaro. es garemoeba
ukve aRar gvaZlevs uflebas, rom bunebas damoukidebloba wavarTvaT da misi sa-
kuTari Sinaarsi ugulvebelvyoT. Zalian xSirad gamoxatavs vaJa bunebis am Ta-
visTavadobasa da dauqvemdebareblobas:
àTasjera wvims, setyvaa,
mTebze nislebi hkidia,
bevri ram xdeba qveynada,
321
Sig codva brali didia;
buneba warbsac ar ixris`
mainc mSvidi da mSvidia~.
ase amTavrebs vaJa Tavis `sisxlis Ziebas~. bunebis analogiuri daxasiaTebaa
mocemuli `gvelis mWamelSi~: rodesac mindiam Tavi moikla, simpaTikuri grZno-
bis SemTxvevaSi, Cven winaSe Tavismkvlelisadmi TanagrZnobis suraTi unda gadaS-
liliyo. magram es ase ar moxda swored imitom, rom bunebis movlenebs vaJam Ta-
visTavadoba mianiWa:
`mTvaremac gadmoaSuqa
sajixveebis seriTa
da daaSterda Tavis mkvlels
mozare qalis feriTa...
niavic mid-modioda
udardod, nelis mReriTa...
frTa gahkris wversa xmlisasa
amoRerebuls eniTa,
SaRebils Wiaferada
kacis gul-mkerdis wveniTa,
da gaTamaSdis mwvaneze
laRad, molxeniT, stveniTa~.
bunebis amnairi daxasiaTeba da sxva mravali analogiuri magaliTi gvidastu-
rebs, rom vaJa-fSavela bunebis grZnobis ganviTarebaSi axal safexurze adis.
vaJa-fSavela scildeba simpaTikuri gagebis farglebs da bunebis TavisTavadi
Rirebulebis gansaxierebamde maRldeba.1 aseTnairad gamoiyureba vaJas striqonebi:
`caze iare, mTvareo,
mzeo abZandi-dabZandi!...
mTebo, iSiSvleT gul-mkerdi,
xan moixvieT nabadi...~
(`simRera~)
bunebis yoveli movlenisaTvis TavisTavadi Rirebulebis miniWebas gamoxa-
tavs leqsi `mTaSi (Semodgomis suraTebi)~. bunebisadmi amgvarsave damokidebu-
lebas vxvdebiT leqsSi àragvs~. momxiblavia aragvi, `mis zvirTTa laRni Cqerani,
gaafTrebulsa talRasa kldes ro wauvlen Tqerani~, magram aseTivea mTebic da
amitom poeti momxiblav aragvs Tvals aridebs da `mTebiske mwadis cqeranio,~ —
ambobs.
bunebis TavisTavadi Rirebulebis amgvari grZnoba, rasakvirvelia, ar afer-
xebs Sedareba-asociaciaTa gziT sxva movlenisa Tu viTarebis mogonebasa da ma-
Ti mniSvnelobis aRiarebas. bunebis TviTRirebulebis cnoba sruliadac ar iw-
vevs sxva rigis movlenaTa Rirebulebis uaryofas.
bunebis yovel nakvTsa da warmonaqmns vaJas SemoqmedebaSi individualuri saxe
gaaCnia. amitomacaa vaJas bunebis poezia marad moubezrebeli da warmtaci. es, Se-
iZleba iTqvas, bunebis uCveulo grZnobiT TvalebanTebuli poeziaa. vaJam iseTi
vneba Caaqsova `bunebis xotbaSi~, rom danarCen Cven poetebs aRar yofnidaT Zala
ramdenadme mainc miaxlovebodnen vaJas mier dapyrobil simaRles.
aseTia suraTi bunebis grZnobisa vaJas SemoqmedebaSi.
es bunebis grZnobis suraTia da, rogorc aseTi, igi jer kidev ar gvidgens po-
etis msoflmxedvelobas, bunebaze poetis SexedulebaTa sistemas. am Tvalsaz-
risiT ki Cven winaSe dgas sakiTxi — SegviZlia Tu ara sagangebod vilaparakoT va-
1
vaJas Semoqmedebis es Tviseba unda hqonoda SemCneuli erT avtors, rodesac werda, rom `vaJam
bunebis obieqturi mniSvneloba da siturfe dagvanaxao~ (ix. zangis fsevdonimiT xelmowerili wer-
ili gr. rcxilaZisa gaz. ìveriaSi~, 1902, 32).
322
Ja-fSavelas Tvalsazrisis anTropomorfistuli da animisturi xasiaTis Sesa-
xeb?
vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiT produqciaSi Cven winaSe iseTi movlenebi dgas,
romlebic adamianebs ar warmoadgenen, magram im TvisebebiT arian dajildoebulni,
romelnic adamianT axasiaTebT. es Seexeba am movlenaTa, Tu arsebaTa, ara marto ga-
regnobas, aramed, upiratesad, maT emociur-inteleqtualur sferos, qcevas da mo-
ralur mxares.
mTebs adamianis msgavsi garegnoba da ganwyobileba gaaCniaT:
`bnels xevze mohyefs mdinare,
gulamRvreuli javriTa.
gadmoxriliyvnen mTanica,
xel-pirs ibandnen wyalzeda~
(`stumar-maspinZeli~)
nislebi miznis Sesrulebisaken miiltvian da maT sixaruli ZaluZT:
`xevze midian nislebi
gaCqarebulni, mReriTa,
rogor xaroben tivlebi,
rom miwas hfarven bneliTa!~
(`simRera~)
anda:
`nislni daRlilni curviTa,
mTis yureT mimaluliyvnen;
mTani maRlaiT dascqerden,
Rrma fiqriT Saburviliyvnen:
beCavebs bevri etirnaT,
srul cremlad dawurviliyvnen~
(`kopala~)
Cvens warmodgenaSi uCveulo xati iqmneba mTebis qcevisa, rodesac vaJa maT
adamianis tansacmelSi CamsxdarTa saxiT warmogvidgens:
`Camoiwyvites mTebma sakinZi,
Camoiglijes Coxebis kalTa~
(`mTebis sizmari~)
vaJasTan vefxvic vaJkacis msgavsad gamoiyureba:
`klanWi stkioda beCavsa,

guls boRma maereoda,
sisxli nadeni totiTa
mdinares Saereoda.
........................
kvnesoda, rogorc vaJkaci
mterze javr-amouyreli,
mudam mdebare mtris fex-qveS,
viT mTa janR-gadauyreli~
(`daWrili vefxvi~)
analogiuri mdgomareobaa vaJas prozaSi:
`damWknari diyi, Supya, Sambi, aryi, cacxvi da urZani, — yvelani erTad SfoTav-
dnen — `mivaSveloT wyaros wyali, ar dagviSreso!~ mawvdidnen foTlebidam, tote-
bidam, fesvebidam, TiTo-orola namobiT, magram veRarasa mSvelidnen. Tanac viTom
miwam piri miyo da dausrulebel ufskrulSi unda davRupuliyavi. SemeSinda da
gamomeRviZa. guli mikankalebda, Sublze ofli damsxmoda~ (`mTis wyaro~).
323
bunebis qmnilebaTa, cxovelTa amdagvari warmodgena, warmodgena mTebisa,
rogorc xel-piris sabanad wamowvdilTa, motiralTa, anda mxar-beW miyrdnobil-
Ta, are-marisa, rogorc TvalebismfSvnetelisa, nislisa, rogorc curviT daR-
lilisa... miuTiTebs, rom aq nagulisxmevia adamianTa msgavsi arseba-movlenebi.
maT amdagvar garegnul mxares Sesatyvisi Sinaganic gaaCnia. nislis simRera da si-
xaruli, mTebis Saburva Rrma fiqriT, vefxvis kvnesa (rogorc mterze javramouy-
reli vaJkacisa) da sxva adasturebs, rom qcevisa da moraluri sferos mxriv aq
Cven araadamianTadmi adamianuri Tvisebebis miwerasTan gvaqvs saqme. es ueWvelia,
magram gvaqvs Tu ara ufleba amis mixedviT davuaxlovoT vaJa-fSavelas Sexedu-
lebebi pirvelyofili adamianis Tvalsazriss.
gana vaJam, rogorc xelovanma, ar icis, rom adamiani sxvaa da cxovelebi,
frinvelebi, klde, mdinare... sxvaa?! rasakvirvelia, icis. ukve es garemoeba SeuZ-
leblad xdis laparaks pirvelyofili adamianis Tvalsazrisidan vaJas daaxloe-
baze. aq `miewereba~ adamianuri Tviseba araadamians im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gac-
nobierebulia maT Soris arsebuli mkveTri gansxvaveba. es ukve pirvelyofili
adamianis Tvalsazrisi aRar SeiZleba iyos.
Tavis moTxrobaSi `goCi~ vaJam pirvelyofili adamiani Semdegnairad daaxasia-
Ta: `misi gonebrivi simaRle xom erTi magaliTiTac gamoixateba: qari cocxali arse-
ba egona da muSts uRerda, Tu moxvedi Tav-pirs dagamtvrevo~.
am mxatvrul TxzulebaTa mixedviTac ki, Tavi rom davaneboT mis eTnografi-
ul werilebs, Seuwynarebel miamitobad unda CaiTvalos vaJasaTvis pirvelyofi-
li adamianis Tvalsazrisis miwera. saerTod, literaturuli cxovrebis ganviTa-
rebaze erTi Tvalis gadavlebac ki dagvanaxvebs, rom zogi mwerlis poetur
TxzulebaSi `gasuliereba~ xandaxan aranaklebi ZaliTaa mowodebuli, vidre Cven
amas vaJasTan vxvdebiT.
yoveli poeti, ramdenadac is poetia, mimarTavs `gasulierebas~. amisagan Ta-
vis daRweva, albaT, arc erT poets ar SeuZlia, magram isini vaJasagan imiT gan-
sxvavdebian, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi gvaniSneben, rom poeti ar scildeba garkveul
sazRvars, sifrTxiles icavs am xerxis gamoyenebaSi da swored amiT, sifrTxi-
liT, amJRavnebs, rom misTvis `gasuliereba~ xerxia. vaJasaTvis ar arsebobs am
mxriv araviTari sazRvari, araviTari sifrTxile da vaJas udidesi ostatoba ima-
Sia, rom misTvis es SesaZlebelia da misawvdomi. am mxriv vaJa gabedulsa da sazR-
vardaudebel niWs aaSkaravebs.
es axdens gansacvifrebel STabeWdilebas mis SemoqmedebaSi. saerTod, poezi-
aSi Zalian xSirad gamoiyurebian mTebi mdumared, medidurad, mTebi mtvirTveli
mraval fiqrTa, magram mxolod vaJam aavso ca ucnauri xatebiT. man sizmrismxed-
veli, mxarbeWmiyrdnobili mTebi warmogvidgina da ase xelgaSlilad da Tavi-
suflad gagvimaspinZlda diadi xatiT:
`Camoiwyvites mTebma sakinZi,
Camoiglijes Coxebis kalTa~.
sazogadod, poeziaSi TiTqmis gacveTil saxed iqca mTvaris gamoRviZeba, mag-
ram mxolod vaJam Tqva ase Zlierad, sadad da genialurad:
`mTvare ki jer arsada sCans
ar dagvnaTois Tavzeda,
jer Tu ar gauRviZnia,
isev Tu sZinavs mklavzeda!
jer gamarjveba ar uTqvams
Semomjdars goris fxazeda,
sxivni ar daugzavnian
piris sabanad wyalzeda~
(`Rame mTaSi~)
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gasulierebis xerxis ase Tavisuflad moxmareba, am unaris usazRvroeba warmo-
Sobs STabeWdilebas poetis Taviseburebebisa da ucnaurobis Sesaxeb, magram esec
xerxia, oRond mis amgvarobas mkiTxveli advilad veRar grZnobs.
maSasadame, vaJa-fSavela SexedulebaTa mxriv Cvens mwerlobaSi gancalkeve-
bulad ar dgas. aseTi damokidebuleba movlenebisadmi Cveulebrivia da bevri xe-
lovanis SemoqmedebaSi gamomJRavnebuli. oRondac, vaJasTan es damokidebuleba,
gamoxatvis saSualebaTa simZafris gamo, ufro naTelia da amiT axali safexuria
Seqmnili poetur sferoSi.
5) a d a m i a n i s S e s a Z l e b l o b a T a s a k i T x i. vaJa miznad isaxavs erT-
erT poemaSi imis gaTvaliswinebas, Tu ra Zalebi gaaCnia adamians, romelTa meoxe-
biTac mas SeuZlia wvdes gare samyaros raobas da gaerkves mis `saidumloebaSi~.
misi aseTi poemaa `gvelis-mWameli~.
gavrcelebulia azri, rom `gvelis-mWamelis~ ZiriTadi problemaa —problema
sibrZnisa, adamianis yovlismcodneobisa, yovlismcodneobis SesaZleblobisa da,
rom yovlismcodnis gansaxierebas mindia warmoadgens.
ramdenad marTebulia azri, rom mindia yovlismcodneobiT xasiaTdeba, rom
igi brZenia? is, rac Cven sibrZned, yovlismcodneobad migvaCnia, Seesatyviseba
Tu ara imas, rasac mindiaSi vxedavT?
mindias brZnobaze `gvelis-mWamelis~ Semdegi adgilebi miuTiTebs: qajeTs myof-
ma mindiam, TviTmkvlelobis mizniT, aiRo gvelis xorcis erTi naWeri, SeWama igi da
mas —
àxalad suli Caedga,
axali xorci Seisxa;
gulis xedva da Tvalebis,
rogorc brmas da yruvs, gaexsna.
esmis dReidan yoveli,
rasac frinvelni galoben,
an mcenareni, cxovelni,
rodis ilxenen, wvaloben~.
da, amgvarad, mindiam `Seigno~ sibrZne qajebis, `gamecnierda glexia~. man moi-
pova mkurnalobis unari miT, rom mcenareebi TviT sTavazoben Tavs:
`me varo amis wamali~,
sxva gaiZaxis ìmisa~,
rodesac mindia miva xesTan da mis moWras moiwadinebs —
`Semohkravs culsa da am dros
xis Semoesmis kvnesao:
`nu momklav, Cemo mindiav,
nu damibneleb mzesao~.
da mindiac `xelcarieli~ wamova. sxvaTaTvis miuwvdomeli mixvedris unaris wya-
lobiT imarjvebs mindia mterze, rodesac xalxi Tavdasxmas ganicdis da a.S.
ai, aseTia nimuSebi, mindias yovlismcodneobis sailustraciod rom gamodge-
ba. rodesac mindia gadauxvevs gzidan, rodesac igi `dRes-xvaleobiTa, cot-co-
ta nelaobiTa~ daiwyebs `Tavis rwmenasTan moqcevas melaobiTa~, maSin dakargavs
unars yvavilTa da frinvelTa enis gagebisas da aRarc mterze gamarjvebis unari
SerCeba mas. metic: igi Cveulebriv adamianebze naklebfasovani aRmoCndeba. am-
gvaradaa daxasiaTebuli mindia poemaSi.
aris Tu ara sakmarisi es niSnebi, raTa mindias yovlismcodneobaze vilapara-
koT?
mindias yovlismcodneoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi `gebulobs~, rodesac
frinvelebi, Tu mcenareebi laparakoben, igi xvdeba, gebulobs maT enas. esaa da
es. magram aris ki es namdvili codna? marTalia, mindias SeuZlia gaugos frinve-
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lebs da mcenareebs, gaigos buneba, magram `SeuZlia~ gana niSnavs imas, rom man
ìcis~? — ara! mindiam sazogadod ki ar icis, Tu ra ris wamalia, aramed mas esmis,
rodesac yvavilebi sakuTar Tavs sTavazoben.
cnobilia, rom, magaliTad, daavadebuli cxoveli midis, arCevs da poulobs
garkveul mcenares, romelic mas hkurnavs, igi aRwevs mizans miT, rom Seucdom-
lad moqmedebs. magram, rasakvirvelia, aq codnaze, rogorc aseTze, laparaki Se-
uZlebelia. aseTi faqtebi ar aris ucxo, sazogadod, adamianisaTvis.
is unari, rac cxovelebs, garkveuli azriT, upiratesobas aniWebs, adamianis
bunebam ase mkveTrad veRar SeinarCuna. mis cxovrebaSi instinqtis adgili gone-
bam daikava. amdagvari faqtebi xsnis mindias Taviseburebas.
mindiam ki ar icis, aramed mas aqvs unari igrZnos da mixvdes. garkveul viTa-
rebamde misi codna mocemuli ar aris. mindiam bunebis kanonebi ki ar icis, aramed
igi ubralod xvdeba bedsa Tu ubedobas, ama Tu im wamowyebis vargisoba-uvargi-
sobas. mindia ar aaSkaravebs Teoretul interesebs, misi goneba TavisTavad cod-
naze orientirebuli goneba ar aris. aseTi gza miznis miRwevisa ar aris codnis
gza. igi brma gzaa, miuxedavad imisa, rom SeiZleba efeqti mopovebul iqnes. aq
namdvil codnasTan ara gvaqvs saqme imitom, rom saerTo kanonzomierebebis
wvdomis cda ar aris mocemuli. aq SemTxvevidan SemTxvevaze gadadis adamiani da
ara aqvs adgili maTgan ganyenebas. aq namdvili codna ar aris, radgan es codna
sxvaTaTvis misawvdomi araa, sxvebze misi gadacema SesaZlebeli ar aris; aq codnas
ver vigulisxmebT, radgan codnis mopovebis es gza imTaviTve ar Seesabameba cod-
nis bunebas.
mindias gamecniereba arc Tavisi SinaarsiT da arc Tavisi safuZvliT WeSma-
riti codna ar aris. man, magaliTad, arc ki icis, rom iseTi moqmedeba, romelsac
misgan coli mzia moiTxovs, misi unaris dakargvas gamoiwvevs. mas mxolod guli
abrkolebs, mxolod misi guli ewinaaRmdegeba mcenareTa moWras da cxovelTa
daxocvas; man, rasakvirvelia, ar icis namdvilad, rom dakargavs gagebis unars,
ukeTu inadirebs da xeebs mosWris: amas bolos dainaxavs mindia. mindias codna
mopovebuli ar aris im gziT, rogoriTac namdvili codna SeiZineba. codnis da-
kargvac ise ar SeiZleba, rogorc es mindias SemTxvevaSia. mindia bolos dakargu-
li unaris dabrunebis iseT gzas mimarTavs, romelic mkafiod gansxvavdeba cod-
nis SeZenis gzisgan — igi vedrebas mimarTavs.
magram xom faqtia, rom mindias SeuZlia gaigos is, rac sxvebisaTvis araa misaw-
vdomi da miaRwios imas, rasac sxvebi ver axerxeben?! vaJasTan mindias moqmedebas da
mTel mis qcevas inteleqtualuri sfero ar ganagebs; sruliad naTelia, rom `gve-
lis-mWamelSi~ warmodgenilia bunebis wvdomisa da saWiro moqmedebis warmoebis
grZnobiTi gza. aq cxadad Cans vaJas azri, rom bunebasTan siaxlove Taviseburi gziT
aris SesaZlebeli. es gza intuiciis gzaa.
intuiciiT bunebis wvdomis problema dgas mkafiod `gvelis-mWamelSi~, ukeT:
es gzaa dasuraTebuli sruliad mkafiod, rogorc faqti. mwerali am poemaSi ga-
remos intuiturad wvdomis ilustraciis amocaniT aris gansazRvruli. esaa na-
warmoebis Tema.
es amocana vaJam mSvenivrad Seasrula. man Zalian mkafiod dagvanaxa, rom gar-
da gonebisa, aris kidev sxva saSualebac, da xSirad saukeTeso saSualebac, gare-
moSi garkvevisa da qveynis sakeTildReod moqmedebisa. es aris moqmedeba intui-
ciis karnaxiT. es ar niSnavs gonierebis uaryofas, es mxolod da mxolod adamia-
nis gonebis mier pirveladi intuiciis realuri mniSvnelobisa da misi fasovne-
bis aRiarebas gulisxmobs.
xom ar niSnavs es imas, rom amdagvari moqmedeba gonebis sawinaaRmdego moqme-
debad CaiTvalos, rom intuituri moqmedeba ewinaaRmdegebodes, anda gamoricx-
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avdes gonebis kanonebiT moqmedebas? es metad mniSvnelovani sakiTxia. es sakiTx-
ic dgas vaJas `gvelis-mWamelSi~.
cxovrebis praqtika TiTqos adasturebs, rom adamianebi erTimeores gvanan
da rac erTisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, is danarCenTaTvisac misawvdomia.
èna Tu hqondes xe-qvaTa,

Cven rad ar gagvigonia?
......................
Cvenc misebr kacni ara varT,
Cvenc yurebi gvsxav mgonia?!~
ai, Calxias argumenti. vaJam gviCvena, rom Calxia martivi gonebaa da iqve daa-
dastura, rom mindia misdagvari araa, rom yvelasaTvis yvelaferi araa misawvdomi.
pirdapiri goneba moiTxovs aSkara Tanamimdevrobas.
`vsTqvaT, sibraluli kargia,
xe, qva, balaxTi, cxovelTi...
kacis kvla yvelasa sWarbobs,
Tund mteri iyos, yovelTi.
maS aRarc kacs unda vklavdeT~.
aseTi unda iyos logika, magram mindia mters, kacs klavs. aq winaaRmdegobaa,
Calxias azriT. es SeniSvna TiTqos samarTliania. magram saqme isaa, rom sibraluli
ar niSnavs sakuTar arsebobaze xelis aRebas. ar mokla is, rasac ziani ar moaqvs, is
rac TavisTvis arsebobs, ar mokla frinveli, ar moWra xe da a.S. ar gulisxmobs
imas, rom Tavi ar daicva Tavdasxmisagan. is, rasac ziani ar moaqvs, SeiZleba ar
iyos Setevis sagani. mindias mixedviT, igi arc unda iyos Setevis sagani. magram is,
rac Tavdamsxmelia da momspobi, TviT unda moispos. es aris samarTlianoba. am ga-
gebiT mindias Sexeduleba Tanamimdevrulia da Calxias SeniSvna Zalas kargavs. ma-
gram, meore mxriv, es Tvalsazrisi Tavdacvis wminda da SeubRalavi instinqtidan
momdinareobs. igi kargad egueba mindias bunebas da Sinagani winaaRmdegobisagan
aTavisuflebs mas.
vaJkacobas ver izamen `ymawviln, uxorcod dazrdilni~. mindia ki nadirs ar
xocavs, xes ar Wris. gamodis, rom misi moqmedeba ver akmayofilebs cxovrebis
moTxovnilebas da, maSasadame, mindia ara marto gansxvavebulia sxvaTagan, ara-
med uniadagocaa. magram mindia ase ar fiqrobs. igi fiqrobs, rom adamiani unda
dasjerdes `joyrebs, xmels wiwkrebs cotasa~. amiTac gaitans Tavs igi. xolo
xorceulis Secvla sxva raimeTi SeiZleba.
aseT azrSi gaugonari araferia. rigi moazrovneebisa (Tanamedrove xanis moaz-
rovneebisa) Seiwynarebda mindias Sexedulebidan ukanasknel mosazrebas. ra dae-
marTeboda adamians, rom mindias rCevas misdios man? am gziT mavalma adamianma Se-
iZleba iarsebos Tu ara? zogierTi fiqrobs, rom ara, aseTi gza adamians daRupvas
uqadis. mindia ki fiqrobs, rom aseTi gziTac SeinarCunebs adamiani arsebobas, me-
tic, igi ufro bednieri iqneba, Tu mkvlelobaze aiRebs xels. mindia amiT amoudga
mxarSi zogierT Tanamedrove moazrovnes. SeiZleba aseTi azri hqondes am poemis
gmirs, azri, romelic gacilebiT keTilSobilia, vidre Sexeduleba, romelic ada-
mianis arsebobis saWiroebiT amarTlebs sisastikes, gulqvaobasa da mkvlelobas.
amgvarad, unda vifiqroT, rom `gvelis-mWamelSi naCvenebia adamianTa gan-
sxvavebuli buneba, rom iq araa winaaRmdegoba imis gamo, rom sisaTuTis gverdiT
mtris mospobaa amocanad dasaxuli.
rogorc vxedavT, mindias magaliTze gviCvena vaJam is gansxvaveba, romelic
intuiciasa da gonebas Soris arsebobs, rodesac ukanaskneli viwroa da SemozRu-
duli. intuicias mkafiod moraluri saxe aqvs, misi wammarTavi principi humanu-
robaa da Tavisi Sinaarsi eTikis sferodan amoaqvs. rodesac Cveni gonebac am
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principiT xelmZRvanelobs, maSin gamoricxulia SesaZlebloba intuiciasTan mi-
si dapirispirebisa.
TavisTavad adamianuri instinqti ar aris gansazRvruli mxolod fizikuri
arsebobis SenarCunebisaken miswrafebiT da arc sxvisi STanTqma gamoxatavs mis
raobas. namdvilad adamianuri instinqti socialuria Tavisi SinaarsiT da kargi-
sagan avis garCevas uwyobs xels, kidev ufro amaRlebs adamianis pirovnebas.
instinqtis amgvari gageba gvaqvs mxedvelobaSi, rodesac `gvelis-mWamelze~
vlaparakobT. masSi ar aris mowodebuli namdvili codna Tavisi arsebiTi niSnebiT,
magram mocemulia grZnoba imisa, Tu ra aris cudi da ra aris kargi. aseTi SemTxveve-
bi cnobilia im namdvili cxovrebis amsaxvel literaturaSi, sadac aRwerilia, rom
adamiani grZnobs, magaliTad, Tu vis mxarezea simarTle, miuxedavad imisa, rom sav-
sebiT garkveuli ar aris garemo viTarebaSi da ar SeuZlia logikuri argumentebiT
daasabuTos Tavisi grZnobis siswore. vaJam swored is gviCvena, rom gonebis gver-
diT aseTi adamianuri intuiciiT SeiZleba garemos wvdoma, misi erTgvari gageba.
amaSi mdgomareobs `gvelis-mWamelis~ mTavari azri, sakiTxis amgvar dasmaSi gamov-
linda vaJa-fSavelas dakvirvebisa da azrovnebis siRrme.
III. vaJa-fSavelas proza da dramaturgia
1. vaJa-fSavelas prozis mTavari motivebi
vaJa-fSavelas proza, pirveli STabeWdilebis mixedviT, gamoirCeva manamde

arsebuli prozisagan. aq, upirveles yovlisa, sagulisxmoa imis mogoneba, rom mka-
fio moralisturi tendencia iyo damaxasiaTebeli Cveni literaturisaTvis XIX
saukuneSi. es tendencia Tavs iCenda iseTi mwerlis SemoqmedebaSic ki, rogoric
iyo ilia WavWavaZe. rogorc wesi, ilia WavWavaZe ar kmayofildeba ama Tu im ambis
gadmocemiT: moTxrobis mimdinareobaSive urTavs igi Tavis moralistur komenta-
rebs. mag., `kacia-adamianis?!~ Sesavali, TiTqmis Tavidan bolomde, moralisturia.
mwerali pirdapir afrTxilebs da Wkuas aswavlis mkiTxvels. ilia aq ara erTxel
CaurTavs, magaliTad, Semdegnair moralistur SeniSvnas: `netavi imaT, mkiTxve-
lo~, aseTivea ilias SeniSvnebi, romlebic personaJebis daxasiaTebas Seicavs: `sa-
dilis Semdeg Zili, mere isev gaRviZeba, mere isev Cai, mere vaxSami, da bolos isev
is satrfialo Zili, — da esreT tkbilad da aumRvrevlad midioda cxovreba luar-
sabisa da darejanisa, romlebmac araferi ar icodnen am wuTisoflisa~.
aseTia erTi klasikuri nimuSi ostaturad gamovlenili moralisturi ten-
denciisa Cvens literaturaSi. amasTanave, isic unda iTqvas, rom es tendencia
ufro da ufro daeufla Cvens mwerlobas da Tavisi batonobis mwvervals e.w.
xalxosnebis SemoqmedebaSi miaRwia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom vaJa, rogorc ukve mravalgzis aRvniSneT, eTikur
problemaTa wreSi trialebs, mis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi es sakiTxebi isea gan-
xiluli da gadmocemuli, rom TiTqmis ar vxvdebiT moralizebis tendecias, da-
rigeba — Wkuis swavlebis gamomxatvel gamoTqmebs. am TvalsazrisiT rom gadavxe-
doT vaJas iseT moTxrobebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad: `Svlis nukris naambobi~,
`mTis wyaro~, `xmeli wifeli~, `quCi~, àmodis, naTdeba~, `svavi~ da sxva, davina-
xavT, rom, miuxedavad uaRresad mniSvnelovani zneobrivi problemebisa, vaJa maT
ise aSuqebs, rom piradad TviTon ar gvawvdis moralistur SeniSvnebs. am moTx-
robebSi morali TviT ambidan gamomdinareobs, anu sxvagvarad: TviTon naambobi
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qadagebs maRal zneobriv idealebs avtoris mier maTze sagangebo miTiTebebis
gareSe.
sanimuSod aviRoT vaJas mTeli Semoqmedebisa da, kerZod, misi prozis iseTi
motivi, rogoricaa motivi sikeTisa, sxvisTvis sargeblobis motanisa. `mTis wya-
roSi~, magaliTad, es motivi isea gansaxierebuli, rom mwerali erTi moralistu-
ri SeniSvniTac ki ar aris Careuli TxrobaSi. aq morali gamomdinareobs TviT am-
bidan, mTis wyaros mier naambobi sizmridan: `vnaxe, viTom viRupebodi. gvalva,
didi gvalva damdgariyo, balaxni, xeni, Cemni mSobelni, damWknariyvnen, mec dav-
mSraliyavi TiTqmis. Rabua, lamazi `wiflisCita~ Camofrinda verxvis totidam da
undoda Cems gubeSi banaoba, magram veRar daisvela mxrebi da daiwyo tirili.
vxedavdi amas da guli mikvdeboda: sad waxvel, Cemo madlo-meTqi, — vdudunebdi~.
am sityvebSi, Tqma ar unda, maRali moraluri azria Cadebuli, magram Txroba
araa moralisturi, ramdenadac igi ar Seicavs Wkuis swavlebasa da darigebas, ram-
denadac sxvisadmi ki ar aris mimarTuli, aramed morali mTis wyaros TviTdaxasia-
TebaSivea mocemuli. es niSnavs imas, rom vaJa-fSavela gvaswavlis didaqtikuri to-
nis auReblad.
`ra kargia sicocxle!~, — ai, is lozungi, romelsac mxatvrulad asaxierebs
vaJa Tavis moTxrobebSi — ìa~, `mTis wyaro~, `fesvebi~ da sxv.
sicocxle aris piroba iis silamazisa, iis sicocxle aris piroba miT datkbo-
bisa. Cemi sicocxlis gaxangrZlivebis survili gansazRvravs imasac, — ambobs ia,
— rom `xeebi: aryi, wifeli, Txili, Tameli, dudgula garSemo mexvevian da myarau-
loben, wvimis nams inaxaven totebiT, foTlebiT da mere nel-nela mamcvreven
pirzed TiTo-orol namobiT, pirsa mbanen~. ia danatrebulia didxans sicocxles;
sazogadod, `yvelas uxarian sicocxle~ da borotebaa iq, sadac Tavs iCens mis-
wrafeba sicocxlis mospobisaken. sicocxlis faqti aris piroba sixarulisa, imi-
sa, rom mTis wyarom guldamSvidebulad ganacxados: àra var damSrali, arao!~
esaa vaJa-fSavelas amosavali principi.
sicocxlis wyurvilis gansaxiereba mraval mwerals ucdia. erTi aseTi cda
ekuTvnis jek londonsac (moTxroba `sicocxlisadmi siyvaruli~). magram arc jek
londons da vaJa-fSavelamde arc erT qarTvel mwerals ar gauxdia Tavisi sagan-
gebo gansaxierebis sagnad `sicocxlis sixarulis~ gancda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, arc
erT qarTvel mwerals vaJaseburi uSualobiT, sifaqiziTa da siRrmiT ar uCvenebia
mniSvneloba im gancdisa, romelic TviT sicocxliT gamowveul sixarulSi mdgo-
mareobs. marTalia, Cvens mwerlobaSi, iseve, rogorc yovel sazogadoebrivad mo-
winave literaturaSi, laparakobdnen sicocxlis upiratesobaze da a.S., magram
mravali maTganisagan vaJa imiT gamoirCeva, rom man mogvawoda es grZnoba yovel-
gvar filosofiur msjelobaTa da moralistur darigebaTa gareSe. didi xelova-
nisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli da Tanac konkretuli saxeebiT gviCvena, rom sicocxle
TviT silamazea. yvelaferi es vaJam SeZlo ise, rom dasaxmareblad ar mouxmia arc
erTi andaza, arc erTi sentencia, araferi iseTi, rac moTxrobaSi mwerlis mier
garedan motanili argumentebis STabeWdilebas datovebda. sicocxlis sixaruli
TviT arsebebSia, maTgan moucilebelia. ai, ra gviCvena vaJam da am CvenebiT ufro
ukeT daamtkica Zala am grZnobisa, vidre es sxva garemdebare argumentebis moSve-
liebiT iyo SesaZlebeli.
am motivis wamoweva da misi amdagvari gansaxiereba sruliad ueWvels xdis, rom
vaJas SemoqmedebaSi gamomJRavnebul sevdian ganwyobilebas safuZvlad pesimisturi
Tvalsazrisi ki ar edo, aramed jansaRi optimizmi, romlis Zala swored imaSia, rom
sevdis mowolas uZlebs, sZlevs da mis gabatonebas savsebiT gamoricxavs.
aqedan gamomdinareobs, an ufro sworad, vaJas aseT TvalsazrisSivea nagu-
lisxmevi imedis motivi, romelic TiTqmis misi yoveli prozauli nawarmoebidan
gamosWvivis. es motivi gansazRvravs maRali mTebis molodins (`mTani maRalni~),
329
radgan imedis gareSe molodini warmoudgenelia; ueWvelad es motivia gansaxie-
rebuli, rodesac imedmixdil amirans klde mimarTavs: `nu gastydebi, imeds nu
dahkargav. me xom mxedav, ramdeni qarcecxli gadadis Cems Tavze da isev mainc ki-
dev magrad vdgevar~ (`klde mtirali~); imedia vaJas Semoqmedebis erTi mTavari
motivi, ramdenadac TviT dedamiwa SesZaxis Tavis sasomixdil warmonaqmnT: `ra
gatirebT? ra gaCivlebT? vidre Tqveni fesvebi Cems gul-mkerdSia Caqsovili,
TqvenTan sikvdils xeli ara aqvs. kidev ahyvavdebiT, Svilebo, kidev gaizrdebiT,
moiTmineT cota xans!~ (`bunebis wiaRze~).
aseTia vaJas prozis kidev erTi motivi, magram vaJa-fSavela ar ganmartavs da
ar asaxelebs Tu, saxeldobr, ras moelis; misi molodini mxolod ukeTesis molo-
dinSia, romlis konkretul daxasiaTebasac igi ar iZleva. am TvalsazrisiT SeiZ-
leba iTqvas, rom vaJas prozaSi isea gadmocemuli imedi ukeTesi momavlisa, rom
mwerali ar kisrulobs gaSlili programis mowodebas: igi ufro sakuTriv imedis
grZnobas gamoxatavs, vidre am grZnobisadmi saltolveli miznis Sinaarss.
vaJas poeturi nawarmoebebis ganxilvisas aRvniSneT, rom misi Semoqmedebis
masala, sazogadod, naRvliani toniTaa Seferili. vaJas swored iseTi movlenebi
da arsebebi izidavs, rolebic sevdian iers atareben. maSin mivuTiTeT, rom am sa-
xis masalis SerCeva vaJa-fSavelas patriotuli interesebiT aris gansazRvruli.
axla mxolod imas vityviT, rom garemosadmi aseTsave midgomas amJRavnebs vaJa
Tavis prozaSi, metic: aq ufro mkafiod Cans misi es Tavisebureba.
daCagruls, `gardamavals~, `wuTiers~ daumsaxurebia vaJas, rogorc prozai-
kosis, gansakuTrebuli siyvaruli da yuradReba. aseTia misi `quCi~, da ìa~, misi
`Svlis nukris naambobi~ da `kurdReli~, `xmeli wifeli~ da `fesvebi~... aqedan
Cans, Tu ramdenad nazi da saTno gulis mweralia vaJa. ufro amitomacaa, rom va-
Ja-fSavelas moTxrobaTa didi umravlesoba qarTveli bavSvebisa da ymawvilebis
sayvarel prozas warmoadgenda da warmoadgens. misi moTxrobebi interess iwve-
ven rogorc TavianTi siuJetiTa da personaJebiT, ise, gansakuTrebiT, Txrobis
maneriTa da daxvewilobiT.
2. vaJa-fSavelas dramatuli Txzulebani
pirveli dramatuli Txzuleba vaJam dawera 1889 wels. rogorc Cans, vaJa Ta-
visi Semoqmedebis dasawyisidanve iyo dainteresebuli mxatvruli sityvis am
formiT. marTalia, es interesi vaJas SemoqmedebaSi farTod ar gamovlinda, mag-
ram poetis cxovrebis ukanasknel xanamde ar gamqrala igi; yovel SemTxvevaSi,
1911 wels kidev dawera vaJam erTi piesa (`tyis komedia~). ra warmoadgens vaJas
dramatul nawarmoebTa Temas?
a) 1889 w. dawerili `scenebi mTaSi (xevsurebis cxovrebidam)~ sul sam gmirs
gvidgens, romelTagan oria mTavari. am scenis Temaa saidumlo ZalTa arsebobis
rwmena, romlebic moqmedebas warmarTaven. moqmed pirTa xasiaTis ZiriTadi Tvi-
sebebidan aq gulubryvilobasa da sificxezea xazi gasmuli. vaJasTan es rwmena
yofiTs gulubryvilobazea aRmocenebuli, eTnografiul masalazea gaSlili da
amiTaa gansazRvruli. am scenebSi isev vaJa Cans, poeti, romelic bunebis damaame-
bel xasiaTs aRniSnavs.
b) imave 1889 w. gamoqveynebuli `scenebi (fSavlebis cxovrebidam)~ colis Ra-
latisa da misi dasjis saWiroebas exeba.
am `scenebSi~ vaJa iseT Temas Seexo, romelsac igi SemdgomSic, sxva kuTxiT da
sxva TvaliT, araerTxel ganixilavs. ase, magaliTad, colis, rogorc Semborka-
vis, maiZuleblisa da gzis dambnevis motivs aSuqebs vaJa `gogoTursa da afSina-
330
Si~ da gansakuTrebiT ki `gvelis-mWamelSi~. aseve araerTgzis daubrundeba vaJa
gulubryvilobis, rogorc zneobrivi simaRlis, gansaxierebas.
g) siuJeturad gansxvavebulia, magram ideurad am piesas uaxlovdeba 1889
welsve dawerili `scenebi~. aq qalaqelisagan gulubryvilo xevsurebis motyue-
baa dasuraTebuli. am `scenebSi~ naCvenebia, rom gulubryviloba TavisTavad,
zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT, ufro maRal safexurs warmoadgens, vidre es erTi Se-
xedviT kacma SeiZleba ifiqros.
rogorc TviT am piesis saTaurebi (`scenebi~) miuTiTebs, am TxzulebebSi va-
Jas ufro yofiTi suraTebis mowodeba hqonda ganzraxuli. magram dakvirvebuli
Tvali SeamCnevs, rom vaJa Tavisi niWis wyalobiT ukve scildeba masalis eTnog-
rafiul Sinaarss da mkiTxvelSi ufro maRal zneobriv RirebulebaTadmi inte-
ress amkvidrebs.
d) vaJas yvelaze ufro didi dramatuli Txzulebaa `mokveTili~. gamoqveynebu-
lia is 1894 wels da fSavelTa cxovrebas exeba. vaJas am dramaSi moqmedeba mTaSi war-
moebs.
magram, miuxedavad yofiTi suraTebis siuxvisa, `mokveTili~ yofiTi masaliT
ar ifargleba. aq ori, urTierTTan gadanaskvuli, vnebis dinebaa warmodgenili:
piradi Seuracxyofisa (baxa Seuracxyofilia — ConTam xom misi sacole gaitaca)
da samSoblos siyvarulisa (Tavisi qveynis mtrebis banakSi myofi baxa TanamoZmeebs
unda Seebas). amgvarad, drama pirovnul da patriotul vnebaTa Widils gviCvenebs.
aseTi Tema vaJasaTvis SemTxveviTi ar aris: am dramis gamoqveynebamde erTi
wlis win (1893 w.) daibeWda misi `stumar-maspinZeli~. es poemac am sakiTxs aSuqebs.
joyolac pirad Seuracxyofas grZnobs da, samSoblos moRalated miCneuli, Ta-
visi qveynis dasacavad ibrZvis. es migviTiTebs, rom am xanaSi vaJas yuradReba am
rigis sakiTxebisadmia miqceuli.
magram `mokveTilSi~, viTarca dramaSi, moqmedeba cota sxvagvarad viTarde-
ba: poemaSi joyolas brZola Tavisi kuTxis dasacavad winaswar gaTvaliswinebu-
li da damkvidrebuli Segnebis Sedegia. aq mkiTxvelisaTvis araferia moulodne-
li. avtori joyolas saqcieliT Temis wevrTa erTgvar gancvifrebas gvixatavs.
`mokveTili~ ki dramatul xazzea agebuli, rom baxas patriotizmi dagvixasiaTos
rogorc uSualo grZnoba, rogorc winaswari gadawyvetilebis gareSe gamoaSka-
ravebuli grZnoba. aqedan Cans, rom vaJas am dramis mizania gviCvenos patriotu-
li grZnobis siRrme. vaJa gviCvenebs, rom patriotuli grZnobis simtkicis sa-
fuZveli adamianis bunebis Rrma, zogjer uxilav da gaucnobierebel fenaSia.
aseTia am dramis erTi da Tan ZiriTadi azri.
IV. vaJa-fSavelas xelovneba
1. vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebis xalxuroba
sayovelTaod cnobilia azri vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebis xalxurobis Sesa-

xeb.
TviT vaJa-fSavelasac sagangebod aqvs aRniSnuli xalxuri Semoqmedeba, ro-
gorc erT-erTi metad mniSvnelovani wyaro sakuTari Semoqmedebisa.
yvelaze ufro xelSesaxeb masalas xalxuri Semoqmedebisadmi vaJas damoki-
debulebis naTelsayofad warmoadgens is nawarmoebebi, romlebic vaJas uSua-
lod xalxur gadmocema-Tqmulebebze augia.
331
imis aRweras, Tu ra daamata, ra gamoaklo, saerTod, xalxurTan SedarebiT, ra
cvlilebebi Seitana vaJam ama Tu im nawarmoebSi, Tavisi mniSvneloba aqvs. magram es
mainc masalaa da mxolod masalaa vaJasa da xalxuri Semoqmedebis urTierTdamoki-
debulebis sakiTxis naTelsayofad.
rogoria mxatvruli azri im cvlilebebisa, romlebic vaJas xalxur masalaSi Seu-
tania? ai, Cveni ZiriTadi sakiTxi.
rom davakvirdeT, magaliTad, vaJas èTers~ da SevadaroT igi xalxur èTerians~,
upirveles yovlisa, im gansxvavebas davinaxavT, rom vaJasTan gmiri laparakobs fsi-
qologiur enaze ... `ratom ar hfiqrob~, `vai Tu male mogwyinde~ — eubneba eTeri go-
derZis. aseTivea spaspetis sityvebic: ùnda gaxaro mefeo, saxarobeli Zviria, Tqvenma
Zem coli iTxova, mTvares miugav piria~, eTeri `cilobasa gauwevs simSvenieres mzisa-
sa~. gurgen mefec Tavis gancdebze mogviTxrobs: ìs miklavs gulsa, rom Svilma Cemma
daamcro gvaria, ca rad ar Camoiqceva, ar sqdeba mTa da baria~... `mirCieT guliT
wrfeliTa~... da a. S. aseTia vaJas èTeri~, maSin, rodesac xalxur TqmulebaSi gancde-
bis ena wamyvani araa.
ai, rogoria pirveli da sayuradRebo cvlileba, romelic vaJas Txzulebas
xalxuri qmnilebisagan asxvavebs. azri am cvlilebisa naTelia: individualuri
xelovneba sulis moZraobas mxedvelobidan ar uSvebs da misi gadmocema am xe-
lovnebis upirates da moubezrebel amocanas warmoadgens. magram, garda amisa,
individualuri Semoqmedeba Tavis Zalas detalebis gadmocemisaken, TvisebaTa
dawvrilebiTi aRwerisaken mimarTavs. xalxurSi ar gvxvdeba, da arc SeiZleba
Segvxvdes, iseTi usasrulo Zalis mqone aRwera, rogoradac vaJas èTerSi~ ja-
doqari moxucia aRwerili:
`Savia, rogorc naxSiri, tyavad furceli rkinisa;
rogorc fisi da kupria, fexebi hqonda kacisa,
....................... . xelebad bjRlebi cicisa,
Tvalebi cecxlisa usxda, da Tmis magivrad, sulZaRlsa
kbilebi hqonda minisa, mokle fafari kvicisa.~
caliers Zvlebze zed ekra
aseTia azri xalxur da individualur SemoqmedebaTa Soris arsebuli gan-
sxvavebisa. es ufro mkafiod sxva masalaze dasturdeba. gansxvavebas, romelic
xalxuri da individualuri Semoqmedebis produqts Soris arsebobs, ukeT davi-
naxavT, Tu SevadarebT vaJas poemas `xis beWi~ im xalxur Tqmulebas, romelsac
`baTiris ambavi~ ewodeba.1 am xalxur TqmulebaSi ambavi aris centrSi dayenebuli
da xalxi ar mimarTavs arc gmiris sulieri mdgomareobis daxasiaTebas da arc
moqmedebis fonis detalebis aRweras, e.i. Tqmuleba siuJetis damTavrebisaken
mkafio ltolvas iCens.
sul sxva viTarebaa `xis beWSi~. poema jer garemos detalebisaken mimarTavs yu-
radRebas, wvimian sazarel aminds aRwers, Rvarebis Zalas gadmogvcems, Savi tyiT da-
farul ferdobs gviCvenebs da mwerali ver iTmens, rom es garemo rostomis mrisxane-
basa da Tan qalur sinazes ar Seadaros; poeti aq ambis gadmocemas ayovnebs, radgan xe-
davs, rom
`mokamkameben wyaroni,
Cala-Cadunas pirs hbanen
turfani, gasaxaroni~.
poemaSi ubralod monadire ki ara aris dasaxelebuli, aramed kaci, romelsac
`mkrTolare cecxli unaTebs mWmunvares pirisaxesa~; poeti dawvrilebiT Cerdeba,
1
a. S a n i Z e aRniSnavs (`qarT. xalx. poezia~, gv. 637-639), rom `xis beWsa~ da `baTiris ambavSi~ saqmis
arsebiTi viTareba erTi da igivea.
332
Tu riT aris monadire Semkuli da aRWurvili, razed fiqrobs igi da ra aris mizezi,
rom is `fiqrisas agebs yoresa~.
aseTnairi manera Txrobisa, aseTnairi yuradReba ambisaTvis niadagis Semzade-
bisa da detalebis gadmocemisadmi, saerTod, damaxasiaTebelia poemisaTvis. es as-
xvavebs vaJas am Txzulebas xalxuri qmnilebisagan, miuxedavad imisa, rom ambis
mxriv didi Sesatyvisobaa. Tu es asea am masalaze, advilad warmosadgenia is gan-
sxvaveba, romelic mxolod romelime momentsa Tu epizodSi xalxur Tqmulebaze
dayrdnobil nawarmoebSi gamoaSkaravdeba.
Tavis patara TxzulebebSic vaJa-fSavela Tematurad xSirad amodis xalxuri
poeziidan, oRond ufro farTo kompozicias qmnis. aseTia, magaliTad, vaJas `ba-
kuri~. aq gamoyenebulia motivi maxlobeli adamianebis daxocvisa im mizniT, rom
isini mtrebs ar Cauvardnen xelSi. es motivi gadmocemulia xalxur leqsSi:
`samcixelebis Tofebma ezos Zirs Semahxvivlao.
egre gamxdara ukiSvil TaTara, rogorc sinao.
miqeli, suras gazrdili, rad arvin daiWirao?
qalni daxocna Tavisni, suleTi waixdinao.
yvelasamc egre mauva, vinc miqels gaucinao!
erTxan gamova karSia, isev Samova Sinao.
kars udga lekis laSqari, Tavi miT maiwyinao~.1
vaJasaTvis damaxasiaTebeli dinamikurobiT aris es motivi gaSlili leqsSi
`bakuri~:
`modga da modga mtris jari,
cixis moertya libosa,
..........................
ùnda colSviliT mters davrCeT,
sircxvili kisriT vzidoTa!~
.........................
cecxlad gadiqca bakuri,
marto oxvrad da kvnesada..
.........................
`vah, dedas mtrisas!~ — esa sTqva
xeli gaivlo xmalzeda:
ìsev me dagxocT!~ — da col-Svils
Tavebi dasWra wamzeda.
mters miegeba cixis kars,
.........................
gauxta xmal-moRerebiT,
frangulma gaicinao:
Tormeti mohkla cixis kars
erT-urTze daawvinao~.
erTi sityviT, xalxuri poeziisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli is aris, rom igi ar mi-
marTavs detalebis Semcvel Txrobas. amasTanave, individualur niWs sulieri
drama xiblavs da masze Cerdeba, xalxuri Semoqmedeba ki am dramaze miuTiTebs
mxolod. es vaJamac mSvenivrad SeamCnia, rodesac kerZo SemTxvevaSi — `gvelis-
mWamelTan~ dakavSirebiT — Tqva: àmbavi mindias sulis araviTar dramatul gan-
cdebs ar warmogvidgens xalxis TqmiT~.
vaJas mraval nawarmoebSia gamoyenebuli xalxuri gadmocema. misi mravali
mSvenieri striqoni xalxuri leqsis niadagzea aRmocenebuli.
magram misi Semoqmedeba adasturebs, Tu raoden didi niWia saWiro, raTa xal-
xis mxatvrulma geniam ar STanTqos individualuri saxe xelovanisa; vaJas Semoq-
medeba imasac gviCvenebs, Tu ra simaRlea saWiro niWisa, raTa xalxis mxatvruli
1 a . S a n i Z e , xalxuri poezia, gv. 30, 77, ix., agreTve, iqve, gv. 485, komentari.
333
SesaZleblobani xelovanma Tavisad aqcios da sakuTari niWis gziT warmarTos;
amisTvis aucilebelia, rom xelovanSi Tavi moiyaros erovnulma, xalxurma mxat-
vrulma alRom. dauZaleblad swored es alRo gamomzeurda vaJas SemoqmedebaSi:
man individumis enaze Targmna xalxuri, aseTi iyo vaJas genia.
2. vaJa-fSavelas realizmi
Znelia da saxifaTo didi poetis moqceva garkveuli literaturuli mimar-

Tulebis artaxebSi. vaJa didi poeti iyo, magram amas ar daubrkolebia Cveni kri-
tikosebi, raTa es poeti an xalas simbolistad mieCniaT, anda, misi Semoqmedebis
ucnaurobis gamo, `Tavisebur simbolistad~ CaeTvalaT.1
magram SeiZleba Tu ara vigulvoT, rom vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedeba simbolis-
turi xasiaTisaa?
mosazreba, romelic vaJas sazogadod xelovnebaze da, kerZod, Tavis Semoq-
medebaze gamouTqvams, arafriT ar miuTiTebs, rom igi simbolistur Tvalsaz-
riss TanaugrZnobdes. misi werilebis socialuri azri, sakuTari Semoqmedebis
wyarod xalxuri poeziisa da sibrZnis miCneva, uaRresad sada da WeSmaritad de-
mokratiuli ena da sxva, miuTiTebs, rom vaJa-fSavela ar SeiZleba simbolizmis
warmomadgenlad CaiTvalos. Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, vaJa, rasakvirvelia, am li-
teraturul mimarTulebas ar miekuTvneba.
magram igive iTqmis Tu ara vaJas poeturi Taviseburebis Sesaxeb? marTalia,
vaJa-fSavela mSvenivrad icnobs sityvis Zalas, man icis, Tu raoden didi da uSu-
alo gavlena SeiZleba moaxdinos sityvam adamianebze, magram mas is sityva aqvs
mxedvelobaSi, romelic simZlavres, Tavis sazogadoebriv mniSvnelobas garkve-
uli azris wyalobiT poulobs. vaJas mixedviT, upirveles yovlisa, am mniSvnelo-
biT aris gamarTlebuli poeturi sityvis arseboba da swored es amaRlebs mis
Rirebulebas.
vaJa poeziis individualistur xasiaTs imTaviTve ver egueba da wers: `simRe-
rav, velad gamodi, gulSi nu daiketebi~ (`gazafxuli~). velad gamosuli momRe-
rali poeti gulgatexilia, sanam vcocxlob, gulSi isa maqvso, ambobs vaJa, rom:
`keTilsa vyvande ziarad;
ver mivscem mtersa mamulsa
sajijgnad, da sazianod~.2
poetis ZiriTadi amocana isaa, rom `qveynisa wylulebs ewamlos~.
yvelaferi es, TvisTavad cxadia, imas niSnavs, rom vaJa gmobs individualis-
tur tendencias da demokratiul pozicias irCevs.
amiT vaJa erTbaSad da TvalnaTliv upirispirdeba simbolistebs. Tu amas da-
vumatebT, rom vaJa-fSavela xalxur Tematikas ewafeba da mas Tavisi Semoqmede-
bis uZiriTades nakadad aqcevs, maSin cxadi iqneba is ZiriTadi gansxvaveba, rome-
lic simbolistTa da vaJas TvalsazrisTa Soris arsebobs. samagierod, sruliad
naTeli xdeba isic, rom vaJa-fSavela arafriT aRar ganasxvavebs poeziaze Tavis
Sexedulebas realistebis Tvalsazrisisagan. naTelia, rom vaJas poezia Tavisi
mizandasaxulebiT gamokveTilad realisturia; vaJa imave koncefciis damcveli
da ganmaxorcielebelia, romelic CvenSi mWevrmetyvelurad iqadaga ilia WavWa-
1
k i t a a b a S i Z e , etiudebi me-19 saukunis qarTuli literaturis Sesaxeb, t. II, gv. 184-195. ufro
adre iv. gomarTeli vaJas simbolistobas Semdegnairad aRniSnavda: àm leqsSi (laparakia vaJas
leqsze `dausrulebeli kvnesa~ — g. k.) ixateba poetis niWis erTi Tviseba — simbolizmi~.. ài am mxriv
igi sruli simbolistia~ (ix. iv. gomarTeli, saliteraturo SeniSvnebi).
2
Jurn. `sxivi~, 1909, #3.
334
vaZem. vaJas Segnebuli Tvalsazrisi realisturi Tvalsazrisia da igi, rogorc
moazrovne — xelovani, am poziciaze dgas.
vaJasTan sagnebi da movlenebi feriuli saxiT ki ar warmodgebian, aramed
konkretuli, xorcSesxmuli saxiT. Tu simbolistebi konkretul movlenebSi
mxolod `saidumlos~ amokiTxvas cdiloben da amiT konkretuls damoukidebel
Rirebulebas ukargaven; Tu simbolistebis xats sinamdvileSi azri warmoqmnida,
—pirdapir SeiZleba iTqvas, rom vaJas TxzulebaSi xSirad jer xati iqmneba, xati,
romelsac azri Tavze ki ara aqvs moxveuli, aramed misgan gamomdinareobs. savse-
biT aseTia misi cnobili leqsi àrwivi~; aseT STabeWdilebas tovebs brwyinvale
da ganumeorebeli xati, riTac `fSaveli jariskacis werili~ iwyeba:
`gul-mkerdimc agiyovdeba,
dedao, ia-vardiTa, —
Tvalebs nu iTxri cremliTa,
guls nu iserav dardiTa~.
erTi sityviT, vaJa kerZoSi ipoveba, vaJa calkeuliT gamoicnoba, xolo sim-
bolistebi raRac gamoucnobel zogads uqvemdebareben kerZouls da ukanas-
knels mniSvnelobas aRar aniWeben. am cdis gareSec vemorCilebiT vaJas poetur
Zalas, mis poeziaSi TviTon sagnebi gamodian. aseT poezias, sagnebis poezias, Ta-
visi epiTetebis samyaro gaaCnia.
realistebis SemoqmedebaSi, upirveles yovlisa, TviT sagnebisa da movlene-
bis Tvisebebzea gadatanili yuradReba da ara im gancdebis gamoxatvaze, rom-
lebsac SeiZleba es sagnebi mweralSi iwvevdnen.
rodesac vaJa daRonebul dedas gvixatavs da masze wers, rom cremli `Camog-
dis mCqefare mag xmels, wayviTlo pirzedao~; rodesac vaJa-poeti ambobs, rom am
dedis vaJis gmirobis, misi xmlis qnevis Sedegad `bevri itirebs Cvenis mtris Tma-
Tafla, TeTri qalia~ (`macne~) — mkiTxvelis winaSe mkafiod da TiTqmis pirdapir
warmodgeba mCqefare cremli, xmeli da wayviTalo piri, qneviT gadatexili maxa-
res xmali da TmaTafla qali.
`gogoTursa da afSinaSi~ vaJa wers:
`gazafxuli iyo maSina, beq-buqSi Tovli damdnara,
axlad yooden iani, miwa gamxdara wvniani,
mwvanis qaTibiT koxtaobs mwvanes ewvdeba foTolsa,
mTebis kalTebi tyiani, xari, iremi rqiani~.
mTebis kalTebis epiTetad `tyianobis~ miCneva, miwis damaxasiaTeblad misi `wvnia-

nobis~ aRniSvna da xar-iremis epiTetad `rqianis~ SerCeva cxadyofs, rom vaJa-fSave-
la gansakuTrebul upiratesobas aZlevs iseT poetur gansazRvrebebs, romlebic
TviT warmoadgenen xelSesaxeb sagnebs.
sruliad ueWvelia, rom, rodesac vaJa ambobs `mTebi TavCaCqnianebio~ — amiT
igi mTis TaviseburebaTa saCveneblad, misi saxis gamosakveTad iseT epiTets —
CaCqans, muzarads mimarTavs, romelic TviT warmoadgens damoukideblad arse-
bul sagans.
savsebiT analogiuri mdgomareobaa maSinac, rodesac poeti zviadauris aC-
rdilis epiTetad far-xmals iyenebs, xolo misi mklavebis epiTetad ki — samkla-
ves:
`sasaflaodam wamova gulze uwyvia dakrefiT
aCrdili far-xmaliani, mklavebi samklaviani~.
vaJa-fSavela pirdapir wvda sagnebsa da movlenebs, isini gamoitana da Tavis
niWs Camoafara: TiTqos gaqra mwerali da sagnebi ametyveldnen. movlenebma mar-
to fSaurad iwyes laparaki; sxvagvari ena TiTqos aRar icis msofliom — ai, Cveni
335
gancda, rodesac vaJas poetur Sedevrebs vkiTxulobT; sxvagvari qarTuliT Se-
uZlebelia adgilTa da movlenaTa aRwera-daxasiaTeba, Tu ara ise, rogorc es
mocemulia brwyinvale literaturuli eniT daweril vaJas prozaul Txzule-
bebSi. ai, vaJas kiTxvidan miRebuli STabeWdileba.
vaJas SemoqmedebaSi adamianis pirdapir dadga sagani. es Cans misi Sedarebebidan
da metaforebidan. vaJa SedarebaTa didi ostatia, magram misi metaforebi Seudare-
belia.
vaJas Sedarebani ar scildebian ZiriTad sagnebs da nawarmoebis ZiriTad Te-
mas, roca vaJa wers, rom —
`Wkvidam aria stumari TiTqos ielva camao,
imis nisliviT Tmamao, haerSi gaikriala
wamodga qali fexzeda, — misma zariviT xmamao~ —
Cven vxedavT, rom Sedarebebi erT wreSi arian moTavsebulni, vgrZnobT am-
gvar SedarebaTa bunebriobas da SedarebulT erTi wiaRidan warmoSobilad mi-
viCnevT. roca vaJa èTerSi~ wers, rom Sere `Cavida uRrans ufskrulsa~ da ixila
devebi, romlebsac:
`cecxli daenToT Zlieri,
gars usxdnen yotebiviTa,
Tav-cxviri wamoeSviraT
salis kldis lodebiviTa;
daRrenili aqvT laSebi,
saludes qobebiviTa.
wiTels iqnevdnen enebsa,
grZelebsa SoTebiviTa~, —
ueWveli xdeba, rom aseTi Sedarebebis gamoyeneba madliani niWisaTvisaa da-

maxasiaTebeli.
aseTia vaJas Sedarebebi. magram misi SemoqmedebiT datkbobis mTavar wyaros ma-
inc metaforebi warmoadgenen.
metaforis didi Rirsebaa, rom igi sagnebs TvalsaCinod adgens. sagnebis Tval-
saCinod warmodgena ki iseT gamoTqmebs ZaluZT, romlebic maT gamoxatavs moqmede-
baSi. sagnebis amdagvari gamoxatva ki niSnavs usulos warmodgenas gasulierebu-
lad, e.i., metaforis gamoyenebas.
vaJas mTeli Semoqmedeba TvalsaCino xelovnebis nimuSia. misi stili metafo-
rulia da es gansakuTrebul mZafr mxedvelobiT xats qmnis:
`caze iare mTvareo,
mzeo abrZandi-dabrZandi!..
mTebo iSiSvleT gul-mkerdi,
xan moixvieT nabadi~.
vaJas zogierTi Txzuleba Tavidan bolomde metaforaa, esec aniWebs vaJas
stils gansakuTrebul dinamikurobas. Cven ganumeorebeli, arnaxuli, magram,
amasTanave, bunebrivi xatebis samyaroSi vtrialebT, rodesac metaforebiT avse-
bul vaJas leqsebs vkiTxulobT:
`dRem daixura pir-bade mTebis gul-mkerdi kldiani.
mTebma daxuWes Tvalebi, .....................
........................ gaivso rZiTa mTaT ZuZu,
qari qviTinebs.. RrubelTa dauSromelad rZiani.
zari Tqves Sesazarebi. ........................
guli ver moufxaniaT, numc gajavrdeba pirimze,
cremli sdiT alazniani; numc damwyevlian iani~
Carecxes, Caalamazes (`baxtrioni~)
336
vaJasTan vxedavT Cven aseT striqonebs:
`brWyaliT vupyrivar sevdasa,
rogorac arwivs gnolia~
(`simRera~)
vaJa iZleva iseT mSvenier metaforas, rogoricaa:
`muxlmokecilni sxdebian
Savi nislebi mTa-velad~
(`sisxlis Zieba~)
aseTia vaJa Tavidan bolomde. igi moubezrebeli metaforuli niWia. amitom
gvaocebs da gvxiblavs Cven vaJa — es usazRvro da mijnadaudebeli poeti, kaci
mWevrmetyveli da brZeni.
zogadi daxasiaTeba
vaJas SemoqmedebiTi midgomis uZiriTadesi principi eTikuria Tavisi Sinaar-

siT. es niSnavs, rom vaJasTvis mTavaria yvelas da yvelafrisadmi adamianuri,
sulgrZeli, humanuri damokidebuleba. amitom dgas ase cxadad Cven winaSe misi
poezia, rogorc didi da naTeli moraluri mwvervali. amitomac migvaCnia, rom
vaJa aris sulieri memkvidre Cveni didebuli literaturuli warsulisa da uSu-
alo memkvidre da mokarnaxe didi iliasi.
Zalian farToa vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiT interesTa wre. aq Tavmoyrilia
da mudmivi dafiqreba-ganxilvis sagnadaa gadaqceuli uaRresad filosofiuri,
bunebismetyvelebiTi da literaturismcodneobiTi problemebi. da, rasakvirve-
lia, pirvel rigSi, vaJa pirdapir miijaWva socialur-politikuri Sinaarsis er-
Tob mtkivneulma sakiTxebma.
vaJa-fSavelam uaRresad konkretuli Sinaarsi misca patriotul grZnobas,
samSoblos siyvaruli man yvelaze naTlad warmogvidgina, rogorc siyvaruli
qarTuli qveynisa, misi mTisa da barisa, misi mtkvrisa, aragvisa, alaznisa da anka-
ra wyaroebisa, misi tyeebisa da gamxmari fesvebisa, misi iisa, quCisa da dekasi.
sagnobrivi realobaa arsebiTi niSani vaJas patriotizmisa. am niSniTac erTvis
da avsebs vaJa patriotuli suliskveTebiT gamsWvalul Cvens literaturas. sa-
qarTvelos bunebasTanaa poeti gaerTianebuli da roca is am bunebis sidiades
gviCvenebs, amiT samSoblos momxibvlel suraTs gvawvdis da misdami siyvaruls
amZafrebs. Seudarebel poetur simaRles miaRwia vaJa-fSavelam, roca `baxtrio-
nis~ pirveli Tavi pirbadeCamofarebuli dRisa da Carecxil-Calamazebuli mTe-
bis kldiani gulmkerdis CvenebiT daiwyo.
vaJas mier daxatuli buneba kidev ufro amZafrebs Cvens patriotul grZno-
bas:
`cazed gamqralan varskvlavni, mTani TavCaCqnianebi,
piri emurvis mTvaresa, fiqrs miscemian mwaresa~ —
ambobs vaJa da es mware fiqri samSobloze fiqria. xSirad patriotuli grZnoba
aucilebeli safexuria bunebis wvdomis gzaze. xSirad es grZnoba anaTebs da aSi-
naarsebs mTel bunebas, asea es, magaliTad, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac vaJa ityvis,
rom:
`daberebula pirimze, ocneba tanjulis qveynis
kuzi etyoba welzeda. qviTinebs mTisa wverzeda~.
337
vaJa-fSavelasTan erTimeoresTanaa gadawnuli patriotuli da bunebis grZno-
ba. mis SemoqmedebaSi es grZnobebi erT daunawevrebel mTlianobas warmoadgens da
amitom Znelia Tqma, Tu sad Tavdeba erTi da iwyeba meore.
vaJas SemoqmedebaSi patriotul Tematikas ar miuCqmalavs socialurad aq-
tualuri sakiTxebi. maT Soris gansakuTrebuli gulisyuriT ganixila vaJam is
sakiTxebi, romlebic mravali moazrovnisa da mwerlis winaSe mdgara: ra saxis Se-
uTanxmeblobaa individsa da sazogadoebas Soris? ratom ver grZnobs Tavs bed-
nierad Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi uaRresad sazogadoebrivi arseba — adamiani?
ra aris saWiro imisaTvis, rom moixsnas konfliqti adamiansa da sazogadoebas
Soris? ai, is sakiTxebi, romlebic vaJam mkafiod daayena da saguldagulodac ga-
arCia.
27 wlisa iyo vaJa, roca àluda qeTelauri~ Seqmna, 32-isa, roca `stumar-mas-
pinZeli~ dawera da 33 wlis asakSi isev gagvaxsena aqtualoba am sakiTxisa, oRond
axla mas dramatuli forma misca da `mokveTilis~ saTauriT mogvawoda.
vaJa-fSavelam pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierToba eTikur aspeqtSi
ganixila. misTvis mTavari iyo imis Cveneba, Tu ramdenad akmayofilebs sazogado-
ebrivi wyoba pirovnebis maRal adamianur anu eTikur swrafvas, vaJasaTvis ucxoa
mtkiceba, rom sazogadoeba borkilia pirovnebisaTvis, e. i., vaJasaTvis miuRebe-
lia individualisturi Tvalsazrisi. misTvis sakiTxi ase dgas: rogori unda
iyos sazogadoeba, rom pirovneba mas borkilad ar Tvlides.
Temuri cxovrebis magaliTze gviCvena vaJam, rom sazogadoebrivi urTier-
Toba xSirad mouwesrigebelia, ar iTvaliswinebs yvela SesaZlo SemTxvevasa da
situacias da aseT viTarebaSi moqceuli adamiani am mouwesrigeblobis msxver-
pli xdeba. vaJas arc erT poemaSi erTi sityviTac ki ar aris gamoxatuli sazoga-
doebrivi cxovrebis principuli uaryofa, sazogadoebidan saboloo gandgomis
survili. vaJas gmirebs araviTari individualisturi miswrafeba ar gaaCniaT da
Tu isini ibrZvian, ibrZvian imisTvis, rom mowesrigebuli da samarTliani sazoga-
doebrivi urTierToba damkvidrdes.
sazogadoeba adamianTagan Sedgeba, maTTvis arsebobs da maT keTildReobas
emsaxureba. amitom namdvili sazogadoebrivi interesebis dacva aris pirovnebis
dacva. grZnoba sazogadoebriobisa, socialurobis grZnoba aris adamianis amaR-
lebisa da misi Sinagani bednierebis piroba. ase warmodgeba kai yma vaJa-fSavelas
Semoqmedebis SesavalSive.
vaJas mravali da mravali Txzuleba gamoxatavs mis faqizsa da naz damokide-
buleba-mimarTebas bunebis qmnilebaTadmi, saerTod, da cocxal arsebaTadmi,
kerZod. sxvas rom Tavi davaneboT, amisTvis sakmarisia gavixsenoT, Tu rogor
gviambobs vaJa Svlis nukris Tavgadasavals. aq sulieri cxovrebis uRrmes feneb-
Si trialebs vaJa. saTuTi mopyroba miaCnia mas namdvili adamianobis gamovline-
bad. saTnoebas aniWebs igi poetur ukvdavebas Tavis uSesaniSnaves moTxrobebSi.
aseTia misi `quCi~ da `xmeli wifeli~, `fesvebi~ da `klde mtirali,~ `mTis wyaro~
da mravali sxva. Tavidan bolomde sinazisa da saTnoebis himnia vaJas ìa~. am pa-
tara moTxrobidan Cqebs sicocxlis siyvaruli da sixaruli cocxali arsebisa.
udides ubedurebadaa miCneuli aq uguloba Tu grZnobaTa daxSuloba. sicocx-
lis wyurvils moucavs vaJas es moTxrobac da mis mkiTxvelebs mkafiod esmiT si-
cocxlis iZulebiTi gaqrobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli laitmotivi. vaJa miuax-
lovda bunebas, mis mkvidrT da TviTon isinic — tye, klde, mcenareebi, cxovele-
bi mogviaxlova Cven, radgan azri Seitana maT cxovrebaSi, gaaazriana maTi arse-
boba. vaJam amiT Seamcira is manZili, romelic adamiansa da samyaros gansxvave-
bul arsebaTa Soris arsebobs. man TiTqmis Cvenad aqcia, CvenSi moaqcia aqamde
Cvengan erTob daSorebuli sferoebi. gaazrianeba aris samyaros SegrZnebebisa
da aTvisebis kargad mignebuli poeturi gza da vaJa-fSavela bejiTad daadga am
338
gzas, ise bejiTad, rom Cvens mwerlobaSi am gzis, samyaros gaazrianebis, mxat-
vruli fasis aRmoCenac ki mas miewereba.
vaJa-fSavelam fsiqikuri Sinaarsi Cado iq, sadac is aravis eguleboda, man
civsa da utyv samyaros uwilada Tavisi siTbo da amiT kidev ufro dagvanaTesava
am samyarosTan. es aris vaJas Semoqmedebis erTi mTavari niSani. realobis donem-
de aiyvana vaJam am arsebaTa da movlenaTa emociurobisa da azrovnebis momente-
bi. man Segviqmna STabeWdileba, rom wvda utyvi samyaros Sinagani cxovrebis siR-
rmes, sxvaTa TvalisaTvis aqamde unaxav siRrmes. amas Cven mis genialur intuici-
as unda vumadlodeT. udides xelovanTaganac ki amiT gamoirCeva vaJa-fSavela,
amaSic iCina Tavi vaJa-fSavelas niWis TviTmyofadobam. es TviTmyofadoba ig-
rZno yvelam, vinc ki mis Semoqmedebas safuZvlianad gaecno da mkafiod dainaxes
es maT, vinc xeli mohkida vaJas Targmnas, sxva enaze misi Semoqmedebis gadatanas.
unazes grZnobaTa poetia vaJa, magram Zalian Sorsa dgas igi yovelgvari sen-
timentalobisagan. iisa da pirimzis unazes grZnobaTa odnav SesamCnev rxevasTan
erTad mas ZaluZs kldeTa tirils, mTaTa qviTins da zecis moTqmas daugdos yu-
ri. mas SeuZlia sifxizle SeinarCunos, sentimentalistiviT ki ar moeSvas da mo-
dundes, aramed grZnobaTa mTel samyaros daeuflos, masze amaRldes da amiT ki-
dev ufro ganumtkicos Tavis poezias vaJkacobis ieri da niSan-Tviseba. vaJkaco-
bis es niSani gasdevs vaJas gmirebis qcevas: isini uaRresad mgrZnobiareni arian,
magram mxolod da mxolod grZnobas arasodes ar nebdebian da aramcTu grZnoba-
Ta monebad ar iqcevian, aramed grZnobaTa amyolebadac ki ar CaiTvlebian. vaJas
gmirebi yovelTvis inarCuneben sakuTar Tavs, ukontrolod arasodes ar rCeba
maTi qceva. am gmirebis moqmedebaSi yovelTvis SesamCnevia Sinagani pasuxismgeb-
lobis grZnoba da swored es Sinagani pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba aris namdvili
vaJkacobis upiratesi niSani.
grZnobiereba ar aklia vaJas, piriqiT, grZnobierebaa misi Semoqmedebis ZiriTadi
dineba, magram grZnobebiT atacebuli ar aris igi: aseTi ataceba ver warmoSobda sa-
zogadoebrivi moqmedebisaTvis dasayrden principebs, radgan grZnobaTa amyoloba
saukeTeso niadagia imisaTvis, rom iryeodes pirovneba da urTierTsawinaaRmdego
qcevaTa Soris irxeodes igi. grZnobebiT savse da grZnobierebiT avsebuli Cveni vaJa
ki am grZnobaTa warmmarTvelia da maTi batoni. amitomaa igi Tanamimdevruli Tavis
poeziasa, naazrevsa da moqmedebaSi. mas SeuZlia daTrgunos viwro pirovnuli, didad
amaRldes masze da swored amiT gamoxatos pativiscema da fasi ideisa da garemosi. am
saxiTaa Cven winaSe gadaSlili vaJas Semoqmedebis rainduli suli, radgan raindi mxo-
lod isaa, visac ideali moupovebia da misTvis Tavganwirva Sinagan da aucilebel
moTxovnilebad gadauqcevia. aseTia vaJas gogoTuri — Wabukobisdroidanve Cveni po-
etis es oreuli da ideali. aseTi arian vaJas sxva gmirebic.
vaJa-fSavela filosofiurad ganwyobili poeti iyo. misi Semoqmedebis prin-
cipi Ziebaa. ganusjelad da Seufaseblad araviTari codna ar moupovebia mas.
kiTxvebi `ratom?~ da `risTvis?~ Tan sdevs yovel mis poetur Canafiqrsa da fra-
zas. am kiTxvebze pasuxic sakuTari aqvs vaJas, sakuTari im azriT, rom morCilad
ki ar imeorebs ukve arsebul ganmarteba-axsnas, aramed TviTon aqtivobs, afar-
Toebs, kumSavs anda ukuagdebs tradiciulad ganmtkicebulsa da aRiarebul pa-
suxs. aseTia vaJas Rrma da safuZvliani originalobisaken midrekili buneba, misi
Semoqmedebis azrobriv sferoSi rom mJRavndeba, — rom araferi vTqvaT vaJaseu-
li gansaxierebis ganuxrelad originalur formaze. `ra ari es?~ da `ratom
aris?~ — ai, vaJas poeziis Tanamdevi kiTxva. da am kiTxvaze Cven vismenT misgan fi-
losofiuri xilviT datvirTulsa da uaRresad damajerebeli tonis Semcvel pa-
suxs.
339
vaJa-fSavelasaTvis sruliad bunebrivia iseT filosofiur simaRleze moqceva,
romelsac ki SeiZleba romelime poeti wvdes. msoflios movlenaTa da saganTa urTi-
erTobasa da kavSirTa formas exeboda vaJa cnobil striqonebSi:
`xevi mTas monebs, mTa — xevsa,
wyalni — tyes, tyeni — mdinareT,
yvavilni miwas da miwa —
Tavis aRzrdilTa mcinareT~.
es striqonebi TiTqosda yvelas mier dasanaxi, magram jer kidev mainc Seum-
Cneveli faqtis konstataciaa. da maT, am striqonebs, mosdevs filosofiuri ga-
azreba samyaros arsebobis ZiriTadi formisa:
`buneba mbrZanebelia,
igiv monaa Tavisa,
zogjer sikeTes ixveWavs,
zogjer mqmnelia avisa.
erTferad mtvirTveli aris
saqmis TeTris da Savisa;
saca pirimzes axarebs,
iqve mTxrelia zvavisa~.
ase ambobda vaJa-fSavela. igi SeiWra sikvdil-sicocxlis marad mtkivneulsa
da marad ukvdavi problemis sferoSi da jer kidev 28 wlis Wabukma, msgavsad xan-
dazmuli, bevris mnaxveli da bevris gamgone brZenisa, — ganmarta, rom unda mivi-
RoT es samyaro ise, rogorc igi gveZleva da rom movlenebi sakuTriv azrs, mniS-
vnelobas da arsebobasac ki mxolod urTierTSexebis pirobebSi iZenen:
`RmerTma giSvelos sikvdilo, uerTurTisod verc erTsa
sicocxle Svenobs SeniTa, ver vicnobT, verc ros
da Senc, sikvdilo, fasi gZe, vicnobdiT.
sicocxlis nawyenobiTa. erTurT swyurian orTave,
sicocxle siyvaruliTa erTurTTan dailevian;
da siyvaruli sicocxliT uerTurTisod ver sZleben,
maledve dailevian~.
am azris ase Tqma iyo da aris didi mxatvruli miRweva, radgan napovnia genia-
luri azris Sesabamisi, kongenialuri forma.
am cxovrebis mravalferovneba sxva araferia, Tu ara movlenaTa da arsebaT
gansxvaveba, winaaRmdegobrioba da urTierTdapirispireba. am mravalferovnebis
meore mxarea silamaze, anu sxva kuTxiT danaxuli mravalferovneba. am tonSia
dawerili vaJas mravali nawarmoebi da, kerZod, saxelganTqmuli `bunebis mgosne-
bi~.
vaJas Semoqmedebis damaxasiaTebel Sinaarsad iseTi masala-ambavic gamodis, ro-
melsac Cven xSirad zRaprul-legendaruls vuwodebT. aseTi masalaa moxmobili, ma-
galiTad, `baxtrionSi~; magram mZimed daWrili luxumis gankurnebis istoria deta-
lizaciisaken iseT miswrafebas Seicavs, rom Txroba ver eteva zRapruli gadmocemis
farglebSi da Tan sxvagvaria Tavisi mizandasaxulobiTa da arsiT.
aq ise dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili mTeli viTareba, rom daujerebelsac erTgva-
ri damajerebloba aqvs miniWebuli da amnairad ixsneba gza darwmunebisaken. amgva-
ri detalebiT avsebuli moTxroba ukve sul zRapari aRaraa, igi namdvili ambis
STabeWdilebamde aRwevs, anu aseT TxrobaSi zRapruli Sinaarsi TiTqmis realu-
ris donemdea ayvanili. realobis amgvari grZnoba ki aris erTgvari safuZveli im
gansxvavebisa, romelic arsebobs zRaprulsa da miTiurs Soris. marTalia, am gan-
sxvavebis SemCneva yovelTvis advili ar aris, magram SesaZlebeli kia. roca naambo-
bi ueWvelobis gancdas efuZneba, roca daujerebeli damajereblis pretenziiT
gamodis, rodesac gamonagoni da erTob fantastikuri xelSesaxeb sinamdviled
340
warmoisaxeba, rodesac mxatvrul xats obieqturoba, namdvili arseboba miewereba,
maSin Cven saqme gvaqvs iseT dinebasTn, romelic fantastikur personaJebs, movle-
nebs da ambebs realuris sibrtyeze moaTavsebs, anu azrovnebis miTologiur wyo-
bas ganasaxierebs. azrovnebis aseTi wyobis pirobebSi SeiZleboda SeTxzva im rigis
didebuli istoriebisa da calkeuli epizodebisa, rogoric Cven olimpis binadar-
Ta Sesaxeb Zvelma berZnulma samyarom dagvitova; azrovnebis miTologiuri wyo-
biTve iyo Sepirobebuli is, rom adamianebi olimpis mkvidrT miiCnevdnen TavianTi
yofis uSualo monawiled da momwesrigeblad.
vaJa-fSavelas mraval mxatvrul SedevrSi brwyinvaled aris ilustrirebu-
li miTologiuri wyobiT mimdinare azrovnebis procesebi. amas mowmobs luxumis
gamojansaRebis epizodi. magram, garda amisa, warmosaxvis realuri Zala mkafiod
Cans qadagis winaswarmetyvelebasa da amxedrebuli laSaris jvris xilvis im da-
suraTebidan, romelsac `baxtrionSi~ vxvdebiT. `vera hnaxeTa, batoni win mig-
viZRveba cxeniTa~ — SesZaxebs laSqars Tavisave CvenebiT aRfrTovanebuli luxu-
mi da mxedrebisganac pasuxad nair-nairi Cveneba gvesmis, romelTagan arc erTs
ar aklia cxovelmyofeloba da arc erTi ar iTvleba aranamdvilad: `vnaxe, cis
tatnad davatyve, mTa gadalaxa swrafada~, — ambobs erTi mxedari, — `gars evlo
Suqi brwyinvale, cidam mosuli Zafada~; meore mxedari sxvagvarad xedavs:
`lurjs cxenze ijda lamazi, sxivi Tavs edga RvTiuri~; mesame ambobs, rom laSa-
ris jvari `me tredisferad meCvena, sxivi misdevda mziuri, Sors gaanaTa elva-
sebr asi baruli dRiuri~; meoTxe mxedris xilviT — laSaris jvari `mivalis tur-
fa, siturfiT qsovili, ... isr hSvenis cxenze, viT velze gazafxulisa yoili~. es
gansxvavebuli xilvebia, magram yovel maTgans damajerebeli faqtis Zala mianiWa
Cvenma poetma. am xilvebSi araferia avadmyofuri, Tumca aSkaraa gadaxveva sinam-
dvilidan, radgan ararealuri dgas realuris doneze, anu namdvilTan aris ga-
Tanabrebuli.
amgvari aRqmis TaviseburebaTa Cveneba gvarwmunebs, rom vaJa wvda adamianTa
azrovnebis uZveles fenas da cxadyo miTologiuri azrovnebis arsebiTi mxare:
misi personaJebis cnobierebaSi gamonagonma da Cvenebebma realurad arsebuli
sinamdvilis sibtyeze gadainacvles da TiTqmis gautoldnen mas.
gansaxierebis aseTi unari gansakuTrebiT faseuladaa miCneuli yoveli saxis
xelovnebisaTvis. raoden farToc ar unda iyos asparezi fantaziisa, rogor si-
namdvileSic ar unda SeiWras is, xelovnebis WeSmaritma nimuSma, WeSmariti xe-
lovnebis fantaziis nayofma realurisTvis damaxasiaTebel damarwmuneblobas
unda miaRwios, anu is, rac Cven SeiZleba iluzia gvegona, xelovnebam damajere-
bel sinamdviled unda dagvisaxos.
xelovnebaSi fantastikurs iSviaTad SeuZenia damajereblobis iseTi xarisxi,
rogorsac man vaJa-fSavelas SedevrebSi miaRwia. rasakvirvelia, Tavis Semoqme-
debaSi vaJam realuri viTarebis mravali da mravali suraTi daxata, magram gare-
mo sinamdvilesTan is mivida rogorc didi xelovani, romelic ara marto misdev-
da, aramed TviTonac hqmnida sinamdviles, — axal, sazogadoebisaTvis aqamde uc-
nob sinamdviles, — anu imas, rac Cveni azrovnebis dinebasa da literaturaSi va-
Ja-fSavelas mier Seqmnili samyaros saxiT mogvevlina.
didi xelovanis xelSi erTgvarad organizebulia mTeli samyaro, organize-
bulia faqtebi da movlenebi. uTuod asea es vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSic. mag-
ram umecari adamianis TviTdarwmunebulobasTan gveqneboda saqme imis mtkice-
bis SemTxvevaSi, rom Cven ukve vwvdiT vaJas poetur samyaros. vaJa-fSavela, al-
baT, didxans darCeba gamocanad da Cven mxolod viswrafviT misi gagebisaken, ra-
Ta Semdgom TandaTanobiT ramdenadme mainc movaxerxoT poetis genialobis ax-
sna.
341
baCana
(1866-1927)
baCanas cxovreba
razikaSvilebis erTma ojaxma qarTul literaturas sami moRvawe misca. vaJa-

fSavelas Zmebi iyvnen gamoCenili qarTveli mwerlebi — baCana da Tedo razikaS-
vilebi.
niko pavles Ze razikaSvili, romelic mwerlobaSi baCanas fsevdonimiT aris
cnobili, daibada 1866 wels 11 maiss CargalSi. momavalma mweralma dawyebiTi ga-
naTleba Tavis sofelSi miiRo. 1880 wels mSoblebma igi goris saostato semina-
riaSi Seiyvanes.
baCanas gorSi swavla mouxda im dros, rodesac iq moRvaweobdnen cnobili
qarTveli mwerlebi — sofrom mgalobliSvili da niko lomouri. baCana aqtiurad
Caeba moswavleTa TviTmoqmed wreSi. mas davalebuli hqonda moswavleTa xelna-
weri Jurnalis gamravleba, ris gamo Wabuk poets megobrebma metsaxelad `mes-
tambe~ Searqves.
baCanam 1885 wels goris saostato seminaria daamTavra. imave wels igi gurja-
anis raionSi sofel vejinis dawyebiTi skolis maswavleblad dainiSna. mwerals
guliT ewada umaRlesi ganaTlebis miReba. misi piradi mimoweridan savsebiT naT-
lad Cans, rom igi bevrs cdilobda saWiro saxsrebi moepovebina da umaRles sas-
wavlebelSi Sesuliyo, magram yoveli cda uSedego aRmoCnda. igi iZulebuli gax-
da am keTilSobilur ganzraxvaze samudamod aeRo xeli. Cveni avtori sabolood
maswavleblis profesiaze SeCerda. man es profesia Seiyvara da Seitkbo ise, rom
sikvdilamde misTvis ar uRalatnia.
zedmeti ar iqneba gavixsenoT ilia WavWavaZis erTi werili, romelSic imdro-
indeli saxalxo maswavleblis yofa-mdgomareobis daxasiaTebaa mocemuli: `co-
tad Tu bevrad naswavli, — werda ilia, — gonebagaxsnili soflis maswavlebeli
aris miyruebul adgilas, qveynis siamovnebas moSorebuli, bevrjer mSieri, bev-
rjer mwyurvali, bevrjer siciveSi, zogjer rigiani sadguric ara aqvs, rom av-
dars mainc gadaurCes gaulaxvelad, dilidam saRamomdi ibrZvis, iRvwis bavSve-
bis momzadebisa da aRzrdisaTvis da yovel amisaTvis oci da ocdaaTi Tumani
aqvs weliwadSi sacxovreblad. kacma rom samarTlianad gasinjos yovlad unuge-
So garemoeba soflis maswavleblisa, daakvirdes mis dauRalav Rvawls yovlis
dRisas, ar SeuZlian im azrzed ar dadges, rom soflis maswavlebloba swored
Tavis ganwirvaa, msxverplia, adamianis umadurobiT ufro gamwarebuli, ufro
gamwvavebuli~.1
aseTi iyo mdgomareoba imdroindeli maswavleblisa sazogadod da baCanamac
mTeli Tavisi Segnebuli cxovreba amgvar jafaSi gaatara. man vejinis skolaSi
xuTi weliwadi imuSava. 1890 wels baCana Tavis mSobliur raionSi gadavida. mwe-
rali sxvadasxva dros maswavleblad iyo fSav-xevsureTis soflebSi — barisaxo-
Si, maRaroskarSi, Cargalsa da afxuSoSi.
1
i l i a W a v W a v a Z e , TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, t.IV, Tb., 1955, gv. 331.
baCanas sazogadoebriv da pedagogiur moRvaweobaSi win eRobeboda mTeli
rigi siZneleebi. fSav-xevsureTSi mwerals gansakuTrebiT energiuli muSaoba
sWirdeboda imisaTvis, raTa xalxs bavSvebi saswavlebelSi mieyvana. Tavisi im-
droindeli sulieri SeWirvebis Sesaxeb baCana Tedo razikaSvils werda: `rac Se-
exeba Cems sulier mdgomareobas, bevrs sanugeSos veras getyvi: rac dro da xani
gadis, rac ufro martoka var, imdeni ufro Savi sevdisTvis veRar damiRwevia Ta-
vi: var martoka, vesaubrebi mxolod Cems Tavs. mopasuxe da xvaSiadis moziare
CemTvis aravinaa — garda aragvisa. mTebisa da beCavi Cemis colisa... vzivar bev-
rjer CemTvis sacodav fiqrebSi garTuli, vukrav fandurs, vesaubrebi bevrs
rasme Cemis gulis amonakvnesisas, da sawyali Cemi coli ki zis da Camohdis crem-
lebi! esec nugeSia tanjulis mgosnisa — ara Zmao?. kidev kargi es mainc micnobs
da mafasebs rac ki moeTxoveba amis ganviTarebas. neta, sazogadoeba rom ara
vsTqva, wignebi mainc mqondes bevri-bevri, rac saWiroa, maSin kidev aRaras vityo-
di, — imedebiT mainc vicxovrebdi... diax... Cemi mowafeebi, kaco, is Cemi sayvareli
Zmebi da Svilebi... isini rom ar marTvevinebdnen kidev, aqamde an gavgiJdebodi an
sxva rame ufro ukeTesi damemarTeboda... davjdebi, Semovisxam gars Cems bartyebs,
vambobT, vkiTxulobT da xSirad meca vtiri Cems mowafeebTan~.1
baCanas es piradi baraTi sofel xelTubanSi gagzavnilia barisaxodan, sadac
Cveni mwerali ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi maswavleblobda. mZime materialuri
pirobebi, col-Svilis xSiri avadmyofoba da masTan dakavSirebuli adamianuri
gancdebi misi mTeli cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia.
baCanas piradi cxovrebidan interess moklebuli araa is faqti, rom Cvens
mwerals piradad daurRvevia fSavSi arsebuli adaTi, romelic Temis SigniT
qal-vaJis SeuRlebas krZalavda. sandro razikaSvili igonebs:
`baCanam colad SeirTo fSavelis qali mariam guraspauli, Tavisi wawali, da
amiT man pirvelma daarRvia Temis adaTi, romelic ukrZalavda yvelas Tavis Te-
mis qalis SerTvas, aramc Tu Tavis soflisas~.2
miuxedavad cxovrebis mZime pirobebisa, baCana nayofier literaturul mu-
Saobas eweoda. igi mwerlobis asparezze jer kidev goris saostato seminariaSi
swavlis dros gamoCnda da aqedan moyolebuli sikvdilamde kalami xelidan ar
gauSva.
baCanas poetur Semoqmedebas didad afasebdnen ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTe-
li, rafiel erisTavi da vaJa-fSavela. artur laisti Tavis mogonebebSi ilia Wav-
WavaZeze ambobs: àr damaviwydeba is wuTi, roca aRtacebuli ilia pirvelad
kiTxulobda baCanas leqsebs `muxas~ da `bindi mTaSi~.3
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia rafiel erisTavis damokidebuleba baCanasadmi.
1886 wels baCanam rafiel erisTavs leqsi uZRvna. axalgazrda mwerali qarTveli
glexobis gulis mesaidumle mgosans ase mimarTavda:
`Seni Wirime, moxuco, ZilSiiT gamomaRviZa
ia gesrole, mamao! Senma fanduris xmamao~.
baCanas mimarTvas rafiel erisTavma leqsiTve upasuxa:
`gadmaxalisa, Zmobilo, Sen ymawvili xar, me — beri,
Sengan nasrolma iama, RmerTma gikurTxos Cangia!
Seni fanduris JRerai mawafe, moZmev, axalo,
moxucs guls metad iama! bersa axali hangia!~
1
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sajaro biblioTekis Sromebi, wigni III,1937, gv. 156.
2
literaturis matiane, wigni V, nakveTi pirveli, 1949, gv. 55.
3
Jurnali `ganaTleba~, 1913, #5.
343
rafiel erisTavis leqsi baCanas, rogorc mwerlis, SemoqmedebiTi biografi-
is damamSvenebeli furcelia. masSi gamoxatulebas poulobs ara marto rafie-
lis, aramed misdroindeli mTeli qarTveli literaturuli inteligenciis da-
mokidebuleba baCanasadmi.
ilia WavWavaZisa da rafiel erisTavis es Sefasebani Cvenma poetma jer kidev
im dros daimsaxura, rodesac igi oci-ocdaori wlisa iyo. maTi winaswarmetyve-
leba droTa svlam winaswar daadastura. baCanas saxiT gvyavs mwerali, romelic
mniSvnelovan kvals tovebs mecxramete saukunis miwurulsa da meoce saukunis
damdegis qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi.
baCana gulwrfelad gamoexmaura akaki wereTlis saliteraturo moRvaweo-
bis 50 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil iubiles. amis gamoa dawerili misi leqsi `salami
poet akaki wereTels~.
Cvens mwerals gansxvavebuli megobroba hqonda vaJa-fSavelasTan. Tanamedrove-
Ta gadmocemiT, poeti Zmebis yoveli Sexvedra gansakuTrebuli siyvarulis, guliTa-
dobisa da saqmiani urTierTobis gamomxatveli iyo. isini yovelgvari mikerZoebis ga-
reSe, didad afasebdnen erTmaneTis poetur niWsa da sazogadoebriv saqmeebisaTvis
Tavdadebas.
am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa erTi SemTxveva, romelsac ad-
gili hqonda meoce saukunis damdegs. 1904 wels gamocemul `saqarTvelos kalen-
darSi~, sxva masalebTan erTad, daibeWda qarTuli literaturis zogadi mimo-
xilva. imave wignSi moTavsebuli iyo ramdenime qarTveli mwerlis fotosuraTi.
vaJa-fSavela, rogorc Cans, ganawyenebula imis gamo, rom `saqarTvelos ka-
lendris~ Semdgenlebs mxedvelobidan gamorCaT baCana, romelic im dros sayo-
velTaod saxelmoxveWili mwerali iyo. am SemTxvevas gamouwvevia vaJas werili
`Cveni umaduroba (werili redaqciisadmi)~.
vaJa-fSavela aRniSnul kalendars, sazogadod, dadebiT Sefasebas aZlevda,
magram imave dros redaqcias baCanasadmi uyuradRebobis gamo sayvedurobda:
`sawyeni isaa, Tu erTis suraTs aTavseben, meores rad iviwyeben? vinaa es meore,
— iqneba ikiTxoT? — mogaxsenebT. bevrs ar vityvi, — vin dawera es leqsebi? `vina
sTqva saqarTveloze eg aris lomi kvdebao~, `muxa~, `fSaveli qalis tirili~? —
rad viviwyebT am margalitebs? rad viviwyebT mis avtors? ra aris amis mizezi?
Tqven gansajeT amis mizezi. me mxolod aRvniSne faqti, da visac rogor hsurdes,
ise gaigos, xolo gaCumeba, yuris moyureba ar SemeZlo, ara imitom, rom Cemi Zmaa
maTi avtori. ara... mkiTxveli sazogadoebisaTvis ar aris erTi — TeTri da Savi, ar
aris sasiamovno; erTs moRvawes dafnis gvirgvins adgamde, xolo meores Tu ara
imaze mets, ara naklebs araferi, Sav zewars afarebde, uCinmaCinis qudsa hxurav-
de~.1
vaJas naadrevad dakargvis gamo baCanas araerTgzis amoukvnesia gulis siR-
rmidan, magram gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani, mainc, vaJas gardacvalebis dReeb-
Si dawerili leqsi — `vuZRvni Cemi Zmis vaJa-fSavelas xsovnas~ — gaxlavT:
`sikvdili aRar maxsovda, vaJa Seisva mxrebzeda,
wuxel Zma vnaxe momrCali, da cisa sivrceSi gahqra,
cxeniT afxuSos movida, erTis Tvalisa wamzeda.
gamovegebe sawyali, mainc wamarTves, mainca,
Zalian dawuxebuli, aug damedvas Tavzeda.
rogorc mzisaTvis damzrali... ver movixmare xanjari,
uceb yorani mofrinda, sisxli amesxa fxazeda~.
baCanas am striqonebis bunebriv gagrZelebas warmoadgens misi, aseve vaJas

xsovnisadmi miZRvnili meore leqsic — `vuZRvni~, romelic daiwera 1916 wels.
1
v a J a - f S a v e l a , Txzulebani aT tomad, t. IX, Tb., 1964, gv. 241.
344
1924 wlis agvistoSi baCanas samwerlo da pedagogiuri moRvaweobis ormoci
wlisTavis iubile gadauxades. amis Semdeg mweralma mxolod samiode weliwadi
icocxla.
1927 wlis 17 dekembers baCana gardaicvala. 20 dekembers gazeT `komunistSi~
gamoqveynda saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiris prezidiumis samgloviaro gancxa-
deba:
`sruliad saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiris prezidiumi mwuxarebiT auwyebs
sazogadoebas, roma ama wlis dekembris 17s saRamos 8 saaTze TbilisSi gardaic-
vala kavSiris wevri, damsaxurebuli poeti da saxalxo maswavlebeli baCana (niko
pavles Ze razikaSvili)~.
dakrZalvis dRes, 25 dekembers, gazeT `komunistSi~ gamoqveynda gardacvli-
li mwerlisadmi miZRvnili tician tabiZis werili. avtori mkiTxvelebs gulTbi-
lad mouTxrobda baCanas poeturi memkvidreobis mniSvnelobaze qarTuli lite-
raturis istoriaSi. werilSi xazgasmuli iyo misi poeziis xalxuri xasiaTi.
mweralTa sasaxlis win gamarTul samgloviaro mitingze qarTveli mwerle-
bis saxeliT sityva Tqva paolo iaSvilma. amis Semdeg xalxmravali procesia di-
dubis panTeonisaken gaemarTa. panTeonSi sityva warmosTqva giorgi quCiSvilma.
naSuadRevis xuT saaTze poetis neSti mSobliurma miwam miibara.
baCanas lirika
baCanam adreve gaikafa gza mkiTxvelTa farTo masebisaken. iakob gogebaSvilma

`bunebis karSi~ Seitana misi leqsebi `patara mTielis natvra~ da `tyvis simRera~.
mecxramete saukunis miwuruls saSualo saswavleblebisaTvis gamocemul saxel-
mZRvanelo wignSi daibeWda baCanas leqsebi `muxa~, `fSaveli qalis tirili~, `tyvis
simRera~, `molodin-molodinSia~, `mgzavris saRamo mTebSi~ da sxvebi.1
poetis Tanamedrove mkvlevari, profesori aleqsandre xaxanaSvili baCanaze
werda: `xSiri stumari ar aris igi Cvens mwerlobaSi, magram rac dauweria, yvela
xelisxel sagogmanebeli nawarmoebiao~.2
baCana sazogadoebriv asparezze gamovida mecxramete saukunis oTxmocian
wlebSi. misi SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia igive socialuri da erovnuli
Tematika, rac saerToa imdroindeli mTeli mowinave qarTuli mwerlobisaTvis.
baCana, iseve rogorc vaJa-fSavela, masalas iRebs sakuTari mSobliuri kuTx-
is cxovrebidan, axdens mis mxatvrul gadamuSavebas da ahyavs igi saerTo erovnu-
li mniSvnelobis simaRleze. swored amis wyalobiT iyo, rom man, rogorc mwe-
ralma, adreve didi saxeli da yuradReba daimsaxura. oTxmocdaaTiani wlebisa
da agreTve momdevno periodis Cvens saliteraturo kritikaSi igi Cveulebrivad
vaJas gverdiT ixsenieba.
cnobilma mweralma da sazogado moRvawem grigol yifSiZem 1896 wels gamoaq-
veyna vrceli da saintereso kritikuli werili saTauriT `saliteraturo mimo-
xilva~. werilSi mocemuli iyo mecxramete saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli
mwerlobis daxasiaTeba epoqebis mixedviT. konkretul SemTxvevaSi, sakiTxis is-
toriisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa werilis erTi nawili, romelSic vaJas
da baCanas poeziis saerTo niSnebzea laparaki. grigol yifSiZe werda:
`baCanam — Tavisis Zlieris lirikiT gagvacno suli da guli, dardi da mwuxareba
fSav-xevsurTa, xan sakuTrad maTi, xan sazogadod mdabioTa, magram ise ki, rom maTi
1
sityvierebis Teoria, saliteraturo nimuSebis damatebiTurT, saxelmZRvanelo wigni saTa-
vadaznauro skolebisa, sasuliero da saostato saswavleblebisa da seminariebisa da saeparqio-
saqalebo skolebisaTvis, Sedgenili arqimandrit kirionisa da gr. yifSiZis mier. 1898, gv. 614-617.
2
a l . x a x a n a S v i l i , qarTuli sityvierebis istoria, XIX saukune, 1913, gv. 224.
345
grZnoba gaatara Tavis sakuTars gulSi, iq daawmindava, dabrola, evropuls, sakacob-
rio grZnoba-azris brZmedSi gaatara da ise mogviZRvna. xolo meorem — vaJa-fSavelam
— Tvisis Zlieris epikiT gagviTvaliswina TuS-fSav-xevsurni da imasac samxatvrobo
xerxad isev is gza aqvs, rac baCanas. mis Semoqmedebis saidumloc isev iseTia, rac baCa-
nasi. orsave Zmis Semoqmedeba, unari werisa imazea damyarebuli, rom erTica da meo-
rec sasurvels, sayovelTao sakacobrio, kacT-moyvaruls azrebs TviT mdabioTa
gulSiac eZeben, an maTs gul-RviZlSi avleben da, roca es azrebi gansxvavebuls fers
miiReben am operaciis gamo, mxolod maSin mogviZRvnian xolme ukve Tavisis grZnobiT
dawmendils, dabrolebuls~.1
motanili amonaweri sainteresoa, rogorc pirveli cda baCanas mxatvruli
Semoqmedebis ideur-Tematikuri sferos gansazRvrisa. grigol yifSiZem garkve-
viT miuTiTa, rom misi poeziisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia socialuri da erovnuli
TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis motivebi.
baCanas poeziisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia erovnul-patriotuli motivi. es bu-
nebrivicaa imdenad, ramdenadac mas samoRvaweo asparezze gamosvla mouxda im
dros, roca uklebliv yvela mowinave qarTveli mwerali erovnul-ganmaTavisuf-
lebeli moZraobis droSis qveS iyo gaerTianebuli; rodesac mamuliSviluri ide-
is qadageba mwerlisaTvis yvelaze keTilSobilur saqmed iTvleboda.
1882 wliTaa daTariRebuli baCanas pirveli leqsi `simRera~, romelSic gad-
mocemulia axalgazrda poetis guliTadi natvra mravalWirnaxuli saqarTvelos
ganTavisuflebisa:
`vealersebi, Sevxari, gahRviZebodes qarTvelsa,
dilas amosvlas mzisasa; vadas hferavdes xmlisasa,
neta, ver Seveswrobia naTeli gadahdiodes
damarcxebasa mtrisasa? laJvards iveris cisasa~.
erovnuli Tavisuflebis motivzea dawerili baCanas `fSaveli qalis tiri-
li~, `tyve bulbuli~, `Cvenis warsulis gamo~, `dabarebuli~, `tyvis simRera~,
èlegia~, `mTama hTqva~, `gza-bneli~, `sizmrad~ da sxv. am leqsebidan naTlad ig-
rZnoba, rom mgosnis mudmivi zrunvis sagania mSobliuri qveynis awmyo da momava-
li. damaxasiaTebelia poetis sityvebi leqsidan `gza-bneli~:
àwmyozed dafiqrebuli xana vsasoeb, xan vtiri
avyvebi gulis Zgerasa, Cveni samSoblos werasa~.
aseTive maRali patriotuli ganwyobilebani avtorisa gamoxatulia leqsSi
èlegia~. poeti dRedaRam ocnebiT Tavs evleba sanukvar samSoblos, romelsac
igi `xoxbis sabudars~ uwodebs:
`dRe ar masvenebs sagoni vahme, Tu tura-mglebs dahrCes
Ram-Rame saocaria, xoxobis sabudaria~.
XIX saukunis oTxmocian wlebSi daiwera baCanas leqsi `tyvis simRera~, romelic
Cqara popularuli gaxda. es leqsi iakob gogebaSvilma Tavis `bunebis karSi~ Seitana
da amiT mas gza gauxsna mkiTxvelTa farTo masebisaken. leqsSi gamosaxulia mZime ada-
mianuri gancdebi tyvedqmnili axalgazrda mTielisa. mgznebare patrioti qarTveli
frinvelebs SesTxovs, raTa mSobliuri qveynis ambebi ar moaklon:
`miTxariT: Cems samSobloSi cazed kideva hkrTiano?
wyaroni kidev hdiano? Tavzedamc Semogevlebi,
mzei, mTvare da varskvlavni Cemo qveyanav mTiano!~
am leqss maRal Sefasebas aZlevdnen poetis Tanamedrove kritikosebi. saerTod
baCanas patriotul leqsebSi gamoxatulebas poulobs qarTveli eris istoriuli
1
Jurnali `moambe~, 1896, #1.
346
warsuli. iseve rogorc ilias, akakisa da vaJas SemoqmedebaSi, baCanas poeziaSi er-
TmaneTTan gadajaWvulia qarTvelTa gmiruli SemarTeba warsulSi, maTi brZola
arsebuli sinamdvilis winaaRmdeg da momavlis rwmena. Cveni istoriuli qvelobisa
da saxelovani gmirebis gaxsenebiT mgosani patriotizmis grZnobas aRvivebs Tana-
medroveTa Soris.
leqsSi `dabarebuli~ poeti didebiT ixseniebs saxenaTelian winaprebs da imave
dros sastikad akritikebs Tavisi epoqis gadagvarebul, daCiavebul qarTvelobas.
leqsis meore nawilSi avtori aRadgens Tamar mefisa da SoTa rusTavelis ukvdav
saxelebs da amiT mkiTxvelSi bunebrivad aRZravs mamuliSvilobis keTilSobilur
grZnobas. igi ierusalimisaken gafrenil bulbuls abarebs:
ùTxari Cvensa SoTasa, manamde miwa iqneba,
iqa hmarxia, mgonia, an iveriis Zenia,
Cven mier daviwyebulsa, isic iqneba cocxali,
ucxoeTs ganusvenia. nurazed mouwyenia~.
erovnuli Tavisuflebis motivze daweril TxzulebaTa Soris didi popula-
robiT sargeblobda baCanas ori leqsi — `vina hTqva saqarTveloze~ da `muxa~. am
leqsebis arsebiTi damaxasiaTebeli niSania gmiruli suli da sanaqebo optimizmi.
leqsi `vina hTqva saqarTveloze~ momavlisadmi diadi rwmenis gamomxatveli
striqonebiT iwyeba. poeti erTgvari gakvirvebiT kiTxulobs, vin ariso, visac sa-
qarTveloze ufiqria èg aris lomi kvdebao, Cauxda bedis varskvlavi, male mzec
gauqrebao?~
aseTi kiTxvis Semdeg poeti TanamedroveTa mexsierebaSi aRadgens istoriul war-
suls. igi ixsenebs qarTveli xalxis gmirobasa da vaJkacobas mravalricxovan Tav-
dacviTs brZolaSi da daaskvnis, rom aseTi eris daRupva SeuZlebelia. dabolos, leq-
si mTavrdeba Rrma mniSvnelobis mqone mowodebiT qarTveli xalxis erTianobis Sem-
dgomi ganmtkicebisaTvis, mtris winaaRmdeg erToblivi brZolisaTvis:
`wavideT mterzed risxviTa: dae, sul gavwydeT, ra vuyvaT,
bevri gvimarTlebs valebi, dae, damiwdes mklavebi~.
baCanas leqsi `muxa~ erT-erTi brwyinvale poeturi qmnilebaa sazogadod
axal qarTul literaturaSi. am leqsiT moxibluli iyo didebuli ilia. vaJa-
fSavelam `muxa~ zepirad icoda da sazogadoebaSi, rodesac mas leqsis Tqmas
sTxovdnen, jer baCanas am leqss ityoda, xolo Semdeg Tavis àrwivs~.
mgosans am leqsSi saqarTvelo warmodgenili hyavs rogorc fesvmagari muxa,
romelsac TviT uZlieresi qariSxalic warbs ver Seuxris. es leqsi bunebrivad
gvagonebs qarTul xalxur sagmiro simReras `mumli muxasa~. am leqsSi, erTxel
kidev da mTeli sisruliT gamoxatulebas poulobs avtoris sanaqebo optimizmi,
misi uryevi rwmena qarTveli xalxis momavalze. WeSmaritad STamagonebelia poe-
tis mgrZnobiare mimarTva mravalWirnaxuli muxa-saqarTvelosadmi:
`me miyvars Seni sibere, amayad eli avdarsa,
mudmivi daRrejiloba, qars ar uyadreb Tavsao,
daxavsebuli totebi, elva da Weqa-quxili
simtkice, foTolT Sliloba... ver Segixrian warbsao~.
aseTia poetis mier daxatuli muxa.
baCanas patriotuli leqsebidan Cveulebrivad xalxTa Tavisuflebisa da Ta-
nasworobisaken mowodebis Zaxili ismis. amitomac misi erovnuli Tavisuflebis
motivze dawerili leqsebi kvlav cxovelmyofelobasa da mimzidvelobas inarCu-
neben.
baCanas SemoqmedebaSi patriotizmis motivTan uSualod dakavSirebulia gmi-
robis ideali. tradiciulad qarTveli xalxis SegnebaSi gmiris sapatio saxeli
347
TavdacviT omebSi moipoveboda. vaJkacs Tavisi gmiruli SemarTeba maoxar
mtrebTan brZolaSi unda gamoeCina. amis saukeTeso dadasturebas warmoadgens
qarTuli xalxuri sagmiro poezia, romelTanac gansakuTrebiT axlos dgas vaJa-
fSavelasa da baCanas poeturi Semoqmedeba.
baCanas sagmiro leqsebSi mravalgzis gvxvdeba xalxuri poeziisaTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli ara marto calkeuli saxeebi, sityvebi da gamoTqmebi, aramed mTliani
frazebic ki. aseTia, magaliTad, `Cemi salaSqro simRerebi~, romelSic sami leq-
sia warmodgenili:
`maSin kargia vaJkaci, saomrad emzadebodes,
ra dila bindzed hdgebodes, cxeni ki hxravdes lagamsa,
isxamdes grilsa rknasa, hWyiodes, totze hdgebodes!~
an kidev mesame simRera:
`maSinc kargia vaJkaci naomar-nasaxelari
roca mamacis piriTa, Sin modiodes lxiniTa~.
leqsSi `meomris simRera~ gadmocemulia axalgazrda qarTveli patriotis ad-
amianuri ganwyobilebani im momentSi, rodesac igi mSobliuri qveynis interesebis
dasacavad brZolis velzea gasuli. am ganwyobilebidan bunebrivad Seicnoba misi,
rogorc adamianis, Sinagani mowodeba amaRlebuli sagmiro saqmeebisaken. igi de-
das uTvlis:
`Tu mogivides moambe: veravin SeaSinao,
`veRar mogiva Sinao, sicocxle Zvirad gayida,
sanamdis iyo cocxali, mere ki daiZinao~.
aseTia baCanas poeziaSi gamoxatuli gmirobis ideali, rac Tavis mxriv patri-
otizmis motivTan aris uSualod dakavSirebuli.
baCanas poeturi SemoqmedebisaTvis ZiriTadi da damaxasiaTebelia socialuri
uTanasworobis winaaRmdeg brZolis motivi. rafiel erisTavis, akakisa da vaJa-fSa-
velas msgavsad, baCanas leqsebSi gamoxatulebas poulobs misdroindel sazogado-
ebriv cxovrebaSi arsebuli usamarTloba, adamianis mier adamianis Cagvra da Seviw-
roeba.
wminda socialuri, klasobrivi motivis TvalsazrisiT baCanas nawerebidan
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa `leqsni msoflio mwuxarebaze~, `qarTveli glexi da
warCinebuli~, `mudara~, `mTieli mTiblis simRera~ da sxvebi.
`leqsni msoflio mwuxarebaze~ xuTi nawilisagan Sedgeba da TiToeuli maTgani
damoukidebeli leqsia, romelSic gamoxatulia avtoris Sexedulebani sazogadoeb-
rivi cxovrebis rTul sakiTxebze. Txzulebis ukanasknel nawilSi igi sagangebod
Cerdeba misdroindeli cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel socialur uTanasworoba-
ze. poetis TqmiT sawuTro sevdisa da mwuxarebisaa. adamianebi TiTqos imisaTvis
ibadebodnen, rom erTma meore Cagros:
`magram erTi rom hbatonobs gagvixda sanatrelada,
da sxvaa imis monada, da Crdilic Tavisuflebis
sasworo miwa-wyalic rom saZebrad, sabrZolvelada~.
momdevno striqonebSi poeti ukve gadaWriT laparakobs sazogadoebis kla-
sebad dayofaze da maT Soris arsebul winaaRmdegobaze. igi sruliad aSkarad
ayenebs epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebel saWirboroto kiTxvas:
`rad aris kacobrioba sicocxliT kmayofilia.
or dasad gayofilia, meore: lubi, mSieri,
erTi msuqani, maZRari, jafiT welmowyvetilia~.
348
Txzuleba mTavrdeba imiT, rom mwerali samarcxvino boZze akravs adamianTa So-
ris arsebul aseT urTierTobas. igi Tavis Tanamedroveobaze pirdapir da ara
orazrovnad ambobs: `Sehrcxves aseTi droeba da stumar-maspinZelia~.
mdidrisa da Raribis dapirispirebis mZafri suraTia daxatuli baCanas leq-
sSi `qarTveli glexi da warCinebuli~. nawarmoebi mkiTxvels bunebrivad moago-
nebs rafiel erisTavisa da vaJa-fSavelas leqsebs, romlebSic qarTveli glexo-
bis mZime yofis damajerebeli suraTebia gamoxatuli.
baCanas leqsSi gamoyvanili glexi, iseve rogorc rafiel erisTavisa da vaJa-
fSavelas leqsebSi warmodgenili glexebi, mTels cxovrebas araadamianur Sro-
maSi atarebs, magram mainc mSier-titveli da beCavia. igi Tavis gaCenis dRes wyev-
lis:
`glexma hTqva: `wyeuli iyos verc-ara RmrTisa gavige
dRe Cemis gaCenisao... verc-ara sicocxlisao~.
amgvari winaswari aRsarebis Semdeg glexi dawvrilebiT yveba Tavisi cxovre-
bis sxvadasxva mxareze, rac mkiTxvelis STabeWdilebas kidev ufro aRrmavebs.
mwerlis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom igi mSromelTa autaneli mdgomareobis mi-
zezebs uSualod sazogadoebrivi da politikuri cxovrebis pirobebSi xedavs.
esaa mTavari. baCanas leqsebidan mkiTxvels bunebrivad gamoaqvs daskvna, rom
glexis mZime yofis mizezi RvTis risxva ki araa, aramed is saxelmwifoebrivi sis-
tema, romelSic igi cxovrobs. igive glexi gveubneba:
`maxtas xelmwife ar maklebs Rvdeli sawesos... da Temi
da mebatone Ralasa, aTas gvars xaTabalasa~.
baCanas poeziaSi mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs siyvarulis motivi. am motivze mas
sakmarisad bevri leqsi uweria da aq erTxel kidev vlindeba poetis znemaRali pirov-
neba.
leqsSi `simRera~ mgosani trfobis sagans ase mimarTavs:
`qalo, laRi xar, Tamami, RmerTma me momarginosa,
sandomi kais kilosa, Sens wilad me damaberos,
mudamac emagre hyvavi, Sen — magre garoninosa.
hsvam siWabukis Rvinosa. sayvarlis saflavs arc veZeb,
saSeno Wir-satkivari RmerTma nurc mapovninosa~.
baCanas satrfialo lirikis ZiriTadi tendenciebi Tavmoyrilia leqsebis
ciklSi, romlis saTauria `siyvarulis samefoSi~. am ciklis erT-erT leqsSi la-
parakia siyvarulze, romelic safuZvlad unda daedos qal-vaJis SeuRlebas,
ojaxis Seqmnas. daniSnuli qali saqmros bevrs fulsa da simdidres hpirdeba, ma-
gram vaJi yvelaferze uars eubneba, yvelafers ukan ubrunebs da misgan mxolod
siyvaruls moiTxovs.
baCana siyvarulSi or mxares ganasxvavebs: erTia sulieri sinaze da sifaqize,
xolo meore — xorcieli vnebaTa Relva. igi sruliad garkveviT pirvels aRiarebs
da mis upiratesobas qadagebs. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa leqsi
igiv zemoT dasaxelebuli ciklidan:
`SiSveli qali xelSi mWeria,
me mis siSiSvle ar minaxnia.
me marto saxe daminaxnia.
masze leqsebi damiweria:
da trfoba Cemi cad aRzidula,
dabla erTxelac ar dacemula~.
am leqsis dedaazri baCanasaTavis, rogorc adamianisa da poetisaTvis, Ziri-
Tad tendenciad moCans. rom es namdvilad asea, amaSi kidev ufro davrwmundebiT
qvemoT, rodesac poema `wawlobas~ ganvixilavT.
349
baCanas mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi mniSvnelovan adgils iWers buneba. mis leq-
sebsa da poemebSi bunebis marto lamazi suraTebi rodia gamosaxuli, poeti mas
erTgvari filosofiuri TvalsazrisiTac udgeba. baCanas nawerebSi bunebis su-
raTebi ganyenebulad ki ar warmogvidgebian, aramed Txzulebis ZiriTad Temas-
Tan, avtoris adamianur gancdebTan arian dakavSirebulni.
baCanas leqsi àRsareba aragvTan~ mkiTxels Zaldautaneblad moagonebs ni-
koloz baraTaSvilis poemis erT nawils da vaJa-fSavelas cnobil leqss
àragvs~.
aragvTan saubari masac, iseve rogorc n. baraTaSvilsa da vaJa-fSavelas,
mSobliuri qveynisaTvis Tavdadebisa da Tavganwirvis grZnobas umaxvilebs. poe-
ti ambobs, rom mdinare aragvi misTvis igivea, rac ded-mama, da-Zmani da mSobliu-
ri miwa-wyali, romelsac igi (TviTon poeti) rogorc cocxali, ise mkvdari ekuT-
vnis. baCana Tavis mimarTvaSi aragvisadmi ambobs:
`mivdivar, magram sad waval mivdivar, magram isevac
Cemis samSoblos iqiTa, SenTan viqnebi fiqriTa~.
bunebis warmtaci suraTebi araerTgzis gvxvdeba baCanas leqsebsa da poemeb-
Si. epikuri xasiaTis TxzulebebSi mocemuli bunebis suraTebidan SesaZlebelia
ori momenti ganvasxvavoT: erTi, rodesac peizaJi warmodgenilia rogorc foni,
romelzedac moqmed pirTa mdgomareoba da saqmeebi iSleba, meore — avtoriseu-
li gadaxvevebi, romlebSic Tavs iCens misi filosofiuri Sexedulebani bunebis
sagnebsa da movlenebze.
damaxasiaTeblad SeiZleba CaiTvalos baCanas striqonebi nawarmoebidan
`leqsSi msoflio mwuxarebaze~. poeti ambobs:
èh, vis ar uyvars netara mSveneba gazafxulisa,
buneba RvTaebiani, mTa-bari mwvaniliani~.
baCanam 1910 wlis damdegs gamoaqveyna leqsi `mTama hTqva~. leqsis dasawyis
striqonebSive moCans avtorisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mgznebare patriotizmi:
`vdgevar da Tvali mixuWav, vetrfi Cems ers da samSoblos,
Tovl-fifqi, Tavze medebi, ocnebiT Tavze vevlebi.~
momdevno striqonebSi gamoxatulebas poulobs samSoblo qveynis mZime
mdgomareobiT gamowveuli poetis gulistkivili, ukiduresobamde misuli sevda
da kmayofileba. dabolos, leqsi mTavrdeba sityvebiT: `miwydeba bewvi moTmenis,
wam-erTi Wirad mixdeba, yofadi naadrevi hjobs, qmnadi, rac male iqneba, Tu mok-
le xanSi, Torema mere gvianRa iqneba~.
baCanas lirikis umTavresi nimuSebi, romelsac Cven aqamde gavecaniT, udaod
migvaniSneben maT siaxloveze vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebasTan. socialuri usa-
marTlobis winaaRmdeg brZolis, mgznebare patriotizmis, sazogadod humaniz-
mis motivi am ori mwerlisaTvis erTnairad damaxasiaTebelia; isini, orive er-
Tad, uSualo kavSirSi arian mecxramete saukunis meore naxevris mowinave qar-
Tul mwerlobasTan.
baCanas poemebi
baCanas kalams ekuTvnis ramdenime poema. misi es Txzulebebi, iseve, rogorc

vaJas poemebi, saqarTvelos mTianeTis cxovrebis fonze iSleba. amdenad, baCanas
poemebi erTgvarad avseben da afarToeben Cvens warmodgenas al. yazbegisa da va-
Ja-fSavelas TxzulebebSi daxatul qarTvel mTielTa sazogadoebriv cxovreba-
ze. mwerals eTnografiuli movlenebi farTo erovnuli mniSvnelobiT aqvs gaSu-
350
qebuli. aseTia misi poemebi `TaRlaura~, `nanais simRera~, `safrTxe~ da `wawlo-
ba~.
baCanas poemebis ZiriTadi niSani is aris, rom maTSi dagmobilia Zveli Temuri
cxovrebidan momdinare sisxlismRvreli Setakebani religiurad gansxvavebul
mTiel tomTa Soris. mwerali gvevlineba rogorc mrCeveli, damrigebeli, rome-
lic xalxs aseTi Tavdasxmebisa da sisxlisRvris winaaRmdeg mouwodebs.
poema `TaRlauras~ Temad aRebulia cxovreba erTi moTareSe fSavelisa.
TaRlaura saxelganTqmuli vaJkacia, romelsac ara marto fSav-xevsureTSi, ara-
med daRestanSic icnoben. mas bevri leki daumiwebia da maTi saqoneli fSavSi
gadmourekavs.
poemis Sesaval nawilSive igrZnoba mwerlis uaryofiTi damokidebuleba
TaRlauras saqmianobisadmi. mwerali gvagrZnobinebs, rom fSaveli vaJkacis oja-
xi, romelic nadavliT gamdidrebula da amis wyalobiT garegnulad erTgvarad
uzrunveli moCans, Sinaganad (arsebiTad) Zalze mousvenari da mSfoTvarea. am
SfoTisa da mousvenrobis aSkara maCvenebelia TaRlauras dedisa da colis sa-
ubris scena poemis erT nawilSi. amisve mauwyebelia TaRlauras dedis SiSnarevi
locva moTareSe Svilis Sin mSvidobiT dabrunebaze. gulis siRrmidan modis misi
sityvebi:
`meor-mesame dRe midis mindorT gazrdilo, velTao.
sizmrebi meCvenebao; RmerTo! mSvidobiT momgvare
vahme! Tu Sen rame gevnos is Cemi dediserTao~.
erT dRes, rodesac TaRlaura Sin araa, mis ojaxs Tavs daesxmis lekebis
jgufi, romelsac megzurobas TviTon TaRlauras biZaSvili moRalate xumara
uwevs. Tavdamsxmelebi TaRlauras ojaxs daarbeven da mis cols yamarsac gaita-
ceben. Tavdamsxmelebs imave soflidan sxva ramdenime tyvec mihyavT.
am dros moqmedebaSi gamoCndeba TviTon TaRlaura. mas Tavisi fexmardi cxe-
ni samSoblosaken moaqrolebs:
`veRar gaiZlo, survilma Cqar-Cqara naxvis wyurvilma
gamoitaca mTisama, im Tavis miwa-wylisama~.
Sin dabrunebuli TaRlaura lekebis Tavdasxmis ambavs jer gzaSi da Semdeg
sakuTari dedisagan dawvrilebiT igebs.
TaRlaura moTareSe lekebs gamoudgeba da Cqara maT kvalsac miagnebs.
mtrebTan Setakebis molodinSi fSaveli gmiri brZolis gegmebsac awyobs. pirve-
li cneba, romelic TaRlauras Zvalsa da rbilSi aqvs gamjdari, esaa— `miparviT
daxocvis nebas, ar momcems Cemi gulia~. amas mosdevs misive sityvebi: `sworebSi
gamorCevasa isev sikvdili hjobia~ da mkiTxvelisaTvis ukve gasagebi xdeba, rom
fSaveli gmiri uTanasworo brZolaSi pirdapir Cabmas gadawyvets. am gadawyveti-
lebas aCqarebs is situacia, romelSic mwerali Tavis gmirs ayenebs.
mtris didi jgufis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad mimaval TaRlauras TviT una-
zesi gazafxulis iac ki Tavisi Txovna-mowodebiT biZgs aZlevs sagmiro saqmeebi-
saken. poemaSi vkiTxulobT, rom TaRlauras —
`gaRmaiT iam uZaxa: tyveebi gelodebian,
`mxedaro, gvale, gvaleo! wadi uSvele maleo!~
marTlac, ramdenime striqonis Semdeg mkiTxvelis Tvalwin iSleba is suraTi,
rodesac moTareSeTa mravalricxovan jgufs fSaveli gmiri martodmarto Tavs
esxmis da awiokebs:
`gauar, gamouara, xmlebi ar axmarebina,
daurbin, mourbinao, Tofebi daugrialao~.
351
TaRlauram ramdenime moTareSe leki mokla, moRalate qarTvel xumarasac
Tavi waacala. danarCenebi `zogi kldes efareboda, zogi mTasa da gorasa; sxva
ugzo-ukvlod damfrTxala, miurbis vefxvis rColasa~.
gamarjvebulma TaRlauram lekTagan gatacebuli fSaveli tyveebi gaaTavi-
sufla da samSoblosaken windawin gaistumra, xolo TviTon, colTan erTad, Si-
nisaken gzas nel-nela gaudga.
swored am dros TaRlauras miparviT klavs erTi moxuci daRestneli, rome-
lic ramdenime wuTis winaT imave TaRlauram moxucebulobiT Seibrala da cocx-
ali datova. poemis am nawilidan gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa TaRlauras colis
— yamaris saxe. igi moqmedebaSi Tavidanve moCans. poemis meore Tavis dasawyis
striqonebSi mwerali am qalis portrets gvTavazobs:
`grZeli Tmani brolis yelsa melnis tbani unaTebden,
dahxveoden nislebura; piri uSuqs mTvarebura~.
yamaris pirovneba mTeli sisruliT Seicnoba TaRlauras sikvdilis momentSi.
am dros igi warmogvidgeba rogorc qmrisaTvis Tavdadebuli meuRle, romelsac,
qalur saTnoebasTan erTad, arc gmiruli SemarTeba aklia.
moxucma daRestnelma TaRlauras marjvenis waRebac moindoma. igi, roca
darwmunda, rom sasikvdilod ganwiruls araviTari winaaRmdegobis gaweva aRar
SeeZlo, TaRlaurasTan marjvenis mosakveTad miiWra. imave wamebSi yamari qvas
dawvda, gulxadaras Seutia, `TavSi hkra, dabla daamxo, tvini uriva miwasa~. amis
Semdeg yamari sasikvdilod daWril qmarTan mivarda `wiokiT, Tmebis wewviTa~...
im dros, rodesac TaRlaura mis Tvalwin gardaicvala, colma Tavisi Tavic zed
daakla.
ase mTavrdeba erTi moTareSe axalgazrda fSavelis jer kidev gaufurCqneli
cxovrebis istoria. winaswarmetyveluri aRmoCnda misive sityvebi mexuTe leqs-
simReridan, romelsac ramdenime saaTis winaT TaRlaura gzaSi RiRiniT ambobda:
`miyvars vaJkacis sikvdili, jer rom ar iyo drouli~.
poemaSi dagmobilia saqmeebi, romliTac TaRlauras cxovreba xasiaTdeba.
TaRlauras saqmianoba iSviaTi movlena araa. es is saqmianobaa, romelsac bevri
fSaveli da xevsuri misdevda da romelsac SeiZleba pirobiTad àfSinoba~ ewo-
dos. baCana, rogorc progresulad moazrovne mwerali, swored am àfSinobis~
kritikas gvawvdis iseve, rogorc vaJa-fSavela Tavis cnobil poemaSi `gogoTur
da afSina~.
Cveni avtori jer kidev manam, sanam TaRlauras cixe-saxlze marbevalTa Tav-
dasxmas agviwerdes, fSaveli gmiris misamarTiT ambobs:
`nu ginda imaT tyveebi, sapiriswamle rqisao;
dedaT nu amgloviareb. gadmosvla WiuxvebSia,
Tofi lekebmac ician, xmareba xanjlebisao~.
rodesac vakvirdebiT TaRlauras vaJkacur pirovnebas da im saqmianobas,
romlis msxverpli igi bolos xdeba, CvenSi aSkara sinanuls iwvevs, rom am kacs
ufro humanuri da sazogadoebisaTvis ufro sasargeblo asparezi ver upovia.
poemaSi, garda ZiriTadi ambisa, Taviseburad sainteresoa TaRlauras simRe-
rebi, romelic warmtaci peizaJis fonze iSleba. iq sul Svidi leqsi-simReraa da
TiToeuli maTgani filosofiuri lirikis nimuSia. maTSi aRZruli sakiTxebi ada-
mianis sicocxlis raobisa, bunebis gancdisa, samSoblos siyvarulisa, megobro-
bisa da gmirobis Taobaze sagrZnoblad afarToebs Cvens warmodgenas poemis av-
torze, rogorc progresulad moazrovne adamianze da poeturi sityvis niWier
ostatze.1
1
b a C a n a , `TaRlaura~, Tavi VI.
352
poemaSi `nanais simRera~ mxatvrulad gadmocemulia erTi qarTveli qaliSvi-
lis gataceba moTareSe lekebis mier; qalis mZime mdgomareoba tyveobaSi, misi
kvlav dabruneba samSobloSi da am gataceba-gamotacebasTan dakavSirebuli sis-
xlismRvreli Tavdasxmebi. es faqtebi mwerlis mier gaSuqebulia im Tvalsazri-
siT, rom amgvari Tavdasxmebi ugunurobaa, romelsac mxolod uazro xocva-Jle-
ta mohyveba xolme.
moTareSe lekebma TuSeTis sofel eRodan gaitaces qaliSvili nanai da imave
dros mokles misi erT-erTi Zma leo. moTaraSeebs mdevrebi gamoudgnen, magram
amaod, isini xelcarielni dabrundnen. saxelovani vaJkacis, TorRvas ojaxSi um-
Zimesi mdgomareobaa Seqmnili: mSoblebs Sin mokluli vaJis cxedari usveniaT,
xolo qaliSvili lekebs hyavT tyved wayvanili.
dazaralebul ojaxSi Sekrebili mezoblebi boboqroben; moiTxoven, rom dai-
razmon da ilaSqron lekebis winaaRmdeg. èrTxel amovwydeT gvirCevnav sul
yofnas duxWiriTao~, — amboben isini.
mwerali TuSebis piriT mkiTxvels erTxel kidev moagonebs lekTa gamanadgu-
rebel Tavdasxmebs qarTvel mTielebze. poemaSi vkiTxulobT, rom TuSebma:
`Tqves `naxevari Cvengani akaldamais karebi
ar kvdeba Tavis dRiTao, qalis naWapnis TmiTao:
ivseba akaldamebi mtrisa soflebi kideva,
magaT naxoci mkvdriTao. aqiT wasxmulis tyviTao~.
TuSebis mRelvareba da mtrebze SurisZiebis ganzraxva safuZvels moklebu-
li sruliadac araa, magram sakiTxi mainc maTi survilis mixedviT ar wydeba. am-
gvari ganzraxvis winaaRmdeg pirvelni nanais Zma xaxoni da saqmro iva gamodian.
lekebis winaaRmdeg saerTo omis ideas gansakuTrebiT mtkiced win aRudgeba
TviT dazaralebuli ojaxis mama. mZime mdgomareobaSi myofi TorRva am drosac
wonasworobas ar kargavs da gulSematkivar Tanamemamuleebs kvlav windaxedulad
urCevs. am ubralo, Cveulebrivi TuSis maRali adamianoba imaSia, rom igi sastiki
winaaRmdegia TuSebis saerTo laSqari lekebis winaaRmdeg saomrad wavides. Tor-
Rva Tavissave moZme TuSebs mimarTavs:
`RmerTma giSvelosT, rom guli magram ver dagcemT dastursa
gewvisT Cvens satkivarzeo; verc me Tqvens sarCialzeo~.
am striqonebSi gamoTqmul azrs kidev ufro ganamtkicebs da mniSvnelovans
xdis TorRvas momdevno sityvebi imis Taobaze, rom masac, rogorc Cveulebriv
mTiels, mokluli Svilis sisxlis samagiero sisxli swyuria. misi azriT, amgvari
sisxlis Zieba Zma xaxons evaleba. TorRva ambobs:
`xaxonm ki unda hqmnas rame, Tu veras iqams, momikvdes...
Tu Tavi umZimebao, aRarc eg mexilebao~.
TorRva Tanaxmaa, rom misma meore vaJiSvilma mokluli Zmis sisxli iZios, ma-
gram igi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar daTanxmdeba, rom imave mizeziT xalxTa Soris
omebi xdebodes. es aris mTavari idea poemisa, romelic avtorma Cveulebrivi up-
retenzio qarTveli glexis pirovnebaSi ase moxdenilad xorcSesxmuli warmog-
vidgina.
poemis momdevno nawilSi (Tavi IV) moTxrobilia nanais mdgomareobaze tyveo-
baSi. moulodneli araa, rom qarTveli qaliSvili, romelic ukve daniSnulia da
ojaxis Sesaqmnelad emzadeba, tyveobas metismetad mwvaved ganicdis.
TuSma qaliSvilma erT periodSi Tmebic daiWra da Tvalcremliani iara, mere
ki daCumda. moulodneli araa, rom tyve qaliSvili dReniadag TvalSi cremlmo-
reuli Tavis samSoblosaken momaval gzebs gamoscqeroda.
353
nanais tyveoba mxolod ramdenime Tvis Semdeg damTavrda. erT dRes xaxonma
da ivam `daqseles sadaRistnoni gzania, rogorc jixvebma Wiuxi da arwivebma ca-
nia~. isini moxerxebulad Sevidnen daRestnis sofel bagoSi, sadac tyve qaliSvi-
li hyavdaT moTavsebuli. maT elvis siswrafiT gaJlites aTi leki, romelic ty-
ves darajobda da ganTavisuflebuli nanai Sin wamoiyvanes. mwerali gveubneba,
rom Zmam da saqmrom:
`mikaf-mokafes lekebi, cecxls miuZRvares wyalia;
akuwes fardafarao; wamoiyvanes nanai,
cocxali arvin gauSves, safixvnos dasves qalia~.
mxatvruli ostatobis TvalsazrisiT poemaSi gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa tyve
TuSi qalis mier fandurze damRerebis scena. qaliSvilis simReram mniSvnelovani
roli Seasrula misive ganTavisuflebis saqmeSi. am simReris gavleniT cecxlad an-
Tebulma orma TuSma SeZlo aTi leki aekafa da qali tyveobidan gamoexsna.
ucxoel marbielTa winaaRmdeg brZolis Temaze daweril TxzulebaTa Soris
sainteresoa baCanas poema `safrTxe~. poemas safuZvlad unda dasdeboda xalxu-
ri gadmocema erTi TuSi vaJkacis gmirobaze. marTalia, Cveni avtori amgvar wya-
ros ar asaxelebs, magram poemis gmiris Tavgadasavali xalxur gmirebTan imde-
nad tipuria, rom nawarmoebis folkloruli warmoSoba savsebiT SesaZlebelia.
poemis mixedviT, TuS ilalos amouwyvetia saqarTveloSi saTareSod gadmo-
suli lekebis erTi jgufi, romelic Svidi kacisagan Sedgeboda. am Setakebis
dros ilaloc mouklavT. gmirulad daRupuli vaJkacis pativsacemad xalxs im
adgilisaTvis, sadac es uTanasworo brZola moxda, ilalos veli Seurqmevia.
dResaco, — ambobs poeti, — gzad mimavali qarTvelebi im adgilas aucileblad
SeCerdebian, Seisveneben da ilalos Sesandobar sasmiss daclian.
baCanas poemaSi es martivi ambavia mxatvrulad ganzogadebuli da im mowinave
sazogadoebrivi TvalsazrisiT gaSuqebuli, romelzec zemoT iyo laparaki. na-
warmoebSi asaxuli movlenebis sisruliT gaTvaliswinebisaTvis mniSvnelovania
is faqti, rom poemaSi konkretuli istoriuli epoqac aris miTiTebuli. moqme-
deba meTvramete saukunis meore naxevarSi, erekle meoris xanaSi warmoebs. isto-
riulad cnobilia, rom swored im dros saqarTveloSi xSirad gadmodiodnen
lekTa moTareSe gundebi, romlebic itacebdnen adamianebs, saqonelsa da sim-
didres. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli interesis Semcvelia akaki wereTlis
òri qarTveli~, vaJa-fSavelas ìvane kotoraSvilis ambavi~ da baCanas `saf-
rTxe~, romelzec axla vlaparakobT.
baCanas poemaSi gadmocemulia qarTveli vaJkacis ilalos Sexvedra da brZo-
la lekebis erT-erT aseT moTareSe jgufTan. Txzulebis Sesaval nawilSi mSvi-
dobiani mgzavrebis (colisa da qmris) saubari mosalodneli safrTxis Taobaze
situaciis sirTules mkiTxvels garkveviT agrZnobinebs. col-qmris saubridan
gasagebi xdeba, rom yovel wuTs mosalodnelia es mgzavrebi moTareSe lekebs wa-
awydnen. marTlac, ramdenime striqonis Semdeg ukve Cans, rom isini Tavs waadgnen
erTi xis qveS dabanakebul lekTa jgufs. TuSi vaJkaci ar daibna. igi wamsve mo-
xerxebul adgilas gamagrda; colsac gatenili Tofi gadasca da Tanac `dasam-
Svidebels etyoda, imediT daatirebda~.
lekebma TavianTi ricxobrivi upiratesobiT gaTamamebulebma, ilalos wina-
dadeba misces:
`nuRar gvayovneb, saCqaroT Sua Cagvideg, wavideT,
abjari gadmogviyare, qalic Tan wamoiyvane~.
qarTvelma vaJkacma moTareSeebs mrisxaned upasuxa: `marto eg... garda magisa
sxva ki aRara gnebavsTa?~ lekebi Cqara darwmundnen, rom qarTvel vaJkacTan xumro-
ba ar SeiZleboda. mainc, gundis meTaurma kvlav dasWyivla, rom danebebuliyo. me-
354
Tauris muqaras misma mxleblebmac erTxmad dasces yiJina, `magram qarTvelis fran-
gulmac maSinve amoistvina~ da garegnulad guladi moTareSeebi adgilzeve Seayena.
gasagebia, rom mkiTxvelis darwmuneba erTi kacis gautexelobaSi Svidi mowi-
naaRmdegis winaSe ioli saqme araa. mwerali amas mxolod imiT axerxebs, rom moq-
medebaSi gvaCvenebs sakuTari adamianuri Rirsebis damcvel ilalos aSkara Tav-
ganwirvas. uSualod moqmedebaSi vxedavT, rom es martokaci sasikvdilod Tav-
ganwirulia, magram amasTanave isic sagrZnobia, rom igi namusiani sikvdilisaT-
vis ibrZvis. `sircxvil-namuszed hwadian vaJkacs Caicvas sudara~, — gveubneba
mwerali da amiT mkiTxvelisaTvis cxadi xdeba misi gansakuTrebuli guladobis
ZiriTadi wyaro. am azris dasabuTebas warmoadgens is sakmaod vrceli saubari
ilalosa da lekebis belads Soris, romelic poemis mesame TavSia gadmocemuli.
Semdgom, ilalos gautexelobis erT-erTi safuZveli isic aris, rom misi saq-
me samarTliania. igi ki aravis edaveba, aramed TviTon Tavisas edavebian, damone-
bas upireben. swored amis gamo mimarTavs igi lekebs:
àr hjobs davSordeT erT-urTsa es imas ambobs, rom roca
uborot-SeumTxvevloda? mteri myavs Tav-dacemuli, —
Torem, xom hxedavT, TqvenTan mec maSin mec sasikvdiloda,
xmali maqvs amoRebuli, Tavi maqvs gadadebuli~.
aseTia is ZiriTadi safuZvlebi, romelTa wyalobiT Cveulebriv cxovrebaSi
upretenzio TuSi axla imdenad gaZlierebulia, rom mas Svidi kaci Soridan emuq-
reba da axlo mikarebas ki verc erTi ver bedavs.
originalurad aris gadmocemuli moqmedebis Semdgomi ganviTareba poemaSi.
mowinaaRmdegeni SeTanxmdnen, rom amjerad usisxlod daSordebodnen, xolo
xval erTmaneTs kvlav imave adgilas Sexvdebodnen brZolis gasagrZeleblad.
ilalos amjerad is azri amoqmedebs, rom coli Sin daabinaos, raTa sisxliani Se-
takebis mowmed ar hyavdes igi. lekebi Tavis mxriv varaudoben, rom TuSi maT ra-
Rac simdidres moutans.
mowinaaRmdegeni gaiyarnen. ilalom coli mSoblebis saxlSi miiyvana, daabi-
nava da RamiT, roca yvelas eZina, igi simamris saxlidan gamoipara.
safrTxis gzaze mimavali ilalo kvlav imaze fiqrobs, rom moTareSeebi mSvi-
dobianad moiSoros, magram Tu isini maincdamainc Tavisas ar daiSlian, im Sem-
TxvevaSi sicocxlis fasad daicvas Tavisi kacuri Rirseba. qarTveli glexis am
msjelobaSi gamoxatulebas poulobs poemis avtorisaTvis sazogadod damaxasia-
Tebeli humanizmi. WeSmaritad maRali grZnobis aRmZvrelia yvela normaluri
adamianis gulSi ilalos ukanaskneli mimarTva moTareSe lekebisadmi:
`ra dagiSaveT, ra gavneT? mglebiviT gvetanebiTa?
neta ras gvemarTlebiTa, kacno, Cvenc Tqveni Zmebi varT,
rom gvawiokebT da gvesxmiT, gansxvavebulni sjuliTa~.
saWiroa erTxel kidev aRiniSnos, rom baCanas TxzulebebSi, iseve rogorc va-
Ja-fSavelas nawerebSi, moqmed pirTa mdgomareobisa da saqmeebis gadmocemis
dros religiuri momenti arasodes gadamwyveti mniSvnelobisa araa. mTavaria ka-
cis kacuri Tvisebebi, misi zneobrivi sifaqize da gulsruloba, xolo misi reli-
giuri mrwamsi SedarebiT ukana planzea mwerlis mier gadaweuli.
rogorc nawarmoebidan viciT, lekebma ilalos winadadeba ar miiRes. amas ki
is Sedegi mohyva, rom isini erTmaneTs daerivnen da daixocnen.
aseTia baCanas poema `safrTxe~.
baCanas kalams ekuTvnis vrceli poema `wawloba~. TxzulebaSi gadmocemulia
fSauri TemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yofacxovrebiTi wesebi, siyvarulisa da oja-
xis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli zne-Cveulebani. poemis ZiriTadi Temaa, kerZod,
wawloba. avtoris mizania aCvenos am adaTis uaryofiTi gavlena xalxis cxovrebaze.
355
rodesac vakvirdebiT sazogadoebriv safuZvlebs, romliTac ganpirobebulia waw-
lobis Cveuleba da mwerlis damokidebulebas Temuri wyobilebidan momdinare ada-
Tebisadmi, poemis idea kidev ufro farTo mniSvnelobiT warmogvidgeba.
poemidan vgebulobT, rom fSaur Temebs aqvT wesi, romlis mixedviT Temis
SigniT qorwineba akrZalulia. vaJma coli sxva Temidan unda moiyvanos da qalic
sxva Temis vaJze unda gaTxovdes. am wesis gamo fSaveli qal-vaJebi, romelTac
erTmaneTi moswonT, wawlebi xdebian.
moulodneli araa, rom qal-vaJis daaxloebas iseTi Sedegebic moyveba xolme,
rac sayovelTaod miRebul zneobriv kanons arRvevs da, maSasadame, sazogadoebis
normalur cxovrebas xels uSlis. mwerali gulistkiviliT aRniSnavs, rom fSa-
vels wawlobis Cveuleba `saRmTo~ movlenad sjeroda da imaze ki ar fiqrobda, Tu
am Cveulebis wyalobiT `ramdeni qal-vaJi wuTisofelsa hcdeboda! vaJi ucolod
da qali uqmar-Sviloda rCeboda~.
poemaSi mTeli rigi SemTxvevebia gadmocemuli wawlobis, qalsa da vaJs Soris
bunebrivi siyvarulis, nebayoflobiTi da naZaladevi qorwinebis, ojaxuri sit-
kboebis da usiamovnebisa. am movlenebze Txrobis dros mwerlis mier winaa wamo-
weuli wawlobis adaTis, rogorc aseTis, mavne Sedegebi, misi uaryofiTi gavlena
xalxis saerTo cxovrebaze.
fSaur wawlobaze saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis vaJa-fSavela Tavis eTnogra-
fiul werilebSi. vaJaseuli ganmarteba am adaTisa daxmarebas gviwevs baCanas po-
emis Temisa da ideis gagebaSi.
vaJa-fSavelas gadmocemiT, Tavdapirvelad `wawloba maRalisa da idealuris
grZnobiT iyo monaTluli, TiTqos platonurs siyvarulzed iyos aRmocenebu-
lio da am bolo dros ki lamis siyvarulad, arSiyobad gadaiqces~.
dabolos, vaJa-fSavela sagangebod miuTiTebs: `vaJkacoba da qaloba is iyo-
vo, miambobda erTi moxucebuli fSaveli, rom mamakacs wawals, roca qalTan wa-
walTan iwva, iqamdis simagre gamoeCina gulisa, rom araferi cudi fiqri ar gaev-
lo gunebaSi; agreTve Tu qalsao~.1
rogorc vxedavT, vaJa gadaWriT ambobs, rom wawloba Zvel saxes TandaTan
kargavs da aSkarad arSiyobad iqceva. konkretul SemTxvevaSi swored esaa sain-
tereso imdenad, ramdenadac, baCanas poemaSic wawlobis ukanaskneli saxea kri-
tikis sagnad qceuli, avtori wawlobis Zveli saxis aRdgenas ki ar cdilobs, ara-
med sazogadod akritikebs am adaTs da uaryofs mas.
baCanas `wawlobaSi~ mTavaria javarasa da imedas romani. am adamianebis Tavga-
dasavali aris Txrobis ZiriTadi sagani poemis dasawyisidan dasasrulamde. mwe-
rals unda gviTxras, gvagrZnobinos, rom am wyvilis mdgomareoba da saqmeebi ti-
puria; rom sxva fSaveli qal-vaJebic analogiur mdgomareobaSi arian. am Tval-
sazrisiT sainteresoa nanebasa da sulxanas siyvarulis istoria, mzeqalas Tav-
gadasavali da sxva movlenebi.
poemis dasawyisSive moqmedebaSi gamoCndeba fSaveli Conqara, romelic aris
`moleqse, ena laqlaqa, wola-dgomaSi gaqnili, uxasiaTo, uzneo, uzomod aRvir-ax-
snili~. gasagebia, rom aseT kacs warmateba aqvs qalebis erT wreSi, magram SeuZle-
belia aseTi uzneo da uxasiaTo adamiani qmrad moisurvon javaras msgavsma qaliS-
vilebma. javaras dasaxasiaTeblad poemis erT-erTi personaJi gveubneba, rom igi
ìseTi lamazi aris, mis naqsov, Sekerilia,
Tvals mogWris uneburada. Sig qali gamonaskvuli,
mere mis tanisamosi, marskvlevi mowyvetilia~.
1
v a J a - f S a v e l a , Txzulebani aT tomad, t. IX, Tb., 1964 w., gv. 99; werili gamoqveynebulia 1889 wels
gazeT ìveriaSi~.
356
Cargleli qaliSvilis garegnul, fizikur silamazes kidev ufro mimzidvels
xdis misi Sinagani sifaqize da maRali zneoba, rac poemis momdevno nawilebidan
sruliad garkveviT igrZnoba.
wawlobaSi mravalgzis gamocdilma da gamoqnilma Conqaram javaras colad
SerTva ganizraxa, magram qalma igi mtkice uariT gaistumra.
Conqaram qali gaitaca. javara amjeradac winaaRmdegia masTan SeuRlebisa da
vaJs gadaWriT eubneba, rom igi an Tavs moiklavs, an masve (Conqaras) Seakvdeba da
jvars ki ar daiwers. bolos Conqara ZaliT fiqrobs javaras damorCilebas, mag-
ram qali ukanasknel Rones moikrebs, Conqaras daniT moklavs da mSobliur Car-
glisaken gamoiqceva. TiTqos bunebac zeimobs moZalade kacisagan javaras ga-
darCenas:
`roca Carglis kars movida, miwamac gadaixada
casa gaexsna tatani, Savi wyvdiadis sabani~.
poemis meore karis dasawyisidan moqmedebaSi gamoCndeba axalgazrda fSave-
li imeda. igi Tavisi tolebisagan gamoirCeva zrdilobiT, wesierebiTa da pati-
osnebiT. imedas skolaSic uvlia da maswavleblisagan bevri mowinave azri SeuT-
visebia. igi, rogorc gonebagaxsnili axalgazrda, kritikulad uyurebs Temuri
wyobilebidan momdinare adaTebs, kerZod wawlobas.
mwerali gveubneba, rom imeda, romelsac nawilobriv adaTi ar moswonda, ma-
inc fSaveli iyo, fSavelTa Soris cxovrobda da izrdeboda. axla, rodesac igi
ukve oci wlisaa, imedas dReniadag esmis wawlobaze laparaki, rogorc fSavlebis
yoveli TavSeyris dros damaxasiaTebeli `saubris anbani~.
aseT viTarebaSi imedas Tavisi Tanasofleli javara jer moewoneba, xolo
Semdeg mTeli arsebiT Seuyvardeba. igi axla ukve iZulebulia TviTonac mimar-
Tos wawlobis wess, rogorc erTaderT saSualebas Seyvarebul qalTan axlos
yofnisa. javarasa da imedas wawloba wmindaa da amaRlebuli. imedam pirveli da-
wolisTanave qals mtkiced Sehfica:
àmieridan Cvens Sua gafxavebuli xanjari.
me ki gamivlav samZRvari Tu gadmovlaxe rodisme,
da damidvia imazed maSinve gulSi Camkari~.
javarasa da imedas romani mkiTxvelis simpaTias imiTac imsaxurebs, rom igi

bolomde ise wminda rCeba, rogorc aq motanili fici gulisxmobs. javara da ime-
da TavianTi grZnobis gamomJRavnebas ver bedaven. imedas mSoblebi colis Ser-
Tvas sTxoven da vaJs ki ver gaubednia Tqvas, rom mas sacole ukve hyavs. mSoblebs
azradac ar mosdiT, rom maTi Svili, romelic saxelovani axalgazrdaa, wawals
colad SeirTavs. aseTi viTarebis erTaderTi mizezi aris xalxis SegnebaSi gan-
mtkicebuli adaTi, romelic TanasoflelTa SeuRlebas mTeli simtkiciT krZa-
lavs. aseTi daskvna mkiTxvels poemidan sruliad bunebrivad gamohyavs da poe-
tis mizandasaxulobac amaSi mdgomareobs.
marTlac, javara da imeda sabolood mainc SeuRldnen, magram aseTi SeuRleba
Temuri yofisaTvis uCveulo movlenaa, gamonaklisia. imedam, mSoblebis xelSewyo-
biT, SeZlo Temis adaTi daerRvia. Tu ara imedas gansakuTrebuli simtkice-gabedu-
leba da gulisxmieri mSoblebis agreTve gabeduli mxardaWera, sruliad mosalodne-
li iyo am qal-vaJis saqmec iseve tragikulad damTavrebuliyo, rogorc sxva bevri
romani damTavrebula fSavis TemebSi.
wawlobis adaTis Sedegebis Cvenebis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelova-
nia imave poemaSi gadmocemuli nanebasa da sulxanas siyvarulis istoria. winaswar
unda iTqvas, rom am qal-vaJis, kerZod, nanebas Tavgadasavali kidev ufro rTulia,
vidre javarasa da imedas romani.
357
naneba da sulxana wawlebi gaxdnen iseve, rogorc fSaveli qal-vaJebi xdebi-
an. mowoneba, romelic Cveulebrivad wawlobis safuZvelia, siyvarulSi gadaiz-
rdeba. isini ukve Seyvarebuli arian, TemSi arsebuli wesis gamo SeuRlebas ver
bedaven da amave dros nanebas Svilic uCndeba. mosalodneli usiamovnebisagan
Tavis daRwevis mizniT sulxana Zaugs miemgzavreba, xolo naneba TanasoflelTa
Worisa da miTqma-moTqmis sagnad iqceva.
Zaugs gadaxvewili sulxana erTxan kidev ocnebobda cxovebis saxsari moepo-
vebina da nanebac TavisTan waeyvana, colad SeerTo, magram amaod, igi garSemo
myofma fSavelebma daarwmunes, rom wawalze aseTi mzrunveloba savaldebulo
araa da sulxanamac Seyvarebulze TandaTan guli aicrua. mZimea sulxanasagan mi-
tovebuli nanebas mdgomareoba. igi moTminebiT itans usiamovnebas, romelic saku-
Tar ojaxSi, gawbilebuli mSoblebisagan xvdeba.
dro gadis da nanebas mdgomareoba kidev ufro mwvavdeba. mas erT dRes Svi-
lianad gaitacebs erTi aramzada da TavzexelaRebuli toka. tokas pirovneba Ta-
visi znedacemulobiT iSviaTi da gamonaklisia rogorc sazogadod qrTuli si-
namdvilisaTvis, ise fSavelebisaTvis.
naneba bedTan Serigebas cdilobs. igi SesaniSnavi diasaxlisia. miuxedavad
imisa, rom am ojaxSi ZaliT Semoiyvanes, man tokas gaveranebuli saxl-kari mokle
droSi sruliad gadaaxalisa da wesrigSi moiyvana. mwerali gveubneba, rom nane-
bas Tavdadebuli Sromis Sedegad `sul mokle xanSi ojaxma sicocxliT gamoixe-
da~. magram uRirsi qmari colis sikeTes mainc ver iferebs.
erT dRes toka ojaxSi stumrad miiyvans Tavis megobars, masaviT naTrevsa da
wawlobaSi gamoqnil kacs. amfsonebi, uwinares yovlisa, purmarils miiReben, xo-
lo Semdeg maspinZeli sakuTar cols winadadebas aZlevs, raTa stumarTan daw-
ves. tokas aseTi saqcieli mkiTxvelis gansakuTrebul zizRs imsaxurebs, radgan
man ukve isic icis, rom es SemTxveviT ki araa, aramed sruliad Segnebulad da wi-
naswar mofiqrebiT xdeba.
savsebiT bunebrivia, tokas winadadebiT Tavzardacemuli qali garewari
qmrisa da stumris ganzraxvas win aRudgeba. igi Tavis gadarCenas axerxebs, mag-
ram am Sexla-Semoxlis dros misi erTaderTi Svili tokas msxverpli xdeba. naneba
mkvdar Svils gamoitacebs da kvlav mSobliur keras ubrundeba.
wawlobis adaTis uaryofasTan erTad poemaSi mniSvnelovani adgili aqvs
daTmobili ojaxis, saxeldobr, colqmrobaSi ufleba-movaleobaTa sakiTxebs.
qalis uflebis, misi adamianuri Rirsebis dasacavad avtoris mgznebare mowode-
ba am Txzulebis Tematikur ares kidev ufro farTod warmoadgens. avtori STa-
magoneblad mimarTavs mkiTxvels, rom colqmrobis, ojaxis Seqmnis aucilebeli
winapiroba siyvarulia; rom aseTi pirobis gareSe Seqmnili ojaxi ver ixeirebs.
`Tu ara siyvaruliTa colqmroba ar iqnebao~, — ambobs Cveni mgosani. Tu raoden
usiamovno Sedegebi SeiZleba mohyves ormxrivi siyvarulis gareSe ojaxis Seq-
mnas, amis naTelyofas emsaxureba poemaSi moTxrobili mzeqalasa da nenes Tavga-
dasavali cal-calke.
mzeqala iseT kacze gaaTxoves, romelic mas ar uyvarda. igi gulistkiviliT am-
bobs: `roca ded-mamas ewada, vina hkiTxavda qalsao~. mzeqala qorwilis damTavre-
bisTanave qmars gamoeqca. igi biZis saxlSi daimala, magram miagnes da isev qmris
ojaxSi daabrunes. nacemi qali sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi loginad iyo Cavardnili. mo-
ulodneli araa, rom qals usiyvarulod jvardawerili qmari am SemTxvevis Semdeg
kidev ufro Sejavrda. igi sawolidan wamodgomisTanave qmris ojaxidan xelaxla ga-
iqca.
kacma verc alersiT da verc cema-tyepiT usiyvarulod SerTuli colis da-
morCileba ver SeZlo. dabolos, rodesac qmris ojaxidan gamoqceuli mzeqala
Tavisianebs mkaSi exmareboda, kacma Cumad tyidan wamouara, Tofi esrola da mZi-
358
med daWra. qali mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi itanjeboda da sikvdils Zlivs gadaur-
Ca. amiT kacma Jini moiWama, daumorCilebel cols Tavi mianeba da sxva qali Seir-
To. mzeqala mxolod amis Semdeg gaTavisuflda.
mzeqalas Tavgadasavali mkiTxvelze namdvilad mZime STabeWdilebas axdens.
amgvar STabeWdilebas kidev ufro aZlierebs misive sityvebi imis Taobaze, rom
igi iolad gadarCa; rom uaresi Sedegic SesaZlebeli iyo. mzeqala ambobs, rom
sxva mis bedSi myofi qalebi àn wyalSi hcviodnen, an Tavs ixrCobdnen sabliTa~.
fSaveli qalis mZime yofis maCvenebelia agreTve nenes Tavgadasavali, ro-
melsac mzeqala mogviTxrobs.
poemis ZiriTadi Tema wawlobaa. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, avtoris mizania aCve-
nos fSauri TemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli wawlobis adaTis uaryofiTi gavlena sa-
zogadoebriv cxovrebaze. garda amisa, erT SemTxvevaSi avtors nawarmoebSi Semo-
aqvs agreTve xevsurul TemebSi arsebuli Cveuleba akvanSi niSnobisa. gasagebia,
rom mwerlis mizandasaxuleba am SemTxvevaSic igivea, rac wawlobis Sedegebis gad-
mocemisas. mas unda aCvenos, rom qal-vaJis akvanSi daniSvnis adaTic agreTve mavne
da miuRebelia. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa poemis meoTxe karSi gadmocemuli
xevsuri qaliSvilis — dedikas da fSaveli vaJis — ivanes SeuRlebis istoria.
xevsuri dedika, fSaveli qaliSvilebisagan gansxvavebiT, akvnidanve dawindu-
li yofila. im dros, rodesac gaTxovebis asakSia, dedikas ukve aRar moswons Tavi-
si saqmro. mas vaJisagan mitanili vercxlis yawimebi, romelsac bavSvobaSi atareb-
da, saqmrosaTvis ukanve gaugzavnia.
fSavSi gadmoxiznul dedikas colqmrobis winadadebas sTavazobs gonebagax-
snili fSaveli axalgazrda ivane. igulisxmeba, rom qal-vaJi erTmaneTs aqamdi-
sac icnobdnen da pativs scemdnen. amiT aixsneba, rom maT saerTo ena iolad ipo-
ves. swored am dros qali ivanes gulwrfelad agebinebs Tavis mdgomareobas:
`raxel gamogyve, ivane, akvanSi daniSnuli var,
rom qvec Zalian momwonde, ar meSvebian, icode~.
mkiTxvelisaTvis cnobili xdeba, dawunebuli xevsuri saqmro qals amjera-
dac mkacrad emuqreba. rodesac niSnobis nivTebi ukanve davubruneo, — ambobs
dedika, — saqmro da misi ojaxis wevrebi `sul avsiliyvnen cofiTa, erTi ambavi
daewyoT, dammuqrebiyvnen TofiTa. exla ise varT damrClebi, isin arian Zalasa~.
xevsurma qaliSvilma da fSavelma vaJma erTmaneTi xalasi grZnobiT Seiyva-
res da Seitkbes. isini, miuxedavad gansxvavebuli Temuri adaTebisa, kidec SeuR-
ldnen.
poema `wawlobaSi~ mkafiod iCens Tavs avtoris SemoqmedebisaTvis sazogadod
damaxasiaTebeli damrigeblobiTi motivi. mwerali Temuri wyobilebidan momdi-
nare adaTebis mospobaSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs xalxis saerTo
kulturuli donis amaRlebas.
baCana amave nawarmoebSi, garda wawlobisa da ojaxis problemasTan dakavSi-
rebuli movlenebisa, Tavisdroindeli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxva mxareeb-
sac mniSvnelovan adgils uTmobs.
poemis socialur Sinaarss aRrmavebs da afarToebs CarTuli epizodebi, rom-
lebSic laparakia cnobili qarTveli saxalxo gmiris — arsena oZelaSvilis pirov-
nebaze, dampyrobeli feodalis — zurab aragvis erisTavis winaaRmdeg fSavelTa da
xevsurTa gmirul brZolebze, pirvel msoflio omze da sxva movlenebze.
amrigad, baCanas mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi gamoxatulebas poulobs igive soci-
aluri motivebi, rac damaxasiaTebelia mecxramete saukunis meore naxevris qar-
Tuli mwerlobisaTvis sazogadod, xolo gansakuTrebiT, aleqsandre yazbegisa da
vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebisaTvis.
359
Tedo razikaSvili
(1869- 1922)
I. cxovreba
Tedo razikaSvili 1869 wlis pirvel noembers daibada CargalSi, im ojaxSi,

romelmac sami niWieri mwerali warmoSva, maT Soris didi vaJa-fSavela. gamorCe-
uli Zmis gverdiTac Rirseulad damkvidrda qarTul mwerlobaSi — faqizad aR-
werda cxovel-mcenareTa samyaros, bunebis movlenebs, maTi saxe-xatebis alego-
riuli gardasaxviT jerovani simZafriT asaxavda cxovrebiseul ambebs, sura-
Tebs, warmoaCenda sicocxlis arss.
amgvar unars, cxadia nawilobriv, is sulieri atmosfero uyalibebda Tedo razi-
kaSvils, romelic mis ojaxSi mkvidrobda: mama — pavle razikaSvili qarTveli klasi-
kosebis — SoTas, d. guramiSvilis, ilias Semoqmedebis mcodne, mwignobrobis moyvaru-
li, moleqse gaxldaT; deda — barbale (gulqan) fxikelaSvili — mdidari fantaziis
patroni, auarebeli leqs-zRaprebis mcodne, bunebiT poeti. am viTarebas gvirgvins
adgamda erT ojaxSi naSob da aRzrdil ZmaTa Soris sagulisxmebeli saTanado `poe-
turi SeduRabeba~.
ojaxs SeZleba ar hqonda, erTi periodi saSinlad Raribadac cxovrobda. mZime
ojaxuri yofis miuxedavad pavle da barbare Svilebis sulieri wvrTnis saqmes saime-
do meSvelad edgnen — mama wignis siyvaruls unergavda Tedos, Tavisufal dros wig-
nebis gadaweras avalebda, mTebis Rvawlze uambobda poeturad, samSoblosadmi Tav-
dadebas aziarebda; deda — wakiTxul-gancdils Tavis gemovnebaze Wrida, sakuTari
fantaziiT azavebda, emociebs umZafrebda...
Tedos wera-kiTxva baCanam aswavla. Tavidan gauWirda, mere gaeCvia. Carglis
skolis mesame ganyofilebaSi gadaiyvanes da daiketa kidec saswavlebeli. Semdgo-
mi oTxi weli skolis gareSe darCa, magram 1882 wels lukam, romelmac am drois-
Tvis goris saostato seminaria daamTavra da erwoSi tolaanTsoflis skolaSi da-
niSnes maswavleblad, Tedo Tan waiyvana da didaTac mzrunvelobda Zmas, igive go-
ris seminariaSi Sesasvlelad amzadebda, Tanac, SeZlebisdagvarad, saTanado cxov-
rebis pirobebs uqmnida.
erT wels erTad cxovrobdnen vaJa da Tedo, 1883 wlis agvistoSi ki baCanam
waiyvana gorSi, sadac gaWirvebiT cxovrobda — zamTarSi CustebiT, sazafxulo
bluziT daiareboda da saxlis patronic mkvaxe komSiTRa umaspinZldeboda... ci-
ebiT gaxda avad, seminariasTan arsebul rusuli skolis ukanasknel ganyofile-
baSi swavlasac mocda... vaJas da baCanas patronobiT Tedo bolos mainc Cairicxa
goris saostato seminariaSi, romelic 1889 wels daasrula. erT weliwads uadgi-
lod darCa, samsaxurSi ar gaugzavniaT, radgan moxele darskim undobloba gamo-
ucxada, romelic mas jer kidev tolaanTsoflis skolis maswavleblebTan vaJa-
fSavelas moxsnis droidan gasCenoda razikaSvilebis mimarT. mainc, 1890 wels
qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis gamgeobam Tedo
razikaSvili maswavleblad daniSna sofel xelTubnis dawyebiT skolaSi, sadac
man imoRvawa 1905 wlis 11 ivnisamde, romlis Semdgom mTavrobam daketa skola da
Tedoc daiTxoves. TviTmpyrobelobis mowinaaRmdege ideologi 1905 wlis 12 seq-
tembers daapatimres da oloneckis guberniaSi samudamo gadasaxlebaSi gaam-
gzavres, magram gzaSi oqtombris manifestma miuswro da ukan gamoabrunes. Sem-
dgomSic Seecadnen mis dapatimrebas, magram igi ZmebTan gaixizna fSavSi, sadac
male saxlis gadawvis gamo ubinaod darCenili misi col-Svili vaJam Seifara ram-
denime xans. garkveuli drois Semdeg Tedo dabrunda xelTubanSi, sabolood
damkvidrda sofelSi da keTili rCeviT xeli Seuwyo iq kulturuli meurneobis
danergvas, amasTan, kvlavac interesdeboda sazogadoebrivi cxovrebiT — ar wy-
vetda mimoweras qarTuli Jurnal-gazeTebis redaqciebTan, calkeul sazogado
moRvaweebTan...
Tedo razikaSvilma xelTubanSi gaatara Tavisi aqtiuri da Segnebuli cxov-
rebis mniSvnelovani nawili. bevrs, moamageobisa da qveynis sargeblianobisaT-
vis, uyvarda igi, amitom TiTqos moulodnelic ki iyo misi mkvleloba. sinamdvi-
leSi avazakebis sadistur qmedebas (msxverpls danebiT ormocdaTeqvsmeti Wri-
loba miayenes) mizezi hqonda. wignSi `cota ram mamaCem-biZaCemze~ Tedos qaliS-
vili eTer razikaSvili am ambis motivaciis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs: 1921 wlis Te-
bervlis ambebTan dakavSirebiT zogma gaxizvna daapira, zogi praqtikulad miud-
ga saqmes. kote Tumanovma Tedos, rogorc sasoflo-sameurneo bankisa da koope-
raciis gamgeobis erT-erT wevrs, kooperaciis qonebis urTierTSoris gayofa
SesTavaza, sxvebi mainc daitacebeno. Tedom mkvaxe uari miageba — saxelmwifo qo-
neba kerZo duqani araa, romeli mTavrobac mova, qonebas TviTonve upatronebso.
im kacs pasuxi ar esiamovna da mospo cocxali mowme, 1921 wels is mamaCemis
mkvlelobis meTauri gaxdao1...
mkvlelebi amxiles da dasajes — askvnis e. razikaSvili.
Tedo razikaSvili qarTvel moRvaweTa didubis panTeonSi dakrZales.
***
razikaSvilebis ojaxis wevrTa Soris arsebuli urTierTpasuxismgeblobis,

urTierTgatanisa da siyvarulis siZliere, rac Zmebis cxovrebis wess warmoad-
genda, bevrjer TvalnaTliv dadasturebula. 1890 wlis seqtember-oqtomberSi
jer dedis da mere mamis gardacvalebis Semdgom daqsaqsul ZmebSic ar moSlila
axalgazrdobaSi nawrTobi damokidebuleba, sulieri da SemoqmedebiTi mibma Tu
yofacxovrebiTi urTierToba. sxvadasxva kuTxeSi mcxovrebi da moRvawe Zmebi
umetesad TbilisSi iyridnen Tavs umcros Zma aleqsandresTan, sadac xandaxan,
drostarebisas, vaJas SeelazRandarebodnen xolme, Tumca igi CaRimebuli, nirs
ar icvlida, ar javrdeboda — sakuTar Rirsebas adasturebda... `xumrobisas zog-
jer Zlier amlaSebdneno~, maT Soris Tedoc, magram cxadia, es vaJas pirovnuli
Tu SemoqmedebiTi daufaseblobiT ar xdeboda: igi yovelTvis didad afasebda
lukas misdami amags, vaJas poetur simaRlesac aRiarebda, magram amaSi mudam Seig-
rZnoboda Zmis didebuli poeziisadmi Tedos midgomis individualizmi, amoikiTx-
eboda movlenebis mimarT sakuTar ideur-esTetikur damokidebulebaTa xasiaTi,
rac, raRa Tqma unda, vaJas Saravands ar afermkrTalebda, Tavad Tedos azrobriv-
mxatvrul pozicias ki saTanado RirsebiT warmoaCenda.
Tedo ar iyo axirebuli ganmsjeli, Sexedulebas motivirebas uZebnida.
mogonebidan: `luka maSin (1882 wels — T.k.) leqsebs werda da me mikiTxavda
xolme. me rasakvirvelia, Zalian momwonda es leqsebi, sul zepirad vicodi, gada-
werilica mqonda, es leqsebi, rogorc maxsovs, didi Rirsebisa ar iyo, magram Cemi
Zmis dawerilebi iyvnen da rogor ar moviwonebdi. maSin jer xalxur kilozed ar
1
e T e r r a z i k a S v i l i , `cota ram mamaCem-biZaCemze~, Tb., 1976, gv. 80.
361
werda... `Semdeg kilo vaJam Seicvala~ (xazi Cvenia — T.k).1 Zmur siwrfeles xeli ar
SeuSlia Tedo razikaSvilisaTvis mkafiod gamoexata Sexeduleba. naTesauri
grZnoba vaJa-fSavelas adreul leqsTa Rirsebis Sefasebis safuZvlad da sazomad
ar qceula da, rac mTavaria, Tavad Tedos dakvirvebaa principuli da ideur-esTe-
tikurad Rirebuli, radgan mis Tanaxmad, vaJas poeturi geniis ganviTarebisa da
zeaRsvlis aTvlis momentia gamokveTili — xalxur kiloze gadasvla, uromliso-
dac, cxadia, vaJas fenomeni Znelad warmosadgenia, amitom manamde, ra Tqma unda,
verc Tedo Seicnobda poeti Zmis sidiades. Tedos adreul STabeWdilebas isic
amagrebda, rom masSic genetikurad igive kodi iyo Cadebuli, rac baCanasa da luka-
Si, ris gamoc movlenaTa `sxvagvari kiloTi~ gamoxatvisaTvis, anda mis aRsaqmelad,
rogorc Cans, gansakuTrebulad unda Semzadebuliyo igi Sinaganad. unda vigulis-
xmoT, rom namdvili vaJa `xalxur kiloze weris~ dawyebidan yalibdeba TedosaTvis.
amas misi leqsi àryic~ adasturebs, romelSic aryis xis, romlis mxatvrul saxeSi
vaJaa nagulisxmebi, garemomcvel bunebaze, misi fesvebis masazrdoebel niadagze,
misTvis sicocxlis mimniWebeli fuZis —`Savad ayudebuli~ klde-lodebis arsze da
SemZleblobazea msjeloba, romlis mwiri da xrioki mkerdi veravis gamokvebavs, ar-
yis garda, radgan igi misi naSieria da isic mSoblisa da adgilis dedis madliT Ses-
Widebia mkacr garemos da miscemia sicocxles.
vaJa-fSavelasac imdenad mniSvnelovnad miuCnevia Zmis leqsSi aRZruli prob-
lema, rom `pasuxi aryisa~ SeuTxzavs, romelSic Tedos kiTxvebs — àn wyals rasa
svam? an sazrdos neta saidan Soulobo?~, aseT ganmartebas agebebs:
` es gikvirs ? tyuilad gikvirs: uSrets mawovebs neqtarsa,
saiT hpoulobs, vin hkiTxavs, me venacvale dedasa!
ueWvelia, saerTo cisa da miwis ZaliTa,
rasac me, kldisve aRzrdili, bevrs vera vxedav TvaliTa~. 2
adgilis dedis mxolod aseT mZafrad ganmcdel Semoqmeds ZaluZs xalxis
cxovrebis, istoriis, znisa da Tvisebis WeSmariti gamomxatveli Seiqnes, mxolod
arsebobis gamZafrebulad Semcnobi maRldeba saerTo-nacionalur Rirebule-
bamde, rac, cxadia, bevrs ar ZaluZs. Tedo razikaSvilma swored imas miaqcia yu-
radReba, rom metyvelebis formis SerCeva bevrad gansazRvravda vaJa-fSavelas
mxatvruli Semoqmedebis originalobas, esTetikur specifikas da, marTlac, va-
Jas am bunebiT Tvisebas damorCilda Zaldautaneblad misi Sinagani poeturi
wyoba — emociuri aRnagoba da azrobrivi tendenciebi da Sedegad warmoiqmna
msoflio literaturis erTi saocrebaTagani — vaJa-fSavelas poezia. Tedo mom-
swre, mnaxveli da Semfasebeli gaxda am movlenisa.
***
Tedo razikaSvili, rogorc pirovneba da Semoqmedi, metad keTilsasurvel ga-

remoSi yalibdeboda. vaJasa da baCanas, saerTod ojaxis zegavlenas emateboda ax-
algazrdobaSive Zmobilad miCneul Sio mRvimelTan urTierToba, Semdgom niko
lomouris `metad simpaTiuri gavlena~ mis mwerlad CamoyalibebaSi. poeti, Semoq-
medi Tedo razikaSvils im adamianad miaCnda, romelic `rasme SesZRvnis samSob-
los... da Tuki sul gapirutyvebuli ar aris kaci, roca ismen didebul sityvebs...
Senc wagZlevs ocneba da im didebulTan saxelis ganawilebas ganatrebs.3
aseT gatacebasa da miswrafebas Tedo razikaSvils uRvivebda araerT mwe-
ralTan, sazogado moRvawesTan urTierToba, an maTi msoflmxedvelobrivi ze-
1
T e d o r a z i k a S v i l i , Txzulebani or tomad, t. II, Tb., 1972, gv. 8.
2
v a J a - f S a v e l a , TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli xuT tomad, t. I, Tb., 1961, gv.196.
3
T e d o r a z i k a S v i l i , Txzulebani or tomad, t.II, Tb., 1972, gv. 11.
362
gavlena Tu mxatvruli SemoqmedebiTi specifikiT daintereseba. am aramartivi
procesis Tvalgadevnebisas mkafiod mziurdeba rogorc ama Tu im Semoqmedis,
ise Tedos esTetikur miswrafebaTa arsi, agreTve maTi Semoqmedebis mxatvruli
Taviseburebis niSnebi, rac sazogadod im periodis qarTuli mwerlobis ideur-
esTetikuri sistemis saTanado analizis saSualebasac iZleva.
Tedo razikaSvili aqtiurad iyo CarTuli Cveni qveynis sazogadoebriv cxov-
rebaSi, Sesaferisad exmaureboda qarTuli literaturisa da kulturis saWir-
boroto movlenebs, miiswrafoda viTarebis Zireuli Tvisebis aRqmisaken ware-
marTa xalxis goneba, qveynisadmi da simarTlisadmi siyvaruli Caenerga qarTve-
lisaTvis, risi aRsrulebis erT-erT saSualebas, Tundac, cnobil qarTvel mwe-
ralTa msoflmxedvelobriv idealTa Tu SemoqmedebiT miswrafebaTa SecnobaSi
xedavda, amitom gulwrfelad Seexmiana al. yazbegis, r. erisTavis, g. wereTlis,
ilias, vaJas da sxva qarTvel mweralTa saxelebs, rig SemTxvevaSi dakvirvebiT
daaxasiaTa maT SemoqmedebaSi gamoxatuli patriotul-moqalaqeobrivi paTosi,
gamokveTa mxatvrulobis zogierTi niSani.
***
Tedo razikaSvilis nawerebma Tavidanve miipyres mkiTxvelTa yuradReba. misi,

agreTve axali Taobis sxva mweralTa SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb mkafi-
od dadebiTi mosazreba gamoTqva akaki wereTelma: ài, eseni arian pirveli mercxle-
bi momavalis gazafxulisa, Cven amaTze kritikas ara vwerT, mxolod sityvam moitana
da gakvriT vambobT, rom an. erisTavi da Tedo razikaSvili, romelTac iseTi momza-
deba ara aqvT, rogorc gansvenebul eg.ninoSvils etyoboda da agreTve dutu meg-
rels, magram bunebiTi niWiT ki SesaniSnavebi arian da bevrs kargsac unda velodeT
maTgan momavalSi, Tu Tavis niWs Sesaferis sazrdos ar daakleben da gulis ficar-
zed daiweren im mcnebas, uromlisodac, rac unda niWieri moRvawe iyos, ver acdeba
`falstafobas~ da `kudabzikobas~.1
akakis Sexedulebas, cxadia, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda rogorc
pirovnulad Tedo razikaSvilisaTvis, aseve misi SemoqmedebiTi poziciis, esTeti-
kuri mrwamsis da moqalaqeobrivi paTosis arsis gansazRvrisaTvis. magaliTad,
moTxroba `fiTris~ Sefaseba, faqtobrivad, Tedo razikaSvilis mwerluri gzis da-
locvas da amave dros misi nawarmoebis mxatvruli Rirsebis aRiarebas moaswavebda:
ès patara botanikuri moTxroba... Tedo razikaSvilisa, rogorc xelovnebis mxriv
ise Tavis kiloTic gamtacia axalgazrda grZnoba-gonebis da imave dros didad sa-
gulisxmiero didebisTvisac~, — werda `kvalis~ 1896 wlis 21 nomerSi didi mgosani.
Tedo razikaSvilis, rogorc Semoqmedis, Rirebulebasa da Taviseburebas
garkveulwilad swored zemomoyvanil SefasebaSi gamokveTili òrasakobrivi~,
òrmagi donis~ mkiTxvelis daintereseba gansazRvravs, rac sabolood sazrdos
awvdis erTs — aRmqmels.
dro mkafiod gamokveTs Tedo razikaSvilis mwerlur popularobas, rac saTa-
nadod vlindeba qarTuli Jurnal-gazeTebis xelmZRvanelebis, mweral-redaqto-
rebis, calkeuli kritikosebis, literatorebis, cnobili pedagogebisa da sazoga-
do moRvaweebis misi Semoqmedebisadmi da moRvaweobis sxvadasxva sferosadmi da-
interesebiT.
anastasia TumaniSvili-wereTlisa, nino nakaSiZe xSirad ukveTdnen Tedo ra-
zikaSvils Jurnal `jejilisa~ da `nakadulisaTvis~ moTxrobebs da Zalzedac
eSurebodnen maT TavianT periodul gamocemebSi gamoqveynebas, amasTan, did pa-
tiviscemasa da ridsac avlendnen avtorisadmi.
1
a k . w e r e T e l i , TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli TxuTmet tomad, t. 13, Tb., 1961, gv.127.
363
Tedoc didi RirsebiT aRasrulebda mwerlur vals, gulmodgined iRvwoda
momavali Taobis sulieri aRzrdisaTvis.
Tedo razikaSvils misi nawarmoebebis gadabeWdvisa Tu dabeWdva-gamoqveyne-
bis uflebas sTxovdnen: aristo quTaTelaZe, lado aRniaSvili, ivane rostomaS-
vili, valerian gunia, ia ekalaZe, mariam demuria, sona ciciSvili, ioseb griSaS-
vili da sxv. mwerlis mxatvrul nawarmoebTa Sesaxeb mosazrebebi da kritikuli
SeniSvnebi gamouTqvams cnobil pedagogsa da sazogado moRvawe luarsab bocva-
Zes, kritikosebs: vasil jafariZes, al wereTels da sxv.
Tedo razikaSvilma pirveli leqsi `mwyemsis simRera~ 1886 wels dawera, na-
warmoebTa beWdva daiwyo 1890 wlidan, xolo umetesoba Tavisi moTxrobebisa
uwinaresad `jejilsa~ da `nakadulSi~ gamoaqveyna. mwerlis moTxrobebis pirve-
li krebuli mxolod 1925 wels gamoica,1 ufro sruli krebuli — 1947 wels, xo-
lo TxzulebaTa ortomeuli 1972 wels.
***
Tedo razikaSvilma didi Rvawli dasdo xalxSi gafantuli masalebis xalxu-

ri Semoqmedebis nimuSebis Sekreba — gamocemis saqmes. misgan Segrovebuli fol-
kloruli teqstebi ibeWdeboda umetesad Jurnal `jejilSi~, mis garda, saqar-
Tvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis organoebSi. Tavisi am moRva-
weobiT igi agrZelebda folkloruli masalebis Segrovebis moTaveTa: rafiel
erisTavis, ilia WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis mier dawyebul saSviliSvilo saqmes,
romelsac Tedos garda nayofierad da erTgulad emsaxurebodnen: iakob goge-
baSvili, aleqsandre yazbegi, vaJa-fSavela, petre umikaSvili da sxvebi.
xalxuri sityvierebis masalebs, erTxans, mwerali saqarTvelos saistorio-
saeTnografio sazogadoebis mindobilobiTac agrovebda. am faqtze eqvTime Ta-
yaiSvili gvawvdis cnobas: `Tedo razikaSvilma auarebeli kargi masala Seagrova
xalxuri zepirsityvierebisa. isic Zalian kargi, zedmiwevniT patiosani, sruli-
ad uangaro adamiani gaxldaT~.2
magram yvelaze naTel warmodgenas Sesrulebuli saqmis masStabebis Sesaxeb gviq-
mnis Tavad Tedo razikaSvili: `mivyav xeli xalxuri nawerebis Sekrebas. Sevkribe 3000-
ze meti leqsi, 200-ze meti zRapari da legenda, mravali crumorwmuneobani da Se-
locvani, andazebi da gamocanebi~.3
gansakuTrebul mecnierul da kulturul Rirebulebas iZens is garemoeba, rom
Tedo razikaSvilis mier Cawerili sityvierebis nimuSebi gamoirCevian sandoobiT,
masalis mowodebis sizustiT, adastureben Camweris gemovnebasa da mecnierul ke-
Tilsindisierebas da, rac mTavaria, yovelive amasTan erTad, amzeureben qarTuli
folkloris ganumeorebel niSnebsa da xasiaTs, es ki sazogadod erovnuli mwerlo-
bis saxis saTanadod warmomCeni mniSvnelovani faqtori gaxlavT.
II. Semoqmedeba
Tedo razikaSvilis SemoqmedebiTi impulsebis masazrdoebel safuZvlebs

zemoT ukve SevexeT. SemoqmedebiTi wvis gzaze umeteswilad razikaSvilebis poe-
turi genisaTvis Sesaferisi RirsebiT sabuTdeboda Tedos mwerluri SesaZleb-
lobis diapazoni.
1
moTxrobebis garda am krebulSi poema ìa da kesanea~ dabeWdili.
2
e . T a y a i S v i l i , rCeuli naSromebi, 1968, gv. 360.
3
T e d o r a z i k a S v i l i , Txzulebani or tomad, t. II, Tb., 1972, gv.11.
364
saTaveebidanve iyalibebs sazogadoebriv ideals da esTetikur kredos. am
TvalsazrisiT igi nasazrdoebia ilias, akakis, vaJas mrwamsiT, amasTan, sakuTrivac
matarebelia msgavsi idealebisa. mamulisa da eris msaxureba, adamianisaTvis gzis
gakvalva, ai miswrafeba mwerlisa, funqcia misi Semoqmedebisa. es principebi gamov-
linda 1891 wels gamocemul misi leqsebis pirvelsave wignSi, romelsac `Savi fiqre-
bi~ erqva da romelSic mkafiod gamoixata Semoqmedis adamianuri gancdebi, sazoga-
doebrivi tkivilebiT (romlis mravalferovan formebs xazgasmiT gamokveTda xelo-
vani) gamowveuli grZnobebi, avtoriseuli Sexedulebani mwerlis qveynisaTvis moRva-
weobis daniSnulebaze. kerZod, Tedo razikaSvili, poetur nawarmoebTa am adreul
ciklSi, warmoaCens socialur Tu erovnul tendenciaTa mimarT Tavisi damokidebu-
lebis xasiaTs, epoqis sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa damaxasiaTebel niSnebs, migvi-
TiTebs brZolis im xerxebze, romelTa meSveobiT, misi azriT, SesaZlebeli Seiqnebo-
da momavlis gamokverva. leqsebis ciklSi, iseve rogorc cxovrebis wrebrunvisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli, urTierTmonacvleoben mware fiqrebi da keTilSobiluri optimiz-
mi. mZime sevda da momavlis rwmena...
Tedo razikaSvilis sazogadoebrivi mrwamsi, mxatvrul-esTetikuri daniSnu-
leba programuladaa warmoCenili 1893 wels Seqmnil leqsSi `vai Tu ise sofel-
ma~: SiSis momgvrelia am qveyanaze umiznod yofna, SeumCneveli da uCumari arse-
boba, iseTi sicocxle, romlis dasawyissa da dasasruls veravin gaigebs, vais
saTqmelia wuTisoflis mgzavris imgvari svla, romlis navals `mindvris qari wa-
iRebs, gaaniavebs...~ Tavzaris damcemia fiqri `moZmeT gulSi Cadebuli imedis~ ga-
cudebaze, qveynis salarosaTvis Tundac mcire saunjis miumateblobaze... idea-
lisaken swrafva samzeos datovebamde bnel, umzeo mxareSi wminda saxelis sanTe-
liviT anTebis mcdelobaSia, agreTve, naTel gzaze axali Taobis, anu imaT gayo-
liebaSi, `vinc qveynis saxls boZebs Seudgams, magrad ivlis, mamuls ar daukar-
gavs ciT monaboZeb niWs da ar gaxdeba sawyevli da Sesacodebi~...1
Tedo razikaSvilis momdevno periodis leqsebSic qveynis mZime realuri
mdgomareobaa gamoxatuli, Semoqmeds kvlav es viTareba aRelvebs da misi gaum-
jobesebis saSualebebze msjelobs. rigi leqsis saTaurSive amoikiTxeba poetis
daRonebis mizezebi: leqsSi `mcxeTis nangrevebze~ poetis sevdas iwvevs saqar-
Tvelos didebuli warsulis gaqroba, napartaxevi sataxtos Tavze `mtrulad aR-
muvlebuli qaris mquxarebis~ mosmena, mTlianad Cveni saxelmwifoebriobis sim-
bolod Seracxuli qalaqis `darRveul kedlad, nangrevebad~ qceva, qveynis am-
klebi Zalis `spasTa samefos~ gaZliereba, balaxiviT amozrda da ayvaveba...;2 leq-
si `bevri yofila gamtexi~ avlens avtoris SeZrwunebas `dedis ZuZus mamWrelis~,
samSoblos gamyidvelis, mZarcvelis, pirgamtexis momravlebaze...;3 leqsi `muxis
lodini~ ki warmoaCens erT dros Rrublebidan `ciur mananas Tavze dafrqveviT~
galaRebuli, avi amindiT Seuzaravi muxis gunebis Secvlas, cxovrebiseuli tra-
gizmis gamo damwuxrebas, misi naRvliani Tvalebis gaSterebas, winaT sicocxlis am
trfialis amJamad yofna—aryofnis zRvarze dgomiT gamowveul mwuxarebas da bo-
los zafxulis molodiniT daqanculi da gulmowyenili muxis ufro da ufro da-
xavsebas.4
mainc, zemoTqmulis miuxedavad, miTiTebul leqsebSi Tedo razikaSvilis poe-
turi optimizmi tvirTulobs damamkvidrebel funqcias. sicocxlisa da RvTis
rwmenac esaa, uromlisodac usagno Seiqneboda adamianis yofa, waiSleboda memkvid-
1
qarTuli poezia TxuTmet tomad, t. X, Tb., 1978, gv. 453.
2
ix. `mcxeTis nangrevebze~, `kvali~, 1894, #8.
3
ix. `bevri yofila gamtexi~, mweralTa muzeumi, #12.404-6
4
ix. `muxis lodini~, `kvali~, 1894, #3.
365
reobis gasagisi, romlis simbolur mxatvrul saxes qvemore striqonebSi mtkvari
warmoadgens:
ìRelve mtkvaro, dausruleblad,
qarTvelT miwaze nu mohSli gzasa.
...................................................................
me movkvde, oRond Tqven wminda wyalTa
aRar SeerTos qarTvelTa cremli,
maSin mosZaxeT Cems obolT ZvalTa:
àw ganisveneT, gavzardeT mxsneli~. 1
aSkarad dasturdeba nikoloz baraTaSvilisa da ilias manerisa da esTetiku-
ri idealebis zegavlena: romantikosTan mimsgavseba TavisuflebisaTvis brZo-
laSi TviTSewirvisaTvis mzadyofniT gamoixateba, iliasTan miaxloebas ki `gmi-
ris dambadi didi sagnisadmi~ Tedo razikaSvilis fiqrTa damokidebuleba gan-
sazRvravs. gavlenis kvali azris mxatvrulad gadmocemis specifikaSic SeiniSne-
ba — saTqmeli warmoCenilia lakoniurad, amasTan, maqsimaluri informaciulo-
biT, rac saTanadod amkafioebs rogorc Semoqmedis gancdebis Sinaarss, ise misi
grZnobebis emociurobis xarisxs.
Tedo razikaSvilis samSoblosadmi siyvaruli maRalemociuradaa gamoxatu-
li leqsSi `sizmrad meCvene~:
`sizmrad meCvene, netari
wamebi mawamebine:
gexvie, gkocne, gicqire,
fexqveS yvavilad gefine;
SenTvis ocnebas taZari
zecamde avagebine
raRa menatra, roca Sen
myavdi da CemTan geZina,
samoTxis kari gageRo, —
brolis gulmkerdi geCina,
aRar vicodi, metirna,
Tu aRtacebiT mecina.
SenTvis uarvyav, rac ki ram
sicocxles Semayvarebda:
axalgazrdobis silaRe,
tkbilad ro mowanwkarebda;
gazafxulisa siqvele,
miwas rom aayvavebda,
usazRvro grZneulobiTa,
Svebas rom daamyarebda~.2
xalxur kiloze awyobil am grZnobebis gamomxatveli sagaloblis adresatis —
samSoblos poeturi saxe iSviaTi asociaciurobiT ewyvileba qalis, satrfos su-
lier-xorciel saxes. urTierTobis esTetikuri modulacia azrobrivad gamar-
Tlebulia, amasTan mkafioa da zemoqmedebis momxdeni: samoTxis karis gasaRebi
grZnobaTsiwmindis simboluri Rirebulebis mimarT damokidebulebis Sedegad Re-
bulobs funqcias, rac sabolood saTayvanebeli saqarTvelos mimarT WeSmariti
gancdebis siRrmisa da xarisxis warmomCenia umTavresad da upiratesad.
Tedo razikaSvilis mwerluri individualoba ZiriTadad mxatvrul prozaSi
vlindeba mTeli sisruliT.
qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi gavrcelebuli azris mixedviT Tedo ra-
zikaSvili qarTuli sabavSvo literaturis erT-erTi saukeTeso warmomadgene-
1
ix. `mcxeTis nangrevebze~, `kvali~, 1894, #8.
2
`sizmrad meCvene~, mweralTa muzeumi, #12, 405.
366
lia. es Sexeduleba mravalmxriv da safuZvlianadaa dasabuTebuli rig mkvlevar-
Ta, kerZod, m.zandukelis. ap.maxaraZis, T.qurdovaniZis, z.bocvaZis da sxvaTa
SromebSi. aq `sayrmo nawarmoebTa~ (i. gogebaSvilis gamoTqma) bavSvis bunebaze
zegavlenis erT saTanadod ganmazogadebel debulebas gamovkveTT, romelsac
Tedo razikaSvilis SemoqmedebasTan dakavSirebiT jer kidev 1896 wlis Jurnal
`kvalis~ 21 nomerSi miaqcia ak.wereTelma yuradReba, rodesac aanalizebda Te-
dos moTxroba `fiTrs~. `volterma Tqva, ymawvilebisTvis is aris kargi, rac arc
didebs awyenso~ (xazi Cvenia — T.k.).
swored am principiT vaanalizebT Tedo razikaSvilis mxatvruli prozis ni-
muSebs.
***
sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa rTuli bunebis analizi, TavisuflebisaTvis

brZolis, patriotizmisa da humanizmis idealebis warmoCena, adamianur gancda-
Ta, miswrafebaTa, pirovnul TvisebaTa gamovlinebisaken swrafva, kidev, eris yo-
veldRiuri cxovrebis sakiTxTa gamoxatva, sazogadod, sicocxlis arsebobis
dasadastureblad kacTa gareSe bunebis suraTebis adamianur yofasTan mizanmi-
marTuli dakavSireba — ai, Tedo razikaSvilis mxatvruli Semoqmedebis (prozis)
azrobriv-ideologiuri da mxatvrul-esTetikuri amocana, rac saTanado Sede-
giTacaa, cxadia, realizebuli.
yoveli arsi, movlena Semoqmedis nebiT arsobs da imarTeba, Semoqmedi gana-
gebs wesrigisa Tu qaosis elementebs, adgens yofierebisa Tu cnobierebis sazR-
vrebs da warmarTavs samyaroSi mimdinare procesebs. am Sinagan wes-kanons vera-
vin Secvlis da Seabrunebs, verc sakuTar Wkua-ganwyobis miers SesZens verafers,
Zalianac rom ewados, Tavs iqiT Zala ar aris da imitom!
amgvari wyobis umaRlesobas iac grZnobda, romelic sxva yvavilebis msgavsad
egebeboda gazafxuls, `TrTolviT, kankaliT moeloda yovels dRes... eSinoda,
ar vici ki, ra aSinebda, mokle sicocxle Tu sxva rame... buzi, krazana, kela, buzu-
ra, pepela — aTasobiT modiodnen da asxdebodnen ias. yvela imaT isa surdaT,
amoewuwnaT gulidan, rac ki sicocxle da surneleba ebada ias. guls uklavda ias
maTi aseTi Seubralebloba, magram ra eqna~ (xazi Cvenia — T. k.).1
gangebis ganmkarguleblobas rogor aRudgeboda `xuTi sosani abreSumis kabiT
morTuli da yelzed margalitis Rarade Semovlebuli~ nazi ia! marTlac, ra unda
eqna uzakvelsa da saTuTs? da erT dResac buzura `daajda ias gulzed. ia gadidrika
da Caikeca. — daimale, kesane, daimale! — dauZaxa kvnesiT iam; sisxlismsmelma Senc ar
gnaxos!... me nu mitireb!... buzuram grZeli isari miavl-moavlo ias gulzed, undoda
sadme Caekra. amis SiSiT ias guli misdioda. am dros Citma SeniSna msuqani saWmeli.
gadmofrinda, Cahkra niskarti buzuras da gaaqana gaumaZRars mucelSi, magram... iis
foTlebic Tan Caatana. iam aiwia welSi, gasworda, magram vai am gasworebas: fexzed-
mdgom mkvdarsa hgavda!... ia glovobda Tavis beds. vinRa uSvelida!... verc kesane gada-
urCa ubedurebas, Camogorebulma qvam welSi gatexa...2
magram ia-kesanes, rogorc sicocxlis erTi formis, erTi misxlis ukvdaveba
ver gadarecxa, ver xelyo dobilebis sikvdilma, misi civi aryofnis susxma ver
daazro sxva iebisa da kesaneebis sicocxlis fesvebi. `dobilebs es aZlevdaT
imeds. `Cveni sicocxle Cvens modgmas miematoso~ — sTqves da Cahkides Tavebi.
ìa ukvdebaT, — yvelani
eTxovebian, tirian;
1
T e d o r a z i k a S v i l i , Txzulebani or tomad, t. I, Tb., 1972, gv. 18-19.
2
iqve, gv. 20-21.
367
Sors gaigonebs erTguli, —
cremlebi Camoscvivian...
elian mindorTdedofals,
mis mosvliT gaxarebasa,
gazafxuls yvavilT mosvlasa,
maT Ziris gamravlebasa.
baRSi vardisa gaSlasa,
iis kvlav ayvavebasa,
velebis Sexamebasa,
mindvrebis aWrelebasa,
turfa kesanes sixaruls,
caze frinvelTa denasa,
bulbulis SemoCvevasa,
dila-saRamos mRerasa~.1
cxovrebis maradiulobis arsis ukeT gamoxatva Znelad Tu SeiZleba. samya-
roSi mimdinare urTierTsawinaaRmdego procesebi, TiTqos erTmaneTis gasanad-
gureblad gaCenili materialuri formebi, romelTac, TavisTavad, sakuTari aR-
mocenebisa da Sinagani wyobis mtkice safuZveli aqvT, specifikurad arian Car-
Tulni sawuTroSi cxovrebis sufevis procesSi da amiTve gansazRvraven sakuTar
kosmiur Rirebulebas.
Tedo razikaSvili yovelive amas gansakuTrebuli alRoianobiT grZnobs. es
grZnoba ki maRal rwmenasaa dafuZnebuli da igi im ojaxSi aRmocenda, romelmac
Tavis yvelaze madlcxebul Svils, vaJa-fSavelas amoaTqmevina:
`me rom tirili mewados,
Tqven vis ra gindaT, netara?
erTi icinis, sxva stiris:
aseTi ari qveyana,
visac ar mogwonT tirili,
is nu dasjdebiT CemTana:
mtiralis stviris patroni
fexs rogor gavswvdi TqvenTana!
magram gaigebT erTxelac,
vin axlos vsdgevarT RmerTTana~.2
Tedosac misnurad hqonda Secnobili cxovrebismieri siavkargis, sicocxlis
fasi, radgan isic axlos daiyena saxierma imiT, rom adamianis, samSoblosa da
xalxis miswrafebaTa amokiTxvis unariT daajildova.
bunebaSi yovelgvari movlena Tavisi specifikuri Tvisebis matarebelia. Ti-
Toeuli samyaros arsobis damowmebaa. uTvalav movlenaTa Soris sicocxlis ma-
radiul dinebas gansakuTrebulad cxovlad da mZafrad ganaxleba-aRorZineba
adasturebs.
cnobilia, rom xelovneba, kerZod literatura, saxeobrivad Seicnobs sinam-
dviles. Tavisi ganviTarebis manZilze igi mravalferovan mxatvrul xerxsa da
saSualebas SeirCevda xolme zogadad sicocxlis, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
dinamikuri gamoxatvisaTvis. amasTan cxadia, kvlavac xelovnebis specifikidan
gamomdinare, aRniSnuli amocanis gansaxorcieleblad moniSnuli mTeli simbo-
likuri sistema, Zalze xSirad, igavuri, alegoriuli mizandasaxulobiT iyo da-
Wurvili, rac specifikurs xdida sinamdvilis aRqmas.
moTxroba `gazafxuli~ zamTris jer isev mZafri energiulobis xazgasmiT iwy-
eba, jerac batonobs yinva, romlis SiSiT iWuWkeba mTa-bari, zamTari mZlavrad
sunTqavs, namqeri haerSi trialebs, dahqris, grialebs... Tovls mTebi gadaule-
savs, zamTars `mdinareebze, xevebze, tbebze yinulis bogir-xidebi gaemarTa...~ zam-
1
T e d o r a z i k a S v i l i , Txzulebani or tomad, t. I, Tb., 1972, gv. 20-21.
2
`me rom tirili mewados~, vaJa-fSavela, rCeuli leqsebi, Tb., 1959 gv. 34.
368
Tris saxe, cxadia, moZraobaa da sicocxlis formac, TavisTavad, Tanac sakmaod eq-
spresiulad gamoxatuli, magram poeturi mizandasaxulobis TvalsazrisiT, am
konkretul SemTxvevaSi, ganmazogadebeli arsis armqone, sicocxlis cxovelmyo-
felobas moklebuli, metic, borotebis mTesveli, radgan muqarisaTvis, sicocx-
lis ZarRvis gaToSvisaTvis, cxovrebis fesvis amoZirkvisaTvisaa movlenili...
zamTris dinamikur aRweraSi SeigrZnoba mwerlis mxatvruli ostatobis Za-
la. mxatvruli suraTi moZravia, fSvinviTa da qSena-stveniT aRvsili, magram
sunTqva sicivis susxiTaa SeboWili, sicocxlis ZarRvs ar atokebs, gamyinvelia
da momspobi.
moTxrobaSi naTladaa gamoxatuli Tedo razikaSvilis didaqtikur-eTikuri
principebis, ideologiuri mimarTulebis warmomCeni simbolur-alegoriuli sa-
xeebi, gamomJRavnebulia maTi formalur-Sinaarsobrivi specifika da individua-
loba. mwerliseuli azrovneba aSkarad Segonebis tendenciiTaa gaJRenTili. zam-
Tari, Tovli, susxi da namqeri, miuxedavad eqspresiulad gamoxatvisa, TiTqos
uZraobas amkvidrebs, dabal ganwyobas qmnis. siTboa sicocxlis damamkvidrebeli
sawyisi da mxolod igi ayalibebs amaRlebul paToss. gansakuTrebuli emociuro-
biT zemoqmedebs kontrastuloba, rasac intonaciis uSualoba ganapirobebs:
`...mzes ar eZina... TeTrad Semosil dedamiwas aWerda... zamTrisagan gakeTebu-
li yinulis xid-bogirebi ingreoda... gaaReT kari! —moesma xma zamTars, qeifSi
myofs da Tan Zalian daakakunes karebi... gaaRe kari! — moisma kidev. —damicale ka-
ravi, gaaRe kari! — moisma kidev xma da es ubralo xma Weqa-quxilad gadaiqca. TiT-
qo dedamiwa daingrao, mindori da mTebi su iZvrodnen am quxilisagan, moxsna pi-
ri da dauSva Sxapuna wvimam. kai xani ismoda xevebis Rriali da Soreuli quxilis
rakraki.
roca yvela damSvidda, Rrubeli gadaiyara, cam gamoinaTa da mzem gamoaSuqa,
zamTari aRarsad Canda. aRarc imis karavi. WalebSi murynebi saamurad mwvaned bzi-
navdnen.
— CirTi Semovida, CirTi! gazafxuli movida, gazafxuli! — ismoda aRtacebu-
li xma suldgmulTa~.1
***
Tedo razikaSvili rogorc am, ise araerT sxva moTxrobaSi aniWebs gansakuT-
rebul funqcias mze-sinaTles.
moTxrobaSi `nakaduli~ mwerali emociurad warmoaCens mzisgan warmoqmnil si-
cocxlisaTvis biZgis mimcem movlenebs, gamokveTs Tavad mnaTobis Zalas, mis, ase
vTqvaT, substratiul energiulobas, romelic yvelafers, maT Soris nakadulsac
(`Tavis naSob Svils~) sicocxlis cxovelmyofelobiT aRavsebs, ise aregulirebs da
warmarTavs mis arsebobas, rom man `sicocxle ukvdavi gaxados cxovelTa da mcena-
reTa wyurvilis mokvliT~.2
moTxrobaSi mze-sinaTle, yinva da Tovli, amRvreva-siankare, balax-foToli,
cxvar-Zroxa Tu sxva ram cxoveli arsi, specifikur simbolur saxeebadaa nagulis-
xmebi. yovelive erTad gansazRvravs cxovrebis Rirebulebas, xolo calke aRebuli
saxe-xati miuTiTebs sazogadoebrivi konfliqtebisa Tu ganviTarebis stadiebze.
nawarmoebi dawerilia 1905 wels, magram, miuxedavad imdroindeli umwvavesi movle-
nebisa, odnavadac araa stilizebuli SiSveli, uxeSi Zala, rac TiTqos Znelad gver-
dasaqcevi unda yofiliyo sayovelTao aRgzneba-aRtyinebis pirobebSi.
1
T e d o r a z i k a S v i l i , Txzulebani or tomad, t. I, Tb., 1972, gv.153.
2
iqve, t.II, Tb., 1972, gv. 33.
369
moTxrobaSi aRwerili konfliqtebi — cxovelTa dava-SekamaTeba, maT mier na-
kadulis amRvreva-Selaxva da sxva msgavsi, bunebismieri harmoniulobiTaa gacxa-
debuli da kataklizmuri asociaciurobiT ar itvirTeba. moTxrobis mTeli pa-
Tosi qaosis dalagebis gamomxatvelia, rac wyalamRvreuli nakadulis dawmenda-
gaankaravebaze miTiTebiTaa gaaSkaravebuli da agreTve nakaduliT nasazrdoebi
yvavilebis uTvalavi laSqris, sazogadod cocxali arsis RaRadisiT:
`Cven yvavilebi yvelani,
sicocxliT gauZRomelni,
varT ukvdavebis natrulni,
misive maxarobelni!
Cven ara gvjera sikvdili,
Tvali gviWiravs mziskena
da sasoebiT aRvsilTa
mis wminda sinaTliskena~.1
kvlavac dasturdeba sicocxlis rwmena, romlis winaSe yuCdeba yovelgvari
tkivili, uZlurdeba cxovrebiseuli siave.
moTxrobaSi `xavsi~ sibnelisa da sinaTlis maradiuli Widilia aRwerili. am
mudmivi konfliqtis xasiaTi bunebis cocxali saxe-xatebis — xavsis, niaRvris,
zvavebis, lodebis, wvima-talaxis, balax-bulaxis, qorfa Cadunas TvisebaTa ga-
movlenis safuZvelze iSleba. mwerals xiblavs yovelive bunebismieri, uyvars
ùzarmazari daxavsebuli lodi zvavisagan maRla mTaSi moglejili da Zirs xeo-
baSi Camotanili, iq uZravad saukuneobiT mdebare, daRrejili da daxavsebuli~,2
magram `Zuls daxavsebuli cxovreba, xavsisagan SeWmuli da gabeCavebuli~,3 uy-
vars `buneba da misi namoqmedari~,4 magram guls uRrRnis, suls uwuxebs Tavad
xavsi da im lodis umoZraoba, gansveneba, romelsac Ramis sibnele ganapirobebs,
radgan bnelSi `verafers hxedav, ar ici, romeli mxridan ra mogelis, irgvliv
sul raRac uxilavi arsebani fuTfuTeben da mzirs gidganan. Sen ar ici, ra feri-
sani arian, an ra saxisa. umwed grZnob Sens Tavs... sibnele avi sulebisTvisaa gaCe-
nili~.5
sicocxle moZraobaSia, romelsac sinaTle warmoqmnis. moTxroba WeSmariti
apologiaa orTavesi: rodesac yinvis magier siTbos suni Camovarda da nadnobi
Tovlis wyali miwaSi CaZvra, Cadunasac suli Caedga, gamoeRviZa, mkvdari belti-
dan amohyo Tavi da Campali da xmagakmendili ferdobi sicocxliT aivso...patara,
TiTis sigrZe Caduna TandaTan gaiSala, rogorc daxveuli Tasmis gorgali, wel-
Si gasworda da cisken, siTbo-sinaTlisken mieswrafa... aq xmiandeba moTxrobis
laitmotivis Semcveli mimarTva:
òh, sinaTle da sul sinaTle! Sena xar, Se dalocvilo, sicocxlis saTave,
dasawyisi da ganmgrZelebeli!~.6
es mwerliseuli tendeciaa, romelsac zogadad cxovrebiseul sirTuleTa,
sazogadoebriv kataklizmaTa gamo, SesaZloa, eWvis Crdilic misdgomia xandaxan,
magram romelsac, jamSi, aSkarad qveynis samomavlo mimarTulebisaken hqonda
aRebuli gezi:
1
T e d o r a z i k a S v i l i , Txzulebani or tomad, t.I, Tb., 1972, gv. 34.
2
iqve, t.II, Tb., 1972, gv. 28.
3
iqve.
4
iqve.
5
iqve, t.I, gv. 29.
6
iqve, gv. 30.
370
àse midioda qveynad cxovreba da roca hxedavdi axalgazrdobas qveynis sam-
saxurisaTvis cecxlmokidebulT, fiqrobdi: `nuTu am kacobriobis varamze
cecxlmodebulTac odesme xavsi SesWams da daaZabunebso!~.1
***
Tedo razikaSvili mZafrad SeigrZnobs cxovrebis moulodnelobaTa bunebas,

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisaTvis niSandobliv paradoqsulobas, soflis wesis
codva-madlianobas, rac xSirad vlindeba anomaliurobiT — sikeTis wil — boro-
tebiT, aRzevebis nacvlad — danarcxebiTa da gaZevebiT, zrunva-sinazis wil —
umadurobiTa da sisastikiT, dafasebis nacvlad — SeCvenebiT... am rTuli cxov-
rebiseuli sinamdvilis gakveTilebs ukiTxavs mwerali sazogadoebas da amza-
debs winaaRmdegobaTa daZleviT sicocxlisaTvis, WirTaTmenisaTvis, mouwodebs
gamZleobisaken, rameTu sxvagvarad, wuTisoflis moulodnelma simZimem, SesaZ-
loa, erTbaSad Cauklas adamians arsebobis survili. mxolod tkivilebisaTvis
Semzadebuli kaciSvili uZlebs cxovrebis qarebs, mxolod aseTi ar gadaiwyvets
imeds bolomde...
uRran da daburul aTaswlovan tyeSi, sadac arasodes axmianebula culi, ko-
dalaa sicocxlis saxe, misi niskartis xmarebaa sunTqvis niSani, misgan atexili
xmauria cxovrebis dasturi, uyvars tyes es xma, es bgerebi arsebobisa... yovelive
es da tyis grZelniskarta frinvelis Tavs damtydari faTerakia asaxuli moTx-
robaSi `kodala~.
kodala tyes wmends — Wia-Ruasa da matlebs aclis da amiT sicocxles unarCu-
nebs garemos...erTxelac culis xma gaisma tyeSi da... `dawvnen Zirs deviviT wifle-
bi, iCexeboda Simelebi rogorc kacis xeliT, agreTve moWrili xeebisagan, romle-
bic Tavis simZimiT wverodan Ziramde hyvlefdnen tyis morbedsa.2 tani ukankaleb-
da arys, wuxarebda ifani, sevdianobda cixis Signidan gatexvas rcxila (àmboben,
rom culSi Turme Cvenive moZmea gayrili, Cveni sisxli da xorci, Torem umisod
culi ras gvizamda~),3 buzRunebda cacxvi, SiSiT suli Zvreboda... sasikvdilod iy-
vnen gametebulni yvelani erTad... sxvisi sikvdilis xarjze mTlad aufuvdaT si-
cocxlis Jini Wia-RuaT, buWyebs, lirwoian lokokinebs, TeTr godora-godora,
muceldasiebul matlebs, sisxliT gatiknil aTasnairi yaidis mwerebs... dro moi-
xelTes, saxrav-sajijgni gaumravldaT, tye Cven saWmelad gauCenia RmerTsao,
bzuodnen da bzukunobdnen, culis tyeSi SeWras esalmebodnen:
`culi didi margebelia. aba saR xeebs Cven ras gamovrCebiT, magram roca cu-
li miwaze daawvens am bumberazebs, maSin ki Cveni saWmeli gaxdebian~.4
marTlac, mowondaT culi, magram tyes, romelic misgan iRupeboda, amas ver
gaagonebdnen. kodalas unda dabraleboda tyeSi culis SemoWra, misdami unda
gasCenoda tyes siZulvili, mas unda ahkideboda codva, radgan swored kodala
iyo amazrzeni mwer-matlebis musris gamvlebi... da axmaurda tye:
`gandevneT tyidan kodala — bRuoda muxa, movklaT, gavsrisoT, moviSoroT
Tavidan, Torem sul dagvRupavs — Wrialebda qorfi... gavagdoT, aRar Semovad-
gmevinoT fexi tyeSi — Srialebda verxvi... egre, egre — WriWinebda dgnali~.5
gandevnes kodala, vinc sicocxles icavda, samomavlod iRvwoda. alegoria
gamWvirvalea, analogiis obieqti — gamokveTili, rasac naTlad miuTiTebs 1900
1
T e d o r a z i k a S v i l i , Txzulebani or tomad, t.I, Tb., 1972, gv.31.
2
iqve, gv. 183-184.
3
iqve, gv. 184.
4
iqve, gv. 186.
5
iqve, gv. 188.
371
wels Jurnal `jejilSi~pirvelad gamoqveynebuli moTxrobis qvesaTauric: (am-
bavi).
ambis Sinaarsi, Cveulebriv, faqtobriv viTarebas gamoxatavs, xolo, Tu ra
azriT SeiZleba iyos faqtobrivi viTarebis gamomxatveli `kodalaSi~ moTxrobi-
li ambavi, cxadia, Znelad misaxvedri araa. amgvarad, Tedo razikaSvili poetu-
rad amkveTrebs saTxrobs, aRWuravs mas sazogadoebrivi yofierebis niSnebiT da
saTanado dro-sivrcul arealsac SemousazRvravs mas.
xSirad iCagreba marTali kaci. magram simarTle caSi iwereba da miwazec Se-
icnoba:
èrTi Txili idga Cumad, ar vici, raki yvelaze dabla idga da yvelaze patara
iyo, Tu icoda rame da imitom-mdumarebda!~.1
kidev, simarTle rwmeniT ikvebeba mudam: amitomac, `gandevnili kodala ucxo
qveyanaSi glovobda Tavis samSoblo tyis ubedurebas da moeloda im dRes, roca
Wia-RuebTan sabrZolvelad isev dabrundeboda Tavis mSobel tyeSi~.2
es ideuri RerZia moTxrobisa, dResac aqtualuri, radgan Rirseuli arsebo-
bisaTvis brZolis maradiuli procesis gamomxatvelia.
Tedo razikaSvils principuli Sexedulebani Camouyalibda sazogadoebriv
movlenebze Tu samyaros uzogades kanonebze da Tavis SemoqmedebaSi maTi Sesa-
ferisi mxatvrul-esTetikuri transformaciiT SesaniSnavad aRwera da daaxasia-
Ta realuri cxovreba, migviTiTa sakuTar, sazogadod adamianis sulier gan-
cdebze.
samyaros wrebrunva, misi cxadi Tu idumali movlenebi, rTuli adamianuri
vnebebi sainteresodaa asaxuli moTxrobaSi `monadire~.
mweralma saTanado SemoqmedebiTi individualobiT daxata saxeliani xevsu-
ri monadiris — SiSias saxe. Cveulebriv, msgavsi personaJebi romantikuli gan-
wyobiT xasiaTdebian, maT nakleb euflebaT gaboroteba, kacuri egoizmi, gauxe-
Seba, Tu ar CavTvliT monadiris profesionalur Jinianobas (Tumca es gancdac
mxatvrulad mainc saTanado zomierebiTaa konstruirebuli).
Tedo razikaSvilis moTxrobis gmirsac atyvia romantikuli Seferiloba, ma-
gram cxovrebiseul winaaRmdegobaTa gamo igi gauxeSebulia, amitomac bunebis
siRrmeSi daleqvia uxeSi gancdebi...
SiSia Zalovani, marjve kacia — `misi gauvali mTa aRarsad iyo. gudamayris
ConCxebi, xevsureTis mTebis kudebi da TviT gergetic movlili hqonda. imisgan
Sewiruli jixvisa da kldis vacis adliani rqebi xaxmatisa da gudanis jvris if-
nebze ekida da saludes yoris kedlebze iyo Camwkrivebuli~.3 erTi àrwivis ma-
Ralze~ asvla hqonda ocnebad SiSias da erT dRes mis kalTebsac Seuyva monadi-
re. rogorc sxva xevsurebma, manac icoda, rom àrwivis maRalis~ dampyrobze
leqsebs gamoTqvamdnen xevsuri qalebi, SviliSvilebsac miuvidodaT misi gmiro-
bis ambavi.
maS, marTlac hqonda xevsur monadires gamorCeuli kacis niSnebi. bunebasTan
gansakuTrebuli Sexebis gamo mas TiTqos uCveulod unda gafaqizeboda suli,
cxovelmyoflad damCneoda misi keTili zegavlena, Seumcdarad moexerxebina ke-
Til-borotis garCeva. erTi sityviT, sufTa bunebis wiaRSi unda aRzrdiliyo Se-
uzRudavi romantikosi, romlis erTi umTavresi niSani Tavisuflebis WeSmariti
Rirebulebis Secnoba unda yofiliyo. rogorc aRvniSneT, SiSias hqonda roman-
tikuli niSnebi, rasac adasturebs mTeli misi Serkineba kldesTan, sakuTar Se-
saZleblobebTan. kidev ufro mZafrdeba romantikuli ganwyoba àrwivis maRal-
ze~ asvlis kulminaciur epizodebSi fSauri leqsebis SetaniT, romlebSic SiSias
1
T e d o r a z i k a S v i l i , Txzulebani or tomad, t,I Tb., 1972, gv. 13.
2
iqve.
3
iqve.
372
vnebebisa da gancdebis analogiuri emociebia warmoCenili moTxrobis mTavari
gmiris ganwyobis gamosakveTad...
da mainc, SiSias, realurad, tlanqi grZnoba-gancdebi uforiaqebdnen suls!
`SiSias gulma frTxiali daiwyo. SuriT Cascqeroda jixvebis navals, guli
uskdeboda, rom amdeni nadiri aq Tavisuflad daiareboda, SiSia ki, imaTi mZebne-
li, zvavze qeris jinjilasa da araJanmoxdils Zroxis rZisagan amowurul kursa
(yvels) xravda. aTasic ro yofiliyo, Tuki rogorme SeZlebda, sul erTian gas-
wyvetda, gind erTi jixvis tyavic Zlivs waeRo saxlSi. saSinlad Surda imaTi ase
uSiSrad siaruli, Surda imaTi laRi cxovreba, imaTi Tavisufali sicocxle. Ta-
vis dabeCavebul da damonebul cxovrebasTan imaTi laRi sicocxle gulSi sanat-
relad miaCnda. radgan TviTon versad wauvidoda am cxovrebis siduxWires, arc
imaTi undoda, rom cocxlebi yofiliyvnen da Tavisuflebi~ (xazi Cvenia — T.k.).1
mTlianad citataSi TvalnaTliv SeiniSneba SiSias amforiaqebeli vnebebis
gradacia. xazgasmis ideur-azrobrivi kulminacia bolo winadadebaSia warmod-
genili, romlis gaformebamde monadiris gancdebi sxvisi Tavisuflebis mimarT,
SesaZloa, sijiutisaTvas migvewera, TiTqos raRac zomiT yvela adamianisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel egoizmad, wamier kacur sisusted migveCnia, magram bolo fra-
ziT gaborotebuli, gaavebuli, sazogadod sicocxlisa da Tavisuflebis arsis
uarmyofeli adamianis portreti ixateba, rac kidev ufro mkafiod dasturdeba
moTxrobis momdevno pasaJSi:
`vin ar mistanebixarT dasaWerad oTaxSi Semofrenil Cits, romelic Tavga-
dakluli eZebs gasasvlels gzas da xan erTi sarkmlis minas daetakeba TaviT, xan
meorisas, manam ugonod Zirs, sarkmlis ficarze ar Camovardeba Tavgatexili.
sawyali kvnesis, suls hlevs da Tan kidev SiSiT TrTis. Sen xelSi iyvan saCqarod
da erT wams mainc siamovnebasa grZnob, rom am Tavisufalma frinvelmac igema mo-
nobis simware~ (xazi Cvenia — T.k.).2
amis win warmoTqmul SiSias Sinagan monologs avtori Tavis sityvaSi uZebnis
gagrZelebas, romelic, arsebiTad, kvlavac monadiris tendenciebs exmaureba,
misi nafiqralis iluziac, dasaSvebia, aRZras CvenSi. es ukve lamis siZulvilia
Tavisuflebisa, metic, simdabliT natvraa sxvisi damonebisa, rac TavisTavad da-
moukideblobis arsis sazogadod gaqrobis mosurneobas etoleba, misi ararse-
bobis qadagebas niSnavs TiTqmis.
problemaze msjelobas Tedo razikaSvili pasaJis daskvniTi formuliT am-
Tavrebs:
`Tavisuflebis Semfrfinavni imave Tavisuflebis dauZinebeli mtrebi
varT~.3
rogor axasiaTebs aseTi Seusabamoba adamians!
Tedo razikaSvili saTanadod exmaureba aq did ilias, romelmac gansakuTre-
buli intonaciiT amxila es saSineli sazogadoebrivi avadmyofoba, damkninebeli
qveynis Tavisuflebisa, radgan adamianebi —
`TviT amxoben mas, ris aRdgenac hsurT,

TviT hSvelian mas, rasac ebrZvian~.4
rogorc iliasTan, aseve Tedo razikaSvilTan adamianis sulieri mankierebaa
mxilebuli mourideblad. es ki ucdomelad gansazRvravs SemoqmedTa moqalaqe-
obrivi paTosis mimarTulebas.
1
Tedo razikaSvili, Txzulebani or tomad, t. II. Tb., 1972, gv. 15.
2
iqve, gv. 15.
3
iqve, gv. 16.
4
i l i a W a v W a v a Z e , Txzulebani or tomad, t. I, Tb., 1977, gv. 140.
373
Tedo razikaSvili, miuxedavad nawarmoebSi aRwerili bunebis mSvenierebisa,
ar moxiblula misi garegnuli silamaziT, ar cdila bunebis wiaRSi mimdinare
dramis simwvavis miCqmalvas anu unaklo gmiris iluziis Seqmnas. SiSias xasiaTis,
qcevis rigi mimzidveli niSnis demonstrirebis miuxedavad, personaJis Jiniano-
ba, uxiagoba masSi ukeTur midrekilebebs umRvrevs fesvs, rac sabolood misi
daRupvis ganmapirobebel mizezadac SeiZleba CaiTvalos. Jins, gaafTrebul
ndomas mwvervalze ahyavs SiSia, magram cxovrebisagan gauxeSebuls sikeTe aRar
mouxmobs qveviTken, misdami da xalxisa da ojaxisadmi gulgrili gamxdara mona-
dire... raRaciT mainc TanagrZnobas iwvevs personaJi — mTasTan WidilSi Seupov-
robis gamovleniT da rogoradac ar unda iyos, mainc mwvervalze dgomiT da bo-
los bunebasTan SenivTebiT, rac, erTgvarad, misi codvebis RmerTisagan miteve-
basac unda aRniSnavdes...
***
Tedo razikaSvilis moTxrobebSi xSirad araerTgvarovani planiTaa asaxuli

sinamdvile, Tumca, konkretuli movlena, problemis aqtualobisda mixedviTaa,
rogorc wesi, aqcentirebuli.
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs mwerali sazogadoebas, adamianis cxov-
rebasTan dakavSirebuli da maTi urTierTobis amsaxveli motivebis, Tavisufle-
bis, humanizmis, patriotizmis idealebis Tavis SemoqmedebaSi warmoCenas.
zemoT Cven SevexeT Suq-sinaTlisa da Crdil-sibnelis mimarT Tedo razikaS-
vilis damokidebulebas, avxseniT maTi SerCevisa da mxatvruli warmosaxvis mo-
tivacia. igive mxatvruli saxeebia gamoyenebuli nawarmoebSi `sanTeli~, oRond
aq maT erTgvari gansxvavebuli datvirTva aZevT, gamorCeulia maTi simboluri
saxeobrioba, ris gamoc, cxadia, Sesabamisad maRalia maTi emociuri zemoqmede-
bis Zalac, amasTan, am ukanasknel viTarebas, arak-zRaprisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
Txrobis msgavsi formis SerCevac gansazRvravs saTanadod, romlisTvisac ambis
swrafi ganviTareba, dialogebis sisxarte da sityvis xalxuri siRrme da sisada-
vea damaxasiaTebeli (aq unda iTqvas, rom moTxrobis pirvelnabeWdis qvesaTauri
gaxldaT — zRapari).
jer sanaTi ar iyo mogonili. bneloda. sofelic SeCveuli iyo amas, egona,
RvTisagan ase iyo dadgenilio, magram did ubedurebad ki miaCnda sibnele, sinaT-
les natrulobda. avazaki da qurdi, rogorc Tevzi wyalSi, ise grZnobda Tavs
sibneleSi, radgan Zils miCveul da Ramisagan SeSinebul xalxs naoflars staceb-
da. tartarozs, Tavis ufals adidebdnen kudabzekili rqiani eSmakebi...
ase, konkretul-simbolurad, zogjer saxeldaxelod SerCeuli detalebiTaa mi-
TiTebuli gansazogadoebeli obieqti — aq, Cagvra, Zaladoba, eqspluatacia, romlis
ufalsac `Tavisi samefo dausrulebeli da saukuno egona~.1
mwerali mZafri emociuri muxtiT, mkafio eqspresiuli metyvelebiT aRwers
belzebelisa da misi xelqveiTebis qmedebebsa da zraxvebs — majlajunebs moes-
poT, exrCoT umweo xalxi, balRebisaTvis sisxli ewovaT, moeparaT patarebi,
mgelkacebs kacebi eWamaT da mkvdrebi samaridan amoeTxaraT...
magram TanaugrZno adamianebs ufalma!
Sua sofelSi Suqi gamoCnda, romelsac sanTeli gamoscemda, erT Tmawverga-
TeTrebul kacs rom eWira xelSi, romelic mTeli sicocxle sul sanTelze fiq-
robda da imtvrevda Tavs... gaixara xalxma, adidebda sinaTles, Tavis naamagars
Tavad daepatrona, RmerTs sanTeli aunTo — didebuli da wminda msxverpli!
dafrTxnen mparavni, mtacebelni...
1
374
magram arc tartarozs eZina, yovel kuTxeSi dagzavna kacis saxiani eSmakebi
adamianis gulispasuxis gasagebad. angelozis saxianma erTma eSmakma TiTqos
RmerTisagan gamogzavnili sayveduri auwya sanTlis damnTeb mTavar qurums —
ratom gaanaTe taZari? ratom gaxade saxilveli aqamde uxilavi, xom gaZarcvaven
taZars, gazidaven yvelafers?! unda moispos sanTlebi...
qurdebma, loTebma, kacismkvlelebma, monamceceebma, zarmacebma da mcona-
rebma xocva-rbeva, devna dauwyes xalxs... SeSinda xalxi da Cveulebriv, Tavisze
mzrunvels Seutia:
`rad gvindoda sinaTle, Tuki aseTi Savi dRe dagvadgeboda, Tuki sicocxles
mogvispobdnen~.1
gavida xani. roca miyenebuli tkivili miuyuCdaT, SeniSnes adamianebma, rom
araferi SerCenodaT, gapirutyvebis garda. maSin xalxis gulSi sinaTlisagan Se-
tanilma bednierebam, erTxel nagemma Tavisuflebam ganviTareba moiTxova. amoZ-
ravda yvela, SurisZiebis wyurviliT aRenTo, moundaT kvlavac sinaTle, Suqi,
grialebda xalxi:
`mparavno da sxvisi oflis mWamelno! droa amoarwyioT armad naWami, xsna ara
gaqvT! gaumarjos mSromelT! sikvdili qveynis sisxlis mwovelT! — amin! amin! —
mosZaxda mTa, bari, wyali da haeri~.2
cxadia, savsebiT gasagebia 1906 wels dabeWdili moTxrobis paTosi, istoriu-
li movlenis fonze sruliad naTladaa motivirebuli sazogadoebriv urTier-
TobaTa, politikur situaciaTa swrafi monacvleobis ganmsazRvreli mizezebi.
aseve TvalsaCinoa mwerlis ideuri tendenciebi — igi xalxis TanamgrZnobia, misi
nebis gamomxatveli, rac nawarmoebis dasasruls saTanado mxatvrulobiTaa
areklili poeturi figuriT — intonaciiT, romelic specifikuri azrobrivi da
emociuri SinaarsiT tvirTavs adamianTa grZnoba- ganwyobilebas:
`Sors Cemgan belzebeli da imisi msaxuri! Zirs eSmakT naTesavni da maTi damqaSe-
bi! gaumarjos xalxs! gaumarjos eSmakis xelidan ganTavisuflebis wams da saaTs!~.3
aq intonacia azrs mkafiod momwodeblur iers aZlevs, sityvas awmyos sidia-
dis Semcnob da momavalSi imedis mWvretel funqcias akisrebs.
moTxrobaze `guguli~ imTaviTve gamoxata dadebiTi azri pedagogma da sazo-
gado moRvawem l. bocvaZem. recenzentis azriT, nawarmoebi konkretulad gugu-
lis Cvevis garda, azogadebs sxvisi naSrom-naRvawiT mosargeble adamianebis bu-
nebas, warmogvidgens im Sedegs, riTac mTavrdeba msgavsTa cxovreba da yovelive
es ki Sesaferis kvals tovebs mkiTxvelis gonebaSi4...
erTxel, rogorc ki kodala daigula sxvagan, mis budesTan mifrinda guguli,
Sig ver Seetia, maSin balaxebSi dado kvercxi, mere niskartiT aiRo da kodalas
budeSi Caagora.
avtori koloritulad, mxatvrulad efeqturad, amasTan, sadad gamoxatavs
gugulis TviTkmayofilebas — èrTi gulianad gaixiTxiTa da mocxrila tyiske-
no~.5 sieSmake, cbiereba-mzakvroba detaliTaa niuansirebuli da Tvisebis arsis
gamomkveTia, miuxedavad misi erTgvari `formaluri simsubuqisa~.
Tavisive mavne Tviseba da Cveuli qceva, sxvis budeSi daedo kvercxi, sxvis-
Tvis gamoeCekebina bartyebi, sabolood ubedurebad daatydeba Tavs gugulis
jiSsa da modgmas: rodesac moizarda da kiseri daugrZelda, kodalas mzrunve-
lobiT gamozrdili guguli iseTi amayi da avi Seiqna, dedobils dauwyo kbena,
1 T e d o r a z i k a S v i l i , Txzulebani or tomad, t. II, Tb., 1972, gv. 95.

2
iqve, gv. 97.
3
iqve.
4
ìveria~, 1898, #235, gv. 2.
5
T e d o r a z i k a S v i l i , Txzulebani or tomad, t. I. Tb., 1972, gv. 157.
375
romelic iTmenda yvelafers da erTxelac ar mosvlia azrad Tavi daenebebina
gugulisaTvis. zafxulis miwuruls, dafrTianebuli kodalebi budidan amosxa
dedam da isini sixaruliT moedvnen tyes, Tavis masazrdoebels da iwyes axali,
Tavisufali cxovreba. dasqelebuli, sxvisi sarComimTvisebeli guguli ki, bev-
rjer mcdelobis miuxedavad, saTvalidan veRar gamoZvra.
saocrad saTuTi, gulis momwyvleli gancdiT aRwers Tedo razikaSvili Seq-
mnil mdgomareobas: gugulma `bevrjer scada gamoZroma, hyofda xolme Tavs ga-
reT, magram sul tyuilad, kodala mainc Tavs ar anebebda, uzidavda kidev saW-
mels da SimSiliT ara hklavda. roca moSioda xolme sacodav guguls, sacodavad
Cxaoda. am dros yvela frinveli TavisuflebiT tkbeboda. yvela Tavis nebaze
dafrinavda. Soridan xandaxan ismoda aTasSi erTxel gugulis `kuku~; es xma gu-
lamde swvdeboda sacodav damwyvdeul guguls, grZnobda, rom is xma iyo imisi
samSoblos dedaena; esmoda, SuriT guli ukvdeboda, radgan TviTon moklebuli
iyo im siamovnebas. TviTon kodalasaviT unda eCxikvina, rom imisTvis gaegonebina
da sazrdos motana eTxovna~.1
ase mkafiod, Rrmaazrovnad, iSviaTad gamoxatula damwyvdeulis mdgomareo-
ba, Tavisi jiSis codvianobis simZime rom ahkidebia uCveulo tanjvad. amgvarad
sjis gangeba sxvisi naRvawis mimtacebels, sxvisi modgmis gabiaburebis msur-
vels, Tavis arsobaze uaris mTqmelsa da sxvisi bunebis amRvrevis mowadines. mag-
ram, amasTan, mwerali iseTi mxatvruli uSualobiT aRwers Seqmnili viTarebis
dramatizms, rom garkveul TanagrZnobas iwvevs ubedurebaSi Cavardnili arsebis
mimarT. es arcTu iSviaTi movlenaa, magram poeturi damajereblobis Tvalsaz-
risiT sxvadasxva SemoqmedTan gansxvavebulad warmodgenili. Tedo razikaSvili,
ase vTqvaT, pirdapir warmarTavs mkiTxvelis ganwyobas, Taviseuli grZnobebis
Tanaziars xdis mas, Tavad mwerluri gancdebi ki mZafri da Rrmad adamianuria:
àvida zafxulic. mariamobisTvis gasuls Tan mohyva wvima da sicive. aqa-iq
qars yviTeli foTlebi mohqonda, frinvelni gasafrenad emzadebodnen. rigi mi-
dioda, rigi wasuliyo, rigi axla emzadeboda. gugulebi raxania wavidnen. mer-
cxlebic imaT gahyvnen. haers TandaTan siCume Seepara. kodalebsac adgilis
cvla moundaT. mTiani adgilebidan barisken gaiwies. Cveni gugulis dedobili
kodalac sxvebTan erTad barisaken wavida. guguli darCa xis RruSi gamomwyvde-
uli... gamoeyo saTvalidan guguls Tavi da sazareli xmiT gasCxaoda tyes, magram
vis gaagonebda: mSobelma RviZlma dedam imTaviTve ar gauwia dedoba. droebiT
dedam kodalamac daaneba Tavi~.2
guls giwuravT gugulis dabneuli Tavis gonebaSi warmosaxva, mis TvalebSi Cam-
dgari gaurkvevlobisa da gaSterebis SiSiszaris warmodgena, foTolcvenis sevdi-
Ta da siCumis naRveliT gamZafrebuli arsebis martoobiT wvalebis gaazreba, erTi-
anad tyeSi mowyenisa da dardis sufeva...
pirvelTqmuls Tu gavixsenebT, guguls jiSis codvam uwia da codvis tvir-
Tis zidvad gangebam gamomwyvdeva ganuwesa. Tu ase gaviazrebT, iqneb es iyos av-
torisagan gugulis ganTavisuflebis sakmaod `neitraluri~ mcdelobis mizezi:
`mindoda rogorme meSvela, gamomeyvana, magram ise maRla iyo xeze, rom ve-
rasgziT ver mivudgebodi~.3
TiTqos winaswarnavaraudevi daskvnaa. gugulis ganTavisuflebis mcdeloba
ar aris daSvebuli, yovel SemTxvevaSi, zemogacxadebuli frazis intonaciac ki
amJRavnebs mosurneobis WeSmarit xasiaTs — igi pasiuria, mizezi RvTis ganCine-
baa...
1
T e d o r a z i k a S v i l i , Txzulebani or tomad, t. I. Tb., 1972, gv. 158.
2
iqve.
3
iqve.
376
Tedo razikaSvilis kidev araerTi moTxroba iSleba sazogadoebriv urTier-
TobaTa, mqonebel-uqonelTa Soris damokidebulebaTa, cxovrebiseul sirTule-
Ta Tu movlena-viTarebaTa Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis fonze. mwerali aseT
kavSirTa realur niSnebs warmoaCens, ar mimarTavs mikerZoebul gazviadebas da
samomavlo gezs ukvlevs Taobebs.
ama soflis wes-kanonebi, adamianTa Cvevebi Tu principuli Sexedulebebi, Seq-
mnili situaciebia specifikuri mizandasaxulobiT gamoxatuli nawarmoebebSi:
`caswavalam rogor moixveWa saxeli~, `wyali movipareT~, `movlen, movlen~, `gazaf-
xulis suni~, `bus fexi~, `samWedloSi~, àxalwlis wina Rames~, àriqa, qurdebi~, `mo-
TamaSe maimuni~ da sxv. am TxzulebebSi mxatvrul saxeTa mTeli wyeba azogadebs mra-
valferovnad cxovrebiseul tkivilebs: efeqturia caswavalas (torolas) amqveyni-
ur ukuRmarTobaTa mxilebisaTvis SerCeuli àmbioni~ — zeca, saidanac yvela kuTx-
eSi fenda simarTles; TanagrZnobis gamomwvevia lukma puris mopovebisaTvis uro-
sabervels SeWidebuli erTi bewo balRis wvaleba; saTanado Svebis momgvrelia be-
RureTisagan mefe-mpyrobelis ganadgureba; arsebobisaTvis yoveldRiuri wvale-
bis miuxedavad, sulieri mxneobis mimniWebelia keTili Raribis Sewevna glaxas mier,
romelic qriste aRmoCnda da sikeTisaTvis uqonels talaxi purad uqcia, Zveli qa-
lamnebi — wyalSi Cayril batknis xorcad da qvevrebi RviniT auvso da a.S. da a.S.
Tedo razikaSvilis ramdenime moTxrobaSi originalurad viTardeba Tavi-
suflebis Tema, romelic saTanadod amaRlebul formaSi poulobs gamoxatule-
bas da didxans dasamaxsovrebeli xdeba.
aseTi moTxroba `mariama~ kameCi~ gaxlavT.
moTxrobis kompozicia, siuJeti, Tavisuflebis paTosisaTvis specifikurad
morgebuli da SerCeuli geziTaa agebuli da ganviTarebuli — ambavi iwyeba Seda-
rebiT duned, Semdeg TandaTan eqspresiuli xdeba da finalSi ki — mgznebare.
Tavidan suraTi TiTqos Cveulebrivi sofluri yofis yoveldRiurobas gamo-
xatavs — kameCis naSiers bavSvuri gatacebiT Sescicinebs patara gogo. magram yo-
veldRiurobis mosawyeni erTferovneba umal qreba da es miiRweva detalis gamok-
veTiT, rac axali da moulodneli emociis aRmZvrelia. Tavad detali ki bavSvis
gaumarTavi, enamoCleqiT ametyvelebaa. igi sakmaod ganfenilia droSi, amitom sa-
Tanadod Zabavs mkiTxvelis gancdas mTeli Tavisi funqcionirebis manZilze.
am maneriT metyveleba, gamoyenebuli kuTxuri mimarTvebi àlbilebs~ saTxro-
bis Sinaarss, ra azric ar unda gamosWviodes iqidan, Tundac mglis siave iyos es, an,
vTqvaT, cxovrebiseul pirvel winaaRmdegobaTa gaazreba, romlis mtkivneuloba,
rac ar unda `gaiolebuli~ iyos bavSvisagan Tavisi umwifrobis gamo, mainc fsiqo-
logiuri zemoqmedebis momxdenia, sulSi ileqeba imTaviTve da rodesme, cxovrebis
manZilze, aucileblad gaaelvebs eSvs...
aseT, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT idiliur garemoSi warmoaCens mwerali imas,
rac Semdgom gaivlis cxovrebis gzas, aRsavses silaRiT, siamayiT (rasac Tavisi
gamorCeuli Zal-Rone, sakvirveli cxoveluri gumani SeagrZnobinebda), samyaros
Tavisufali aRqmiT: esaa `mariama~ kameCi, Tedo razikaSvilisagan Tavisuflebis
simbolod Seracxuli arseba.
laRad izrdeboda zaqi, Tavisuflebis wyurvils imTaviTve Tamamad iklavda,
gemos atanda, Tavisi mzrunveli patara qalisagan eklesiaSi iyo Sevedrebuli,
amdenad, RvTisagan hqonda miniWebuli sulierisaTvis yvelaze sanukvari Tavi-
suflebis ufleba...
veeberTela gaizarda `mariama~, guTanSi Sebmis droc daudga. ki Seebmevina
patrons, ioladac moitaca guTani, TiTqos erTi faratina ram iyoso, magram dau-
morCileblobis grZnobac Tan Sehyva apeurebiT gamofskvnils.
pirveli Seuracxmyofeli dartyma miiRo — saxre cxvirSi... gulsaklavi gu-
lubryvilobiT fiqrobda — mTeli ZaliT rom virbino... male gaTavdeba es sarbeni
377
manZili da mere gamomiSvebeno... bolos `TandaTan mowyda, TvalebSi Rrubeli ae-
ria, yelSi qSitini daiwyo... mere aRaraferi axsovs, Tvalebi daubnelda, fexebi
aRar mihyvnen, `mariama~ galeqebuli miwaze waiqca, xrialebda~.1
rogorc iqna moasulieres pirutyvi... imieridan aseTi mZime dReebi xSirad
hqonia. marTalia, sanaqebo kameCi dadga, mZime Sromis amtani, Savi dReebis mom-
swre, magram mudam, mudam sanatreli hqonda zaqobaSi gatarebuli dro... `saqme
ar aSinebda, arc ezareboda, eameboda kidec guTani burbuSelasaviT rom hyrida
beltebs, SeeCvia civ da mZime miwasTan brZolas, magram es mainc ar aviwyebda gu-
TanSi Sebmis pirvel dRes, romelic `mariamas~ xsovnaSi cecxlis asoebiT iyo
amoWrili~. 2
Tavisuflebis dakargvis simware metaforulad maqsimalurad mwvaved, mwve-
ladaa gamoxatuli..
kidev gavida xani... `daberda `mariama~. xorci daaklda, Zvlebi gamouCnda. bewvi
gauTeTrda, alag-alag sul titveli tani uCanda. muxlSiac Zalian aklo; Tvalebi-
danac veRarafers hxedavda. kbilebi sul dascvivda...~3
pirutyvis mdgomareobis ase detalurad aRwera kidev ufro amkafioebs im
maRal azrs, rom fizikuri uZlurebis miuxedavad, suli kvlavac Tavisuflebis
nebiTaa Sepyrobili. ra Tqma unda, aseTi mdgomareobis aRwera, aseT vnebaTa arsis
Cveneba azrobrivad da mxatvrul-esTetikurad moiTxovs pirutyvis donidan ada-
mianuri yofierebis doneze gadasvlas da bunebrivia, rom Tedo razikaSvilis am
mcire moTxrobis bolo TavebSic `mariamas~ fiqrebSi axmianebuli sityvebi Tavi-
suflebaze, Tavisuflebis sayovelTao zogadi mniSvnelobis daxasiaTebas warmo-
adgens, misi arsis naTelyofas isaxavs miznad.
pirutyvis saxis aqtiuri gageba, moTxrobaSi misi bolomde dafiqsirebis miu-
xedavad, Tavisuflebis RirebulebasTan mimarTebaSi mainc specifikurad piro-
biTi xdeba.
nawarmoebSi ramdenimejer mxatvruli detaliT, niuansiT, pirdapiri daxasi-
aTebiT, simboluri da alegoriuli niSnebiT, sxva mxatvruli xerxebiTac warmo-
Cenilia Tavisuflebis mxatvruli saxe, misi Rirebuleba da mniSvneloba.
ai, erTi maTgani:
`ki, vinc TavisuflebiT daiareba, Cveni moZmeebi afrikisa da amerikis tyeeb-
Si, bednierebic arian. imaTac Tu hxocen, ician mainc, rom mteria imaTi kaci, an
gaeqcevian, an mohklaven, an Seakvdebian. Cven ki patara bavSviviT, saiTac undaT,
iqiT gvikraven Tavsa, raTa? imiT, rom damonebuli vyevarT da aRar viciT, aRar
gvaxsovs Tavisufleba rogoria, aRar viciT imisi sitkbo. ise SeveCvieT monobiT
yofnas, rom gagvagdon kidec, isev Sin movrbivarT imave kacebTan...~4
roca `mariama~ daberda da gayides, Codarma riyeze erT gomSi daabinava...
elis `mariama~ sikvdils moTminebiT, magram roca mokluli moZmis Tbili sisxli
miswvdeba mis ynosvas, cofianiviT xdeba, mainc uZluria, tyvea, itanjeba da igve-
meba... erT dRes gomis patrons kari Ria darCa... `mariama~ fiqrobs, an axla gaixu-
reba kari, an axla, magram patroni ar Cans: àrc karebi ixureboda. iqidan ki Tavi-
sufleba SemoiWyiteboda da eZaxda TavisTan `mariamas~.5 quCaSi gamovida. xalxi
dascinoda — `gadayruebuls~, `bexo kameCos~, `noes xbos~ eZaxda... Semdeg meetle
ejaxeba, quCaze gadaagorebs, ismis xarxari... `mariamas~ ar esmis, ra xdeba, unda
wamodges, xmliani da joxiani xalxi ubragunebs... da bedad, niavma mtkvris sio
1
2
iqve, gv. 110.
3
iqve, gv. 111.
4
iqve, gv. 113.
5
iqve, gv. 115.
378
moutana, wylis dudunic moesma... Tvalebi gaucocxlda, muxlis Zalac mieca...
`mirbis `mariama~ rac Zali da Rone aqvs, mirbis... ai, mtkvaric... axla ki eRirseba
Tavisuflebas!... yiramala gadaeSva zvirTebSi...~1
ver Seegua monobas, sicocxlec ar unda aseTi:
`dailoce RmerTo, ikurTxa Seni samarTali. sikvdilis dRes mainc maRirse
Tavisufleba. axla ginda movkvde, Sen mainc damitireb~.2
SesaniSnavi dasasrulia!
am sikvdilis Jams rom èniT gamouTqmel bednierebas grZnobs `mariama~,3 es
Tavisuflebis monobaze gamarjvebaa, xolo avlabris xidis qveS dasaRupad rom
`RurRumeli atrialebs~ suliers da miuxedavad amisa `saxeze araviTari SiSi da
varami aRar etyoba~,4 es Tavisuflebis faseulobaze metyvelebs, romelic si-
cocxleze Zvirfasia.
Tedo razikaSvili bunebaze uCveulo dakvirvebiT aRtacebas iwvevs. mwerali
sulierTa da usuloTa qcevebsa da Tviseba-niSnebs niuansebSi Wvrets da Sede-
gad subieqturi xedviT gamSvenierebuli obieqturi samyaros saxis warmoCenas
cdilobs.
urTulesia samyaros mravalferovan kanonTa warmodgena. yvelasa da yvelaf-
ris mimarT sakuTari sazomiT midgomisas, arcTu iSviaTad, ibneva kaci da aq mniS-
vnelobas iZens saerTo Rirebulebis moxelTebis unari, ramac erTi SexedviT ur-
TierTgamomricxav movlenebSi ZiriTadi mastimulirebeli xazis amocnoba unda
uzrunvelyos.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, sainteresoa moTxroba `qoris baxala~.
yovel nawarmoebSi mTavaria im poziciis Secnoba, romelic pasuxs gascems
kiTxvas — risTvis daiwera Txzuleba. vfiqrobT, kerZod, aRniSnuli moTxroba
(romelic iwyeba imis miTiTebiT, rom qors bude hqonda erTi beberi muxis wver-
Sio) imisaTvis daiwera, rom Tqmuliyo:
òriveni, muxac da qoric Tavisuflebis moyvareni iyvnen. qors Tavis dReSi ty-
veoba da monoba ar ecadna... arc muxas ecadna culis Zala, ar icoda, ra iyo kacis xe-
li...~5
yovelive danarCeni, is, rom `qori laRad danavardobda mTaSi da barSi. xan
kakabsa da roWos iWerda, xan qedansa sdevnida... an msuqan dedals miaTrevda, an
daCioravebul varias da Tu gauWirdeboda, arc myvirala mamals iwunebda, jer
Tavs utexda, rom xma gaewyvetinebina, tvins Wamda da mere mkerdidan iwyebda
glejas da wiwknas, bumbuls da frTebs bdRvnida da qars atanda, xorcs ki Tavisi
wvetiani da basri niskartiT Ronivrad glejda da xarbad hylapavda~,6 an is, rom
muxa òr weliwadSi erTxel moisxamda mrgval jamebSi Camsxdar grZel rkoebs,
SemodgomiT Camohyrida Zirs jer rkoebs da mere zemodan afarebda msuqansa da
sqel foTlebs~ da sxva amgvari, moxmobilia mTavari idealis, Txzulebis deda-
azris mxatvruli srulyofilebiT aRqmisaTvis. marTalia, aseT aRwerilobas Ta-
visi xibli axlavs, konkretuli Sinaarsis gadmomcemia da, amdenad, saTanado az-
robrivi funqciac aqvs, magram advilad SesamCnevia, rom zemomiTiTebuli cen-
traluri idea sxva, ufro organulad, ase vTqvaT, racionalurad Semavsebeli da
`momyoli~ teqstebiT `realizdeba~:
1
2
iqve.
3
iqve, gv. 117.
4
iqve, gv. 204-205.
5
6
iqve, gv. 203.
379
àq, am muxis wverze, gaakeTa lurjma qorma bude. kacis xma, soflis xmauroba
da WaWyani TviTonac ejavreboda da arc SvilebisTvis surda qveynis gangaSisaT-
vis SeeCvevinebina yuri. velurad izrdebodnen imisi Svilebic. qaris sazareli
Rriali, arwivis yefa da Sevardenis kivili nanad esmodaT. CanCqerTa xuili, zva-
vebis quxili da dagorebuli lodebis griali simReras etyodnen~;1
`Svilebo... gaizardeT da didi qorebi gaxdiT, dedis gasaxareblad. Sen gaty-
ob, TvalyviTelav, rom kai biWi gamoxval, Rirseuli Camomavali saxelovani mama-
papisa. dagyva, Svilo, niskarti almasi, klanWebi grZeli da wvetiani, Tvali cecx-
lisa da mxrebi qarisa. gaizrdebi, Svilo, gafrindebi. es amodena mTa da Wala-min-
dori sul Sen xelT iqneba~;2
`muxa uxsovari droidan idga iq daxavsebuli, daRrejili. TviTonac ki aRar
axsovda Tavisi warsuli, vin moitana aq am Tvaluwvdomel kldis Tavze, vin CaTe-
sa am qvasa da qviSaSi?! grZeli WaRara warbebiviT Camofxutoda totebidan mwva-
ne, an nislisferi, erTmaneTze asxmuli da aConCxili xavsi.
sakvirveli iyo es xavsi. xan droTa brunvisagan daCaCanakebul — sikvdilmiu-
karebel grZneulTa wvers mogagonebda, xan gafarCxuls arwivis klanWebs, er-
TmaneTSi gadaxlarTulT, xan nazad naqsov peplebis mxrebs, an frTebis msgavs
Cadunis foTols, xan yinvisagan fanjris SuSebze gamoxatul saocnebo sura-
Tebs, xan patara Citebis pawia brWyalebs da mTlad ki, muxis wveridan dedamiwam-
de, saocrad asxmul da akinZuls saocnebo arSiis gorgals, Tvalauwvdomel si-
maRlidan Zirs dampal foTlebamde CamoSlilsa.
idga muxa aq da TvalmouSoreblad Cascqeroda Walas. verc ki warmoedgina,
Tu im CaRrmavebul, Cavardnil da sulSexuTul xeobaSi SeiZleboda sicocxle da
bedniereba. ra aZlebinebT, rom ar ixrCobiano, fiqrobda gakvirvebuli~.3
moTxrobis es pasaJebi gamoxataven im garemos, sadac SeiZleba srulyofilad
SeigrZno Tavisuflebis momnusxveloba, ganicado sicocxlis wyurvili da bednie-
rebis sixaruli. amgvar maRal survilTagan gamowveul bunebis aRtyinebas kidev
met aRmafrenas matebs marTlac saocari naqargi Tedo razikaSvilis enisa, romel-
sac igi qmnis uCveulo poeturi alRoTi. mwerlisagan Seqmnili metafora, epiTeti,
gapirovneba, alegoria, simbolo WeSmaritad miseulia, gaucveTeli da, rac gansa-
kuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, moulodneli. mTlianobaSi iqmneba kompoziciurad wyobili
suraTebi, romlebic Zlier gancdebs warmoSoben.
moTxrobaSi calkea aRsaniSnavi Tavisuflebis, damoukideblobis SegrZnebisa
Tu gagebis, ase vTqvaT, ori donis arseboba, romelsac qori da misi baxalebi warmo-
aCenen da romlebic gansxvavebulad, sxvadasxvanairad aRiqvamen da reagireben am
RirebulebaTa raobasa Tu aqedan gamomdinare maT niSan-Tvisebebze: Tu qorisaTvis
mtredis motaceba, gagleja da misi SvilebisaTvis migdeba Tavisuflebis erTgvari
gamovlenaa, Tavisi damoukideblobis dadasturebaa, baxalebisaTvis es aqti SemaZ-
rwunebelia:
`momakvdavi mtredi Tavdayira baxalebs Sua Cavarda... ukanasknelad hfeTqav-
da. Tavzardacemuli qoris baxalebi ki TandaTan budidan maRla mifofxavdnen,
ar undodaT, rom mtreds Sehxebodnen, an kidev TvaliT daenaxaT... gavecaloT
aqaurobas, legav, — wasCurCula akankalebuli xmiT TvalyviTelam. — wavideT, wa-
videT TvalyviTelo! ar minda aseTi cxovreba!~.4
ra aris es? Tavisuflebis Tvisobrivad axleburi gageba? amaRleba? sazogado-
ebrivi cxovrebis axali safexuri?
1
2
iqve.
3
iqve, gv. 204-205.
4
iqve, gv. 208.
380
Tu jiS-jilagis gadaSenebisa da, amdenad, RvTis gaCenilis gmobis dasturi?!
romeli ufro mimzidvelia Tu tragikuli, baxalebis qceva, maTi swrafvani, ro-
melic asea nawarmoebis dasasruls gamoxatuli (`cota xnis Semdeg da da Zma bu-
dis pirzed isxdnen, frTebs isworebdnen da xarbi TvaliT gascqerodnen cisqve-
SeTs, TavisuflebiT da bednierebiT savses, gaSales mxrebi... msubuqma niavma Se-
isva frTebzed axalgazrda qorebi da Tvalis siswrafiT gaaqana jer ucnob wu-
TisofelSi~),1 Tu imav pasaJSi aRwerili qoris gancda, misi mdgomareoba (`deda
qori ijda budis pirze gaqvavebuliviT, sisxliani klanWebiT da sibraziT kanka-
lebda~)...?!2
es dilemuri sakiTxavia!
garkveuli daskvnisTvis did vaJas moviSveliebT:
`ras momagonebs arwivi, rodesac igi caSi trialebs, dainaxavs Tu ara kakabs,
daixuluznebs, daecema sabralos, waiRebs, dajdeba kldis Tavze da SesWams. es
movlena momagonebs im Seuryevel bunebis kanons, romlis gamo manam arwivi da ka-
kabi arian, kakabi mudam sanadiro iqneba arwivisa~.3
Tedo razikaSvili savsebiT exmaureba lukas, rodesac ase aZaxebinebs qors
ukanaskneli fraziT: `sad mihfrinavT, sada, Tqve sulelno?~
icoda bunebis wes-kanoni Tedo razikaSvilma... qoris qceva arwivis msgavsad
Tavad aris bunebis kanonzomierebis gamovlena, amdenad, Tavisuflebis gamovle-
nac. xolo calkeuli anomaliis gamoxatviT fiqriani Semoqmedi kvlav da kvlav
kanonzomierebis naTelsayofad da dasadastureblad iRvwis.
***
Tedo razikaSvilis araerTi moTxroba formisa da Sinaarsis mixedviT mogva-

gonebs an Zalze uaxlovdeba zRapars, legendas, Tqmulebas. am JanrebSi ki, rome-
lic ideiT, TematikiT, motivebiT, siuJetiTa Tu enobrivi TaviseburebebiT da
gansaxovnebis principebiT specifikuradaa dakavSirebuli sinamdvilesTan, ale-
gorias, cxadia, gansakuTrebuli funqcia ekisreba.
aq erTi garemoebacaa aRsaniSnavi: Tedo razikaSvilis zog moTxrobas qvesaTa-
urad miwerilic ki aqvs — `legenda~, `zRapari~, `xalxuri~, magram es nawarmoebebi
mainc gansxvavebulad konstruirebulni arian mxatvrulad, ideur-Tematikuri
daniSnulebis TvalsazrisiTac saTanadod modernizebulni. aseT TxzulebaTa
rigs miekuTvneba: `melias xrikebi~, èrTi ciyvis Tavgadasavali~, `momgebiani saq-
me~, `mec gavZex da Cemi stumaricao~ da sxv.
Cveulebriv, zepirsityvierebis iseT TxrobiT JanrSi, rogoricaa zRapari,
magaliTad, cxovelis Tvisebas, qcevasa Tu moqmedebas, Tundac mis garegnobas
mxatvrul-emociuri aqcentireba naklebad axlavs. Tedo razikaSvili ki zemomi-
TiTebul Sesabamis nawarmoebSi detals iyenebs, rogorc emociis wyaros, romel-
mac metad unda naTelyos movlenis, ambis, viTareba-situaciis konkretuli mxa-
re, rac acxovelebs interess zogadis Sesacnobad. mwerali iseTi niuansurobiT
aRwers cxovels, rasac zRapris Janri mastimulirebel elementad verafriT mi-
iCnevs. amasTan, Semoqmedis mizani SiSveli emociis Seqmna ar gaxlavT (aseTi ram
pirdapiri da absoluturi gagebiT arc arsebobs), savsebiT motivirebulia si-
tuaciis gaTvlis, qceva-moqmedebis funqciuri Rirebuleba, uromlisodac dai-
kargeboda konkretulis ganzogadebis SesaZlebloba.
1
2
iqve.
3
v a J a - f S a v e l a, Txzulebani aT tomad, t. X, Tb., 1964, gv. 90.
381
Tedo razikaSvilis zemoaRniSnuli tipis nawarmoebebSi mTeli moraluri
sistemaa warmoCenili. arsebobisaTvis brZolis procesebi jiquri Setevebis, Ta-
vis gadasarCenad ukeTurobis kadrebisa Tu amis gamo sindisis qenjnis mozRvave-
bis fonzea naCvenebi. mwerali gansjis av-kargisa da tyuil-marTlis, monanieba-
mounanieblobis fassa da Rirebulebas, gamoaqvs daskvna da Cagvafiqrebs mis
obieqturobaze. calkeul nawarmoebSi moxseniebul cxovelTa Cvevebze dakvir-
veba saTanado warmodgenebs uqmnis adamianebs, amasTan, gansazRvravs movlenebze
maTi reagirebis xasiaTs, rac, zog SemTxvevaSi, sazogadod yofa-cxovrebis wese-
bis Camoyalibebasac ki gansazRvravs (magaliTad, soflis dedakacebis Sexedu-
lebas TriTinaze, romelsac `dedofalasa~ da `qurcinasac~ uwodeben xolme da
romelic ar unda gaabrazo, ar gadaikido, Tu ginda, rom frinvelisagan ar gag-
calos).
aRsaniSnavia, rom mwerlis rigi moTxroba qarTuli zRaprisTvis Cveuli da-
sawyisiT iwyeba: ìyo da ara iyo ra, RvTis ukeTesi ra iqneboda, iyo ori Zma...~
garda amisa nawarmoebi klasikuri zRapris sxva niuansebsac avlens, kerZod, spe-
cifikuri mizanmimarTulebiT gamokveTs siuJeturi qargis elementebs — eqspo-
zicias, gankvanZvas, kvanZis gaxsnas, Txrobas warsul droSi awarmoebs, rac moTx-
robas saTanado plastikurobas matebs, metyvelebis eqspresiulobas dialogeb-
Si aCeninebs Tavs.
***
Tedo razikaSvils aqvs ramdenime moTxroba, romlebic SeiZleba gaerTian-

dnen epikuri Janris mxatvrul nawarmoebTa iseT ciklSi, rogoricaa — ambavi.
xSirad amgvari Txzulebebi namdvil SemTxvevazea agebuli, Sevsebulia mxatvru-
li gamonagoniT da gansakuTrebuli azrobriv-emociuri datvirTvis matarebe-
lia.
msgavs moTxrobaTagan Tavisi mxatvruli RirsebiT gamoirCeva SesaniSnavi na-
warmoebi `svavi~.
rogorc iTqva, mwerals izidavs sinamdvilis alegoriiT gamoxatvis xerxi.
mis mier aRwerili mcenareebisa da cxovelebis qcevebSi, moqmedebebsa da reaqci-
ebSi, Tu usulo sagnebis TvisebebSi, amoikiTxeba adamianuri yofierebis, cnobie-
rebis mcdeloba. bevri mimarTavs amgvar meTods sakuTar SemoqmedebaSi, magram
Tedo razikaSvili, qarTul literaturaSi ramdenime SemoqmedTan erTad, sru-
liad gansakuTrebuli sulierebiT da, cxadia, misi saTanado mxatvrul-esTeti-
kuri realizebiT axorcielebs am idumal da amaRlebul `rituals~...
`svavi~ am da sxva TvalsazrisiTacaa saintereso. mwerali mxatvrulad amuSa-
vebs Tavisi kuTxis yofisa da Cvevebis, cxovrebiseuli kanonebiT gansazRvruli
sulieri midrekilebebis gamo axlobel da bunebriv Temas, romelic naTlad av-
lens avtoriseul suls. es suli aRsavsea keTilSobiluri idealebiT, bunebaSi
damkvidrebul wesebSi garkvevis surviliT, masSi mimdinare procesebSi sazoga-
doebisaTvis gamosadegi moralis amocnobis miswrafebiT, miuReblis dagmobis
JiniT.
siuJeti mkafio mizandasaxulobiT iSleba:
svavi mwirsa da yinulian mTaSi dabinavda, oRond ara adgilis dedis siyvaru-
liT an yinulebisadmi trfialebis gamo, aramed muclis amoyorvis mizniT (barSi
saWmeli moaklda). SimSili bunebrivi SegrZnebaa da misgan tanjva TanagrZnobas
imsaxurebs, magram svavis buneba usaSvelo taciobaa, sazareli mZoriWamioba,
rac mis mimarT uaryofiTi gancdebis warmoqmnas saTanadod motivirebuls xdis.
es intonaciaSic mJRavndeba: `misi muceli gana magre advilad gamoiyoreboda?! ...
382
Tbili sisxli uyvarda da rbili xorci, is iyo svavis aRdgoma~1... cxadia, amgvari
paTosi Seuferebeli iqneboda, magaliTad, arwivis mimarT, romlisac svavs eSi-
noda:
`TviTon svavi ki mSiSara iyo, an arwivTan unda ebrZola da nadavlSi wili Cae-
do, an leSze gabotitinebul yajirs unda mihxtomoda da TviTonac eTqvlifa
dampali leSi, an Savardens Sescileboda gemriel kakbis lukmasa. ra eqna, riT
gamZRariyo, riT unda gasuqebuliyo. meti Rone ar iyo, raki jer ZaliT veras gax-
deboda, unda dromde eTmina. iTmenda svavic~.2
ase gadiodnen dReebi. wlebi. aravis uyvarda, yvelas sZulda — arwivs, Sevar-
dens... lukma yvelas sWirdeboda saarsebod, magram svaviviT uRirsebod aravin
moipovebda mas. svavi iyo yovelTvis waglejaze, xSiradac igvemeboda. uCveulod
suraTovnad xatavs msgavs suraTebs Tedo razikaSvili:
èrTxel Sevardnebis budis axlo mounda gavla. dauxuluznes Savardnebma,
hkres klanWebi; erTi wivili da mxrebis tylaSa-tyluSi idga. sacodavi svavi xan
mxrebs aefareboda, xan zurgze gadatrialdeboda da Tavis boko klanWebs miage-
bebda motevebul Savardens. magram am dros Ziridan axla sxva Seutevda da isev
gadmobruneba dasWirdeboda, ris vai-vaglaxiT gaaRwevda xolme~.3
mudmivma winaaRmdegobebma gamojekes svavi. gaumkveTrda momtaceblis buneba,
misi fiqriT `mwyemsi imitom iyo gaCenili, rom svavisTvis cxvrebi daezarda; mge-
lic imitom nadirobda, rom imisTvis saWmeli leSi gaeCina; yornebi kidev imisi ja-
SuSebi iyvnen. SeeCvia yvela amaT svavi. yvelas Tavis sasargeblod iyenebda~.4 ga-
Tavxedda, Tavmomwone, gulzvavi Seiqna... `mkvdar leSs aRar jerdeboda, cocxal
cxvrebsa da batknebsac dauwyo taneba~.5
erT dRes daWril cxvars waadga. erTbaSad ar mistanebia, mere, jer Tvalebi
amoCiCqna da Semdeg gleja dauwyo. mis gaborotebul uZRomelobas didostatu-
rad xatavs mwerali:
`gamarjvebuli sisxlismsmeli zed iyo gadalajuli, hglejda da Tan frTeb-
bolos abertyebda zed. gabotitnebuli svavi hglejda da hbRleZda, Zvals,
tyavs, xorcs erTnairad ylapavda. naxevari kidec hqonda gamoxruli, rom cxvar-
ma maSinRa dalia suli. gaZRa svavi, gaileqa Tbili sisxliT, afrinda iqidan da iq-
ve Soriaxlos, Zirgadakidebul erT kldeze dajda da daiwyo qeqa. iqeqeboda, Tan
niskarts iwmendda da frTabumbuls isworebda~.6
gaibera da gaifofra svavi, yvelas batonad miiCnia Tavi, magram erTi ram awu-
xebda mainc usaSvelod, — rogorc ki arwivis yefas gaigonebda, mxrebi udunde-
boda, guli dauwyebda kankals, yinulebSi Tavis dagulebis Semdeg ki `guli eZ-
leoda da sibraziT amRvreuli sisxliani TvalebiT muqaras uTvlida frinvel-
Ta mefes~.7
aq mwerali rig sentenciebs gvawvdis — amao qadilis sifuyes, gagulisebis
usagnobas da, rac yvelaze tragikulia am wuTisofelSi, Rirseulisadmi drois,
istoriis gaugebar Semowyrobas da daumsaxurebel kompromiss bilwis, anomali-
is mimarT.
yeyeCi, ambiciiT Sepyrobili svavi gulze gasaxeTqad rotavs:
1
T e d o r a z i k a S v i l i , Txzulebani or tomad, t. I, Tb., 1972, gv. 135.
2
iqve, gv. 136.
3
iqve.
4
5
iqve.
6
iqve, gv. 139.
7
iqve, gv. 140.
383
àn me unda viyo am mTebSi batoni, an Sen, arwivo! orives aq bina ara gvaqvs.
brZolam unda gadaswyvitos, vis darCes batonoba, an vin unda gaerTxos dedami-
waze~.1
avtori gvamcnobs:
`marTlac da or qveynismWamel bumberazebis brZola sanaxavi iqneboda, vinc
ki moeswreboda. magram erT-erTi am bumberazTagani istoriam da droTabrunvis
saidumloebam mospo uomrad da sisxlis dauRvrelad, Tumca erT-erTis sisxli
ki daiqca~.2
svavs uRirsi cxovrebis Sesaferisi, miwaze uRirsebo garTxmis dro uaxlov-
deba!...
sazareli weliwadi dadga. mTasa da bars Wiri moedo, musri gaavlo Svilebi-
viT nazard saqonels. svavis bunebisaTvis sanatreli dro movida da gaaxara mZo-
riWamia... mwerali pirdapir mZime ganwyobas uqmnis mkiTxvels, adasturebs, rom
xelovnebas marTlac SeuZlia simaxinjis mSvenierebis formiT asaxva:
ùpatrono leSiT ZReboda da ileqeboda svavTa gundi da yornebis Savi laSqa-
ri... axladmojarebuli svavebi, orbebi, yajirebi, yornebi, yvelierebi da yvav-kaWka-
Webi leSis axlo xeebze Carigdebodnen da elodnen, rom, leSi moiclida imaTTvis,
dascemodnen da eTqvlifaT. dageSebuli, welamde sisxliTmosvrili ZaRlebi Siga
Zvrebodnen gamofaSvul saqonlis RruSi da zed damsxdar svavebsa da yornebs uR-
rendnen da erekebodnen, sanam Tavis muclebs ar gaiZRobdnen, mere ki damaZRrebi
amodiodnen xevidan da mwvane mindorze goravdnen sisxliT galeqebulebi~.3
suraTi vizualurad zemoqmedebs, emociebsac warmoSobs, calkeuli detal-
niuansis Cxrekis survilsac aRZravs. raRacnairad gawuxebs TiTqos sisxliT da-
TenTili cxovelebis mwvane mindorTan Sexameba, xasxasa sinedlis daknineba, Se-
bilwva. warmodgenili kontrastuloba aq Zalze amZafrebs vnebebs, amasTan, gvam-
zadebs kidec moaxloebul finalSi kidev meti daZabulobis aRsaqmelad...
svavi ise miaZRa erT mTasaviT xaris leSs, rom veRar afrinda... iwyeba gza kvanZis
gaxsnisaken... mZoriWamias muclis amoyorvis problemiT da mis gadasawyvetad svavis
mTaSi dasaxlebis aRweriT iwyeba moTxroba da mTavrdeba im moralis warmoCeniT,
rom Tu dagamarcxebs ram, Senive buneba, Senive `me~... svavi gadahyva mucels, romel-
sac TiTqos araferi aklia, amovsebuli iyo da mainc surda...
`gaumaZRari ylapvas verc ki aswrebda, ise xarbad Tqvlefda, lukma-lukmas
eweoda, eteneboda yranWa da mere igrZelebda svavic kisers, rom lukmas xalva-
Tad Caevlo yelSi da axla sxvisTvis daeTmo adgili. ase ylapavda mTeli dRe da
sakvirveli is iyo, sad midioda amodena naWami, ra muceli itevda?!~.4
ver afrinda svavi... `gaiqca da mere haerSi Sexta, magram mxrebma ver daimag-
res da Zirs gaiSxlarTa. mere maRla beqobis Tavze afofxda, ifiqra: raki maRli-
dan gadmoveSvebi da haerSi moveqcevi, mere gavimarTebio. marTla gadmoxta, mag-
ram verc aq daimagra mxrebma, Zirs tyapi mosZvra da kunZiviT gagorda. kinaRam
daimsxvra da dailewa. raRa eqna, metad av gunebaze dadga da dauwyo Tavis mu-
cels lanZRva da gineba~.5
svavi sadme SeZromasa da damalvas apirebda, magram am dros gamouxtnen kom-
blian-Tofiani biWebi sosia da papuna, romlebic mgels Casafrebodnen, da `kom-
blebiT Caetivnen svavs~ ...welmowyvetili da mxrebdamtvreuli svavi uqSenda
mkvlelebs, magram amiT raRas SeaSinebda.
ase daamarcxa Tavisma bunebam mZoriWamia.
1
T e d o r a z i k a S v i l i , Txzulebani or tomad, t. II, Tb., 1972. gv. 140.
2
iqve.
3
iqve, gv. 141.
4
iqve.
5
iqve, gv. 142.
384
***
Tedo razikaSvilis mxatvruli Semoqmedebis motivebi da Tematika mraval-

ferovania. mwerali saTanado interesiT ekideba saTxroblad, gancdaTa asamety-
veleblad SerCeul ambebsa da movlenebs, yovel maTganSi aTavsebs Tavisi sulisa
da gonebis naJurs, gulis misxals, amitom misi leqsebi da moTxrobebi arc mane-
rulia da arc stilizebuli, yovelive uSualo, sada da savsea. am TvalsazrisiT,
agreTve mxatvruli ostatobis niSnebiT, igi marTlac SesaniSnavi Semoqmedia.
385
saukunis dasasruli
me-19 saukunis ukanaskneli oci weli mravalmxriv sayuradRebo monakveTia

qarTveli eris gonebriv cxovrebasa da, pirvel yovlisa, sityvakazmul mwerlo-
baSi. saerTod, politikur uflebaayrili uZvelesi civilizaciis mqone xalxis
sulieri ganviTareba, rogorc amgvar viTarebaSi xdeba xolme, gansxvavebuli
gziT warimarTa, ramac cnobil qarTvel moazrovnes da kritikos kita abaSiZes
misca erTgvari safuZveli statiaSi — `XIX saukune saqarTvelos literaturi-
saTvis~ — eTqva: `qarTveli eri am asi wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda ara savsebiT,
aramed vai-vaglaxiT miCanCalebda. mTeli misi moqmedeba, azri, fiqri, miswrafe-
ba marto erT rameSi ixateboda — literaturaSi da isic literaturis erT dar-
gSi, sityvakazmul mwerlobaSi. politikuri da ekonomikuri cvlilebani moxda
gareSe Cveni monawileobisa da gavlenisa... mecnierul-filosofiuri msvlelo-
bisac ki sruliad gareSe mayureblad davrCiT... sityvakazmuli mwerloba Seiqmna
erTad-erTi mxare cxovrebisa, romelic am cxovrebis utyuari gamomxatveli
iyo~ (k.abaSiZe, xelovneba da cxovreba, Tb., 1971, gv 274). imis gamo, rom ar arse-
bobs saqarTvelos damoukidebeli saxelmwifo; imis gamo, rom Cveni qveynis, ro-
gorc politikuri erTeulis, statusi darRveulia, bunebrivia, movlenaTa iu-
ridiuli da ekonomikuri gansjis TviTmyofadi bazisic aRar arsebobs, ramac,
imave avtoris SeniSvniT, ganapiroba is faqti, rom `publicisturi literatura,
rogorc politikuri da sazogadoebrivi moqmedebis iaraRi, CvenSi ar yofila am
xanSi~ (iqve).
sityvakazmuli literaturis sferoSi yvelaze efeqturad xerxdeboda eris
sasicocxlo interesebis gamJRavneba, albaT amitomacaa `samSoblos siyvarulis
qarTveluri gancda~ (m. gogiberiZe) am saukuneSi, politikur damoukideblo-
badakargul droSi, gamodis mxolod erovnuli Segnebis Camoyalibebis faqto-
rad. eris Cagvris pirobebSi pirovnebis Tavisuflebis problema nacionaluri
Tavisuflebis problemasTan gaigivda. arc erT saukuneSi patriotul motivs
qarTul literaturaSi iseTi simZafre da sistemuroba ar SeuZenia, rogorc es
XIX saukuneSi moxda. rasakvirvelia, samSoblos siyvarulis grZnoba yovelTvis
Rvioda qarTvel xelovanTa sulSi, misi tkivilis gamoxatvis umwvaves formeb-
sac vxvdebiT Cvens mravalsaukunovan mwerlobaSi, agiografiuli Zeglebidan mo-
yolebuli daviT guramiSvilis CaTvliT, magram Camoyalibebuli, sasicocxlo
erovnuli koncefciis niadagze gamarTuli saxe mas adre ar hqonia. erTiani sa-
qarTvelos, misi aRdgena-gamoxsnis idea xerxemlad swored am saukunis mwerlo-
baSi gamoixata, radgan sxva dros es problema arc arsebobda; iyo dapyroba, ur-
TierTqiSpi, magram ase Tu ise politikuri sicocxlis ZarRvi feTqavda saqar-
TveloSi, axal qarTul literaturaSi gamokveTili motivis formiT warmosdge-
ba aTaseuli wlebis manZilze Camoyalibebuli istoriuli qarTvelis qaraqte-
rologiuri is Tavisebureba, roca `siyvaruli mSobeli miwisadmi, sakuTari ke-
risa da saxlisadmi uaRresad dakavSirebulia modgmis kultTan da mama-papis
saflavisadmi adaTad qceul pativiscemasTan~ (m. gogiberiZe, rCeuli filoso-
fiuri Txz., t. IV, Tb., 1978, gv. 224).
am movlenebis gamoxatvaSi qarTvelma mwerlebma iseTi moralisturi gzneba
Caaqsoves, rom patriotuli grZnobis dinamikuri suraTi Seqmnes, roca qarTuli
miwa da ca, misi didebuli Tu Seginebuli warsuli gaacocxles. àwmyo Sobili
warsulisagan aris mSobeli momavalisa~ — es cnobili istoriosofiuri Tval-
sazrisi erTgvar postulatad daedo me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi qarTul si-
namdvileSi samoRvaweo asparezze gamosul Taobas, romelTac ukve, winamorbed-
Ta mier qarTvelTa gancdaSi damkvidrebuli patriotikis grZnoba cnobierebis
zedapirze ise amoitanes da iseTnairi publicisturi vneba mianiWes, rom gardau-
vali gaxades moazre saqarTvelosaTvis eris gadarCenis sasicocxlo perspeqti-
va. mesamoce wlebidan moyolebuli, sazogado saqmianobaSi CarTuli yoveli qar-
TvelisaTvis garkveulad saprogramo xasiaTi SeiZina erovnuli meobis aucileb-
lobis Sesaxeb gansjam. ruseTTan urTierTobam, ranairi SemboWvelic unda yofi-
liyo is moazrovne qarTvelisaTvis, rasakvirvelia, erTob SezRudulad, magram
mainc daawafa isini evropuli kulturis miRwevebs. mowinave qarTvelis stilis
Taviseburebad ki miCneulia, rom is `yovelive axlad aTvisebuls aZlevs qarTve-
lur elfers; ase vTqvaT, naTlavs mas qarTvelurad~ (m. gogiberiZe, dasax.wigni,
gv. 234-235); is faqti, rom erovnulad da socialurad gaRviZebuli qarTvelis
daucxromeli gonebrivi wyurvili siaxles iTvisebs erTob advilad, xSirad uk-
ritikodac (dasax. wigni, iqve), imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom istoriuli bedukuR-
marTobis gamo, arCil jorjaZis sityvebiT `me-XIX saukunis meore naxevari rom
dadga, Cven srulebiT moumzadebelni viyaviT moqalaqeobriv cxovrebis erov-
nul niadagze gadmonergvisaTvis~ (arC. jorjaZe, `publicisti — ilia WavWavaZe~,
werilebi, Tb., 1989, gv.50) da mxolod rCeul qarTvelTa, pirvelyovlisa ki, ilia
WavWavaZis titanur unars unda vumadlodeT didi ZalisxmeviT miRweul warma-
tebas, raTa Seqmniliyo saqmiani publicisturi, politikuri, sociologiuri,
literaturul-esTetikuri azrovnebis praqtikuli sayrdenebi da dasaxuliyo
samoqmedo programa. amitomac gadaWarbebulia qarTuli sazogadoebriv-kriti-
kuli azrovnebis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis, kita abaSiZis skepsisi, roca is
Cveni publicisturi literaturis arsebobas uaryofs (dasax. wigni, gv. 274). am
Sexedulebis sapirispirod Tundac ilia WavWavaZis publicisturi memkvidreo-
bis dasaxelebac kmara; erovnuli praqtikul-sazogadoebrivi problemebis ga-
saTvaliswineblad arCil jorjaZis sityviT ìlia WavWavaZis nawerebi did daxma-
rebas aRmouCens yvela imas, vinc ki moisurvebs, Tanaxmad saqarTvelos politi-
kuri pirobebisa, qarTvel xalxs raime sargebloba moutanos~ (a.jorjaZe, dasax.
wigni, gv. 102). Tu eris praqtikuli cxovrebis gasamarTavad TavianTi didi mxat-
vruli niWis realizacia Cvens saxelovan poetebsa da mwerlebs mouxdaT, Tu isi-
ni am SemTxvevaSi mogvevlinnen moralistebad, saprogramo mniSvnelobis Txzu-
lebaTa Semqmnelebad, es swored saqarTvelos politikuri uuflebobis mizeziT
iyo gamowveuli. damoukidebeli politikuri asparezi ar gaaCnda qarTvel moR-
vawes; erTaderTi moqmedi Zala CvenSi mxatvruli sityva iyo, romelsac amoefara
bunebiT niWieri qarTveli, gaaRviva gulis saoxi sazogadoebrivi saTqmeli da
Semdeg ukve gza gauxsna qmediTi paTosiT savse publicistikas. amitomac CaTva-
la xalxma Cveni didi xelovanebi eris sulier mociqulebad, moralistebad da
winaswarmetyvelebad. Tu adreul etapze, maT qarTuli sinamdvilis fsiqo-soci-
ologiuri wyobis mxatvruli suraTi Seqmnes, TandaTanobiT moamzades niadagi
mis Teoriul aspeqtSi gasaazreblad, Semdeg ukve Tavad ikisres am sinamdvilis
Semmecneblis funqcia. gansakuTrebiT gamorCeulia am TvalsazrisiT XIX sauku-
nis bolo ocwleuli, romlis erTi dadastureba isic gaxlavT, rom 1880-dan 1900
wlamde, urTierTisagan gansxvavebuli donis, mizandasaxulobis, mimarTulebis,
politikuri, socialuri da literaturuli orientaciis Jurnal-gazeTebi ar-
sebobs, sadac TavianT sapirispiro poziciebs amJRavneben qarTveli mwerlebi da
publicistebi. am drois qarTuli presis organoTa saxelwodebebis CamoTvlac
ki cxadyofs jansaRi azrovnuli cxovrebisadmi qarTvelTa gonebriv mzaobas:
gaz. `droeba~ 1885 wlamde, gaz. ìveria~, J. ìmedi~ (red. mix. gurgeniZe), gaz. `kva-
li~ (1893-1904), J. `moambe~ (1894-1904, red. al. Wyonia), gaz. `Teatri~ (1885-1891ww.
red. v. gunia, v. abaSiZe, a.nebieriZe), `mwyemsi~ (red. d. RambaSiZe), J. àkakis Tviu-
387
ri krebuli~ (1897-1900), J. `nobaTi~ (1883-1885), J. `jejili~ (1890 wlidan, red.
a. TumaniSvili-wereTlisa). am Jurnal-gazeTTa garSemo jgufdebian idealiste-
bi da materialistebi, romantikosebi da realistebi, 60-ianelebi da e.w. xalxos-
nebi, gamokveTili erovnuli poziciis mqone moRvaweebi da marqsis ekonomikuri
moZRvrebis diletanturad naziarebi da amis gamo kosmopolitizmis fuyed gage-
bas ayolili, gzasacdenili, e.w. `mesame daselebi~. rogorc aRniSnaven, àm az-
rovnebiT mravalferovnebaSi aisaxeboda rogorc sxvadasxva TaobaTa, ise sxva-
dasxva socialur struqturul erTeulTa interesebi da RirebulebaTa orien-
taciebi... es iyo msoflmxedvelobrivi mravalferovneba publicisturi formiT.
am mravalferovnebis miRma yovelTvis SeimCneoda ama Tu im filosofiuri siste-
mis gavlena~ (ed. kodua, àrCil jorjaZis msoflmxedveloba~, ix. wigni — arC.
jorjaZe, samSoblo da mamuliSviloba, Tb., 1990, gv.321).
Tuki poeziis sferoSi jer kidev elavs romantizmis TvalsaCino poetTa sa-
xelebi, TavianTi mxatvrul da azrovnuli Zalmosilebis zenitSia ilia WavWava-
Zis, akaki wereTlis, giorgi wereTlis, niko nikolaZis da 60-ianelTa sxva Sesa-
niSnavi warmomadgenlebi. aqve Semodis literaturaSi brwyinvale beletristi
aleqsandre yazbegi da genialuri vaJa-fSavela. 80-iani wlebidan wminda mxat-
vrul-esTetikuri midrekilebis mqone xelovanTa gverdiT Cvens sinamdvileSi
Cndeba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis praqtikuli wyurviliT aRsavse wyeba moRva-
weebisa, romelTa Teoriul pozicias ramdenadme xalxosnur moZRvrebaTa gavle-
na etyoba. isini jer Jurnal ìmedis~ garSemo iyrian Tavs, xolo Semdeg nawili
gaz. ìveriaSi~ gadadis saTanamSromlod (st.WrelaSvili, s. mgalobliSvili, g.
yifSiZe, n. xizaniSvili da sxv). am droidan iwyeba kamaTi CvenSi e.w. `soflis kre-
ditze~, `depoebsa~ da `kasebze~, TviT `metyeveTa sazogadoebis~ daarsebis auci-
leblobis Taobaze, tiersa da gizoze, spensersa da boklze, hegelsa da marqsze;
mixailovskisa da lavrovis Sesaxeb msjelobebi xels ar uSlis, rom wminda erov-
nuli mniSvnelobis problematikazec gaiSalos mwvave kamaTi. amis naTel ilus-
tracias warmoadgens ilias, akakis, vaJa-fSavelas, niko nikolaZis da egnate ni-
noSvilis werilebi. 60-ianelTa poziciasTan dapirispirebis Zalumi survilic
mJRavndeba qarTul presaSi. gansakuTrebiT aqtiuroben Jurnal ìmedis~ Tanam-
Sromlebi. magram maTsave wiaRSi Cndeba pirovneba, g.maiaSvilis saxiT, romelic
Cvens did moRvaweTa saqmianobis dadebiT Sefasebasac iZleva.
60-ianelTa gverdiT mdgomi zogierTi moRvawe (mag. g. wereTeli, daviT miqe-
laZe (mevele), niko xizaniSvili da sxv.) calkeul SemTxvevaSi mTlad naTlad ver
erkveva arsebuli azrovnuli situaciis sirTuleSi da zogjer naCqarev nabij-
sac dgams (mag. g. wereTeli, roca III daselad acxadebs e. ninoSvils da am jgufis
warmomadgenlebs uTmobs gaz. `kvals~), zogi kidev Seusabamo kvalifikaciebsac
aZlevs calkeul gamoCenil qarTvel mweral-moRvawes (mag. daviT miqelaZis da-
mokidebuleba vaJa-fSavelasa da egnate ninoSvilisadmi).
giorgi wereTeli upirispirdeba ilia WavWavaZes. mwvave paeqrobaa gaSlili
bankis sakiTxebze ilia WavWavaZesa da ivane maCabels Soris. dapirispireba Sei-
niSneba wminda esTetikuri problematikis sferoSic. giorgi wereTeli aSkara
simpaTias avlens naturalizmis Teoriisadmi (v.vaxania, realizmis sakiTxebi qar-
Tvel samocianelTa esTetikaSi, Tb., 1988, gv. 238-292). am poziciidan iwunebs is
TviT ilias SemoqmedebiT midgomas. Tavis mxriv, ilia WavWavaZec mwvave dacinvis
sagnad aqcevs misi oponentis nawarmoebebs (ix. `Cveni axlandeli sibrZne-sic-
rue~). qarTvel inteligenciis SigniT Cndeba rigi publicist-literatorebisa,
romelTac mTlad rigianad ver aqvT gaazrebuli evropul-rusuli samyarodan
aRebuli rTuli filosofiuri, sociologiuri, esTetikuri, ekonomikuri mode-
lebi da zogjer ekleqtikurad cdiloben maT gadmonergvas saqarTveloSi... yve-
la SemTxvevaSi qarTuli inteligenciis amdroindeli moRvaweobis gaTvaliswi-
388
neba gvarwmunebs, rom Cvens did mweral-moazrovneebs sazogadoebriv, erovnul
grZnobaTa samsxverploze miaqvT pirovnuli... amitomacaa, rom mcire xnis Semdeg
ilias mier gaCaRebul erovnuli moZraobis keras ìverias~, bolos mainc ubrun-
deba e.w. `xalxosnebi~ da ìveriis~ zogierT TanamSromelTagan ganawyenebuli va-
Ja... 90-ian wlebSi gaSlil azrTa WidilSi vamCnevT SedarebiT susti gonebis moR-
vaweTa Soris dabneulobas, azrovnebis sworxazovnebasa da sqematizms. mraval-
gvar azrovnul, filosofiur, sociologiur politikur, literaturul azrTa
Widilis regulatorad isev da isev ilia WavWavaZe da misi ìveria~ darCa, imito-
mac, rom erovnuli cnobierebis aRmasvlis erTaderT garantad am didma moazrov-
nem azrTa sxvadasxvaobis, anu axla rom pluralizms uwodeben, pirobebSi dabade-
buli WeSmariteba aRiara. amis gamo gauxsna man samoRvaweo asparezi Tavisi ìveri-
is~ saxiT mowinaaRmdege Zalebs. samarTlianad aris miTiTebuli, rom ilia da misi
Taoba ìmdenad iyo dainteresebuli Cveni qveynis winmsvlelobiT, rom yovel ax-
als TanagrZnobiT egebeboda, Tund mis winaaRmdeg yofiliyves mimarTuli, oRond
am siaxles hqonoda safuZvlianoba da saqmis unari~ (v. kotetiSvili).
ilias, rogorc moRvawis, amocana azris diqtatze ki ar yofila damyarebu-
li, aramed saWiro da aucileblis gagebasa da miRebaze, usafuZvlo da diletan-
turis uaryofaze. am poziciidan darCa is daundobel polemistad im niWier ax-
algazrda moRvaweTa mimarTac, romlebsac mTlad naTlad ver hqondaT warmod-
genili qarTveli xalxis momavali cxovreba. saerTod, 80-ian 90-ian wlebSi sain-
tereso literaturuli procesia CvenSi gaSlili.
erovnuli cnobierebis gamoRviZebas rigi politikuri movlenebic uwyobs
xels. 1881 wels aleqsandre meoris mkvlelobam imperiul ZalTagan eris Tavdax-
snaze ocnebas garkveuli realuri safuZvelic ki Seuqmna. 1887 wels dimitri yi-
fianis veragulad mkvlelobam erTxel kidev daanaxva gamoRviZebul saqarTve-
los, rom ar arsebobs xsnis sxva gza, Tu ara imperiis winaaRmdeg Seupovari brZo-
lisa, amitomac qarTuli sazogadoebriv-literaturuli azrovnebis ori gigan-
ti: ilia WavWavaZe da akaki wereTeli, erovnul wiaRSi gaCenili yoveli siaxlis
mimarT Semwynareblobasa da gagebas iCenen da ase amzadeben niadags qarTul
sulSi axali didi Zalebis gasabrwyineblad. ubralo Tvalis gadavlebiTac ki
vrwmundebiT, Tu ramdenad saintereso azrovnul-literaturul mravalferov-
nebasTan gvaqvs saqme. 80-90-ian wlebSi moRvaweoben romantikosi poetebi: gri-
gol da vaxtang orbelianebi, mamia gurieli, Semdeg afxazeTis ukanaskneli mTav-
ris Ze, Rrma romantikuli sulis da mZafri erovnuli Segnebis poeti giorgi Sar-
vaSiZe, (1846-1918), giorgi Waladideli; aqve arian didi 60-ianelebi: ilia WavWa-
vaZe, akaki wereTeli, giorgi wereTeli, niko nikolaZe, kirile lorTqifaniZe.
80-90-ian wlebSi gaiSala s. mgalobliSvilisa, e. gabaSvilisa, n. lomourisa, i. da-
viTaSvilisa da sxv. e.w. xalxosan mweralTa SesaZleblobebi; 90-ian wlebSi gamob-
rwyinda daviT kldiaSvilis didi beletristuli talanti, SesaniSnavi mwerle-
bis — egnate ninoSvilis, Sio aragvispirelis, ir. evdoSvilis, dutu megrelis,
Sio mRvimelis, iv. zurabiSvilis, a. dekanoziSvilis niWi. dramaturgiaSi am dros
iqmneba avqsenti cagarlis brwyinvale komediebi: `xanuma~, `rac ginaxavs veRar
naxav~, Tu daviT erisTavis `samSoblo~, romelic didxans amSvenebda qarTul
scenas. publicistikis sferoSi profesional publicistebis: niko nikolaZis,
giorgi maiaSvilis, stefane WrelaSvilis, kita abaSiZis, noe Jordanias gverdiT,
SesaniSnav publicistur qmnilebebs qmnian ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, giorgi
wereTeli, vaJa-fSavela, egnate ninoSvili da sxvebi. ilia WavWavaZe da vaJa-fSave-
la CvenSi e.w. `filosofiuri publicistikis~ `mesaZirkvleebadac~ gvevlinebian.
kritikisa da literaturaTmcodneobis dargSi saetapo mniSvnelobis nawarmoe-
bebs aqveyneben isev da isev ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, vaJa-fSavela, profesi-
onal kritikosTa da literaturaTmcodneTagan: aleqsandre cagareli, aleqsan-
389
dre xaxanaSvili, kita abaSiZe, iona meunargia, ivane gomarTeli, aleqsandre (saSa)
wulukiZe da sxvebi.
rogorc vxedavT, XIX saukunis ukanaskneli ori aTeuli weli erTob saintere-
so monakveTia qarTul literaturaSi. esaa talantTa mravalferovnebis axlad
movlenis, maTi gaSla-gafurCqvnis, azrTa siaxleebiT aRsavse xana, sadac vxvdebiT
urTierTisagan gansxvavebuli midgomis, Tematikis da mxatvruli stilis mwer-
lebsa da moazrovneebs, romelTac hkvebavs, asazrdoebs da urTierTTan akavSi-
rebs saqarTvelosa da qarTvelis erovnul-socialur, zneobriv, pirovnul Tavi-
suflebaze fiqri.
afasebda ra XIX saukunis monapovars kacobriobisa da qarTveli erisaTvis,
didi ilia WavWavaZe brZanebda, rom man `bevri ram SesZina qveynierebas... rac am
saukuneSi mecnierebam saswauli moaxdina... mTels danarCens Tvramet saukunes
erTad ar unaxavs. am mecxramete saukunem socialuris wyobilebis idealad gamo-
saxa gauqmeba qonebisa da Semosavlis met-naklebad ganawilebisa adamianTa So-
ris, gauqmeba yovelis klasobrivi batonobisa da SeZlebisamebr yovelis klasob-
rivis sxvadasxvaobisa, fexze wamoyeneba da xelSewyoba gamrjel da mSromel kla-
sebisa warsamateblad... dRes Raribsa da mdidars Soris, Zliersa da uZlurs So-
ris ufro didi zRvari aris, vidre odesme yofila, da aq aris igi simwvave im tki-
vilisa, romlis morCenac mecxramete saukunem uanderZa aw momavals saukunes~
(`mecxramete saukune~). XIX saukunis da, kerZod, misi bolo ocwleulis qarTul
literaturaSi mravalferovnad aisaxa is rTuli social-fsiqologiuri proce-
sebi, rasac sakacobrio interesebTan kavSirSi Cveni eris cxovrebaSi hqonda ad-
gili.
axali qarTuli literaturis dasasrulad, mis mijnad, savsebiT marTebulad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos da miiCneven kidec saukunis udidesi poetis — galaktion ta-
biZis brZnuli gamonaTqvamiT dasazRvrul xanas: `wiwamurTan rom mohkles ilia,
maSin epoqa gaTavda didi~ (ix. a. nikoleiSvili, XIX s. qarTuli literaturis is-
toriis narkvevebi, I, 1994, gv.14). amieridan gagrZelda kvlavac saintereso go-
nebrivi SemoqmedebiTi cxovreba, romlis gamwev Zalad ukve aranakleb mZime
xvedris mqone XX saukunis qarTveli iqca...
390
egnate ninoSvili
(1859-1894)
iSviaTia albaT qarTul literaturaSi mwerali, visac iseTi WeSmaritad mo-

wameobrivi cxovreba hqonodes, rogoric egnate ninoSvils hqonda.
amitomac egnate ninoSvilis, rogorc mwerlis, Seswavla-danaxvac swored mi-
si yofiTi da literaturuli cxovrebis mTlianobaSi warmodgenas gulisxmobs.
sadReisod Zalzed mdidari masala mogvepoveba egnates `keTilSobiluri azrebis,
mtkice da mousyidveli xasiaTis~ naTelsayofad, misi saazrovno da mxatvruli in-
teresebis sifarTovis dasturad, magram gvakvirvebs erTi ram: rogor moaxerxa
pirdapir jojoxeTuri cxovrebis pirobebSi egnate ingoroyvam, Tavis TavSi aRe-
zarda zneobrivad kristaluri siwmindis pirovneba da Tan imdeni energia Semoena-
xa, rom mwerlobaSic daemCnia Rrma kvali...
biografia
egnate ingoroyva, romelic Cvens mwerlobaSi ninoSvilis fsevdonimiTaa

cnobili, daibada 1859 wlis 17(5) Tebervals, sof. yelaSi (axlandeli lanCxuTis
raioni). mwerlis winaprebi, asmidod ingoroyvas meTaurobiT, XVIII saukunis da-
sawyisSi (daaxloebiT 1715 wels) Cerqez-afxazTa qveynidan guriaSi Camosaxlebu-
lan da im midamoebSi damkvidrebulan, sadac egnate ninoSvili iSva. sxvaTa Soris
Tavisi warmomavlobis cnobiereba kargad hqoniaT mwerlis winaprebs da TviT eg-
natesac, romelic erT baraTSi megobars swers Tavisi àfxaz-guruli sisxlis~
sificxeze.
dabadebisTanave jansustma, Zalzed mgrZnobiare sulis egnatem mTeli si-
cocxle usulgulo garemosa, sitlanqesa da ZalmomreobasTan WidilSi gaatara:
adre daoblebuls dedis siyvaruli ar ganucdia. deda — nino lazares asuli ba-
ramiZe (sof. juruyveTidan) 4 Tvisa iyo egnate, roca gardaicvala. axlo urTi-
erToba momaval mwerals Tavis deduleTTan naklebad hqonia. mama — Toma, 1893
wels gardacvlila, magram mwerlis aRzrdaSi gadamwyveti roli mamida ninosa da
biZa aleqsis SeusrulebiaT. `saxlSi bavSvobisas, Zlier fufunebiT da saTuTad
aRzrdili viyav~, gvamcnobs mwerali Tavis àvtobiografiaSi~. ninos uswavlebia
oboli ZmisSvilisTvis Congurze dakvra (iqve) da Caunergavs wignisa da sikeTis
siyvaruli. mxolod naadrevad gardacvlili dedis ki ara, albaT aRmzrdeli ma-
midis mimarT mometebuli, faqizi grZnobis sapativsacemodac iyo, rom egnate in-
goroyvam Tavis literaturul fsevdonimad `ninoSvili~ SearCia. guruli gle-
xis Svili, bunebiT niWieri bavSvi swavlisaken iswrafoda. im dRidan, roca mami-
dam misi ezos win moCuxCuxe patara mdinareSi fexi Caadgmevina da daawyebina àn~-
is da `ban~-is kiTxva — wignisadmi siyvaruli mTeli cxovrebis manZilze Cauqro-
bel lamprad enTo egnate ingoroyvas gulSi.
...wignis kiTxva surda da bedma erTxans, rogorc TviT ambobs: `garyvnil va-
WarTan xabazoba~ da regven, uwignur mRvdelTan fareSoba ki arguna; Semdgom,
rogorc iqna, mzrunveli biZis wyalobiT, romelmac cocxals mSoblis magivroba
gauwia, mkvdars ki Tvalebi dauxuWa da gaapatiosna, mSobliur sofelSi brunde-
ba, saqonels mwyemsavs da Tan soflis skolaSic dadis. uxeiro maswavleblis
xelSi aba, ra WeSmariti codnis miRebaze SeiZleba ilaparakos kacma; da ai, ukve
17 wlisam, Zlivs moaxerxa ozurgeTis sasuliero saswavleblis mosamzadebel
ganyofilebaSi moxvedra. magram egnates buneba ver Seegua saswavlebelSi game-
febul reJims, daupirispirda reaqciul xelmZRvanelobas da iZulebuli gaxda
`mglis bileTiT~ mietovebina swavla. Semdgom, ris vai-vaglaxiT, man mainc moa-
xerxa `saxalxo maswavleblis~ wodebis mopoveba da SeZlo sanukvari profesiiT
mcire xniT, dro da dro, magram mainc, emsaxura Tavisi xalxisaTvis. is oficia-
lurad 1879-81 wlebSi aswavlis s.CoCxaTSi, Semdeg grigol gurielis davalebiT
ufasod amecadinebs ymawvilebs (1886) sof. akeTSi, erTi Tvis manZilze cvlis
cnobil pedagog arsen wiTliZes (1890). guriaSi ukanasknel dromde, egnate no-
niSvilis moswavleTa Soris cocxlobda saxe saxelovani moZRvrisa; amis dadas-
turebaa Tundac is, rom egnates yofilma mowafeebma madlierebiT savse mravali
Tbili mogoneba datoves Zvirfas maswavlebelze. am mogonebaTa mixedviT, Cven
winaSe warmosdgeba didi pedagogiuri taqtiT, moswavleebisadmi saTuTi grZno-
biT ganmsWvaluli egnate ninoSvili, romelic axalgazrdebs unergavda gul-
wrfelobas, sicruis siZulvils — `simarTlis TqmisaTvis sasjelis miRebisac ar
unda geSinodeso~ — am principiT zrdida is ymawvilebs da gadmocemiT maT mxo-
lod codnas ki ar unergavda `Cvengan azrovnebas moiTxovdao~. magram egnate gu-
riaSi ver Zlebda. mis `guls wyuria, enatreba swavla-ganaTlebis SeZena, Jeneva-
pariJis Tavisufali cxovrebis Sexedva~ da swored am dauZleveli survilis ga-
mo iyo, rom uRaribesma da upovarma TiTqmis SeuZlebeli SeZlo, mamis winaaRmde-
gobis miuxedavad, romelsac Zalzed aSinebda erTaderTi Svilis `dakargva~,
1886 wels igi swavlis gasagrZeleblad biZisagan Segrovili fuliT da general
grigol gurielis daxmarebiT, safrangeTs q. monpelieSi Cavida. magram egnates
wadili misi xatovani TqmiT, `frTebdaWril frinvels~ hgavda, `Rone da garemoe-
ba ar Seswevda diad survilTa gansaxorcieleblad~. guldaTuTquli wers kidec
biZas-aleqsi ingoroyvas: `meswavla, mere didi bednieri viqnebodiT mec da Senc.
magram raRai, aRar moxerxdeba ufuloT~... gadmocemiT `mamia da grigol gurie-
lebs uyvardaT egnate, mfarvelobdnen, niWi hqonda icodnen da pativs scemdnen~
(e. n.m.f. #5889). es icoda egnatem da albaT amis gamoc iyo, rom, Cveulebriv, mok-
rZalebuli mwerali gaWirvebas ise Seuwuxebia, gadauwyvetia esargebla keTili
generlis simpaTiiT da daxmareba uTxovia misTvis. moRweulia cnoba, romlis mi-
xedviTac mas analogiuri Sinaarsis baraTi gr. gurielisaTvisac gaugzavnia. Ta-
vad grigol guriels egnates mamisaTvis uTqvams: `ginda Camogiyvan da ginda
fuls gavugzavni da swavla ganagrZoso... me girCev iswavlos safrangeTSi da me-
re ojaxs Tu ara, qveyanas mainc waadgebao... am fuls ki arc mas vaxdevineb da arc
Seno~. magram grigol gurielis am keTilgonivrul rCevasa da qvelmoqmedebi-
saTvis erTaderTi Svilisadmi usazRvro siyvaruliT Sepyrobil keTil, magram
ubir mamas upasuxnia: `saxlSi gamosadegi araa, magram me meti Svili ara myavs, sam
weliwadSi movkvdebi da mere xom ver vnaxavo~. ase rom ara, mxolod ufulobisa
da nivTieri gaWirvebis, aramed mamis Wirveulobis gamoc, igi iZulebuli Seiqna
daetovebina Tavisi àRTqmis qveyana~ da samSobloSi dabrunebuliyo. saqarTve-
loSi jer xom adreve stambaSi asoTamwyobad muSaobda egnate, Semdeg, xan moxuci
generlis — grigol gurielis pirad mdivnad vxedavT, romelic SemoqmedebiTi
muSaobis pirobebsac uqmnis mas, xan kancelariis moxeled, mtvirTavad, qarxnis
muSad, telegrafistad, Savi qvis kantoris TanamSromlad... bolos vinme timofe-
evis safiloqsero eqspediciaSi daRestansa da mTian saqarTvelos daivlis igi.
TanamedroveTa gadmocemiT, am dros egnate iyo `qeraTmiani, sandomiani, in-
teligenturi saxis ymawvili kaci~. megobrebisaTvis Tavdadebuli, stumarTmoy-
vare, maTi nebis usityvo aRmsrulebeli, — ai, aseTi iyo egnate ninoSvili Tana-
392
medroveTa TvaliT. Tavad uWirs da Teatraluri dadgmebisaTvis, ise rom misi
saxeli ar gamoCndes, fuls wiravs, nasesxebi TanxiT megobrebs umaspinZldeba,
sul sxvis bedze fiqrobs... ès oxeri qaluri guli maqvs-, rogorc ki tol-amxana-
gebs davSordebi, raRac saSineli sevda da javri momicvams~, swers is erT mego-
bars... magram es saTuTi grZnobebis kaci, metad mtkice nebis, ukompromiso pi-
rovneba gaxldaT. `sadac wasaCxubebelia, iq waCxubeba unda... ras miqvian moTmena
da isic adgilis gulisTvis? jani gavardes im sicocxles, Tuki Cems dReSi kom-
promisebze vivli! Cveni cxovreba uamisodac kompromisebiT aris savse... sadac
usindisobas dainaxav, iqve unda ukiJino~- ai, aseTia egnate ninoSvilis cxovre-
bis devizi da am principebiT cxovreba ki, cxadia, yovel droSi Wirda, miT ufro
maSin... Tavisi cxovrebis zneobrivad myari wesiT da udreki xasiaTiT konstanti-
ne gamsaxurdias TqmiT, `ninoSvilisTana vaJkacs bevrs ver vxedavT saqarTvelo-
Si~. saocrad morcxvi, moridebulia yvelas mimarT Tavmoyvare mwerali. pirad
saqmeze laparakis dros mis magivrad Turme yovelTvis sxva laparakobda. egna-
tes ufro mosmena uyvarda, gansakuTrebiT erideboda sakuTar nivTier gaWirve-
baze sajarod xmis amoReba. arada, Cven vicnobT Zalian saxelmoxveWil mwerlebs,
romlebic egnateze aTjer ukeT cxovrobdnen da gaWirvebaze ki wuwunebdnen...
mxolod alag-alag axlobel megobrebTan, pirad werilebSi Tu gaJonavs sakuTar
gamouval mdgomareobaze gulistkivili... `sanam cocxali var, Wama xom minda!~ —
wers is erT baraTSi da mxolod imisTvis eZebs samsaxurs, rom SemoqmedebiTi mu-
Saobis elementaruli pirobebi moipovos da `kuWis anTeba~ ar mouvides. am mxriv
imdenad didi iyo misi morcxvoba, rom, magaliTad, ìveriis~ redaqciaSi bolom-
de ar icodnen egnates gaWirvebuli cxovrebis ambavi. amitom, mravali damwyebi
mwerlis msgavsad, pirvelad honorarsac ki ar aZlevdnen. TviTon mwerals eTaki-
leboda sakuTar xelmokleobaze laparaki. misi miwer-mowera savsea wignebis
kiTxvisa da codnis SeZenis surviliT, didi literaturis Seqmnaze ocnebiT. eg-
nate ocnebobs `namdvil iverielebze~, `Tavganwirul patriotebze~, magram misi
maxvili Tvali Wvrets mkacr sinamdviles, xedavs qarTvelTa erTi nawilis suli-
er simdablesa da gadagvarebas. amitomacaa, rom igi saqarTvelos `droebiT bri-
yveTs~ uwodebs da dascinis im `qvazipatriotebs~, romlebic saqmis magivrad
mxolod `sadilebs marTaven saqarTvelos sakeTildReod~. rogorc patiosan
adamianTa umetesoba, egnate ninoSvili valebiT cxovrobs, magram mainc xels
umarTavs sxvebs...
daZabulma SemoqmedebiTma jafam, fizikurma Sromam da saarsebo saSualeba-
Ta Ziebaze dReniadag gamudmebulma fiqrma gatexa mwerlis janmrTeloba. Tu
erT dros Tavisi simkvircxliTa da simpaTiuri SesaxedaobiT ipyrobda egnate
TanamedroveTa yuradRebas, gardacvalebamde ramdenime TviT adre ukve `tanju-
li saxiT~ `mileuli SesaxedaobiT~, `gaWirvebuli sunTqviT~, `morRveuli~, `mok-
rialebuli~, `gaganierebuli cisferi TvalebiT~ darCa igi mxilvelTa mexsiere-
baSi~...
simarTlis maZiebeli, usamarTlobis mgmobeli da qveynad patiosani Sromisa
da cxovrebis mqadagebeli egnate ninoSvili, marTalia, samarTlianobaze zrun-
viT sulierad ar iqanceboda, magram `ZaRl-umaduri~ cxovrebis gamo fizikurad
ifiteboda, iSriteboda igi... Tu ara did Sinagan Zalasa da mowodebas, sxvas ras
unda daemuxta es avadmyofi, ulukmapuro, kaci, Tavis TavSi CaRrmavebuliyo,
franguli ena eswavla ise, rom Tavisuflad elaparaka, ekiTxa, eTargmna, ewera da
Tavisi sityviT da saqmiT sxvebisTvisac STaenerga SemoqmedebiTi Sromis survi-
li. sofelSi, ukve avadmyofi, darCenil dReebs atarebs siciveSi — saWiro kvebi-
sa da wamlebis gareSe... bolo amosunTqvamde muSaobs. gadmocemiT, Zala rom
aRar Seswevs, Werze damagrebul Toks Seibams xelze da dawolili wers ukanas-
knel nawarmoebs... dRes es yvelaferi, SesaZloa mxatvrul gamonagonad moeCve-
393
nos kacs... Tumca imas ver vityviT, rom mas sicocxleSi aRiareba mohklebodes...
rasac werda, TiTqmis dauyovnebliv ibeWdeboda. is ki ara, calke wignakebad is-
tambeba da rusuladac iTargmneba e. ninoSvilis moTxrobebi... magram es mis xel-
mokleobas ver Svelis. ukve saxelmoxveWil mweral egnate ninoSvils, 1892 wels,
portrets sTxoven da misi gadasaRebi fuli ki ara aqvs. mwerals hyavs megobrebi,
amasTan yvelaze axlos, rogorc piradi mimoweridan Cans, igi Tedo saxokiasTan
iyo. magram am megobarTagan yvelas an TiTqmis yvelas, uWirda am dros. cnobil
qarTvel moRvawe mweralTagan, egnates sicocxleSi mxolod Cvenma sasiqadulo
pedagogma iakob gogebaSvilma moaxerxa, ìse, rom misi prudoniseburi Tavmoyva-
reoba ar Seelaxa~, daxmarebis xeli gaewodebina unugeSo mdgomareobaSi myofi
momakvdavi mwerlisaTvis. eg. ninoSvilis bediT interesdeba da sanaxavad midis
yvela tragikul bedSi myofi qarTveli mwerlis Wirisufali daviT kldiaSvili...
sxvebi? sxvebi mxolod egnate ninoSvilis gardacvalebis Semdeg gamoTqvamen
nagvianeb gulistkivils... aq nivTier daxmarebazea laparaki, Torem pirveli,
vinc egnates niWi SeamCnia da daafasa, es ilia WavWavaZe iyo. Cvenamde moRweulia
ilias mier e. ninoSvilis niWierebis Sesaxeb naTqvami azri ìveriis~ TanamSrom-
lebTan... amis utyuari sabuTia Tundac is faqti, rom pirvelad egnatem, rogorc
mweralma, fexi ìveriaSi~ aidga... aq daibeWda misi 26 Txzulebidad ToTxmeti na-
warmoebi. egnates niWis qomagia cnobili mwerali giorgi wereTeli, anastasia
TumaniSvili... petre umikaSvili. egnates morcxvi xasiaTic gansazRvravda im ga-
remoebas, rom saxelovani mamuliSvilebis umetesobam sikvdilis Semdeg dainaxa,
rom Cvens qveyanas Tvalsa da xels Sua gamoecala saimedo momavlis mwerali... ga-
moCenil qarTvel mweralTagan, vinc jer kidev 1894 wels gulistkivili gamoxa-
ta egnates bedis mimarT da aRSfoTebiT gakicxa isini, vinc ùmadlod da umadu-
rad moepyra gansvenebul ninoSvils~, iyo aseve cxovrebis mZime tvirTiT gatan-
juli, qarTvelTa saTayvanebeli mgosani vaJa-fSavela. vaJa SemdgomSic Tvals
adevnebs `ninoSvilis sikvdilis gamo~ daweril statiebs... adreve (1893w.) mwer-
lis daZabul cxovrebas yuradReba miaqcia da Semdgom, 1895 wels, egnates por-
tretze aseTi warwera gaakeTa didma a k a k i m:
`mas, vinc sicocxle xanmokle,
xangrZlivad nayofieri,
wmindaT umsxverpla samSoblos,
ar daiviwyebs arc eri~.
1894 wlis 30 aprils tanjviT dalia suli e. ninoSvilma. upretenziod, uxmau-
rod atara qarTveli mwerlis jvari. qarTveli sazogadoebisaTvis, Cveni xalxi-
saTvis, damafiqrebeli iyo mwerlis ukanaskneli, dasaflavebis dRec, 1894 wlis 8
maisi. aq, pirdapir, daufaravad iTqva, rom egnate ninoSvili pirveli ar iyo
`msxverpli~ Cvenis sibrmavisa, Cvenis daudevrobisa, Cvenis gulqvaobisa~ — (ìve-
ria~, 1894, #98). am dRidan egnates tanjuli cxovreba rCeulTa wilxvdomil
gzad Seiracxa, xvedri rCeulTa ki iseTia, rom `sul cotaodeni, sul mciredi xa-
nic rom dascaldeT, mainc Tavis daniSnulebas, Tavis misias Seasruleben~ (iqve).
***
egnate ninoSvilis cxovrebis gare da Sina faqtorTa gacnobidan vrwmunde-

biT, rom is marTlac `nar-ekliani~ gziT (ap.maxaraZe) mavali, gauxareli kaci iyo.
bevrnair tkivils atarebda gulSi mwerali; jer erTi, mas ar rgebia dedis siyva-
ruli, rac did sulier sagzlad mihyveba kacs cxovrebaSi (g. qiqoZe)... ubedo aR-
moCnda is piradi cxovrebis mowyobaSic. bunebiT sicocxlisa da siyvarulis
394
trfiali, mware sinamdvilem umkacres realistad da sevdiani fiqrebiT mocul
pirovnebad aqcia. kaci, romelsac uyvarda nadiroba, Tevzaoba, Turme iyo ena-
moswrebuli da momlxenic, guriaSi dRemde SemorCa Congurze namReri egnates
odnav frivoluri elferis matarebeli, magram simkvircxliT savse enakvimati
gaSairebani. `ganwiruli romanis~ saxeliTaa cnobili (ap. maxaraZe) misi urTier-
Toba nadasi kalandaZesTan. am Tavisi drois saTno da ganaTlebuli qalisadmi
miwerili ori baraTidan Cans egnates rainduli suli, didi taqti da TavSekaveba,
misi mimtevebeli buneba. n. kalandaZe Semdgom daqorwinda cnobil moRvawe isi-
dore ramiSvilze. mas gamosaTxovari sityvac aqvs dastambuli egnates gardac-
valebasTan dakavSirebiT (ix. `kvali~, 1894, #20). isidore egnates glovis dReeb-
Si Tavis meuRles ase gaxumrebia: ègnates rom gahyolodi, axla xom qvrivi iqne-
bodio~, razec nadasis moswrebulad upasuxnia: `Sens colobas ninoSvilis qvri-
voba merCivnao~ (dimitri kalandariSvilis cnobebi, e. n.s. m.f. #27). etyoba cxov-
rebam mravalgzis daafiqra es Rirseuli qalbatoni im mSvenier grZnobaze, rasac
Tavis droze mwerali gulwrfelad sTavazobda mas. egnates daJinebuli Txovnis
miuxedavad, gaenadgurebina baraTebi, nadasi kalandaZem STamomavlobas Semou-
naxa mwerlis sulieri mRelvarebiT aRbeWdili es naTeli dokumentebi.
sxva drosac gasCenia survili egnate ninoSvils ojaxis Seqmnisa, magram esec
CaSlila... amis Semdeg egnatec iZulebuli gamxdara eZebna is àralegaluri siy-
varuli~, romlis mouRlel qomagad mwerali gvevlineba Tavis TxzulebebSi.
swored, amgvari siyvarulis nayofi yofila ese vasaZe. gadmocemiT ese Turme
Zlier hgavda egnates rogorc saxiT, ise niWiT da xasiaTiT. ese gvardiis wevri
yofila da mouklavT WiaTura-saCxeris frontze.
Zalzed daZabul pirobebSi uxdeboda e. ninoSvils SemoqmedebiTi muSaobis
gaSla. Tu ara misi araCveulebrivi energiuloba da operatiuloba, Zalian Zneli
iyo im swrafi gadanacvlebebis pirobebSi kiTxva da wera, raSic e. ninoSvils uxde-
boda arseboba; soflidan sofelSi, qalaqidan qalaqSi, saqarTveloSi, safrangeT-
Si, daRestanSi, sad ar vxvdebiT mas. mwerlis piradi werilebi da mogonebebi cxad-
yofen e. ninoSvilis daucxromel inteleqtualur wyurvils, ragindara garemoSi
ar unda moeqces, mainc axerxebs es utexi sulis kaci kiTxvas da weras. umZimesi Sa-
vi samuSaosagan daRlili eZebs da poulobs lombrozos `genialobasa da SeSli-
lobas~ da sxva axalgamosul wignebs wasakiTxad, brZoliT da tanjviT stacebs
mware cxovrebas sulieri kmayofilebis wyaroebs.
mZime iyo egnate ninoSvilis `sulier SvilTa~, `mis nawerTa~ bedic. Tu vinmem
icoda, yvelaze metad TviT mweralma, rom mis nawarmoebTa erT wyebas daxvewa da
gasruleba sWirdeboda; amaze araerTgzis miuTiTebs is Tavis pirad werilebSi
da asaxelebs kidec `gogia uiSvils~, `Cveni qveynis rainds~... swrafi gadaadgile-
bani, rasakvirvelia, abrkolebda misi nawarmoebebis bolomde miyvanas, stilis-
tur daxvewas da a.S. zogierT Txzulebaze muSaobas is ganagrZobda wlebis gan-
mavlobaSi. `janyi guriaSi~ 1888-89 wlebiT TariRdeba, magram masze muSaobas mwe-
rali agrZelebs 1892 welsac, roca Cvens saamayo mecniersa da mamuliSvils eq-
vTime TayaiSvils konsultacias sTxovs da Rebulobs. TviTmxilvelTa gadmoce-
miT sul or kviraSia Seqmnili iseTi seriozuli Txzuleba, rogoric `qristi-
nea~.
ubedurebaa, roca uvicobiTa da daudevrobiT, e. ninoSvilis gardacvalebis
Semdeg, raki is WleqiT iyo daavadebuli, axloblebi wvaven, xolo megobrebad
wodebul adamianTa ojaxebSi garkveuli koniunqturuli mosazrebebiT nadgur-
deba misi xelnawerebi.
bedis ironiad moCans isic, rom ocdaaTi wlis gardacvlil egnatesa da mxat-
var mose ToiZis winaaRmdeg, 1924 wels, saqarTvelos socialisturi respublikis
Sinagan saqmeTa komisariatSi saCivris gancxadeba Seaqvs `mose mwerlis~ proto-
395
tipad CaTvlil vinme mose cincaZes1, romelic TviT am dagvianebuli `protesti-
Tac~, Seewyos, àxal wyobas~, Tavisi medrove bunebiT, kidev erTxel naTelyofs
misi mxatvruli oreulis realurobas.
magram am uaRresad mware sasicocxlo saarsebo garemosTan WidilSi egnate
ninoSvili wagebuli kacis mdgomareobaSi mainc ar aRmoCnda, radgan misma niWie-
rebam da vnebadqceulma SemoqmedebiTma mizanswrafvam Semusra yovelgvari dab-
rkoleba. amitomac genialuri vaJas ukvdavi striqonebi: `namdvil niWs hfiq-
robT, rom mohklavs, laxti cxovrebis Znelisa?~-misi avtoris Semdeg, Tu vinmes
miesadageba Cvens sinamdvileSi — es egnate ninoSvilia.
egnate ninoSvilis literaturuli mrwamsi da

misi sazogadoebrivi pozicia
mwerali e. ninoSvili Tavisi drois SesaniSnavi moqalaqe iyo. mas xanmokle si-
cocxle ergo, zneobrivad srulfasovani cxovreba ki ganvlo. aman, pirvel yov-
lisa, sakuTari qveynis ukeTes mermissa da mSobeli xalxis wylulebis gankurne-
baze fiqrSi iCina Tavi: `moTxrobebSi me vcdilob, SeZlebisdagvarad davxato
Cveni xalxis bneli mxare da wylulebi, statiebiT ki vebrZvi imaT, vinc cru az-
rebiT xels uSlian yvelas, vinc ki zrunavs xalxis wylulis gankurnebaze~, wers
erTgan igi da am sapatio movaleobisaTvis arasodes uRalatia. mwerlis maRali
moqalaqeobrivi movaleobis Segnebam da xasiaTis ukompromisobam sazogadoebis
TvalSi Seuqmna e. ninoSvils `mousyidveli~ pirovnebis avtoriteti. eg. ninoSvi-
lisaTvis ki, misive aRiarebiT, ùkanasknel wlebSi cxovrebis erTaderTi saRsa-
ria literaturuli Sroma~; igi iZulebulia aseTi Txovnac weros: ùfals sof-
lis mamasaxliss. mravaljer gTxoveT mogecaT pasporti erTi wlis vadiT tfi-
lisSi sacxovreblad~, magram egnate ninoSvils `paliastomis tbis~, `simonas~,
`qristines~ avtors ar aZleven pasports. amitomac upasportod cxovrobs zaqa-
ria WiWinaZis binaSi, mainc axerxebs weros moTxrobebi da rogorc TviT ambobs
`Wamos Svid kapikiani porcia~. magram eg.ninoSvils, raoden nawyenic ar unda iyos
romelime did moRvaweze, arasodes Ralatobs obieqturobis grZnoba. ìveriis~
zogierT TanamSromelTan mwvave polemikisda miuxedavad, igi Tayvans scems ilia
WavWavaZes, eris belads da Tavisi poziciis erTianobas did SemoqmedTan imiTac
adasturebs, rom polemikis procesSi erT-erTi mowinaaRmdegis umweobis mamxi-
lebel kontrargumentad swored ilia WavWavaZis `kacia adamians~ iSveliebs. sxva
SemTxvevaSi is ukmayofiloa iliaze gamoqveynebuli broSuris dabali litera-
turuli doniT. misTvis akaki wereTeli didebuli poetia da iakob gogebaSvili
Cveni xalxis sulieri moZRvari. gadmocemiT, maswavlebeli e. ninoSvili ymawvi-
lebs Turme xSirad ukiTxavda nikoloz baraTaSvilis `merans~, ilia WavWavaZis
`gazafxuls~ (`mesmis, mesmis~) da akaki wereTlis `gazafxuls~ — maTi Seqmnidan mo-
yolebuli, yoveli qarTvelisaTvis sanukvar swrafvaTa gamomxatvel, Tavisufle-
bis am poetur manifestebs... TviT am faqtSi, Cveni mwerlis literaturul simpa-
TiebSi gaxsnili misi cxovrebis sazrisi — Tavisuflebis wyurvili Cans.
dabrkolebaTa winaSe moudrekeli, romantikuli bunebis eg. ninoSvili mware
cxovrebam xelovnebaSi Zalzed ulmobel realistad aqcia; Tavmoyvare da patio-
sani mwerali TviTSefasebis zedmetad mkacri unariTac iyo aRWurvili. eg. ni-
noSvili sakuTar garegnobas spiridon mciriSvilis Sesaxedaobaze dabla aye-
nebs, mokrZalebulia satrfosTan urTierTobaSi da ulmobeli msajulia saku-
Tari nawerebisa. mas `gamuruli demokratis najRabnad~ miaCnia `simona~ da sxva
1
egnate ninoSvilis saxl-muzeumis fondi, # 5855.
396
moTxrobebi, Tavis Tavs `gamoucdeli kalmiT movarjiSed~ Tvlis da mwerlis
profesias didi pasuxismgeblobiT ekideba. `sad SemiZlia dinjad da dakvirvebiT
vxato xalxis cxovreba, maSin, roca lukma purisaTvis mousvenrad iqiT-aqeT
vwanwaleb?~- wers e. ninoSvili da 1894 wels, gardacvalebamde ramdenime TviT
adre erT gamoCenil moRvawes atyobinebs: èxla rom movkvde, ra darCeba sazoga-
doebas Cemgan? me isic meyofa jildod, Tuki Cemi nawerebis kiTxvam qarTvel sa-
zogadoebas moutana mainc WeSmariti siamovneba... ar SemiZlia uTxra sazogadoe-
bas Sens samsaxurSi daavadmyofdi-meTqi. ara, weris dawyebamde Cemi jani sruli-
ad gatexili iyo... arc bevri miweria, oTxi weliwadia ager rac vwer da erTi moz-
rdil wigns ver Seadgens Cemi nawerebio~... marTlac, e. ninoSvilis Txzulebebi
erT mozrdil tomSi eqceva... da yvelaferi es, 18 mxatvruli qmnileba, 8 kores-
pondencia da 2 publicisturi statia, Zalzed mcire drois manZilze Seqmna ni-
noSvilma, mZime gatanjuli cxovrebis pirobebSi. xolo Tu imasac gaviTvaliswi-
nebT, rom egnate 35 wlis iyo, roca miicvala, amasTan prozaSi didi droa saWiro
niWis mosamwifeblad, aRmoCndeba, rom e. ninoSvilma SesaSuri SemoqmedebiTi
produqtiuloba gamoavlina.
eg. ninoSvils mwerloba sapatio tvirTad miaCnda da amitomac iyo, rom gansa-
kuTrebul moTxovnilebebs uyenebda beletrists. `moTxrobebis mweralma Sem-
TxveviTi faqti arasodes ar unda aiRos Tavisi moTxrobebis dedaazrad. Sem-
TxveviTi faqtebi dRes Tu xval aRar iqneba, marTalia, aseT moTxrobebs publi-
cisturi xasiaTi aqvs da sargeblobis motanac SeuZlia, magram moTxrobebis mwe-
rali bevrs agebs amiT. am SemTxveviTi faqtebis dedaazrad aRebis mizezia, rom
exlandeli beletristuli Txzulebani Zalzed adre berdebian da kargaven
fers~ — aRniSnavs mwerali. am SexedulebaSi naTladaa gamovlenili e. ninoSvilis
literaturuli mrwamsi. zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, SemTxveviTi araa is
faqti, rom ninoSvili mowadinebulia qarTveli mkiTxveli eziaros a. dodes,
e. zolas da sxva gamoCenil frang romanistTa Semoqmedebas. daJinebiT sTxovs
kidec Tedo saxokias Targmnos emil zolas urTulesi Txzuleba `La Terre” (`mi-
wa~). e. ninoSvils moswons frang mweralTa iseTi nawarmoebebi èrTi SexedviT
rom garyvnilebis moqadage egoneba kacs~. magram misive TqmiT, àq iseTi axali
ideebia gayvanili, romlis msgavss Cveni mwerlebisagan Tavis dReSi ver gaigo-
nebs mkiTxveli~. sxva mxrivac, igoneben, rom `qarTvel mwerlebs pativs scemda da
kidec ebraleboda giorgi wereTeli da anton furcelaZe — orivem mSvenivrad
icis Temis `gamoZebna, ician cxovrebis alRos aReba, ician raze weron, magram sau-
bedurod damuSaveba da gadmocema akliaT~. saymawvilo literaturiT gatacebul
axalgazrdebs urCevda ekiTxaT bremi da main ridi.
mwerali, romlis azrovnebaSi yovelTvis mZafr protests iwvevda yovelnair
mdgomareobaSi myofi adamianis Rirsebis damcireba, am damcirebulTa da Seu-
racxyofilTa mimarT mTeli cxovrebis manZilze iyo ganmsWvaluli sibraluli-
sa da siyvarulis grZnobiT. moazrovne, romelic Tavisi mrwamsiT, miznad isaxav-
da adamianSi religiurobis uaryofas ki ara, aramed inteleqtualur siClungesa
da sibneleze aRmocenebul crurwmenaTa mxilebas, bunebrivia, simpaTiiTaa avse-
buli misi TqmiT ìseTi geniosuri niWis~ mweralTadmi, `rogoric iyvnen~: i.tur-
genevi, T.dostoevski, gonCarovi, pisemski da sxvebi. e. ninoSvili gansakuTrebiT
gaxazavs im didi zneobrivi da inteleqtualuri gavlenis mniSvnelobas, rome-
lic mis gverdiT moRvawe `marTla uZluris axalgazrdobis gasaRviZeblad~ Se-
usrulebia `mesamoce wlebidan~, `sikvdils da varams gadarCenils~, iseT gamor-
Ceul `goneba-zneobiT brwyinvale pirebs~, rogornic arian mwerlis sityviT,
`saltikovi, Selgunovi, n.mixailovski~ da `TiTo-orola misTanani~. e. ninoSvili
icnobs azrovnebis Zvel da axal manaTobel varskvlavTa nawerebs da maTi `fi-
losofiuri sistemidan, Tund metafizikuri iyos es sistema~, WeSmaritebis mi-
397
xedviT Rebulobs sakuTari azrovnebis maimpulsirebel Sexedulebebs da romel
sistemasac ar unda ekuTvnodes, uaryofs `bundovan azrs~. aseTia misi litera-
turul-esTetikuri mrwamsi.
***
egnate ninoSvilis, mwerlisa da moazrovnis, iersaxis Sesaxeb Cvens sinamdvi-

leSi ganmtkicebulia Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmad is, rogorc xelovani, ilia
WavWavaZis literaturuli skolis warmomadgenelia, xolo, rogorc moRvawe,
marqsisti, materialisti da aTeisti (s. xundaZe, g. qiqoZe, s. Wilaia...). maSasada-
me, gamodis, rom egnate ninoSvili — mwerali, erTgvarad upirispirdeba egnate
ninoSvils, rogorc moazrovnes. aseT SemTxvevaSi araiSviaTad imarjveben da
imarjveben mwerlis `gaorebis~ Sesaxeb fexmokidebul im politikur midgomas,
riTac Tavis droze marqsistul samyaroSi ganixilavdnen mag. balzakisa da lev
tolstois saazrovno da literaturul interesebs.
Cvenis fiqriT, egnate ninoSvilis politikuri da moqalaqeobrivi profilis
aRsadgenad ar unda iyos zedmeti imis gaxsenebac, rom misi saxiT, pirvel yovli-
sa, mweralTan gvaqvs saqme da Tanac iseT XIX s. `90-iani wlebis àxali inteligen-
ciis warmomadgenel~ `Camoyalibebul mweral-eruditTan~ (T.maRlaferiZe), ro-
melic filosofia-sociologiasa, esTetikasa da literaturaSi warmoSobil yo-
vel movlenas pirdapir nTqavs. esaa e.w. àxali inteligencia~. magram am àxali
inteligenciis~ Semadgenloba ar iyo erTgvarovani.
saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom 80-iani wlebis II naxevridan, vidre saukunis da-
sasrulamde, qarTveli inteligenciis SigniT Cndeba rigi publicist-litera-
torebisa, romlebTac mTlad rigianad ver aqvT gaazrebuli evropul-rusuli
samyarodan aRebuli rTuli filosofiuri, sociologiuri, esTetikuri, ekono-
mikuri modelebi da arcTu iSviaTad ekleqtikurad cdiloben maT gadmonergvas
saqarTveloSi. sxvadasxvagvar sistemaTagan momdinare SexedulebaTa amgvar ek-
leqtizms da saTanadod vergagebas vxvdebiT ara mxolod e.w. xalxosnebTan, an ÌII
dasad~ wodebul marqsizmis moyvarul axalgazrdebTan, aramed ìveriis~ garSe-
mo Semokrebil zogierT TanamSromelsa da TviT iseTi maxvili Wkuis moRvawes-
Tanac ki, rogoric am gazeTis mimarTulebasTan dapirispirebuli giorgi were-
Telia, romlis saqmianobis dadebiT Sinaarsad isaa miCneuli, rom is siaxlis
grZnobiT dajildoebuli moazrovnea da farTod uRebs kars Semoqmedebis sfe-
roSi yovelgvar axal movlenas. magram istoriam da droiTma manZilma naTelyo,
rom naCqarevi aRmoCnda misi arCevani, roca gza dauTmo da gaz. `kvali” gadasca
arcTu myari inteleqtualuri monacemebisa da saeWvo politikuri sindisis mqo-
ne axalgazrda moRvaweTa jgufs da pirvelma monaTla is `mesame dasad~. tradi-
ciuli, ganmtkicebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, raki axalgazrda marqsistTa jgu-
fis ÌII dasis~ saxeliT gamocxadeba 1894 wlis 8 maiss egnate ninoSvilis dasafla-
vebaze moaxdina giorgi wereTelma, Cvenamde moRweul sxvadasxva pirTa gadmoce-
mis mixedviT, raki mwerals monawileoba miuRia d. yvirilaSi gamarTul marqsiz-
miT gatacebul axalgazrdobis SekrebaSi, ise, rom e. ninoSvils arc politikuri
gancxadeba gaukeTebia, arc mis nawerebSi SemorCenila saamiso argumenti, misi
gardacvalebis Semdeg mainc aRiareben, rom mwerali `mesame dasis~ meTauria da
dapirispirebuli im erovnul moZraobasTan, romelsac saTave CvenSi ilia WavWa-
vaZem daudo. mocemul SemTxvevaSi biografiuli masalis erTi Semadgeneli nawi-
lis — mxolod mogonebebis mixedviT, cdiloben Seqmnan mwerlis socialur-po-
litikuri azrovnebis profili, Tumca e. ninoSvilis arc publicistur-episto-
laruli da, miT ufro, arc mxatvrul memkvidreobaSi ar gvxvdeba saamiso masala;
arada, am mogonebaTa avtorebi umetesad Semdgom sazogadoebis TvalSi saxelga-
398
texili is pirebia (mix.cxakaia, f. maxaraZe da sxv.), romlebic am patiosan mweral-
moRvawesTan TavianTi saxelis mitmasnebiT erTgvarad cdiloben Selaxuli re-
putaciis aRdgenas, anu eris winaSe Cadenili danaSaulebrivi uzneobis kompensi-
rebas. cxadia, axali drois saxecvlil garemoSi, roca xelisuflebis saTaveSi
TviTve moeqcnen, araTu Zneli, aramed SeuZlebelic ki iyo maT gancxadebebTan
dapirispireba.
e.w. III dasis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis, Semdgom damoukidebeli saqarTve-
los saxelmwifos meTauris, noe Jordanias mogonebis mixedviT `Soba-axal wlis
Sua~ Sekrebilan `saqarTveloSi myofi yvela marqsistebi anu iseTebi, romlebsac
Tavi marqsistebad mohqondaT, aq iyvnen e. ninoSvili, k.CxeiZe, mixa cxakaia, is.ra-
miSvili, d. kalandariSvili, arsen wiTliZe, evgeni vawaZe, raJden kalaZe, is. kvi-
cariZe, da i.kakabaZe — maspinZeli. gaimarTa azrTa gacvla-gamocvla da kamaTi.
aravis aRmoaCnda raime dawerili gegma~. gadmocemiT, rogorc vxedavT, am dros
saqarTveloSi marqsizmiT gatacebas aqvs adgili da ara mis Segnebul mimdevro-
bas. am mogonebidan Cans, rom, rogorc garkveul siaxles, dasaxelebuli axal-
gazrdebis erToba ecnoba marqsizms, magram rogorc ki erkvevian mis arsSi, ara-
realisturad Tvlian am moZRvrebis praqtikul ganxorcielebas. amas mowmobs
imave avtoris Semdegi sityvebi: `samwuxarod am erTobis zereloba gamoCnda pir-
vel konferenciaze... yvirilaSi 1892 wlis dekemberSi~... mis monawileTa umrav-
lesobas ase ganucxadebia: àm grZel gzas Cven ver moveswrebiT, Cveni Svilebic
ver moeswreba, Cven ki gveCqarebao~. magram irkveva, rom CvenSi marqsistTa pirve-
li jgufi jer kidev Camoyalibebuli araa. egnate ninoSvils ver vxedavT Tbili-
sis im Sekrebazec, sadac moxseneba noe Jordanias waukiTxavs. noe Jordania, ro-
melic aris aqtiuri Tavkaci ÌII dasisa~, garkveviT miuTiTebs, rom yvirilaSi ki
ara, TbilisSi, `Camoyalibda qarTvel marqsistTa pirveli jgufi... am jgufis sa-
jaro gamosvla moxda egnate ninoSvilis saflavze da daerqva mesame dasi~. arse-
biTi isaa, rom egnate ninoSvili am droisaTvis ar Cans qarTvel marqsistebTan.
noe Jordanias naambobidanac ki aSkaraa, rom egnate momdevno Sekrebidan ukve
emijneba axalgazrdaTa am jgufs da agrZelebs aqtiur TanamSromlobas ilia
WavWavaZis ìveriaSi~.
1892 wels (7.VIII) mwerali Tedo saxokias daJinebiT sTxovs: `Tu SegiZlia mo-
mixerxe ìveriis~ redaqciaSi mudmivi samuSaos Sovna. ...Tu CemTvis kargi gsurs
gamiwyve eg saqme. sxva adgili, rac ginda adgili iyos, ar minda, ara Tu exla, Ta-
vis dReSic~... bunebrivia, misi literaturuli gzis mkvlevi ilia WavWavaZe mwer-
lisTvis pativsacemi pirovnebaa. krZalviT epyroba is ìveriis~ redaqciis gam-
ges, misi SemoqmedebiTi warmatebebis moTvalTvales da xelSemwyobs, — grigol
yifSiZesac. Tavis droze swored gr. yifSiZes Seutania winadadeba `ninoSvili ni-
Wieri mweralia~, redaqcia ecdeba cota fuli miawodos da samSoblo-mxares did
samsaxurs gauwevso~, magram Semdeg àraTu Tviuri daxmareba aRmouCines, aramed
im feletonebis fulsac ver aZlevdnen, romlis wyalobiTac gazeTs kargi gasa-
vali qonda~. ase rom, Tu ìveriasTan~ e. ninoSvili wyvets kavSirs, es iliasTan
ideuri ganxeTqilebis niadagze ki ar xdeba, aramed mas wminda pirovnuli da eko-
nomiuri sarCuli udevs.
`kvalis~ imJamindeli redaqciis gamge, cnobili literatori da publicisti
romanoz fancxava, romlis statiebi, rogorc e. ninoSvilis erTi piradi werili-
dan Cans, maincdamainc arc moswonda mwerals, mogvianebiT igonebs: ègnatem
miTxra, rom mas surs CemTan `kvalSi~ gadmosvla da ìveriis~ redaqciis mitove-
ba, radgan — `honorari rigianad ar eZleoda da amitom ìverielebis~ madlieri
ar iyo Cveni mwerali”. amasTan dakavSirebiT mwerali, petre umikaSvils jer ki-
dev 1892 wlis 14 Tebervals swerda: `Zlier ukacurad damrCa ìveriis~ redaqcia:
ager aTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi oTxi (didi Tu patara) moTxroba da erTi didi sta-
399
tia daRestnis Sesaxeb dabeWda Cemi, dabeWda da Tan qebasac meubneboda kargebia
Seni nawerebio, magram fulad ki erTi groSi ki ar gamoimeta CemTvis... sxvebs ki
aZleven da me raRa viyav? Tuki Cemma nawerebma raRac aTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi oc-
daori feletoni miawoda mkiTxvels, urigoba iqneboda, rom oriode groSi gae-
metebina? ar qnes da, es iyo mizezi, rom guSin uari movaxsene, — Tqvens gazeTSi
aRarafers davbeWdav — meTqi~. aRniSnulis miuxedavad, rogorc iTqva, mcire
xnis Semdeg egnate evedreba Tedo saxokias ìveriaSi~ samsaxuris Sovnas... magram
gaurkveveli mizezebis gamo, es ver xerxdeba. sxvaTa Soris, es is xanaa, roca qar-
Tul bankSi Seqmnili konfliqturi situaciebisa da, saerTod, didi sazogadoeb-
rivi datvirTvis gamo, gaz. ìveriis~ xelmZRvaneloba ilia WavWavaZem mis Tana-
mebrZols, TavisTavad patiosan moRvawes, erT dros iliasTan erTad, gr. orbe-
lianis `pasuxi uRirsTa SvilTa~-Si poetis mier satirulad gakenwil, `mevelis~
fsevdonimiT cnobil, daviT miqelaZes gadaabara. arCil jorjaZis sityviT,
ìlia WavWavaZe gazeTs TiTqmis Camoecala, meTaurobas uwevdnen 1893-94 wels a.
froneli da mevele~. da unda iTqvas, rom amdroidan daedo saTave mravali Cveni
gamoCenili mwerlis ukmayofilebas ìveriisadmi~; am xanebSi gazeTiT ukmayofi-
loa vaJac. albad msgavsi damokidebulebis gamoa, rom egnate ninoSvili, rome-
lic aqtiuri avtori iyo am gazeTisa da ocnebobda mis mudmiv TanamSromlobaze,
iZulebulia uari Tqvas masTan urTierTobaze da 1894 wlis TebervalSi pirda-
pir wers àm ukanasknel dros... ìveria~ adgia reaqciis gzas~. aq garkveviT aris
naTqvami ùkanaskneli drois~, ìveriis~ saqmianobaze, roca mas faqtiurad re-
daqtorobs daviT miqelaZe. am moRvawesTan ki egnate ninoSvils, pirovnulis
garda, ideuri uTanxmoebac hqonda. yovelive amis gamo, egnate ninoSvili iZule-
bulia saTanamSromlod gadavides `kvalSi~. g. wereTlisadmi miweril baraTidan
(1894 wlis Tebervali) imasac vgebulobT, rom egnate ninoSvili aqac `mimarTu-
lebaSi ver ewyoba~ `kvals~, rom aq imitom ki ar TanamSromlobs àxalgazrdobis
organoa~, `SeiZleba bevr axalgazrdobasTan me saerTo ara mqondes ra, me mxolod
pativs vcem `kvalis~ meTaurT... davalebuli var ara marto fuliT, zneobrivadac
da... vcdilob samagiero riTime vasiamovnoo~. xolo, Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT,
rom am periodSi aRniSnul gazeTSi saTanamSromlod gadmodian didebuli mgosne-
bi: akaki wereTeli da vaJa-fSavela, maSin gasagebi unda iyos, did TanamokalmeTa
xvedri ratom gaiziara egnate ninoSvilmac, romelsac ilia WavWavaZesTan ki ara,
mis redaqtoris postze Semcvlel pirovnebasTan mosdis konfliqti, miT ufro,
rom ìveriis~ zogierT sxva TanamSromelTan erTad (n.xizaniSvili, s.WrelaSvili),
daviT miqelaZesTanac mas mwvave polemika aqvs gadaxdili.
aseTia e. ninoSvilis, rogorc sazogado moRvawis, pozicia Cvens kulturul
cxovrebaSi mimdinare procesebisadmi. Tu mwerlis politikuri mrwamsis gamom-
xatvelad imas CavTvliT, rom is Tavisi literaturuli moRvaweobis bolo wleb-
Si CamoSorda ilia WavWavaZis ìverias~, unda xazgasmiT iTqvas, rom e. ninoSvilis
am nabijs politikuri sarCuli ar hqonia. qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azrovnebisa
da literaturis istoriis mkvlevarTa umetesoba CvenSi Seqmnili garkveuli so-
cial-politikuri klimatis gamo, daJinebiT cdilobda, rom mwerlis Teoriul na-
azrevSic epovna marqsistuli azrovnebis sayrdenebi da am niSnis mixedviT daeax-
lovebina e. ninoSvili sabWour wyobasTan. realuri suraTi ki am mxriv aseTia: 1893
wels `kvalSi~ (32, 33, 39, 40) qveyndeba e. ninoSvilis ori publicisturi werili:
`Zveli dava axal qerqSi~ da ùebari saSualeba saqarTvelos gamdidrebisaTvis~.
XIX saukunis 80-90-iani wlebSi saqarTveloSi gaSlil azrTa WidilSi SeimCne-
va SedarebiT susti gonebis moRvaweTa Soris dabneuloba, azrovnebis sworxa-
zovneba da sqematizmi. rasakvirvelia, am rigSi ar eqcevian qarTuli sazogado-
ebriv-literaturuli azris korifeebi. magram zog cnobil moRvawesac ki saTa-
nadod, Teoriulad arca aqvs gaazrebuli mravali CvenTvis saWirboroto prob-
400
lemis erovnuli safuZveli da perspeqtiva. aseTia, magaliTad, TaobaTa urTier-
Tobis raoba da Sinaarsi saqarTveloSi. ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis Rrma-
azrovnuli werilebis arsebobis miuxedavad, bevr imdroindel publicistsa da
mwerals araTu ver gaurkvevia TaobaTa urTierTobis specifika, aramed verc ga-
umijnavs is ruseTSi mimdinare procesebisagan (aseTia mag. daviT miqelaZe); zogs
kidev saqarTvelos gamdidrebis pirobad, eris winsvlis wyarod `depoebisa~ da
`kasebis~ gaxsna da am gziT gaRaribebul TavadaznaurTa gamdidreba dausaxavs. 90-
ian wlebSi, ilias skolis warmomadgenels, zemoxsenebul kerZo mizezTa gamo ukve
`kvalis~ TanamSromels, egnate ninoSvils, romelic ara mxolod mxatvruli sity-
vis sferoSi, aramed publicistikaSic ìlia WavWavaZis gzis gamgrZelebelia~ (n.
tabiZe.), specialuri statiis dawera uxdeba (`Zveli dava axal qurqSi~), rom Tao-
baTa Soris saqarTveloSi arsebuli urTierToba mkveTrad gamijnos rusul sinam-
dvileSi cnobil `mamaTa~ da `SvilTa brZolisagan~ da is CvenSi revoluciur mov-
lenad ki ara (rogoriTac fiqrobs rusuli sinamdvilis mimarT mag. n. berdiaevi),
aramed TandaTanobiT movlenad da savsebiT bunebriv procesad CaTvalos, roca
mas naTlavs ase: `Zveli dava axal qurqSi~. aq, e. ninoSvili mSvenivrad axerxebs e.w.
Zveli Taobis saqmianobis dadebiTi Sinaarsi gausigrZeganos mkiTxvels, gaamar-
Tlos istoriis winaSe Taoba. roca axali epoqis sxva pirobebSi movlenil àxal
Taobas~ ùidealobas~ ukiJineben, aRniSnos `Zveli Taobis~ naklic da gaamtyunos
àxalgazrdebi~, bralmdeblis rolSi rom gamodian ilias winaaRmdeg.
e. ninoSvili interesTa erTianobis mosurnea. sxvaTa Soris poetur frazaSi,
magram mainc es azria gatarebuli vaJas Semdeg sityvebSic: `bevrsa tyuian Zvele-
bi, tyuis axali Taobac~... TavisTavad es faqti imazed metyvelebs, rom e. ninoS-
vilis mimarTeba TaobaTa Rvawlis Sefasebisadmi araa romelime jgufuri Tu
klanuri midrekilebebis gamoxatuleba miT ufro, rom amdagvar pozicias icavs
iseTi genialuri Semoqmedic ki, rogoric vaJa-fSavelaa. e. ninoSvili social-
politikur sakiTxebSi mkacrad akritikebs d.miqelaZis (mevelis) pozicias,
gmobs mis arakompetenturobas `didi~ da `patara~ mamuliSvilis mixedviT erov-
nebaTa Tu fenaTa dapirispirebis sakiTxSi da aRiarebs, rom inteligencia unda
cdilobdes, rom eris simdidresa da warmatebaSi `wili edos ara romelime na-
wils erisas, aramed mTels ers damoukideblad da Tanasworad~. gaivlis ramde-
nime weli da am Tvalsazriss gaiziarebs vaJa-fSavelac, roca ityvis: `marto Ta-
vad-aznauroba ar aris eris Zala da isini Tunda didiTgan dawyebuli pataramde
saukeTeso azrebiT, grZnobiT gaimsWvalon, saukeTesod imoqmedon, mainc vera-
fers gavxdebiT, ukeTu mdabio xalxic bans ar miscems~ (`fiqrebi~, 1901). sxva Sem-
TxvevaSi (ùebari saSualeba saqarTvelos gamdidrebisaTvis~), ilia WavWavaZis
poziciidan gamomdinare, akritikebs ra d. maCxanelisa da lebs-is (n.xizaniSvili)
da TviT misi saTayvanebeli iakob gogebaSvilis midgomas qarTuli cxovrebis
ekonomikisadmi, egnate ninoSvili Tvlis, rom aRniSnul moRvaweTa mier idealad
dasaxuli ùpretenzio, mosvenebuli, maZRari qarTuli ojaxi~, igive luarsab
TaTqariZis ojaxia, romelic i. WavWavaZem dagvixata `kacia-adamianSi~, maT `ka-
cia-adamianis~ avtorma `Zirgatexili qvevri~ uwoda. mwerlis azriT, axali sa-
qarTvelos mSeneblebad, axali samyaros moqalaqed aseTi adamianebi ver gamod-
gebian. eris warmatebis pirobad e. ninoSvils miaCnia ara ùfrosTa~ da ùmcros-
Ta~, anu fenaTa mdgomareobis mixedviT erze, rogorc socialur erTeulze,
msjeloba, an mxolod saWiroebis kvalobazed specialistis momzadeba, aramed
fenaTa Tanasworuflebianobis principebze damyarebuli wyoba, sadac mxolod
gegmis ki ara (rac ase niSandoblivia marqsistebisaTvis), aramed niWis, unaris
gaSlis safuZvelze iqneba miRweuli eris winsvla. misi TqmiT, yoveli siaxle, iq-
neba es kapitalizmi, Tu yovelgvari ìzmi~, `modis Cvens daukiTxavad~ da mxo-
lod inteleqtualurad Zlier da politikuri azrovnebis TvalsazrisiT mowi-
401
ful ers SeuZlia momzadebuli Sexvdes am siaxles (ùebari saSualeba saqarTve-
los gamdidrebisaTvis~). es ki mxolod ganaTlebis gziT miiRweva. am mxrivac e.
ninoSvili, iseve rogorc im drois mkvircxli azrovnebis zogierTi sxva moRva-
we, didi ilia WavWavaZis sulieri memkvidreni arian, Tundac imitom, rom rome-
lime dajgufebis partiul programas ki ara, mxolod da mxolod saR azrs, ra-
gindara wiaRidan unda momdinareobdes is, aZleven upiratesobas.
dRes ukve aRiarebulia, rom e. ninoSvilis `publicisturi nawarmoebebi epo-
qis moTxovnilebaTa simaRleze dgas~ (n.tabiZe). am statiebSi Tavis `valad
Tvlis~ mwerali `Cvens qveyanaSi azrovnebis gamofxizlebas~. misi mrwamsiT `WeS-
maritebis gamorkvevisaTvis dava da polemika acocxlebs da sainteresos xdis
àzrovnebas da literaturul cxovrebas~. radgan swored adre Tu gvian `WeSma-
ritebas ufro meti Tayvanismcemeli eyoleba~, rac aris `damyayebul azrebis~,
`sofizmebis~ da `kvazi-patriotizmis daZlevis~ anu SemoqmedebiTi winsvlis er-
TaderTi gza. unda iTqvas, rom esaa progresulad moazrovne WeSmariti inteli-
gentis msjeloba, romelSic ar Cans, rom is meTodologiurad eyrdnobodes, izi-
arebdes da aviTarebdes marqsistul Tvalsazriss. e. ninoSvilis publicist-
marqsistad gamocxadebis sababi Seiqna is faqti, rom mwerali dadebiT konteq-
stSi imowmebs marqss, eleonora marqs-evelings da darvinsac, rac sruliad ar
niSnavs, rom mwerali dogmaturad iziarebdes maTs pozicias.
mwerali, romelsac moswons, magaliTad, emil zola, sruliad bunebrivia,
rom sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis sferodan iziarebdes ara kiuves, aramed
darvinis Teorias da `sapolitiko-ekonomikuri moZRvrebebidan~, sazogadoeb-
rivi cxovrebis socialuri meqanizmis Sesaxeb, ara `maltusis, seis, bastias Teo-
riebs~, aramed marqsis ekonomikur dakvirvebebs. eleonora marqs-evelingis da-
mowmebis SemTxvevaSi e. ninoSvili iyenebs mxolod am avtoris mier mowodebul
statistikur-sociologiur monacemebs. saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom visime da-
mowmeba yovelTvis ar niSnavs, dammowmebeli Tanmimdevrulad iziarebdes damow-
mebuli avtoris koncefcias. SeiZleba upiratesoba mianiWo adrindelTan Seda-
rebiT romelime moazrovnes, an iziarebde mis konkretul dakvirvebas da ar izi-
arebde mTlian pozicias. asea mocemul SemTxvevaSic. kerZod, e. ninoSvilisaT-
vis, rogorc Cans, n. berdiaevis darad misaRebia k.marqsis ekonomikuri moZRvre-
bisaTvis specifikuri `Социальный реализм, утверждение огромного значения эконо-
мической стороны в жизни общества и борьбы классов~.
janyi da revolucia, romelsac uaryofiTi Sedegi moaqvs adamianis sulisaT-
vis, misTvis miuRebelia da is aris protestis ukiduresi forma. mocemul Sem-
TxvevaSi, egnate ninoSvilis mier ganvlil xanmokle, magram didi daZabulobiT
savse azrovnul cxovrebis wess mSvenivrad esadageba gamoCenili filosofosis
sityvebi: `me Zalze adre gavige, rom revoluciur inteligencias namdvilad ar
uyvars Tavisufleba, rom misi paTosi sxvaa. jer kidev marqsistad yofnisas, me
davinaxe marqsizmSi elementebi, romlebsac is SeiZleboda mieyvana despotizmam-
de da Tavisuflebis uaryofamde~ (n. berdiaevi).
maZiebeli sulis egnate ninoSvilisaTvis cxovrebis azrs Tavisufleba Sead-
genda, Tavisufleba, gamovlenili adamianuri cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis yovel
sferoSi. Ziebisa da TviTSemecnebis rTul procesSi, misi drois mraval progre-
sul moazrovneTa msgavsad, etyoba mwerali darwmunda, rom `masis yovelnairi
dajgufebani mtruladaa ganwyobili Tavisuflebisadmi~ (n. berdiaevi), rom `re-
voluciur masas sruliad ar uyvars Tavisufleba~, albaT amis gamoc uaryofs
is, rom `bevr axalgazrdobasTan saerTo ara maqvso rao~. mwerali e. ninoSvili,
romelic piradi baraTebis da TanamedroveTa mogonebebis mixedviT `mojadoe-
buli iyo evropis didi kulturiT~, kaci, romelic ocnebobs `Tavisuflebis
zRvaSi Securvaze~, `Jeneva-pariJis~ Tavisufali cxovrebis Sexedvaze~ (baraTi
402
T. saxokiasadmi, 1888 w. 37. VII). evropuli sinamdvilis gacnobam Tavisi maxvili
Wkuis wyalobiT daarwmuna kidec, rom misi ideali, WeSmariti `Tavisufleba
aristokratulia da ara demokratiuli~ (n. berdiaevi); rom misi tareba didi da
mZime tvirTia. mas yovelTvis swamda umaRlesi sulieri sawyisis, WeSmaritebisa
da azris arseboba adamianSi, rac aris yovelnairi Tavisuflebis wyaro da gamo-
ricxavs yovelgvar aTeizms. egnate ninoSvili Tavis korespondenciebSi ibrZvis
crurwmenisa da adamianTa gaunaTleblobis winaaRmdeg. garemo, romelSic mas
uxdeboda cxovreba crumorwmuneobis winaaRmdeg, egnates galaSqrebas RmerTis
winaaRmdeg amboxad saxavda... Wkvianni maT Soris xvdebodnen, rom bunebis movle-
naTa mimarT axsnis poziciaze mdgari egnate RmerTs ki ar uaryofda, adamianTa
gonebrivi sinaTlisaTvis ibrZoda, riTac kaci sulierad naTdeba, maRldeba da
maSin `TviT RmerTs emsgavseba~.
ase rom, egnate ninoSvilis literaturuli mrwamsi da misi sazogadoebrivi
pozicia monoliTuria da myari. misTvis sakuTari sindisis Sinagani xmis mixed-
viT cxovreba iyo arsebobis forma. azrovnebisa da mxatvruli Semoqmedebis sfe-
roSi gamovlenili arsebulis Semecnebisa da axlis Seqmnis dauokebeli wyurvi-
li misi pirovnebis SesaZleblobaTa realizaciis formebia, sadac mwerali, misi-
ve sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, cdilobs `potencialuri energiis~ `dinamikur energi-
ad~ gardaqmnas. yovelgvari siaxlisadmi mkafiod gamoxatuli aqtivobiT mwera-
li trafaretulad moazrovne sazogadoebis erT nawilSi partiuli interesebiT
aRWurvili moRvawis iluziasac ki qmnida, magram es STabeWdileba mcdari iyo.
savsebiT marTebulad werda jer kidev 1914 wels cnobili moRvawe samson fir-
cxalava: `partiuloba warmavali saqmea, mwerloba ki ukvadavi. amitomac arc erT
partias ar unda miekuTvnos ninoSvili. igi qarTveli eris saunjeao~.
egnate ninoSvilis mxatvruli Semoqmedeba
yovel WeSmarit Semoqmeds aqvs Tavisi didi Tema, romelic ierTebs misi su-
lieri sauflodan momdinare maRal azrsa da grZnobas... aseTi didi Tema egnate
ninoSvilis, rogorc mwerlisaTvis, aris Tavisuflebis problema. cxovrebaSi
Tavisuflebis trfiali e. ninoSvili, Tavisi mxatvruli interesebis mixedviTac,
kacobriobis saukeTeso SvilTaTvis niSandoblivi am sanukvari idealis mouR-
leli msaxuri aRmoCnda. amqveynad sinaTlis, simarTlis da sulierebis maZiebel-
ma mweralma kargad icis, rom Tavisuflebis `sufTa axalma haerma~ unda `garekos
bneli burusi~... imis gamo, rom `suli es Tavisuflebaa da Tavisufleba ki sulia~
(n. berdiaevi). misi mopoveba tanjvasTanaa dakavSirebuli. bednierebaa Tavisuf-
leba, magram amave dros Znelicaa da `mZime tvirTia~. amitomacaa ase gadajaWvu-
li cxovrebis tragizmTan, mis sirTulesTan, prozaul yoveldRiurobasa da yo-
velgvar uferulobasTan. amitomac iTvleba `Tavisuflebis tragedia namdvil
tragediad~ (n. berdiaevi), radgan yvelas ar ZaluZs am diad idealisTvis, anu ro-
gorc TviT e. ninoSvili ityvis, àRTqmis qveynis~ saxilvelad Zalebis mobili-
zeba. egnate ninoSvilis literaturul memkvidreobaSi Tavisuflebis, rogorc
umaRlesi adamianuri fenomenis, mopovebis sirTule da cxovrebiseuli trage-
diaa dasuraTebuli, roca mwerali gvidgens martoobis, sazogadoebisagan suli-
eri izolirebis niadagze Camoyalibebul sevdas, warmogvisaxavs adamianSi pi-
rovnebis gaRviZeba-Camoyalibebis safexurebs, siyvaruls, qalis beds da masTan
dakavSirebul erosis Temas, pirovnebisa da ojaxis, pirovnebisa da sazogadoe-
bis mimarTebebs, donJuanuri da inteligenturi sawyisis gamovlenis SemTxve-
vebs, Sromas, rogorc adamianuri energiis gamJRavnebis formas, mis Rirseba-nak-
lovanebebis gaSlas yoveldRiurobaSi. e. ninoSvili Tvals adevnebs codnis yov-
403
lisSemZle ZalasTan TaobaTa mimarTebis sakiTxs da am niadagze mamaSvilobis
qarTuli urTierTobis asaxvas Cvens garemoSi. Tavisuflebisadmi swrafvas ab-
rkolebs mravali yofiTi faqtori, maT Soris Suri, sazogadod, adamianTa da,
kerZod, SinaurTa Sorisac.
e. ninoSvilis guli didi siyvaruliT aris dapyrobili socialuri rutinis
gasarRvevad momarTuli da Tavisuflebis wyurviliT anTebuli mis mier warmo-
saxuli personaJebisadmi, romlebic sulieri janyis mravalnair formas mimar-
Taven, rom TavianTi pirovnuli avtonomiuroba gamoavlinon da daicvan. Tuki
yofiTi sinamdvilis sirTulesTan WidilSi maTi energia qreba, isini umetesad
tragikulad amTavreben TavianT sicocxles, es mxolod mweralsa da mis mkiTx-
velSic siyvarulis bazaze sibralulis grZnobas warmoSobs da kidev erTxel
gvarwmunebs im Tvalsazrisis WeSmaritebaSi, romlis mixedviT yovelgvari `jan-
yis Tema aris Tavisuflebis Temis gagrZeleba~; uaris Tqma am naTeli miznis mi-
saRwevad sustTa xvedria, misi mopoveba masis ki ara, Zlier pirovnebaTa bedia.
cxadia, e. ninoSvilis nawarmoebebTa personaJebis cxovreba garkveul garemoSi,
istoriul tradiciebTan, bunebasa da erovnuli cxovrebis wesTan mimarTebaSi ya-
libdeba. maT aqvT, rogorc amboben Cvens `nacionalur kulturul istoriul
mTlianobaSi~ kodirebuli (g.gaCevi) TavianTi `qarTuli kosmo-fsiqo-logosi~.
e. ninoSvili `dialoguri formiT STambeWdavad warmoaCens~ `fsiqokosmoss
bunebisa da xalxisas~ (g.gaCevi), romelsac odiTgan Tavisuflebis ziarebis ule-
vi wyurvili aqvs da am gzaze aRmarTul dabrkolebaTa daZlevis Zalac Seswevs.
ZiriTadi da qarTuli literaturuli cxovrebis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelo-
vani mainc isaa, rom eg.ninoSvils Tavis TxzulebaTa masalad aRebuli aqvs saku-
Tari kuTxis uSualo sinamdvile; man grigol robaqiZis TqmiT, `guriis lur-
jTvala ca, lbili miwa~, cxare temperamentiT, simReris ulevi wyurviliTa da
ukmarisobiT JiniT savse ficxi xalxi moaqcia imdroindeli sazogadoebrivi in-
teresebis sferoSi. manamde ase Tu ise gankerZoebiT mdgari es kuTxe Semoitana
qarTul mwerlobaSi da swored amiT gviCvena guriis moucilebeli da ganuwyve-
teli fsiqoeTnikuri erTianoba deda-saqarTvelosTan. esaa saerTo-erovnuli
amocanebis TvalsazrisiT il. WavWavaZis mier dasaxuli sanukvari idealebisaT-
vis brZolis erTi gamoxatuleba da e. ninoSvilis, rogorc qarTveli mwerlis,
damsaxurebac.
e. ninoSvilamde qarTul mwerlobaSi guriis literaturuli Rirebuleba
mkiTxvelisaTvis ucnobi iyo. man pirvelma gviCvena guriis yofiTi detalebis, gu-
rulTa xasiaTis fsiqologiis gadmocemis mniSvneloba da misi emociuri zemoqme-
debis Zala. mweralma amiTac gaafarTova qarTuli xasiaTis danaxvis teritoriu-
li sazRvrebi da gaaRrmava qarTveli adamianis bunebis Sinagani mravalferovne-
bis xilvis diapazoni. garda amisa, unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos kulturul cir-
kulaciaSi (s.janaSia), Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT unikalur gurul simRerebs
da mamia gurielis poezias, gurulTa mxatvruli energia e. ninoSvilamde mainc da
mainc ar Canda.
e. ninoSvilis nawarmoebTa Tema guriis cxovrebaa da am mxriv igi sando rea-
listia; mwerali nairnair aspeqtSi warmogvidgens mZafri socialuri yofis su-
raTs. e. ninoSvilma mxatvrul saxeebSi gagvicocxla adamianSi pirovnebis gaRvi-
Zebis sxvadasxva safexuri (`gankarguleba~, `gogia uiSvili~, `simona~, `janyi gu-
riaSi~). pirovnebaa mxolod iseTi adamiani, romelic Segnebulsa da aqtiur mi-
marTebas amyarebs garemosTan da movlenebTan. kacia munjaZes (`gankarguleba~)
aqtiuri mimarTeba movlenebisadmi ara aqvs. mxolod Cumad fiqrobs, arsebobis
SenarCunebaze zrunavs; amdenad pirovnulobis TvalsazrisiT igi dabal safe-
xurze mdgomi adamiania. gogia uiSvils protestis grZnoba aqvs, magram sakuTari
Tavisaken mimarTavs, masTan protesti mizanacdenilia. magram, amisda miuxeda-
404
vad, igi mainc garkveul mimarTebas amyarebs garemosadmi. es Segnebis ganviTare-
bis, adamianis pirovnebad qcevis meore safexuria. am mxriv pirovnebis ganviTa-
rebis mesame safexurs warmogviCens simona ZalaZis saxe. mas ukve protestis
grZnoba aqvs calkeul pirovnebaTa mimarT, TumcaRa simona ZalaZis brZolis gza
individualuria. brZolis meoTxe safexuri warmodgenilia romanSi `janyi gu-
riaSi~. aq aris organizebuli brZola wyobis winaaRmdeg, magram araa warmodgeni-
li am brZolis dadebiTi Sinaarsi. amasTan aq mTavari isicaa, rom klasTa brZo-
lis idea erovnul momentTanaa Sejaxebuli (gr. robaqiZe). adreve iyo SeniSnuli
da amJamad ukve savsebiT naTelia, rom am mxriv e. ninoSvili pirveli mweralia,
romelsac aqvs àra marto alRo, aramed klasTa brZolis Teoriis Segnebac~ (ti-
cian tabiZe), magram yvela SemTxvevaSi mwerlis mier erovnuli gadasaxedidan
aris danaxuli socialuri urTierTobis mowesrigebis saWiroeba. am romanSi is
azricaa gatarebuli, rom rusebma ùnamusoba, loToba, bozoba, qurdoba da ra
vici, vin mosTvlis aTasi sxva Semoitanes CvenSi. erTi oci-ocdaaTi weli rom
dagviandes, Cvens qveyanas veRar icnob~. e. ninoSvilis SexedulebiT, qarTuli sa-
xelmwifoebriobis moSlas Rrma socialur-politikuri safuZveli hqonda, aram-
zada mTavreb-mefeebis urTierTSoris CxubebiT da Zarcva-Rletis gamo sruli-
ad dauZlurebuli viyaviT~ da `barbaros xalxTagan~ Tavdaxsna da fizikuri ga-
darCenis ukanaskneli gza-Ra iyo ruseTTan SeerTeba. mwerals kargad aqvs Segne-
buli: `gauwvrTneli~ xalxi sando nu ggoniaT~; roca xalxi politikurad moum-
wifebelia, yovelgvari àjanyeba... ugunuri ganzraxvaa~ mxolod. ùsamarTlobis
sisxl-ofliT gaJRenTil niadagad aRzrdili momavali adamianisa~, roca `naTe-
savebi da mezoblebi~, `qristiani qristianis sisxls~ `svams~, samarTals ver daam-
kvidrebs amqveyanazed da verc WeSmarit Tavisuflebas Sobs. xalxis sulieri da
nivTieri siduxWiris pirobebSi miT ufro Znelia rusTagan Tavdaxsna da erovnu-
li TviTmyofadobis mopoveba. e. ninoSvilis TvalsazrisiT, imdroindel poli-
tikur situaciaSi `didi goniereba ar unda, kacma dainaxos Cveni ubedureba. Cven
arc jari gvyavs, arc Tof-zarbaznebi da tyvia-wamali, amasTan dauZlurebul
sparseTisa da osmaleTisa, romlebic ise gviyureben, rogorc wiwilas qori,
Cvens qveyanas ar icnobs xeiriani saxelmwifo~. cxadia, am viTarebaTa gaTvalis-
winebiT, yovelgvari janyi Tu mas ar axlavs brZolis taqtikuri Segneba, sibne-
lis niSania. aRsaniSnavia, rom mwerlis gardacvalebis Semdeg gamoqveynebul am
daumTavrebel romans erqva `samwuxaro Sedegi~. marTlac, guriis 1841 wlis
ajanyebis magaliTze, e. ninoSvilis mrwamsiT, amgvar janys mravali samwuxaro
SemTxveva axlavs da `samwuxaro Sedegi~ mohyveba im mxriv, rom saqarTvelos ak-
ldeba besiasTana jan-RoniT, mamacobiT, gabedulebiT da sindisiT savse miwis
muSa-kaci, qreba manasa da simonis, melaniasa da besias, gulosa da giorgis siyva-
rulis naTeli, `Seubralebeli jalaTis~ msxverpli xdeba giorgisTana adamiane-
bis `niWiT savse... Tavi~. miuxedavad imisa, rom am nawarmoebis saboloo damuSave-
ba mweralma ver moaswro, misi azrobrivi qveteqsti aseTia: `gauwvrTneli xal-
xis~ mier organizebul janys, yovelTvis `samwuxaro Sedegi~ moaqvs, is erovnuli
ubedurebis wyaroa, radgan misi mizeziT iSriteba eris jansaRi fizikuri da su-
lieri energia.
e. ninoSvili, Cveni sazogadoebis socialuri struqturis gardaqmnas saxavs
erovnuli winsvlis pirobad. amdenad, mis nawerebSi socialuri gardaqmna, arse-
buli wyobiT ukmayofileba, pirvel yovlisa, erovnuli sxeulis gajansaRebis
moTxovnilebebiTaa Sepirobebuli. garegani Zala, rusuli samarTali, adminis-
tracia, Tavisi ègzekuciebiT~, jariT, gadasaxadebiT, eniT, arRvevs patiosani
mSromeli qarTveli kacis saukuneebiT SemuSavebul cxovrebis wess. savsebiT
marTebulad werda mwerlis gardacvalebasTan dakavSirebiT erTi misi megobari,
rom egnate ninoSvili `naTlad xedavda Tu rogor gviqreba xelidan is maRal-Ci-
405
nuri kedeli, romliTac Tavs icavda sxvadasxva zneobrivi gavlenisagan TiToeu-
li eri, rogor Semoklda es sivrce~ (J. `kvali~, 1894, 22). ase rom, e. ninoSvilma
Tavis TxzulebebSi umtkivneulesi socialuri problematikis gaazreba mogvca
erovnuli Segnebis TvalsazrisiT; aRniSna kapitalizmis SeWra sofelSi (`simona~,
`mose mwerali~). socialuri Tematika e. ninoSvilis nawerebis xerxemalia; glexi
TavgamodebiT ebrZvis cxovrebas, magram mis TxzulebebSi, amas garda, adamiani eb-
rZvis bunebas. e. ninoSvilma icis, ra aris Sroma; icis, ris fasad Soulobs lukma-
purs glexkaci. Sromis procesSi bunebis stiqiasTan WidilSi iRupeba ivane da ni-
ko (`paliastomis tba~), xedavs ivane amas, wyevlis Tavis beds, magram igi glexia,
romelic èjajgureba cxovrebas~, `da mainc uzomod uyvars sicocxle~.
Sromis Tema e. ninoSvilis TxzulebaTa laitmotivia. Tavisi cxovrebiseuli
gamocdilebiT, igi qarTvel mweralTagan TiTqmis yvelaze ukeT icnobda Sromi-
Ti saqmianobis sxvadasxva formas, amitomac mwerals exerxeboda mSromeli kacis
fiqrze Tvalis midevneba. e. ninoSvilis TxzulebaSi daxatuli mSromeli adamia-
nebisaTvis Sroma valdebulebacaa da moTxovnilebac, magram igi araviTar uf-
lebas ar aniWebs maT (iqneba es kacia munjaZe, gogia uiSvili, ivane, simona ZalaZe
da sxv.). Sromis gziT cdiloben isini saxelmwifos, eris, tradiciis, ojaxis wina-
Se movaleobis moxdas. Sroma Svilebis wesierad aRzrdis pirobaa; amitomacaa,
rom lamazad ocnebobs simona da dariko, SromiTa da siyvaruliT gaSinaarsebul
`tkbil cxovrebaze~... magram e. ninoSvilis glexebi uflebis mopovebisaTvis ib-
rZvian... maT ar aclian wesier Sromas da SromiT miniWebuli sicocxliT sixa-
ruls, radgan am patiosani miwis muSa xalxisaTvis gaumaZRar adamianebs ès qve-
yana jojoxeTad gadauqcevia~, magram e. ninoSvili ufro Sorsac midis. mas ainte-
resebs am kiTxvis zedrouli aspeqti, Sromis, rogorc aseTis, yovelmxrivi gav-
lena adamianis fsiqikaze da e. ninoSvilis nawarmoebebSi vxedavT, rom gadamete-
buli glexkacuri Sromis procesi ara mxolod fizikurad Rupavs adamians, ara-
med zneobrivadac aRaribebs mis samyaros. mwerlis TqmiT, `Seusvenebelma Sromam
da ojaxis zrunvam sul moukla gabriela CamwaradaZes (ùcnauri seni~) iseTi
umaRlesi grZnobis moTxovnileba, rogoric qalisadmi siyvarulia, rac sabolo-
od am patiosani kacis ojaxuri tragediis mizezic xdeba. Tematur gameorebaTa
mravalgvari variantebiT ase iWreba da mkvidrdeba e. ninoSvilis TxzulebebSi,
qarTuli literaturisaTvis manamde erTgvarad saxamuSo, qalis prostituciis
problema.
siyvarulis gamovlenis formebi e. ninoSvilis TxzulebebS i

raoden ucnauradac unda moCandes, SeiZleba dabejiTebiT iTqvas, rom egnate ni-
noSvilis, rogorc mwerlis, SemoqmedebiTi Zala da gambedaoba siyvarulis nair-
saxeobaTa dasuraTebis procesSi gamoCnda. Tanac siyvarulis iseT formaTa Cve-
nebisas, romelic bevrad scildeba qarTul garemoSi literaturuli tradici-
iT ganmtkicebul xedvas, rusTavelidan moyolebuli e. ninoSvilis dromde rom
iyo damkvidrebuli CvenSi. rasakvirvelia, misgan gadaxvevis momentebic iCenda
Tavs calkeul mweralTa nawerebSi, magram es ufro spontanurad vlindeboda da
sistemuri xasiaTi arasodes miuRia. arada, prozis masalad swored adamianis
cxovrebis es idumali mxarea qceuli evropul samyaroSi da Tuki Cven, qarTve-
lebs gvaqvs pretenzia tipologiurad vekuTvnodeT evropul kulturul zonas,
maSin, bunebrivia, unda gadailaxos is simorcxve, rac axlavs `qarTuli erosis~
Sesaxeb msjelobas, rameTu amave aspeqtSi sakiTxis dasma savsebiT kanonzomiera-
daa CaTvlili araTu evropuli, aramed rusuli literaturis sinamdvilis mi-
marTac (g.gaCevi).
XIX saukunis dasasrulis qarTul literaturaSi egnate ninoSvilis garda ar
Cans sxva mwerali, romelic cdilobdes Cveni qveynis cxovrebaSi ZaliT Tu nebiT
406
SemoWrili axali struqturebis mier motanili siaxlis Sinaarsi adamianis inti-
muri cxovrebis im farul dinebas daukavSiros, razec dakvirvebis safuZveli
adre arc arsebobda da, amdenad, misi gamosaxvis moTxovnilebac gamoricxul
iyo. da, ai, qarTul literaturaSi 90-ian wlebSi movida evropuli cxovrebas na-
ziarebi mwerali, romelmac zedized gamoaqveyna siyvarulis im saCoTiro mxare-
Ta amsaxveli Txzulebebi, romelic manamde ase ucnobi iyo qarTuli kulturu-
li samyarosaTvis. ùcnauri seni~ (1891), àrSiyni~ (1891), `simona~ (1892), `qristi-
ne~ (1892), `mose mwerali~ (1894), `Cveni qveynis raindi~ (1894), gardacvalebis Sem-
deg gamoqveynebuli `partaxi~ (1894-95), `coli da qmari~ da TviT — `janyi guria-
Si~ (1902) is nawarmoebebia, romlebic mkafiod gvidgens e. ninoSvilis niWis speci-
fikas: Tvali adevnos adamianis erotikuli cxovrebis mimarTebas socialurTan,
aCvenos maTi Widilis procesSi warmoqmnili tragizmi. magram garkveviT unda iT-
qvas, rom am TxzulebaTa problematikam araTu ver daainteresa qarTuli sazoga-
doebis literaturulad angariSgasawevi fena, 60-iani wlebis tradiciebze aR-
zrdili inteligenciis didi nawili, aramed zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT Seufereb-
lad, miuRebladac ki iqna CaTvlili. cnobilia, rom ìveriaSi~ zedized gamoqvey-
nda ùcnauri seni~, àrSiyni~ da `paliastomis tba~.
am TxzulebaTa mixedviT e. ninoSvili im mweralTa rigs ekuTvnis, romelic
Rrmad icnobs adamianis cxovrebas da, amdenad, misi gulis dafarul Zgeras. ami-
tomac icis man, rom `rac unda ganviTarebuli iyos adamiani... ver gaeqceva iWvs,
cxovrebis momwamvlel iWvs. amas rogorc romanebi, ise namdvili cxovrebac
gvimtkicebs~...
swored analitikuri Wkuisa da cxovrebiseuli mware gamocdilebis gamoa,
rom misi personaJebi, rogorc amboben, `siyvarulis tragizmisa~ da `siyvarulis
sevdis Sesaxeb~ ufro afiqreben mkiTxvels, vidre siyvaruliT moniWebul sixa-
rulze; maTi suli xSirad moculia am grZnobis tarebiT gamowveuli gauvali
sevdiT, rac misi romanis erTi gmiris dakvirvebaSia mocemuli: àravis unaxavs,
rom Seyvarebulebs bolos da bolos ar enanoT~ (`janyi guriaSi~). bednier Seyva-
rebulTa wyvilebi e. ninoSvilis SemoqmedebaSi, mxolod ocnebis kuTvnil samya-
roSi cxovroben bednierad. `netarebis morevSi curavs~ erTmaneTis Semyure Sey-
varebuli simona da dariko (`simona~), romelTa ocnebaa Zalzed martivi, magram
adamianis diadi ideali: `gviyvardes erTmaneTi, virCinoT Cveni Tavi Cveni Sro-
miT, nuravis vawyenT da Cvenc aravin gvawyens~, — esaa jansaRi bunebis wiaRSi So-
bili siyvarulis qarTuli forma — anu qarTuli jansaRi erosi, romelSic urTi-
erTTanaa Serwymuli siyvaruli qalisadmi, miwisadmi, Sromisadmi — sicocxli-
sadmi, magram, garkveuli socialuri presingis gamo, maincaa SeWrili maTs cno-
bierebaSi iWvis is grZnoba, romelic saTuos xdis bednierebis damkvidrebas maTs
cxovrebaSi. gangebas ki ara, daviTisa da titikosTana `mgelkaca~ arsebebs SeuZ-
lia `jojoxeTad gadauqcios~ qveynad sicocxlisa da siyvarulisaTvis gaCenil
adamianebs cxovreba. titikoSi Casaxlebulia mxeci. misi gaSiSvlebuli biologi-
uri ltolvebi emyareba Semdeg princips: `sicocxle brZolaa. burTi da meidani
imas rCeba, vinc mZlavria~. `simZlavre anu Zala exlandel droSi fulia~. `sim-
didre imiTia kargi, rom yvela Sens survils aisruleb~, maT Soris daicxrob
survils, daimorCileb `soflel veneras~, romlis `gulisTvis bevrs adgeba yel-
ze nerwyvi~ — darikos, `sanexveze amosul~ am `vards~. sagulisxmoa, rom egnate
ninoSvili aq `sxvaTa naTqvamis~ formiT moixmobs emil zolas am gaxmaurebul
frazas (ix. misi `nana~). utifroba aris cxovelur ltolvaTa gamovlenis erTi
forma, roca adamiani iqceva mxolod biologiur arsebad, emsgavseba mgels, ma-
Sin win araferi eRobeba, rom `mgeli gaZRes~ adamianis xorciT. patiosani sulis
adamianebma maSin ra icodnen konkretul situaciaSi, roca cxoveli batondeba
adamianurze, maSinac ki `kaci da mgeli erTia~. garedan meSCanuri kokobzikobiT
407
morTul, fasadur kulturosnobas amofarebul adamianSi isadgurebs mxeci,
romlisTvisac ucnobia zneobrivi, sulieri movlenebi: sibraluli, Sewyaleba,
gageba da sxva. aseT adamianTan àrc Zala gadis, arc xvewna, arc tirili~. `more-
vis~ principiT mcxovrebi titiko klavs siyvarulis naTeli idealis nasaxs qal-
Si, romlis sicocxlis devizi uRalatoba iyo. erT dros darikos mier naTqvami
àr giRalateb!~ — fici, Turme realurad ganuxorcielebeli ocneba da, maSasa-
dame, `tyuili~ yofila. marTalia, es araa Segnebuli moqmedeba, am personaJis
TqmiT, misi `neba~, magram gauryvneli fsiqikis mqone qalis poziciidan mainc `Ra-
latad~ CaTvlili faqtia. jansaR qalSi aracnobierad TavCenili, cxovrebaSi ga-
nuxorcielebeli survilis JiniT avsebuli adamianis amboxic vlindeba, rac ase
nakleb damaxasiaTebelia Cveni literaturuli sinamdvilisaTvis. sazogadoeb-
rivi azri siyvarulis Sesaxeb veranairad ver asaxavs adamianis fsiqikaSi mimdina-
re rTul procesebs. am grZnobis `socializireba misi kvdomis niSanicaao~, gvar-
wmunebs zogierTi moazrovne da am Sexedulebas, Tavisi mxatvruli xedviT, er-
Tgvarad win uswrebs Cveni mwerlis poziciac, roca aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSi-
rebiT is xalxis anu sazogadoebis azrs gvidgens: `qali rom gasuqdeba, Zmav, mere
avi samwyemsavia~. uaRresad intimuria da sxva Tvalisagan dafaruli urTierTis
mimarT trfialiT Sepyrobil wyvilTa gansja. amitomacaa, rom simona Tanamed-
rove adamianis gamgebiani urTierTobis poziciidan udgeba darikos tragedias,
roca mas aseT Sefasebas miscems: `ra misi bralia ZaliT daiWires da awvales!~... e.
ninoSvilis nawerebSi, saerTod, WeSmariti siyvarulis meqanizmis daxasiaTebi-
sas, roca urTierTgageba da sulieri erToba gamodis wyvilTa daaxloebis piro-
bad, roca cxovrebis siZneleebTan SeWidebisas mamakaci sayrdenad evlineba
sust qals, isaxeba siyvarulis is idealuri varianti, romlis arsi isaa, rom ada-
mianis fizikuri mxaris gatacebis gancdas gverdSi amoudges sulieri monaceme-
biT moxibluloba da an piriqiT. asea am grZnobis Casaxva-ganviTarebis suraTi
warmosaxuli `simonaSi~, àrSiynsa~ da `partaxSi~. am TxzulebebSi satrfialo
wyvilTa sulieri komunikaciisas mniSvnelovan funqcias asrulebs T v a l i, ada-
mianis fizikuri samyaros azrovnuli procesis metyveli organo... `mxsnel ange-
lozsaviT Semxvdi Sen dRes~, — eubneba simonas wyalobiT gaWirvebidan Tavdax-
snili dariko vaJs da ise àlersianad miapyro Tavisi didroni Sav-Savi Tvalebi,
rom simonas ZarRvebSi raRac erTgvarma sitkboebam gaurbina... ramdensac mets
umzerda, imdenze kidev ufro meti undoda emzirna~... (`simona~). ...TvalebiT esa-
ubrebian urTierTs vardiko da siko, rac mwerals amgvari komentaris sababsac
aZlevs: àmboben, arSiyT anu trfialT SeuZliaT TvalebiT elaparakon erTma-
neTs da yovelive TavianTi azri da goneba gaagebinono~ (àrSiyni~). sxva analogi-
ur viTarebaSic `levani da melania~ TiTqos xedavdnen kidec erTmaneTis guls.
isini marto sityviT ki ara, TvalebiTac elaparakebodnen erTmaneTs, gaegebo-
daT erTmaneTis grZnobebi da TanaugrZnobdnen erTmaneTs~ (`partaxi~). esaa ada-
mianTa imgvari damokidebuleba, sadac sulieri momenti wina planze iwevs da ga-
nagebs fizikurs. samive SemTxvevaSi SeyvarebulTa xvedri tragikulia. am safuZ-
vlidan gamomdinare darikosa da simonas siyvaruli, romelic mimarTuli iyo
ojaxuri simyudrovis Seqmnisaken, ver aRwevs mizans; is utifari, garegani Zalis
meoxebiT iTrguneba da ispoba. vardikosa da sikos axalgazrdul vnebaTa msxvre-
vis pirobad, erTdroulad gamodis ojaxuri, colqmruli urTierTobis sarCu-
lad qalisa da mamakacis asakobrivi Seuferebloba da axalgazrda SeyvarebulTa
grZnobebiT moTvalTvale mesame mamakacis — (gulias) Selaxuli Tavmoyvareoba.
mesame SemTxvevaSi levanisa da melanias (lizas) lamaz urTierTobas arRvevs
tradiciis artaxebqveS moqceuli ojaxuri servilizmis moTxovna. yvela Sem-
TxvevaSi siyvarulis socializacia yovelTvis tragediiT mTavrdeba. mravali
moazrovnisa da mwerlis winaSe idga da dgas es mwvave problema. fiqroben, rom
408
`siyvarulisa da sqesis socializacia kacobriobis istoriis erTi yvelaze uf-
ro ukusagdebi procesia, is asaxierebs adamianur cxovrebas da ayenebs adamia-
nebs uamrav tanjvas~ (n. berdiaevi). mraval Tanamedrove moazrovnes aSfoTebs,
roca sazogadoeba ereva pirovnebis erotikul cxovrebaSi da axdens `siyvaru-
lis uflebis socialur SezRudvas~. irwmunebian imasac, rom namdvili `siyvaru-
li yovelTvis aralegaluria. legaluri siyvaruli ukve mkvdari siyvarulia~. am
TvalsazrisiT `Tuki meurneobis socializacia sasurveli da samarTliania, ma-
Sin iq adamianis socializacia~, siyvarulisa da erotikis sferoSi àris wyaro
monobisa~ da sulierad reaqciulia, amitomacaa, rom yovelTvis `msoflio li-
teratura icavda siyvarulis uflebasa da Rirsebas da saxeldobr arasociali-
zirebul siyvaruls~ (n. berdiaevi).
aRniSnuli Sexedulebebis gadmocema imitomac movaxdineT, rom esaa pozicia
uaRresad Tanamedrove xedvis moazrovne-filosofosisa (n. berdiaevi), romlis
msjelobis amosavali aris dasavluri eTikur-esTetikuri samyaro. egnate ninoS-
vilis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom is Tavisi mxatvruli mzeris areSi aqcevs am
problemebs da iseT interesebs avlens, romelic misi, rogorc mwerlisa da moaz-
rovnis, Sinaganad mowiful kulturul-literaturul orientacias mowmobs. misi
mxatvruli mizanswrafvaa evropuli mwerlobis problematikis wredSi moaqcios
qarTvelis fsiqikur-biologiuri cxovreba, daakvirdes evropul sinamdvileSi
Camoyalibebul TvisebaTa transformacias CvenSi da gviCvenos am procesTagan ga-
momdinare Sedegebi. Tu darikosa da simonas, despinesa da spiridonis ojaxTa
rRvevis mizezad garegani, uxeSi, gaSiSvlebuli biologizmis TareSs ayolili, so-
cialurad umwifari arsebebi gamodian, àrSiynsa~ da ùcnaur senSi~, `partaxsa~,
Tu `col-qmarSi~, ojaxis, rogorc garkveuli socialuri erTeulis, rRvevas swo-
red siyvarulis socializaciis tradiciuli moTxovnebi iwvevs.
garkveuli azriT, àralegaluri~ xasiaTisaa vardikosa da sikos, melaniasa
da levanis, manasa da simonis siyvaruli; roca maTi urTierTobis aseTi Tu iseTi
formiT `legalizireba~ xdeba, isini tragikuli SedegiT mTavrdebian. intimur
urTierTobaTa socializaciis pirvel ujreds ki imTaviTve ojaxi warmoadgens.
ojaxis, rogorc garkveuli socialuri erTeulis, Sinaganad daSlaze mwer-
lis dakvirvebiT ZiriTadad ori faqtori zemoqmedebs: biologiuri da fsiqo-
logiuri. misi fesvebi, rasakvirvelia, tradiciul social-eTikur warmodgene-
biTa da RirebulebebiT sazrdoobs. tradiciuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad ki asa-
kobrivi gansxvaveba wyvilTa Soris dasaSvebia. amitomacaa, rom elizbar Tafla-
Ze bevrad umcros vardikoze qorwindeba. Wknobis fazaSi Sesul elizbars `saxe-
ze etyoboda, rom is mSvenierTa sqesis Tayvanismcemeli ar iyo~, magram raki ùz-
runvelad cxovrobs~, àrc iWviani kacia~, amdenad, bunebrivad Tvlis, rom da-
qorwindes 17-18 wlis ulamazes qalze, romlis mSvenierebaze simRera-leqsebic
ki iqmneboda... qmari TviTkmayofilia, rom coli `tkbili sulieria~, magram is an-
gariSs ar uwevs qalis bunebriv moTxovnilebebs: qali moiTxovs siyvaruls, yu-
radRebas, mamakacur Zalas, roca saamiso kandidatura Cndeba `lxinis Wipad~ wo-
debuli, sicocxliT da silamaziT savse sikos saxiT. siyvarulis mzaobiT avse-
buli vardikos guli Rebulobs am jildos... iwyeba satrfialo wyvilTa àrale-
galuri~ Sexvedrebi, romlis calkeuli epizodebi (magaliTad, vardikos oTaxSi
paemani RamiT), frangul romanebSi aRweril msgavs epizodebs ar Camouvardeba...
tradiciuli warmodgenebiT mcxovrebi qmari, Ralatis gamoaSkaravebis Semdeg
imis magivrad, rom Tavisi Tavic CaTvalos damnaSaved, usafuZvlo SurisZiebiT
anTebuli xanjliT klavs umweo qals. am TvalsazrisiT, kidev ufro mZafri su-
raTia daxatuli ùcnaur senSi~. aq ojaxis rRvevis mizezi isaa, rom mamakaci arc
biologiurad arc fsiqologiurad Semzadebuli araa siyvarulisaTvis. `mizezi
gabriela CamwardaZisagan colis SeurTaobisa is iyo, rom jer TviT bunebiT ar
409
iyo qalebis moyvaruli da mere kidev Seusvenebelma Sromam da ojaxis zrunvam
sul moukla es grZnoba~. rogorc vxedavT bunebiT sust mamakacSi, mkrTalad
warmodgenili seqsualuri energiis, rogorc amboben, sublimirebac moxda. mag-
ram rogorc ki myar ekonomikur safuZvelze mdgomi ojaxis gaveranebis saSiSro-
eba dadga, dawyvilebis socialuri aucilebloba iqmneba, romelsac faruli
protestis miuxedavad urigdeba xanSiSesuli mamakacis fsiqologia: `...dasaqce-
vi, rac ar ginda maincdamainc igi unda daemarTos kacs! ar SevirTav cols-meTqi
vCemobdi da axla ki ise moewyo saqme, rom unda SevirTo! ra unda vqna rom ar Se-
virTo? me rom yanaSi waval, sapyari dedaCemi loginze upatronod rCeba. sxva gza
ar aris, rac ar mindoda, igi unda gavxde!~ ...aseTi arasrulfasovani mamakaci
qorwindeba qalze. romlis `mziTvi misi silamazea~ da ymawvil-kacebs natvrad
aqvT qceuli: ìm bedis gamxade~, es `lamazi moxdenili arseba~ SemerTos cola-
do. esaa ukve imTaviTve rRveva bunebis kanonisa, sijansaRisa da sicocxlis wina-
aRmdeg amxedreba yavlagasuli socialur-eTikuri moTxovnilebisa, romelic
TavisTavadaa mraval gaugebrobaTa warmoSobis saTave. TviT am tradiciebiT Se-
boWili mamakacis fsiqikaSic xdeba urTierTsawinaaRmdego azrTa da gancdaTa
Widili, romelic sagulisxmodaa aRwerili TxzulebaSi: `roca Tavis sacolo
tasos Seavlo Tvali, siyvarulis eSxzedac ki movida es dedaTa sqesis moZule
xanSi Sesuli kaci~. marTalia, verc imas vityviT, rom gabrielisaTvis ar gaerbi-
nos aseT fiqrebs: `me ager kidec movxucdi da Cemi sacolo ki TiTqmis bavSvia!
riTi SevferiT Cven erTmaneTs? Cems sacolos siymawvilis Citi ufrinavs gulSi
da me ki moxucebulobis yvavi CamomCxavis!~ e. ninoSvilis dakvirvebiT, rac Tana-
medrove moazrovneTa Sexedulebebis doneze dgas amgvar filosofiur mosazre-
bas uswavleli kacis moqmedebaSi Zlier mcire adgili uWiravs. Tavi da Tavi gav-
leniani ZarRvi uvicisaTvis erTxel daarsebuli zne-Cveulebaa. ai, is Cveuleba
uxvevda Tvalebs da eubneboda gabrielas: `ra yuradRebis Rirsia, rom Sensa da
Sens cols Soris didi gansxvavebaa yvelafriT! Sen qmari iqnebi, is — coli, Sen —
batoni: is — yma~. esaa swored sameurneo wyobas daqvemdebarebuli is ierarqiuli
damokidebuleba wyvilTa Soris, sadac urTierTobaSi monobis elementi domini-
rebs da mamakaci ganasaxierebs im Zalas, romelic batonobs yvelaferze. adamian-
Si arsebul Seuryvnel, bunebriv sindisis Sinagan xmas, mocemul SemTxvevaSi, ax-
Sobs sazogadoebrivi etiketi da is gamodis siyvarulis uflebis SemzRudav Za-
lad. qalisa da mamakacis urTierTobis procesSi TavCenili am ùsamarTlo Zlie-
rebis cud SedegTa~ nair-nairi formebia asaxuli egnate ninoSvilis Semoqmede-
baSi. Tu ùcnauri seni~ da àrSiyni~ wyvilTa asakobrivi Seusabamobis niadagze
warmoSobil konfliqts gvisuraTebs, `partaxsa~ da `col-qmarSi~ (romelsac
pirveli Txzulebis erTgvar variantadac Tvlian) naCvenebia, rom ojaxuri kon-
fliqtis mizezad, asakobrivi Sesabamisobis pirobebSi rogor gamodis qalisa da
mamakacis interesTa, gemovnebisa da Segnebis sxvadasxvaoba. is faqti, rom mamaka-
ci axdens ojaxis safuZvelTa-safuZvelis — intimuri urTierTobis erTgvar so-
cializirebas, roca mowadinebulia ojaxis wevrTa, magram mainc sxvaTa, intere-
sebTan SesabamisobaSi aagos is, — marcxiT mTavrdeba. aqedan col-qmars Soris
siyvarulis gafurCqvna ki ar iwyeba, aramed siZulvilis grZnobis ganviTareba da
yalibdeba is moCvenebiTi mSvidobianobis ieris Semcveli garemo, romelic su-
lierad Trgunavs adamians da aiZulebs icxovros bunebis, Sinagani patiosnebis
sawinaaRmdegod. adamianuri cxovrebis tragediaa, rom adamianebi, romelTac
`rjuli da sindisi didad swamT~, iZulebulni arian moTminebiT Seeguon mware
realobas da amqveynad siyvarulisaTvis gaCenilebma, siZulviliTa da boRmiT
ataron ojaxuri cxovrebis uReli. amgvari ojaxuri uRliT guldaTuTqul e. ni-
noSvilis mier daxatul qalebs kargad aqvT gacnobierebuli adamianTa winaSe
mdgari es `wyevla-krulviani sakiTxavi~... `Zalian ubedurad aris mowyobili qa-
410
lis saqme~... `Taobidan aris yoliferi uxeirod mowyobili~, mware fiqrebs mih-
yveba gacruebuli imedebis amara darCenili qalis fiqri, romelsac usazRvroe-
bisaken mihyavs meocnebe fantazia. `fiqrebs ra gaaTavebs! fiqri maSvin mTavrde-
ba, maSvin yoliferi gaTavdeba~... ratomaa ase mware es cxovreba? aris ki gamosa-
vali am Cixidan? fiqroben mwerlis mier daxatuli araTu axalgazrda, aramed
cxovrebis gamocdilebiT datvirTuli xandazmuli qalebic da ase uanalizeben
axalgazrdebs colqmruli cxovrebis av-kargs: `marTalia, Svilo, Zalian gasaWi-
ri saqmea! ...sxvisi da sxvisi Svili jer erTmaneTs verc qe icnoben, ise SexTebian
col-qmraT! Tu iRbalma qna da kai Tvalze Sexedes erTmaneTs, igia, qe icxovre-
ben, Tu ara, Znelia! nametani Znelia!~ riT SeiZleba am siZnelis garRveva? ismeba
kiTxva da amaze pasuxic moepoveba erovnuli tradiciiT SemosazRvruli znema-
Rali qalis gonebas: `sulgrZelobis meti araferi gaewyoba... ramdeni Senze vare-
si minaxavs da gamigonia, hm, mara ras izam, asea Cveni rjuli, sicocxleSi col-
qmari veRar moscildeba erTi meores~... gamocdili qalis dakvirvebiT, wyvilTa
znesrulobaze damyarebul TanabarRirebulovnebasac ki ar SeuZlia amoavsos
xasiaTTa Soris arsebuli ufskruli. qarTuli eTnofsiqologiuri wyobis qali-
saTvis erTaderTi xsna, Tu mas Svili hyavs, Svilze fiqria. ase axsenebs da uner-
gavs sicocxlisken mibrunebis SesaZleblobebs cxovrebis skolagamovlili qali
gamoucdel qals, roca arigebs: `rac qals amisanai Svili gyavs, amis dedam, yoli-
feri tanjva unda deiviwyo~... da axalgazrda dedac cdilobs gauZlos mware si-
namdviles, radgan patara biWuna (luka) ànTia mis daRamebul gulSi sanTlad!~ e.
ninoSvilis daCagruli qalebi (taso iqneba es, vardiko Tu melania (liza) cdi-
loben gaarRvion mZime ojaxur urTierTobebSi Casaxuli siZulvili, ipovon da-
sayrdeni sxva mamakacebis saxiT da aseTi Tu iseTi formiT Seimsubuqon cxovre-
bis tvirTi. erTi SexedviT, maTi amnairi moqmedeba SeiZleba Sefasdes rogorc
amoraluri. magram msoflio literaturaSi cnobilia mravali faqti, roca qa-
lebi meSCanuri SeboWilobisgan Tavdaxsnas, moCvenebiT da yalb urTierTobebs,
naRd da bunebriv siyvaruls amjobineben da mis samsxverploze miaqvT TavianTi
viwro-pirovnuli, pativmoyvareobiT Semofargluli crugrZnobebi, amitomac
SemTxveviTi araa, rom zogierTi saxelganTqmuli mwerali da moazrovne zneob-
riv danaSaulad Tvlis ara anasa da vronskis aralegalur pirobebSi gaSlil siy-
varuls, aramed anasa da misi kanonieri qmris — kareninis (l.tolstoi, àna kare-
nina~) qorwinebiT urTierTobas. qorwinebis gagrZeleba, roca wyvilTa Soris
siyvaruli aRaraa — uzneobadaa CaTvlili. am poziciidan, mxolod WeSmarit ur-
TierTndobasa da gagebaze agebuli siyvaruli amarTlebs yvelafers. bavSvebis
sakiTxi ki sxva problemadaa CaTvlili da zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT, roca mSob-
lebs ar uyvarT erTmaneTi, ymawvilebSi arasasurvel TvisebaTa gamomuSavebis
wyarodaa aRiarebuli. e. ninoSvilis nawerebSi aravrclad, magram mainc vlinde-
ba amgvar situaciaTa daxatvisadmi swrafva. magram, roca siyvarulSi gauxareli
qalis ukanaskneli `sanTelic qreba~, — Svili iRupeba, sasowarkveTil, umweo
qals, garda TviTmkvlelobisa, aRara darCenia ra. rasakvirvelia, esaa ukve fsi-
qikadarRveuli adamianis qceva, magram grZnobaTa usafuZvlo socializaciis
wyalobiT mopovebuli, amqveynad yvelaze faqiz, socialur ujredSi — ojaxSi
warmoSobili ùsamarTlo Zlierebis~ batonobiT gamowveuli samwuxaro Sedegi.
***
adamianis erTob rTuli fsiqikuri samyaros farul, metad Znelad gasamxel

fiqrTa dinebas aSiSvlebs e. ninoSvili STambeWdavi saTauris mqone daumTavre-
bel nawarmoebSi `col-qmari~, sadac jvardasawerad gamzadebuli ymawvili kaci
411
Tavis warmodgenaSi sacoles udarebs ara sxvas, aramed axlobels, biZaSvilis
cols.
ai, swored aq iwyeba Widili adamianis fsiqikis aracnobiersa da cnobier sfe-
roebs Soris. e. ninoSvilis, rogorc mwerlis, sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom is
gviCvenebs adamianis sulis am Sinagan dramas. amasTan damarwmuneblad asuraTebs
zneobrivisa da gonieris anu cnobieris gamarjvebis process aracnobiersa da,
amdenad, biologiurze. ai, rogoria gonebrivi cenzoris moqmedebis ragvaroba
misi fizikuri monacemebiT moxibluli, biologiur cdunebas ayolili axalgaz-
rda mamakacis fsiqikaSi: `rogor, matrone, qmriani qali, biZaSvilis coli!... wmin-
dao giorgi, Sen damicavi!~ kidev gaimeora samsonam. tradiciaTa da religiurad
ganmtkicebul warmodgenisadmi SiSs, krZalvasa da rwmenas, kvlav wamoeWideba
egoisturi sawyisi, roca mwerali ar eSveba misi personaJis gaorebul samyaros
da mihyveba mas bolomde: am kacs Tvalwin `mainc urboda matronas saxe~. ...`ra
uSavda beds, matrone CemTvis ergunebia! Cemi biZaSvili sxvas SeirTavda!~ kidev
ufro Tamamia e. ninoSvilis midgoma siyvarulis moqmedebis sazRvrebisadmi, ro-
ca is am grZnobis Casaxva-ganviTarebis suraTs aRwers iseT uaxloes wreSi, ro-
goric da-Zmaa. aq mwerali Tavis did TanamokalmeTa msgavsad (mag., lev tolsto-
is `bavSvoba, siWabuke, yrmoba~, òmi da mSvidoba~) kidev erTxel miaqcevs mkiTx-
velis yuradRebas, gardatexis asakSi, Tu raoden saSiSia sapirispiro sqesis na-
TesavTa siaxlove. e. ninoSvili, saxelovan evropel da rus mweralTagan gansxva-
vebiT, mainc qarTuli fsiqologiis gamomxatvel beletristad rCeba, roca ro-
man `janyi guriaSi~ mimarTavs erTgvar mwerlur fands: giorgisa da gulos ded-
mamiSvilur damokidebulebaSi gulos mxriv isaxeba siyvarulis grZnoba. erov-
nuli cnobierebis TvalsazrisiT, erTi SexedviT zneobrivad saSiS sferoSi iW-
reba mwerali, roca Txrobas ise warmarTavs, rom mkiTxvels uqmnis iluzias, di-
di xnis daSorebuli Zmis mimarT momwifebis asakSi myofma, Tundac bibliasa da
`vefxistyaosanze~ aRzrdilma qalma, dauSvas zneobrivi Secdoma, Seiyvaros
Zma... magram egnate ninoSvils akrZalul sazRvrebSi qalSi gaRviZebuli siyvaru-
lis es grZnoba garkveulad zneobriv sadinebelze gadaaqvs, roca kvanZs xsnis da
gvamcnobs, rom, Turme giorgi da gulo da-Zmani ki araa, aramed giorgi gulos
ojaxSi didi WoWmanis Semdeg Svilad ayvanili, msaxurTa: xosruasa da varskvla-
visas aralegaluri urTierTobis nayofia. amis Sesaxeb gamzrdeli qalisagan
cnoba aqvs gulos da a.S. ase rom, roca e. ninoSvili siyvarulis gamovlenis saxi-
faTo zonebs aRwers, TiTqos `bewvis xidzed~ gadis, magram Tavisi mxatvruli
xedviT yvelgan eTikurad myar pozicias irCevs da Tu Tvals adevnebs persona-
JebSi Casaxul amgvar grZnobaTa da fiqrTa dinebas, es mxolod imitom, rom
mkiTxvels gausigrZeganos adamianuri cxovrebis sirTule da misi zneobrivad
tarebis Rirebuleba.
***
1892 wels, gaz. ìveriSi~ (262-277) gamoqveynda egnate ninoSvilis `qristine~.

qarTul literaturaSi egnate ninoSvilis `qristinemde~ ar Cans prostituciis
gzaze Semdgari qarTveli qali, araa naCvenebi qalis zneobrivi degradaciis war-
momSobi mizezebi; arsad ar gvxvdeba mwerals Tvali miedevnebinos satrfosagan
motyuebuli, imedgacruebuli naTeli sulis qalis cxovrebis istoriisadmi,
romelic mkacrma realobam adamianTa gasarTob arsebad aqcia. maRali wris war-
momadgenlebisagan gaubedurebuli qali Tu rogor iqceva saroskipos binadrad,
uzneobis garemoSi qalis sulieri dacema ranairad amzadebs missave fsiqikis su-
lier aRdgoma-aRorZinebas, es Tema, rogorc viciT, didi epikuri masStaburo-
biT `qristines~ Seqmnidan randenime wlis Semdeg (1896 w.) iqneba damuSavebuli
412
rusul literaturul samyaroSi genialuri lev tolstois mier, roca didi mwe-
rali aqveynebs romans saxelwodebiT — àRdgoma~; ukve TavisTavad is faqti, rom
egnate ninoSvili eWideboda amgvar Temebs, rom is didi siTamamiT cdilobs aCve-
nos qarTul garemoSi qarTveli adamianis zneobrivi saxecvlilebis social-
fsiqologiuri mizezebi, miuTiTebs misi mxatvruli azrovnebis sifarToveze.
qarTuli soflis maRalzneobriv tradiciebis garemocvaSi aRzrdil umanko
sulis qalis — sonasa (igive sofio) da qristines prostituciis gzaze gasvlis
mizezad nawarmoebSi swored amqveynad arsebuli ùsamarTlo Zlierebis~ arse-
boba gamodis. ùsamarTlo Zliereba~ aq personificirebulia erTi mxriv levan
ZvelseniZeSi, romelic xelmZRvanelobs tradiciul Tavadur garemoSi dabude-
buli socialuri principiT — Zliers ekuTvnis susti... — esaa e. ninoSvilis mier
SemCneuli `mgelkacis~ cxovrebis devizi. amitomacaa, rom igi ìse uyurebda so-
fios, rogorc mgeli batkans~... meore mxriv, mkiTxvelis winaSe ikveTeba `sauz-
miT, sadiliT, vaxSamiT da ZiliT~, Conguris mSvenieri dakvriT, simReriT cnobi-
li, momxibvlelad moubari `gvelkacis~ — iason uqmaZis saxe, romelic swored
laqardiani eniT, moCvenebiTi gulwrfelobiT, marTlac, rom gveluri qceviT,
axerxebs yvela zneobrivi jebiris darRvevas, `rjulze ufro umtkicesi~ erov-
nuli tradiciis — `ZuZumteobis~ dasamarebiT dawyebuli, qristines `xelSi mog-
debiTa~ da misi `mitovebiT~ damTavrebuli.
Tu levan ZvelseniZe ZaladobiT, ise rom sakuTari dac ki `pirutyvs~ ada-
rebs, imorCilebs sofios (sonas), iason uqmaZe ficiT, siyvaruliT Sepyrobili
mamakacis mdgomareobis niWieri inscenirebiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, naxevrad gul-
wrfeli grZnobebis frqveviT, aRwevs mizans; mwerali Tvals adevnebs qal-vaJis
urTierTobebs da ise warmosaxavs ymawvilkacTa natvris sagnad qceul qristine-
sa da iasonis saxeebs; is am qveynad ganxorcielebuli siyvarulis saocnebo ide-
als uqmnis mkiTxvels, roca ityvis: am wyvilisTvis, rom `SegexedaT, ityodiT,
eseni erTmaneTisTvis daubadia gangebas da kidec Sexvedrian erTmaneTso~. aq da-
marwmunebladaa naCvenebi siyvaruliT atacebuli qal-vaJis gancdebi, roca ada-
mians TviT gvelic ki am didi grZnobiT galamazebul arsebad eCveneba. am mxriv
yuradRebas iqcevs maTi pirveli paemanidan erTi epizodi, roca daburul tyeSi
gvels waawydebian: `vaime, ra undoda am wyeuls aqanai, wamoiZaxa qristinem da mi-
ekra iasons. vin icis, iqneba isic siyvaruls ucdida, ver hxedav rava lamazia?~ —
pasuxobs iasoni. esaa SeyvarebulTa TvaliT danaxuli qveyana, sadac garkveul
momentSi ar arsebobs adgili zneobrivi cTunebisaTvis. magram Semdeg vxedavT,
rom cxovreba aris akvani didi cTunebis da didi simwarisa. iluziaa siyvarulis
maradiulobis, uangaro urTierTobebis arsebobis moTxovna, roca erTi mxare
(iasonis saxiT) mxolod Tavisi unebisyofobiT, grZnobaTa amorfulobas ganasa-
xierebs, xolo meore (qristine), qalwulebrivi umankoebiT, im gulubryvilobas,
romelic mravalgzis qceula uzneobis msxverplad. grZnobaTa amgvari uTanab-
robis pirobebSi mimdinare urTierToba ganwirulia da saxeze kvlav misi `samwu-
xaro Sedegic~ gveZleva. pirveli paemanis dros àRtacebuli TvalebiT~ mzira-
li iasoni, bolo paemanze imaleba da roca axaldaqorwinebuls SemTxveviT mis-
gan mitovebuli qristine SeeCexeba, idrikeba, swored rom gveliviT iklakneba,
Zveli satrfosagan gaqcevis surviliT ivseba. mis binZur mexsierebas mxolod sa-
kuTari ùkanono~ vaJi agonebs erT dros xatze siyvaruldaficebul, aw ki da-
kargul qristines: ìciT, ra lamazi iyo misi deda? mTeli weliwadi movundi imis
xelSi mogdebas. neta sad aris axla?~ — esaa mxolod da mxolod biologiuradac
daSretili kacis nostalgia, romelSic sakuTari fizikuri da sulieri aras-
rulfasovnebis momenti ufro dominirebs, vidre Cadenilis monaniebis Segneba.
levan ZvelseniZe, rogorc mwerali uwodebs ès axali drois luarsab TaTqa-
riZe~ da iason uqmaZe TavianTi Segnebis doniT rCebian im patriarqaluri gare-
413
mos monad, romelic zRudavs maTi individualuri TviTganwmendis process.
amiT gansxvavdebian isini nexliudovisagan (àRdgoma~), romelic kulturul-in-
teligenturi habitusiT evropuli sulieri samyaros produqti ufroa, vidre
rusuli sulis gamovlinebis bunebrivi Sedegi. levanica da iasonic qarTuli wi-
aRis yvela niSans atareben: socialurs, biologiursa da fsiqologiurs. amito-
mac ganasaxiereben im nakls, rac Zveli da axali saqarTvelos yvela atributis
urTierTTan Sexvedram gamoiwvia. qristianuli codva-madlisa da rusTavelis
samyarodan momdinare sibrZne maT SegnebaSi am diad wignTagan amokiTxuli fra-
zebis gaukuRmarTebul forsirebas Seucvlia: `RmerTma erTi viT acxonos, Tu
meore ar waswymidos~, an `sma-Wama didad Sesargi~, am ugvano, gonebrivad moumwi-
febel qarTvelTa xelSi mxolod warwymendisa da zneobrivi gadagvarebis im-
pulsad qceula da codnis am fasadur demonstrirebas STaunTqavs maTi namdvi-
li Sinaarsi. amitomac iolad batondeba am ymawvilkacTa `me~-ze biologiuri
sawyisi da mis wiaRSi inTqmeba sulier-zneobriv RirebulebaTa Segneba. esaa imis
safuZveli, rom isini sindisis yovelgvari qenjnis gareSe Rupaven umanko
msxverpls — am qalTa saxiT. eg. ninoSvilma maxvili realisturi niWiT daxata
cxovrebisagan sulierad gatexil umweo qalTa uzneobasTan Seguebis procesi.
Tu sofio, Tavisi asakobrivi mcirewlovanebis gamo, Semcdeneli Tavadis dedisa
da dis dayvavebis, saCuqrebis wyalobiT egueba garemos, ise, rom Semdeg protes-
tis grZnobas kargavs, daqalebasTan, asakSi SesvlasTan erTad, SesaniSnavad ife-
rebs Tavadis xarWobas, — qristinesaTvis, romelmac ùkanono~ Svili Soba, tra-
gediad qceula arsebulTan Segueba. mas Semdeg, rac levan ZvelseniZem coli
iTxova, sofio iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina Tavadis ojaxi, daqorwinebuliyo
kidec, magram rogorc es cxovrebaSi xSirad xdeba xolme, ukve karg cxovrebas
SeCveul, biologiurad TviTkmayofil qals, aRar SeuZlia glexkacis gauxarel
jafiT da sazrunaviT avsebul mZime garemoSi arseboba da ufro eioleba Zvele-
burad uzrunveli, Tavisufali cxovreba. ase iwyeba adamianis dacema, romelic
mas jer vaWris xasad aqcevs da Semdeg ki qalaqis saroskipos mkvidrad. erT dros
Tavadisagan ZaliT Secdenili sofleli umanko gogona-sofio TandaTanobiT
gardaiqmneba qalaqis cnobil meZavad da iwodeba sonad. magram soflidan mSveni-
er sulier sagzlad Tandayolili xasiaTis sinaze da sikeTis grZnoba, mware
cxovrebis miuxedavad, masSi ar hqreba. drodadro sona sofelSic gamoCndeba,
Zmebs daxedavs, fuls da saCuqrebs dautovebs da isev qalaqs ubrundeba. marTa-
lia, sonas, iseve, rogorc misnairi mware xvedris mraval adamians, xSirad moeZa-
leba gauvali sevdiT, sibneliT mosili fiqrebi: `ra sicocxlea Cemi sicocxle!
jer sanam eg saxe SemrCenia, viRac aTas oxeris saTamaSod da gaxurebuli gulis
gasagrileblad unda vegdo, isic lukmapuris da tanisamosi-WinWisaTvis! mere,
roca movxucdebi, vin icis, ra momelis! moxucebamdinac romeli seni sad damal-
pobs~, — aseTi unugeSo, sasowarkveTili TvaliT uyurebda sona Tavis cxovrebas,
magram ra eqna? garemoebis wyalobiT erTxel Cavardnili amgvar cxovrebis mo-
revSi, veRar xedavda gamosaval gzas da micuravda mis talRebSi~. esaa qalaqis im
binZuri cxovrebis talRebi, romelic dasaRupav morevSi iTrevs qarTuli sof-
lis wiaRidan mosul, iZulebiTi prostituciis mZime tvirTqveS gasasresad gan-
wirul ubedur qalebs. qalaqi aris misi akvani, am nawarmoebis mixedviT, kerZod
Tbilis-qalaqi, sadac sonasa da Semdeg qristines TavSesafrad qceul saroski-
pos patron, gaqnil, èSmakuri TvalebiT metyvel~, meSCanuri sulis natalias
sityviT, `yvelaferi fuli Rirs~. aseve qalaqis mware cxovrebis brZmedSi gamo-
tarebulma am zneobadakargulma qalma kargad icis qalaqSi bedismaZieblad Ca-
mosul axalgazrda provincielTa da, gansakuTrebiT, gaubedurebul qalTa fsi-
qologia, roca axali samyaros pirispir damdgar SeSinebul qristines arigebs:
`qalaqi sxva ramea, aq Tu ymawvilma fexi Semodga, mere qalaqisaa, veRarsad wau-
414
va!~. aseTia evropuli cxovrebis garegnuli miRebis procesSi qarTul garemoSi
warmoSobil im zneobriv kataklizmTa wyalobiT Seqmnili sulieri SeWirvebebis
qveS moqceul qarTvel qalTa cxovrebis sevdiani istoria. saerTod, unda aRi-
niSnos, rom e. ninoSvilis mier daxatul qristinesa da sonas fsiqologia — es
araa tradiciuli roskipis fsiqologia. maTs SegnebaSi sabolood ar iZirkveba
zneobrivi sawyisisadmi erTgulebis grZnoba. magaliTad, lev tolstois perso-
naJisagan (katuSa maslova) gansxvavebiT, isini ki ar amayoben TavianTi profesi-
iT, aramed rcxveniaT, ganicdian, monaniebis wyurviliT arian Sepyrobilni, sev-
diT moculni ocneboben umwikvlo warsulis dabrunebaze da uimedod imsWvale-
bian uzneobiT avsebuli awmyosadmi. es ukve am qalTa fsiqikaSi aracnobierad
fesvgadgmuli qarTuli eTno-fsiqologiis gamovlenaa da misi danaxva e. ninoS-
vilis, rogorc erovnuli cxovrebis wiaRSi Rrmad Caxeduli mwerlis, Rirsebac.
***
e. ninoSvili gabeduli mwerali aRmoCnda. rogorc iTqva, mis nawarmoebebSi

colebi xSirad Ralatoben qmrebs (àrSiyni~, ùcnauri seni~, `partaxi~ da sxv). ma-
makacebi Tamamad aSiSvleben TavianT warmosaxvaSi biZaSvilis colebs (`coli da
qmari~), dobils Seuyvardeba Zmobili (`janyi guriaSi~) da sxva. e. ninoSvili ar
erideba Caixedos erT dros mSvenieri, mSromeli, oblebis aRmzrdeli moxuci qa-
lis (qeTevanis) sulSi, romelic, SromaSi STanTqmuli jabani qmris gamo, axalgaz-
rdobaSi moparuli siyvaruliT imsubuqebda cxovrebis tvirTs, roca ambobda:
`motyda guli, davberdi, Tvara siyvarulis cali sxva raRaa amqveyanazed~. saer-
Tod, unda iTqvas, rom Sromis simZimis qveS moxrili e. ninoSvilis gmirebi, araso-
des ar iqcevian garemos monad. isini ver urigdebian veranair uRels, maT Soris —
verc colqmruli monobisas. Znelia sxva avtoris dasaxeleba, visac amdeni bunta-
ruli suliT avsebuli, Tavisuflebaze meocnebe personaJi daexatos. isic unda
iTqvas, rom es adamianebi socialur siduxWires marto iaraRiT da fiqrebiT ki ar
ebrZvian, aramed `Cxavris~ RviniT; `tkbili, melodiuri Cangis simReriT~, umZimes
wuTebSi àbadeliasa~ da `xasanbeguras~ xmebiTac imsubuqeben dards cxovrebisas.
maTi sityva-pasuxi beCavi adamianis suls ki ar gvidgens, aramed gonebrivi simkvir-
cxlisa da enamaxvilobis zeims warmoadgens. ai, rogori Tamami, tradiciebiT `da-
sazRvruli~ qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis manamde ucnobi azrebi mosdiT ninoSvi-
lis gmirebs: `ramdeni adamiani klavs Tavis cols imis gulisaTvis, rom Searcxvina.
ramdeni ymawvili qali iklavs Tavs saxelis gatexis SiSiT... ramdeni adamiani daRu-
pula imis gulisaTvis, rom `garyvnileba~ daefara. kargia es? ratom ise ar uyure-
ben im saqmesac, rogorc smas, Wamas, sicils, laparaks, TamaSs?~ — ase fiqrobs erT-
erTi personaJi (àrSiyni~) da, unda iTqvas, rom Cvens literaturaSi amgvari fiq-
rebisaTvis gzis gaxsna e. ninoSvilis mxriv sakmaod gabeduli nabiji gaxldaT.
e. ninoSvilma qarTul garemoSi pirvelad miaqcia yuradReba donJuanur ti-
pebs (`Cveni qveynis raindi~, `qristine~, àrSiyni~ `simona~ da sxv.). aseTia tariel
mklavaZe, iason uqmaZe, kote mamaliZe, titiko da sxv. es, viwro asparezze moqme-
di, qarTveli donJuanebi an fizikurad Rupaven, an kidev xels uwyoben, rom
prostituciis gzas daadgnen patiosani qarTveli qalebi. am Temis damuSavebis
procesSic e. ninoSvili adamianis samyaros sirTulis Cvenebasac cdilobs. mwe-
rali axerxebs zneobrivad wamxdar garemoSi moqceul qristines SeunarCunos Si-
nagani sulieri siwminde. g.qiqoZis Tqmisamebr, esaa saxe ùmanko meZavisa~, roca
zneobriv WaobSic ki sulierad wmindad rCeba socialuri usamarTlobisagan
xorcielad prostituciis gzaze Semdgari qali. galaktion tabiZis sityviT,
`mwerali aZlevs am qals sicocxles, romlis msgavsi arc manamde da arc Semdeg
qarTul mwerlobaSi ar Semxvedriao~...
415
***
egnate ninoSvili spiridon mciriSvilis magaliTze qmnis qarTveli inteli-

gentis tips. esaa kaci, romelic azrebiT, gancdebiT, maRali idealebiT cxov-
robs, faqizi sulis adamiania, moudrekeli da ukompromiso. swored moTxrobaSi
`Cveni qveynis raindi~, gamoikveTa e. ninoSvilis mxatvruli xedvis erTi Zalzed
sayuradRebo mxare: mwerali aq gviCvenebs axali drois gadasxvaferebul piro-
bebSi ranairad xdeba adre arsebul uryev sulier RirebulebaTa transforma-
cia. yvelasaTvis kargadaa cnobili raoden didia `vefxistyaosnis~ zneobriv-es-
Tetikuri gavlenis Zala qarTveli xalxis cnobierebaze, mis fsiqikaze. Cveni sa-
zogadoebis socialur-kulturuli aqtivobis donis saCveneblad metad mniSvne-
lovania am aspeqtiT sakiTxis Seswavla. unda iTqvas, rom am mxrivac yvelaze fxi-
zeli damkvirveblis rolSi isev da isev qarTveli mwerlebi mogvevlinen. ukve mi-
TiTebulia is faqti, rom iliasa da akakis TviT mxatvrul TxzulebebSivea aR-
niSnuli is zegavlena, rasac `vefxistyaosani~ axdenda maT mier gansaxierebuli
personaJebis sulier cxovrebaze. egnate ninoSvilis zogierTi nawarmoebis per-
sonaJic (mag. gulo — `janyi guriaSi~) cxovrebis idealad rusTavelis gmirTa
qcevas saxavs. magram es mwerali erT Zalzed mniSvnelovan garemoebazedac amax-
vilebs yuradRebas da esaa gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmo CvenTvis. egnate ninoSvi-
li akvirdeba socialurad axal garemoSi raindobis tradiciul Sinaarss, erTi
mxriv, rogor mietmasneba misi yalbi gageba da, meore mxriv, rogor itvirTeba es
tradiciuli cneba axali TvisebebiT. `Cveni qveynis raindSi~ vxedavT, rom qar-
Tul sinamdvileSi cxovrebis erovnuli wesis cvlam gardauvali gaxada raindu-
li sulisaTvis mimarTulebis cvla. Tanamedrove moazrovneTagan (mag. n. berdia-
evi) aris SeniSnuli, rom axal droSi burJuaziul samyaros surda raindobis
Secvla meSCanobiT, rainduli qvelmoqmedebisa — meSCanuri qvelmoqmedebiT. amis
kvalobazed raindobis Sinagani sulieri siRrmis sapirispirod win wamoiwia qce-
vis fasadurobam. egnate ninoSvili, rogorc Tanamedrove xedvis mwerali, aCve-
nebs adamianis sulieri sicarielis pirobebSi rogor SeiZleba wminda, amaRlebu-
li rainduli idealis gaufasureba. tariel mklavaZis cxovrebis magaliTze mwe-
rali gvarwmunebs literaturis cru, yalbma gagebam ra savalalo Sedegi SeiZle-
ba moutanos adamians. ukuRmarTi aRzrdis wyalobiT SeZenili fuqsavaturi
cxovrebis wesi ryvnis da zneobrivi ufskrulisaken miaqanebs amqveynad bunebiT
sasikeTo arsebobisaTvis movlenil tariel mklavaZes. amitomacaa, rom igi sapi-
rispiro azriT aRiqvams ukvdavi `vefxistyaosnidan~ misi didi sexniis xasiaTs,
raki sulierad, Sinaganad moumzadebeli xvdeba am nawarmoebs. faqtia, fuye kacis
misvla genialur qmnilebasTan ara mxolod zedapirulia da zerele, aramed bo-
rotebis wyarocaa, radgan mas tarieloba anu raindoba gagebuli aqvs ukuRmar-
Tad: `kaci kacsa Semotyorcnos~, susti daCagros, sxvisi Rirseba fexqveS gaTe-
los da a.S. e. ninoSvili am nawarmoebSi kidev erTxel cxadyofs im azris WeSmari-
tebas, rom raindoba sulis saufloa da ara sxeulisa. ase iyo yovelTvis da ase
aris dResac, roca garegnulad raindis Sesaxedaobis arsebaSi SeiZleba Casax-
ldes lamazi mxeci anu is, rac tariel mklavaZea. tariel mklavaZe aerTianebs
warmtac garegnobasTan cxovelur niSnebs: gamZleobas, utifrobas, mizanswraf-
vas. WeSmariti raindis Tvisebebi, siyvaruli, erTguleba, qvelmoqmedeba, maRali
idealebiT cxovreba, rwmenisa da nebis simtkice da ukompromisoba — e. ninoSvi-
lis dakvirvebiT axal droSi gadmoinacvlebs xolme iseT sust sxeulSi, rogo-
ric spiridon mciriSvilisaTvis miucia gangebas. mwerlis mrwamsiT, am persona-
Jis pirovnuloba aris swored dapirispireba meSCanurad gagebul raindobasTan.
e. ninoSvils, Cveni drois mravali cnobili mwerlisa da moazrovnis msgavsad,
swams, rom pirovnebis maRali sulieri wrTobis gadarCena SeuZlia mxolod xal-
416
xis wridan gamosul znesrul inteligencias anu axali epoqis e.w. `sulis rain-
dobas~. swored maT ician sulier RirebulebaTa fasi da SeuZliaT maRali idea-
lebisaTvis Tavis ganwirva.
e. ninoSvilma qarTul sinamdvileSi pirvelma miaqcia yuradReba e.w. ùkul-
turo civilizaciis~ moZalebis processa da mis savalalo rezultats. filoso-
fosebi, savsebiT samarTlianad, urTierTisagan mijnaven `civilizaciisa~ da
`kulturis~ cnebebs da Tvlian, rom Tu pirveli adamianis `sameurneo-biologi-
uri sferos winsvla-srulyofas gulisxmobs, meore kidev — sulier-Semoqmede-
biTs. isic cxadia, rom civilizacia safrTxeSi vardeba, roca qreba erTianobisa
da urTierTgagebis, siyvarulisa da urTierTangariSgawevis, urTierTpativis-
cemis kulturuli paTosi da mis adgils egoisturi urTierTdapirispirebisa da
agresiis ùkulturo~ ganwyobileba ikavebs~. aseT SemTxvevaSi yalibdeba swored
kulturul garesamkaulebs, qcevisa da urTierTobis fasadur normebs amofare-
buli tipi `kulturuli spekulantisa~ (z.kakabaZe), romlis TvalsaCino nimuSs
egnate ninoSvilis ùcnaur senSi~ daxatuli kote mamaliZe warmoadgens. mwera-
li ase aTvalsaCinoebs qarTveli `kulturuli spekulantis~, kote mamaliZis su-
lier àvla-didebas~: `swavla da naswavli kacebi, Zlier ejavreboda. roca gai-
gonebda, romelime naswavli kacis Sesaxeb cud xmebs, magaliTad, an siRaribis ga-
mo cud cxovrebaSia, an kidev raime danaSauli dahbralda da daatyveveso, kote
sixaruliT da TavmowonebiT ityoda: swavlis moxmarebis unari yovel kacs ki ara
aqvso~. es `swavlis moxmarebis unari~ mamaliZis fiqriT fuliT jibis gatena da
Tavisi kuWis samsaxuri iyo. roca dainaxavdnen evropul axal `kostiumSi~ gamow-
kipul kote mamaliZes: àn sad SeuZlia uswavlel soflels warmoidginos, rom
isini, visac evropuli `kostiumi~ acvia da damtvreulis rusuli sityvebiT sxa-
pasxupiT laparaki SeuZlia, naswavli da Wkvianebi ar arian!~ ai, swored ùkul-
turo civilizaciis~ aseTi pirmSoni amkvidreben sazogadoebaSi ùcnaur sens~,
romelic adamianis ara mxolod biologiuri gaxrwnis, aramed misi sulieri
kvdomis processac aCqarebs. am personaJisTana arsebebis momravlebis bunebrivi
Sedegi is gaxlavT, rom adamianis determinireba xdeba, iqceva is saSualebad, in-
strumentad, an mxolod `saeqsploatacio masalad~, riTac uqmdeba im maradiul-
sulieris Rirebuleba, rac adamians samyaros damamSveneblad aqcevda xolme.
egnate ninoSvilma guriis soflis magaliTze gviCvena, raoden Zalumia si-
naTlisa da ganaTlebisadmi qarTveli kacis swrafva. mwerals swams codnis yov-
lisSemZleoba, misi gamakeTilSobilebeli Zala. misi yoveli patiosani persona-
Ji, miwis muSakaci iqneba es Tu sasuliero piri, dReniadag imaze fiqrobs, gza ga-
uwaldos Svilebs — eris momavals, mzis sinaTleze gamoiyvanos, codnas aziaros
isini... xalxosan mweralTagan daxatuli glexebisagan gansxvavebiT, e. ninoSvi-
lis glexebi marto gamoyenebiTi TvalsazrisiT ar ucqerian movlenebs da adami-
anebs... momavalze zrunva maTi sulieri moTxovnilebaa da ara materialurad
uzrunvelyofili cxovrebis garanti: `Svili kameCi ki ar aris, romelsac imitom
zrdian, rom Semdeg tvirTi vazidvinoTo~. . .
e. ninoSvilis SemoqmedebiTi interesis sagnad iqca mravali yofiTi Tema; aqe-
dan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia Tema SinaurTa Soris SuRlisa (`partaxi~, `coli
da qmari~).
mweralma qarTul sinamdvileSi erT-erTma gaamaxvila yuradReba ioli gziT
maval im fenis cxovrebaze, romelic mogvianebiT (1900w.) daviT kldiaSvilis
didma talantma `Semodgomis aznaurTa~ saxeliT monaTla. e. ninoSvilis ukanas-
knel dausrulebel nawarmoebSi `coli da qmari~ daxatulia `gudamSieri aznau-
ri~, romelic sixaruliT ereva glexis ojaxSi warmoqmnili Sinauri konfliqtis
mogvarebaSi imitom, rom `xuT maneTs garda, kargi sadili da vaxSamic moeloda
maspinZlisagan~.
417
aseTia egnate ninoSvilis SemoqmedebiTi interesebi da mis TxzulebaTa Te-
matika.
egnate ninoSvilis Semoqmedebis mxatvruli mxare
a) b u n e b i s a d m i m i m a r T e b a. egnate ninoSvilis TxzulebaTa personaJe-

bi ZiriTadad glexebia: CvenSi ganmtkicebuli literaturuli tradiciiT gle-
xis interesebi TiTqos unda Semoifarglebodes miwiT, guTniT, sarCo-sabadeb-
lis mopovebaze zrunviT. àrsobis purze~ daxarbebulebs, maT TiTqos ar unda
ecaloT `sulis purisaTvis~, magram e. ninoSvili gviCvenebs, rom sulier-zneob-
rivi sawyisis simdidre am adamianebSi ver Cauklavs mkacr cxovrebas. amitomacaa
maTTvis damatkbobeli ara mxolod glexkacuri jafiT galamazebuli yanebi da
ezo-baRebi, aramed veluri tyeebi da bunebis stiqiuri Zalebi... amis sabuTia
`monadire~, `simona~, `qristine~ da gansakuTrebiT SesaniSnavi `paliastomis
tba~. e. ninoSvilis Cagrul glexebs enanebaT, rom sociluri usamarTlobis gamo
unda moeSaloT maT mSobliuri bunebis xilviT moniWebuli sixaruli. e. ninoSvi-
li mSvenieri peizaJistia. swored amaze aqvs naTqvami Cveni drois saxelmoxveWil
mweral konstantine gamsaxurdias: `ninoSvilis zogierT peizaJs bevri mwerali,
romelic fiqrobs saqarTveloSi mxolod Zvelgvarovan xalxs SeuZlia mwerlo-
ba, ver daswers~...
egnate ninoSvilis TxzulebaSi buneba, rogorc es WeSmarit realist mwe-
rals Seefereba, ZiriTadad òbieqturi~ analizis sagania. bunebiT tkbobas da
gatacebas aq xSirad misi mecnieruli safuZvlis monaxva enacvleba, riTac es
mwerali TiTqos misi sayvareli mwerlis — e. zolas Tvalsazriss iziarebs (ix.
e.zolas statia àRweris Sesaxeb~), sadac yvela didi realistis kvalobazed sa-
Tanado fons qmnis Tavis nawarmoebTa eTikuri, socialuri saTqmelisaTvis. ase,
magaliTad, safiqrebelia, e. ninoSvili icnobs da imarjvebs elize reklius
(1830-1905) Sexedulebas bunebisa da landSaftis, adamianis rasisa da profilis,
misi fsiqologiuri xasiaTis gaformebaze monawileobis Sesaxeb, roca ùcnaur
senSi~ vkiTxulobT Semdeg striqonebs: `sofeli tevreTi... metad sasiamovno sa-
naxavia gazafxulze: amwvandebian xSiris tyiT Semosili qedebi da noxebiviT aqa-
iq mofenili mindvrebi, baRebi, romlebic am sofelSi ufro bunebisgan aris gaSe-
nebuli, minam adamianis xeliT, gadaWrel-gadaferaddebian ise, TiTqo eklesiaSi
wasasvlelad morTuli patarZaliao. aseTi mdidarbunebiani soflis mkvidrni,
ra gasakvirvelia, rom iseTi daCagruli saxiT ar gamoiyurebian, rogorc zogi-
erT da Rarib bunebaSi mcxovrebni. tevreTeli qali, ginda kaci, mkvircxlia,
cocxali, moZravi, gulubryvilo, lxinis da garToba-TamaSis moyvare~... e. ninoS-
vilis moTxrobebSi aris iseTi monakveTebi, sadac gamomJRavnebulia bunebis
grZnobis gansxvavebuli Sinaarsi, kerZod iseTi safexuri, roca adamianSi, subi-
eqturi ganwyobilebisa gamo, buneba sakuTari sulieri cxovrebis analogiurad
ki ar gamodis, aramed ganxibvlis sagania. ase, magaliTad, `simonaSi~ avtori gvam-
cnobs personaJis iseT mdgomareobas, roca ukiduresad mware subieqturi gan-
cda gadaefareba xolme da faravs yvela sxva grZnobas: `wabliseri metad lamazi
da Semkobili mwvane sofelia. simonas uyvarda Tavisi sofeli, sxva sofelSi did-
xans gaZleba ar SeeZlo, magram exla ki mis TvalSi fasi ar edo arc am mSvenier
dilas da arc mis lamaz samSoblo — sofels~ ... aq, Cveni saxelovani realistebis
— iliasa da akakis msgavsad, buneba is garemoa, sadac e. ninoSvilisTvis mniSvne-
lovani personaJis cxovreba-saqmianobaa gaSlili.
personaJTa mosalodneli tragediisaTvis Sesaferisi garemos Seqmnisa da
misi erTgvari simbolizaciis rols asrulebs `paliastomis tbaSi~ aRwerili bu-
nebis erTi STambeWdavi suraTi: `tivma msubuqad gaicura imRamindeli qarisgan
418
aTamaSebul `paliastomis~ wyalze, saidganac garkveviT gamoCnda jumaTis mTa da
mis wverze, arwivis budis odenad mTavarangelozis monasteri. radganac mze me-
ore mxridan adga da jer ar amosuliyo, mTasac da monastersac raRac saidumlo,
mkrTali, bneli feri edo ...paliastomi iseTi saidumlo, mwvane, bneli TvaliT
gamoiyureboda, rom nikos SiSiT adamianis feri aRar edo saxeze... amoyo mzem Ta-
vi da erTs adgilas paliastomis wyalSi svetiviT CauSva Tavisi sxivi... mzis da-
xedvam kidev ufro saSineli feri dasdo. mTa da monasteri jer kidev Savad mo-
Canda, radganac mze jer kidev ar misdgomoda wyals~... aq, swored bunebisadmi im-
gvari midgomaa gamovlenili, roca àRwera ar warmoadgens TviTmizans, aramed
personaJTa qcevisa da moqmedebis Semavsebeli da ganmsazRvreli garemoa. es uk-
ve e. zolas principia; did realistTa principia, rodesac bunebis aRwera gamar-
Tlebulia mkiTxvelisaTvis ama Tu im ganwyobilebis gadasacemad da Sesamzadeb-
lad (gr. kiknaZe), magram egnate ninoSvilis SemoqmedebaSi Tavs iCens bunebis
grZnobis amgvari SemTxvevebidan gasvlis iseTi momentebic, roca mwerali bune-
bas `TavisTavad, damoukidebel mniSvnelobas~ aniWebs da mas aqcevs WeSmariti
esTetikuri Wvretis obieqtad. aseTia, imave `paliastomis tbidan~ Semdegi adgi-
lebi: `paliastomsa da guriis soflebs Sua, rigrigad, uSvelebel zolebiviT
mdebareobs jer, soflebis bolos, sayaned sabalaxo adgilebi, mere didi. Tum-
caRa Waobiani, magram sxvadasxva xeebiT mdidari tye da ukanasknel, isliT da Ca-
liT damosili adgili, romelsac gurulebi ewers eZaxian. kargi sanaxavia es ewe-
ri, gazafxulzedac Tvalis warmtacis simwvaniT da Semodgomazedac Calisferi
siyviTliT, Tvals itacebs, magram kidec atyuebs~ ... bunebis simpatikurs ki ara,
kvlav mis TavisTavads Rirebulebaze miuTiTebs qarTul kritikaSi Tavisi Rir-
sebis gamo SeniSnuli (g. qiqoZe) am moTxrobis finali, sadac buneba ar Tanaug-
rZnobs datrialebul tragedias: `qari saSinelis quxiliT hbrunavda; mzem amoi-
wia da dahyurebda paliastoms, TiTqo seirs uyurebs, ivanes xeebi ise TamaSob-
dnen talRebze, TiTqo dasuldgmulebulan da uxariaT, rom Tavisufali var-
To~. magram unda iTqvas, rom bunebis amgvari xilvis, uSualo da Tavisufali es-
Tetikuri xiblis Semcveli epizodebis siuxviT ar gamoirCeva e. ninoSvilis nawe-
rebi, rac albaT am TxzulebebSi aRZrul problemaTa gaSuqebis specifikiTaa
gansazRvruli.
b) o c n e b i s a d a s i z m r i s f u n q c i a. e. ninoSvilis SemoqmedebaSi gansa-
kuTrebuli mxatvruli funqcia ekisreba ocnebasa da sizmars. raki mwerlis mier
daxatul personaJTa umetesoba cxovrebis simZimis qveS gadrekili, daCagruli,
Seuracxyofili, RirsebaSelaxuli, magram naTeli sulis adamianebia, maTi ganu-
xorcielebeli survilebi kompensirebas ocnebasa da sizmarSi pouloben. arse-
bul sinamdvileze, maTsave, saarsebo garemoze gulayrilni, imedgacruebulni,
uxeS ZalTagan dawixlulni, magram mainc energiiT aRvsilni, zurgs aqceven am si-
namdviles da fantaziis, anu ocnebisa da sizmris samyaroSi gaSlili cxovrebiT
suldgmuloben, icxroben ganuxorcielebel survilebs (froidi), gadatanili
SiSis SemTxvevaSi simbolurad xedaven TavianT momavals da a.S.
ramdenadac sizmari Tavidan bolomde fantaziis Seuferxebel gamovlenas
warmoadgens, ramdenadac fantaziis aseTive Tavisufali moqmedeba zogjer
cxadSic iCens Tavs ise, rom is arafriT gansxvavdeba sizmrisagan, mas ocnebas
uwodeben (d. uznaZe); ocnebac da sizmaric ganuxorcielebel survilTa ganxor-
cielebis formad iTvleba (froidi) da SemoqmedebiTi fantaziis kuTvnil mov-
lenebadaa CaTvlili. Tavis personaJTa cxovrebis amdagvar momentebze yuradR-
ebis SeCereba imazed miuTiTebs, rom e. ninoSvils yvela SemTxvevaSi ainteresebs
Tavis gmirTa yovelnairi sulieri mdgomareoba, maTi fsiqikis samyaroSi gaSli-
li cxovrebis cnobier da aracnobier sawyisTa gamovlenis formebi.
419
SiSi, rogorc farul survilTa gamovlenis erTi forma, edeba safuZvlad des-
pines (`Cveni qveynis raindi~) sizmars, mas aq erTgvari manifesturi datvirTva aqvs
da simboluri mniSvneloba eniWeba am personaJis momavlisaTvis.
aseTive funqcia aqvs gulos sizmars (`janyi guriaSi~). adamianis ganuxorcie-
lebel survilTa ganxorcielebis brwyinvale magaliTebi gveZleva `qristineSi~,
roca cxovrebisagan gaubedurebuli, TiTqosda zneobadakarguli qali sizmarSi
isrulebs naTel survils — ZuZus awovebs mitovebul pawia biWunas. sizmris am
mxarezea yuradReba aqcentirebuli erTi xandazmuli personaJi qalis mier, ro-
melsac `sizmari awvalebda, sanamdis ar gaaTxoves~ (`partaxi~). sizmari, rogorc
cxovrebaSi yovelmxriv gatanjuli adamianis ganuxorcielebel survilTa reali-
zaciis forma, zenits maSin aRwevs, roca mwerali `partaxSi~ lizas (igive melanos)
sizmars warmosaxavs, roca gardacvlili erTaderTi patara Svili — luka, axal-
gazrda, siyvarulSi gawbilebul dedas ezmaneba — `luka nikos Svili iyo~, im niko-
si, romelic am saTno da mSvenieri qalis pirveli, auxdeneli siyvarulia.
egnate ninoSvilis TxzulebebSi sizmrisa da ocnebis sferoSi xSirad iCens
Tavs e.w. `gandevnil~, farul survilTa ganxorcielebis formebi. Tu sizmris
samyaroSi masze kontroli ver xerxdeba, ocnebis dros mas devnis mainc `cenzu-
ra~ — cnobieri, eTikuri sawyisi. aseTia moTxroba `coli da qmridan~ samsonas
auxdeneli ocneba — iseTi coli SeirTos, rogoric biZaSvilis meuRlea da main-
cdamainc swored sasurvel arsebad es qali warmoisaxos. saerTod, unda iTqvas,
rom sizmari da ocneba e. ninoSvilis TxzulebaTa kompoziciaSi erT-erTi mniS-
vnelovani xerxia da maTi mxatvruli zemoqmedebis Zalac Zalzed efeqturi.
g) rac Seexeba e. ninoSvilis sxva mxatvrul SesaZleblobebs, adreve SeuniS-
navT, mxatvruli xerxebisaTvis mwerali maicdamainc bevrs ar hfiqrobs, magram
asaxvis unari mas sakmaod aqvso. ilia WavWavaZis mxatvruli principis mimdevari
e. ninoSvili upiratesad `cxovrebidan aRebuli Sinaarsis gamoZerwvis xelova-
nia~ (gr.kiknaZe). misTvis, iseve rogorc iliasaTvis, `mkafiod gamokveTili mora-
listuri tendenciaa~ damaxasiaTebeli. jer kidev kita abaSiZe miuTiTebda, rom
`garkveuli Sexeduleba cxovrebaze, moralur principze agebuli — ai, Zala eg-
nate ninoSvilisa~. misive TqmiT, ès dafaseba cxovrebis movlenisa zneobrivi
mxariT, es zneobrioba aZlevs egnate ninoSvilis moTxrobebs mniSvnelobas~ da
gana àm sastikad gatarebul principebSi ar moCans Taviseburi xelovneba, Tavi-
seburi simSveniere, gana aq ar aris?~ — mravalmniSvnelovnad svamda kiTxvas cno-
bili kritikosi. marTlac, unda iTqvas, rom e. ninoSvili didebulad flobs
mkacri simarTlis Tqmis xelovnebas. Tavis droze grigol robaqiZes mohqonda
adgili `simonadan~ da aseT komentars aZlevda mas: `gaZRa Cemi xorciT~, `gaZRa~,
aq simxecea Tqmuli `xorciT~; aq simxece fiziologiurad mZafrdebao~; movlenaTa
fiziologiuri da socialuri Zirebis gamaSiSvlebel am mkacr realizms e. ninoS-
vili sada saSualebebiT aRwevs. egnate ninoSvili Rrmadaa SeWrili cxovrebis
siRrmeSi. mis mraval personaJs realuri prototipebi hyavda, xolo ambavi uSua-
lod cxovrebidan iyo aRebuli. imdenad didi iyo mwerlis zogierTi nawarmoebis
gavlenis Zala yofaze, rom, TanamedroveTa gadmocemiT, rodesac `gankarguleba~
gamoqveynda, man iseTi STabeWdileba moaxdina TviT mmarTvel wreebzec, mTavro-
bam gaauqma gankarguleba, romlis ZaliTac rkinigzis sadarajod glexebi igzavne-
bodnen.
e. ninoSvilis nawarmoebebSi socialuri tipebia warmodgenili da, amasTan,
socialurad gamZle tipebi. isini cxovrebis ganviTarebis namdvili perspeqtivis
grZnobis da Wvretis niadagze arian Seqmnilni. am tipebs rogorc mxatvruli,
aseve socialuri mniSvnelobiT daviwyeba ar uweriaT. ase Semodis mkiTxvelis
cnobierebaSi da idgams fesvs saxel-gvarebi: daviT droiZis da iason uqmaZisa,
kacia munjaZis, mose gulfuWaZis Tu levan ZvelseniZisa, spiridon mciriSvilis
420
da tariel mklavaZisa.... isini mwerlis mier swored sityvis, rogorc aseTis, meo-
xebiT `gamoxataven tipebs pirovnebis yofisas~ (p.florenski). egnate ninoSvilis
mxriv es miRweulia mis TxzulebebSi sityvieri masalis Taviseburi moxmoba-gan-
lagebiTac. am TvalsazrisiT ki, rogorc cnobilia, egnate ninoSvilis `sityvie-
ri masala~ (gr.robaqiZe) guruli dialeqtia. Tavis drozed st.WrelaSvili miu-
TiTebda `zomierad da gadauWarbeblad xmarebul~ `Cinebul gurul kilozed~,
romelic saamurad moqmedebs mkiTxvelze da ufro axlo mihyavT igi avtoris
gmirebTan~, xolo Semdeg gr.yifSiZis, gr. robaqiZis mxrivac gaixaza dialeqtiz-
mis mxatvruli srulfasovneba, rac mxolod imaze gvaniSnebs, rom mwerali
Rrmad flobs am masalas, mis personaJTa dialogebSi gacocxlebulia cxovrebis
simware da gurulis narTauli metyvelebidan momdinare mkvircxli iumoric.
Tumca misi TavisTavadi gamovlenis are aq erTob SezRudulia. aRsaniSnavia, rom
1902 wels moTxrobis `coli da qmari~ gamoqveynebasTan dakavSirebiT erTi kri-
tikosi werda: àq Cveni dauviwyari mwerali iumoristis sakmaod Zliers niWs
iCens. vin icis, rom dascloda, iqneba... Tavisi iumoriT Seemko Cveni mwerloba~
(g.rcxilaZe).
rasakvirvelia, e. ninoSvilis nawarmoebebs aklia damuSaveba, razec TviT mwe-
ralic werda. bedisweris gardauvalobis gamo igi am nakls ver ascda.
magram, amasTan dakavSirebiT, rogorc vaxtang kotetiSvili SeniSnavs `sau-
bari SeiZleba imis Sesaxeb ki ara, rom egnate ninoSvili kargi mxatvari ar iyos,
aramed imaze, rom Cvenma beletristma im mokle xanSi Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi amaR-
leba niWis Tanabrad ver SesZlo~.
yoveli mwerlis mimarT yovel droSi da yovelTvis bunebrivad ismeba kiTxva:
ra TvisebebiT aris SeWrili igi Tanamedrove adamianis cxovrebaSi, anu ra niSniT
SeiZleba iyos dRevandeli mkiTxvelis sulieri cxovrebis Tanamgzavri... es
kiTxva e. ninoSvilis mimarTac dgas...
e. ninoSvils rom mxolod imdroindeli guria gaecocxlebina Tavisi saxalxo
satkivariT, garemoTi `CaqurebiT~, `fiStoebiT~, `xmal-xanjliTa da berdanke-
biT~ morTuli `firalebiT~, mtrisa da moyvris miRebis wes-CveulebebiT, palias-
tomis tbaze, Tamar-mefesa Tu xasan-beg TavdgiriZeze moRweuli mSvenieri le-
gendebiT, — es TavisTavad saintereso, magram sadReisod, oden eTnografiuli
mniSvnelobis dokumentebi iqneboda... dRes egnate ninoSvilis mier daxatulma
eTnografiulma guriamac ki saxe icvala... erTi SexedviT mwerlis mier gacocx-
lebuli situaciebic warsuls Cabarda. TiTqosda wavida dro gogia uiSvilis, ka-
cia munjaZis da simona ZalaZisa. veRarc qristines, iason uqmaZes da tariel
mklavaZes veRar unda xvdebodes kaci... magram darCa Tvisebebi mwerlis mier
xorcSesxmuli personaJebisa, romelsac Cvens droSi da momavalSiac Sexvdeba
mkiTxveli... amitomacaa, rom, roca dros Casafrebul da dReniadag sxvisi daT-
rgunvis xarjze usamarTlod aRzevebul kacs wavawydebiT, uvargis situacias
`drois mefed~ rom uqcevia, daviT droiZe gvaxsendeba; roca garegnulad war-
mtacs, marTlacda raindul sxeulebriv nakvTSi sulier sicarieles mivagnebT,
tariel mklavaZe mogvagondeba. sust sxeulSi Sefarebul Zlieri sulis da ud-
rekobis xilvisas — yovelTvis Cvens cnoberebaSi amotivtivdeba saxe WeSmariti
inteligentis — spiridon mciriSvilisa, kacisa, romelsac Tavisi wminda ideale-
biT uWiravs adamianuri progresisa da momavlis saWe... iason uqmaZisTana meqal-
Tane, cbieri da uqmi cxovrebis moyvarulic bevri yofila da iqneba momavalSi,
iseve rogorc yalbismqmnel mose mwerlisTana adamianebic yovel epoqaSi patio-
san moqalaqeTa cremlsa da sisxlze aSeneben momavals... qristinesTana suliT
wminda, magram usamarTlod fexqveS gaTelili namusis tragediac yovelTvis aa-
Relvebs WeSmarit mkiTxvels, romelmac kargad icis, rom cxovreba arc erT
droSi ar yofila mxolod siwmindis navsayudeli... e. ninoSvilis mwerluri niWis
421
gamoa, rom socialuri TvalsazrisiT TiTqosda yavlgasuli personaJebi dResac
cocxalni da sainteresoni rCebian. Cauqrobelia mkiTxvelis interesi e. ninoSvi-
lis Txzulebebisadmi, radgan mwerali aq ganasaxierebs Cveni xalxis bunebriv
swrafvas Tavisuflebisadmi, simarTlisa da mSvenierebisadmi. Tavisufleba mu-
damJams iyo da aris akvani samarTlisa da mSvenierebisa. xalxis ideali ki yovel-
Tvis Tavisufleba, simarTle da mis wiaRSi gaSlili mSvenierebaa. amitomacaa,
rom, simon Ciqovanis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT: è. ninoSvili namdvili xalxuri mwe-
ralia, es xalxuroba misi moTxrobebis SinaarsiT, ideurobiT aris ganpirobebu-
li.. xalxuroba mis mxatvrul azrovnebaSi organulad aris SeWrili~. esecaa imis
piroba, rom qarTveli mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi Rrmad gaidga fesvi egnate ni-
noSvilis mxatvrulma samyarom; es imas niSnavs, rom xalxma gaiTavisa, sakuTari
sulieri cxovrebis nawilad aqcia am samyaros mkvidri personaJebi, radgan maT
cxovrebaSi Tavisi tkivilisa da sixarulis analogi ipova. e. ninoSvili sainte-
reso mTxrobelia im sinamdvileze, romelSic qarTveli adamiani cxovrobs da
Sromobs, ilxens da itans aTasnair Wir-varams. yovelive zemoTqmulTan erTad,
e. ninoSvilis mxatvrul xedvas axasiaTebs gansakuTrebuli Tematuri aqtualo-
ba, rogorc ityvian, is aris drois, epoqis winaSe mdgar problemaTa majiscemis
gulisxmieri yurismgdebeli da `majaSisa Semtyvevari~.
***
albaT amitomac iyo, rom erTi SexedviT am Zalze sada da ubralo pirovnebam,
magram WeSmaritma mweralma SemdgomSic gamorCeuli interesi SeinarCuna qar-
Tvel xalxSi.
ama Tu im Semoqmedis naRvawis mniSvneloba imiTac ganisazRvreba, Tu ra gav-
lena moaxdina man momdevno drois mkiTxvelTa sxvadasxva fenaze. egnate ninoS-
vili am mxrivac gamZle mwerali aRmoCnda. Tu misi mniSvnelobis dafasebas xeli
SeuSala raimem, es isev da isev vulgaruli sociologiuri kritikis mier gamov-
lenili uadgilo, sxvaTa damcirebis xarjze warmodgenili xotba iyo...
magram e. ninoSvils hyavda da yovelTvis eyoleba misi niWis Rirseuli damfa-
sebeli. es is xalxia, visac SeiZleba endos Cveni momavali sulier RirebulebaTa
SefasebaSi.
e. ninoSvilma, misma mwerlurma niWma jer kidev 1919 wels imdenad daipyro
didi galaktionis yuradReba, rom specialuri eseic ki daawerina. misi kiTxvisas
igrZnoba, Tu raoden Rrmad wvda da ganicada e. ninoSvilis mxatvruli unaris
fasi SesaniSnavma poetma.
Cvenma saxelovanma mweralma grigol robaqiZem 1930 wels gamoaqveyna mSvenie-
ri essei ègnate ninoSvili~, sadac misTvis Cveuli maxvilgonierebiTa da Txrobis
daxvewili kulturiT reliefurad aris warmoCenili e. ninoSvilis pirovnebisa da
Semoqmedebis arsebiTi mxareebi.
e. ninoSvilis pirovnebisa da Semoqmedebis STambeWdavi xasiaTi mxatvruli
xilvisa da STagonebis wyaro gaxda iseTi natifi gemovnebis poetisaTvis, rogo-
ric valerian gafrindaSvili iyo. leqsSi `Cemi Sexvedra egnate ninoSvilTan~
(1934 w.) poetma miuTiTa winamorbedi mwerlis im SemoqmedebiT Taviseburebaze,
ramac ukvdavyo misi saxeli qarTul literaturaSi.
e. ninoSvilis literaturul memkvidreobis realur zemoqmedebas unda mie-
weros is faqti, rom misi Taviseburi mxatvruli gardasaxva moaxdina Cveni drois
iseTma originaluri xedvis mweralma, rogoric revaz inaniSvilia, roca uaRre-
sad STambeWdavi qmnileba `jargvale~ Seqmna.
axla bevrs laparakoben literaturis zemoqmedebis SesaZleblobebsa da
farglebze. am niSnis mixedviTac mowmdeba xelovanis memkvidreobis gamZleoba
422
drois winaSe; zemoaRniSnuli ramdenime magaliTi mxolod imaze miuTiTebs, rom
e. ninoSvilma daainteresa da mis qmnilebebSi alal-marTlad asaxul sinamdvile-
Si CaiTria, emociurad daipyro TviT gamorCeuli SesaZleblobis mqone mxatvru-
li sityvis ostatebic. am momentsave unda efuZnebodes is Seunelebeli intere-
sic, rac xelovnebis mosazRvre sferoebis warmomadgenlebma gamoamJRavnes eg-
nate ninoSvilisadmi.
ver vityviT, rom socialuri dakveTa, an mimdinare politikuri tarosi edos
safuZvlad qarTuli kinematografis interess e. ninoSvilis memkvidreobisadmi.
TavisTavad sagulisxmoa, rom pirveli qarTuli mxatvruli kino, romelic
al. wuwunavam Seqmna 1916 wels, swored e. ninoSvilis `qristine~ iyo. amas mohyva
Semdeg egnate ninoSvilis Semoqmedebis masalaze agebuli filmebi: `tariel
mklavaZis saqme~ iv. perestianisa (1924), al. wuwunavas `janyi~ (1929w.), s.doliZis
`dariko~ (1937) da misive `paliastomi~ (1960), ukanasknelad ki iuri kvaWaZis `wi-
namorbedi~ (`mWedeli Tavis bedisa~)...
TavisTavad sagulisxmoa, rom TbilisSi 1918 wels dadgmuli pirveli qarTu-
li opera r. gogniaSvilisa, iyo swored `qristine~.
warmatebiT idgmeboda qarTuli Teatris scenaze e. ninoSvilis Semoqmedebis
motivebze Seqmnili speqtakli `ninoSvilis guria~...
egnate ninoSvilis mier aRZrul problemaTa aqtualobasa da mxatvrul cxo-
velmyofelobas mowmobs is faqti, rom ukanasknel xanebSi metexis Teatris re-
pertuarSi CaerTo misi `partaxi~ (reJisori s. mrevliSvili)...
mravali qarTveli mxatvris STagonebis wyaro yofila e. ninoSvilis Semoqme-
deba, romelTagan gamorCeulia mainc lado gudiaSvilis `qristine~...
erTi sityviT, Cveni sazogadoebis sulieri da eTikur-esTetikuri ganviTa-
rebis TvalsazrisiT kidev ufro mniSvnelovania dawvrilebiTi Seswavla im for-
mebisa, raSic aisaxa qarTvel xelovanTa da, sazogadod, qarTveli xalxis aqtiu-
ri SemoqmedebiTi interesi egnate ninoSvilisadmi. TviT aRniSnulidanac Cans,
Tu ramdenad axlos dgas es mwerali Tavis xalxTan, mis yofasTan. TavisTavad am-
gvari interesis arseboba am mwerlis Semoqmedebis sicocxlisunarianobis niSa-
nia da mermisSi misi SenarCunebis pirobac.
423
daviT kldiaSvili
(1862-1931)
daviT kldiaSvili ara marto Tavisi miwieri cxovrebiT, aramed Semoqmedebi-

Ti tendenciebiTac niSansvetad dgas ori epoqis — me-19 da me-20 saukuneebis —
qarTuli kulturis gasayarTan.
agrZelebda ra realisturi mwerlobis tradiciebs, daviT kldiaSvilma SeZ-
lo Tvisebrivad gardaeqmna qarTuli prozis mxatvruli asaxvis sistema: socia-
luri moTxrobis gverdiT Seqmna maRalmxatvruli fsiqologiuri moTxroba; is-
toriuli warsulis romantikul idealizacias daupirispira realisturi isto-
rizmis principi, SeZlo prozaSi tragikul-dramatulisa da komikuris Tanazo-
mieri Sezaveba; dakumSa avtoriseuli aRwerilobiT-TxrobiTi elementi, gandev-
na prozidan tradiciuli lirizmi, rac gamoixateboda mTxrobelis emociuri Ca-
reviT nawarmoebis siuJetSi da daamkvidra mxatvruli asaxvis obieqtivisturi
stili; Seitana prozaSi dramaturgiuli xerxebi; minimumamde daiyvana damkvid-
rebuli poeturi figurebi: peizaJi, portreti, Sedareba-metaforebi.
daviT kldiaSvilma axal simaRleze aiyvana qarTuli dramaturgiac: Seqmna
fsiqologiuri dramis, mcireformiani tragediis, tragikomediis ramdenime Se-
devri.
***
daviT samsonis Ze kldiaSvili daibada 1862 wlis 11 seqtembers sof. simoneT-

Si, imereTSi, mciremamuliani aznauris ojaxSi.1 es iyo tipuri, gaRaribebuli az-
nauris ojaxi. daviTis mama, samsoni, adre daoblebula da masze zrunva mTlianad
ukisria mezobel glexs daTika giorgaZes. swored am glexis daxmarebiT daum-
Tavrebia samson kldiaSvils orklasiani saswavlebeli quTaisSi, uSovia gadamwe-
ris Tanamdeboba samazro sammarTveloSi da rodesac `koleJski~ registratoris
CiniT dajildoebulma ymawvilma imdeni moaxerxa, rom Tavi moawona mdidar meba-
tones da colad SeirTo misi erTaderTi qaliSvili, `dedobil-mamobilma mcire
miwis mqonebel Svilobils colis moyvanaze saCuqrad Tavs gadaagdes oTx qce-
vamde miwa, samosaxlo da sayane; mziTvad aRebuli fulis nawiliT ayidvines ki-
dev adgili, ayidvines saxli, moutanes da daudges naCuqar adgilSi; mouwyves xu-
la, beReli, samzareulo, sabZeli — erTi sityviT, yvelafriT gaumarTes ojaxi~.2
Tavisi cxovrebis miwurulSi uRrmesi madlierebis grZnobiT ixsenebs daviTi
ojaxis irgvliv Tavmoyril glexkacobas, romelTagan momavali mwerali swav-
lobda ara marto cxovrebis siZneleebis daZlevas, aramed sikeTes, gamZleobas
da moyvasis siyvaruls. daviTis memuarebidan mkiTxvelis Tvalwin cocxlad war-
mosdgebian: mzrunveli da Sromismoyvare daTika giorgaZe, mezRapre da meleqse
simona aSoltia, `saiqios namyofi~ levana sirbilaZe, xalisiani da oxunji Tedo-
ria papava, wynari SoSiela kinwuraSvili, ojaxis erTguli meTvalyure gadia san-
1
moskovSi, centralur samx. ist. arqivSi, daculia d. kldiaSvilis namsaxurobis nusxa, romlis
mixedviTac mwerali dabadebula 1863 w., 1 ianvars (f. 400, aRw. #184).
2
d . k l d i a S v i l i , Txz, t. 2, 1952, gv. 123.
domisa da mravali sxva. swored maTi wyalobiT Cemi gulic adamianis siyvaruls
eCveoda da swavlobdao, — wers daviTi.1
daviTis deda, kesaria RoRoberiZis asuli, SeZlebuli aznauris ojaxidan
iyo.
sayuradReboa, rom bavSvobis STabeWdilebidan deduleTis, sofel xomuli-
sa da simoneTis glexkacobis saxeebi aRibeWda yvelaze mkafiod mwerlis mexsie-
rebaSi.
patara daviTi saswavleblad quTaisSi waiyvanes. damTavrda `tkbil siyva-
rulSi gatarebuli~ bavSvoba. eqim ivanovis ojaxSi daviTi rusul enasa da wera-
kiTxvas swavlobs, Semdeg SehyavT e.w. mrevlovis mosamzadebel saswavlebelSi,
magram daviTi iq didxans ar darCenila. èrT dRes mamam gamomicxada, rom ruseTSi
wasasvlelad gamocdaze unda wavyolodi. yovel wlobiT mTavrobas mihyavda Tbi-
lisis da quTaisis guberniebidan Tavad-aznaurTa ormoc-ormoci bavSvi samxedro
saswavleblebSi, korpusebSi. mihyavdaT im mizniT, rom gaerusebinaT da kidevac
aRwevda mizans, radgan ruseTSi, samSoblos mowyvetili bavSvebi, iviwyebdnen qar-
Tul enas, znes, brundebodnen qarTuli gvariT, magram erTianad, TaviT fexebamde
garusebuli. Tavad-aznauroba didi xalisiT aZlevda bavSvebs mTavrobas, radgan
is zrdida Tavis xarjze da mSoblebs anTavisuflebda yovel xarjisagan~.
1872 wlis zafxulSi cxra wlis daviT kldiaSvili kievSi gaamgzavres da Ca-
ricxes miliutinis samxedro gimnaziaSi. miliutinis gimnaziaSi, iseve rogorc
ruseTis sxva am tipis saswavleblebSi, yvelanairad cdilobdnen ararusuli war-
moSobis bavSvebSi aRmoefxvraT yvelaferi erovnuli, eqciaT isini TviTmpyrobe-
lobis erTgul msaxurebad. ase rom, rodesac sami wlis Semdeg patara daviTi ar-
dadegebze sofelSi Camovida, dedas Tarjimnis saSualebiT elaparakeboda. kievSi
myofi qarTveli studentebis daxmarebiT, agreTve misTvis Cveuli TviTdiscip-
linis wyalobiT, Wabukma SeZlo aramcTu aRedgina mSobliuri ena, aramed samuda-
mod Seisisxlxorca mSobliuri mwerloba, romlis saukeTeso nimuSebsac igi gaec-
no ukve mwerlobis gzaze Semdgari niko lomouris meSveobiT.
1880 wels daviT kldiaSvilma daasrula kievis gimnaziaSi swavla da gadavida
moskovis me-3 samxedro saswavlebelSi.
1882 wlis agvistoSi man daamTavra samxedro saswavlebeli da, rogorc Tvi-
Ton wers, imave seqtembris damlevs pirvelad Cavida baTumSi, samxedro nawilSi,
sadac samsaxuri daiwyo podporuCikis CiniT.2
baTumTanaa dakavSirebuli daviT kldiaSvilis cxovrebis TiTqmis meoTxedi.
mowodebiT mwerali da eriskaci, daviT kldiaSvili iZulebuli iyo Tavisi
cxovrebis didi nawili mefis armiaSi gaetarebina.
axalgazrda oficris Tvalwin ruseT-TurqeTis omis Sedegad axaldabrune-
buli baTumi male gadaiqca umniSvnelovanes navsadgurad, amierkavkasiis msxvil
samrewvelo qalaqad. 1883 wels damTavrda baqo-baTumis rkinigzis gayvana, xolo
ramdenime wlis Semdeg aSenda navTsadeni am or qalaqs Soris. baTums mravlad Se-
esivnen mrewvelebi, vaWrebi da yvela juris saqmosnebi Calis fasad iZendnen mi-
webs, Cexdnen axlomaxlo tyeebs, aSenebdnen fabrikebs, plantaciebs da es xdebo-
da mkvidri mosaxleobis elementaruli uflebebis SelaxviT, misi umowyalo eq-
spluataciis xarjze. qalaqs mTlianad daepatronnen saqmosnebi da didmpyrobe-
luri aparatis meqrTame moxeleebi. mZvinvarebda Savrazmuli presa.
mowinave qarTveli inteligencia aqtiurad ibrZoda adgilobrivi mosaxleo-
bis erovnuli da socialuri uflebebis dasacavad.
1
d . k l d i a S v i l i , Txz, t. 2, 1952, gv. 128.
2
namsaxurobis nusxis mixedviT, d. kldiaSvils jer zugdidSi umsaxuria da baTumSi mxolod 1884 w.
dekemberSi dauniSnavT (moskovis samx. ist. arq. 400 aRw. #184).
425
TandaTan mwifdeboda da ikveTeboda baTumis qarTuli mosaxleobis revo-
luciuri Segneba, misi sabrZolo suliskveTeba. daviT kldiaSvili uSualod da-
kavSirebuli ar iyo revoluciur moZraobasTan, magram igi saqmian monawileobas
iRebda usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, gulwrfelad TanaugrZnobda da ex-
mareboda Cagrul muSebs, gaproletarebul glexkacobas.
d. kldiaSvilis dokumenturad marTali memuarebidan mkiTxvelis Tvalwin
warmodgeba maSindeli baTumis SfoTiani cxovrebis suraTi, maRalhumanuri,
principuli da mamaci oficris saxe.
d. kldiaSvili iyo ara marto mcodne da mravalmxriv ganswavluli samxedro
piri, aramed jariskacebis mzrunveli megobari, maTi adamianuri Rirsebebis
gulmxurvale damcveli.
d. kldiaSvilis biografias amSvenebs samsaxurebrivi da moqalaqeobrivi Tav-
ganwirvis mravali faqti. 1896 wlis zamTarSi, erovnuli Rirsebis Seuracxmyo-
feli werilis dabeWdvis gamo, daviT kldiaSvilma duelSi gaiwvia Savrazmuli
gazeT `Cernomorski vestnikis~ redaqtori palmi; 1902 wlis 9 marts, muSaTa cno-
bili gaficvisas, kapitanma kldiaSvilma Tavisi razmi aramcTu ar gaiyvana de-
monstrantebis winaaRmdeg, rogorc nabrZanebi hqonda, aramed yovelnairad See-
cada xeli SeeSala sisxliani angariSsworebisaTvis; 1905 wlis revoluciis dRe-
ebSi podpolkovniki kldiaSvili TavSesafars aZlevda revolucionrebs, awvdi-
da maT vaznebsa da iaraRs; rodesac d. kldiaSvilma monawileoba miiRo Savrazme-
lebis mier mokluli revolucioneri docent saba kldiaSvilis gadmosvenebisas
mowyobil politikur demonstraciaSi, igi dasakiTxad gaiZaxes TbilisSi, jalaT
general griaznovTan, magram SemTxvevam ixsna: griaznovi mokla revolucioner-
ma arsena jorjiaSvilma.
tanmorCili, magram omaxiani, mxedrulad mizanswrafuli, mravalmxriv ga-
naTlebuli daviT kldiaSvili TvalsaCinod gamoirCeoda baTumis inteligentur
wreebSi. misi moqalaqeobrivi da literaturuli mimarTulebis CamoyalibebaSi
did rols asrulebdnen maSin iq mcxovrebi: g. wereTeli, gr.volski, drodadro
Casuli a. wereTeli, al. wulukiZe, al. yazbegi.
baTumSi iwyeba daviT kldiaSvilis samwerlo moRvaweobis didi gza, aq wers
igi Tavis saukeTeso moTxrobebs: `Serisxva~, `msxverpli~, `soloman morbelaZe~,
`qamuSaZis gaWirveba~, `samaniSvilis dedinacvali~, `miqela~ da sxv.
1908 wlis 1 ianvridan, àrakeTilsaimedo~ oficeri d. kldiaSvili samsaxuri-
dan gadaayenes.
ukve saxelmoxveWili mwerali dasaxlda quTaisSi da mTlianad mieca litera-
turul da sazogadoebriv moRvaweobas.
1915 wels, pirveli msoflio omis dros, gadamdgari polkovniki kldiaSvili
kvlav gaiwvies samxedro samsaxurSi da gaagzavnes ruseT-TurqeTis frontze.
daviT kldiaSvilis razmma monawileoba miiRo ramdenime saomar operaciaSi.
aqac, Turqi dampyroblebisgan mitacebul qarTul miwaze, daviT kldiaSvili
mfarvelobda da esarCleboda adgilobriv mosaxleobas, ris gamoc mas bevri
usiamovneba Sexvedria samxedro xelisufalTagan, pasuxisgebaSic iyo micemuli,
magram amjerad Tebervlis revoluciam mouswro.
revoluciis gamarjvebis Semdeg xandazmuli da jangatexili mwerali sabolo-
od dasaxlda mSobliur sofelSi, simoneTSi. aq Seqmna man ramdenime moTxroba da
qarTuli memuaruli prozis Sedevri `Cemi cxovrebis gzaze~.
1920 da 1930 wels madlierma qarTvelma xalxma d. kldiaSvils, sicocxleSive
orjer, samwerlo moRvaweobis iubile gadauxada. mas respublikis saxalxo mwer-
lis maRali wodeba mieniWa.
d. kldiaSvili gardaicvala 1931 wlis 24 aprils simoneTSi; dakrZales Tbi-
lisSi, mTawmindis panTeonSi, qarTuli mwerlobis ukvdav klasikosTa gverdiT.
426
***
d. kldiaSvilis SemoqmedebiTi meTodi imTaviTve mkacrad gamoikveTa: es

aris sinamdvilis mxatvruli asaxvis realisturi meTodi. mwerlis adrindel
ubis wignakSi vxvdebiT saintereso Canawers: `literaturis sagani — mimarTule-
ba dRevandel pirobaTa mixedviT. umniSvnelo, Cveulebriv kacis bunebis Zieba...
mniSvneloba cxovrebis wvrilmanebis Seswavlisa... da usargebloba adamianis ise
sinjvisa, TiTqo igi iyves damTavrebuli tipi~. mwerali iqve miuTiTebs yovelive
amis gansakuTrebul saWiroebas `realuri literaturisaTvis~.
ùmniSvnelo, Cveulebrivi~ adamianebis cxovreba, maTi xasiaTi, maTi yovel-
dRiuri yofa iqceva daviT kldiaSvilis saukeTeso moTxrobebis Temad. aq aRmoa-
Cens igi tragikulsac da komikursac, aq gaamJRavnebs Tavis ganumeorebel, sev-
danarev iumors. aq SeuerTdeba d. kldiaSvili Tavisi epoqis udides monapovars
— demokratiul-humanisturi mwerlobis msoflio nakads.
Tu kritikuli realizmi CvenSi amkvidrebda romantikul paTossac, d. kldiaS-
vilma uaryo yovelgvari romantika da aCvena sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis obieqturi
suraTi.
Tu xalxosnuri mwerloba, calmxrivad aviTarebda ra e.w. `Seuferavi rea-
lizmis~ meTods, yuradRebas amaxvilebda mxolod socialur sinamdvileze, asa-
xavda mas fotografiulad, mimarTavda publicistur qadagebas, — d. kldiaSvil-
ma socialuri sinamdvilis mxilebasTan erTad mxatvris mzera mimarTa am sinam-
dvilis msxverplTa Sinagani, sulieri mdgomareobisaken; gamoiyena mxatvruli
asaxvis o b i e q t i v i s t u r i s t i l i da f s i q o l o g i u r i a n a l -
i z i s meTodi, riTac erTbaSad gamoerCa d. kldiaSvilis proza.
yvela es niSani mkafiod gamoikveTa d. kldiaSvilis im moTxrobebSi, romle-
bic glexkacobis Temazea Seqmnili: `Serisxva~ (1894), `msxverpli~ (1894), `mrev-
lSi~ (1898), `miqela~ (1903).
glexkacobis Temaze Seqmnili moTxrobebis saerTo foni t r a g i k u l i a.
mweralma Segnebulad mimarTa siRaribisagan gulgaqvavebuli adamianebis yo-
veldRiuri yofis detalebs, ubralo, Cveulebriv adamianTa xasiaTis fsiqolo-
giur analizs da amnairad ufro warmoaCina uarsayofi socialuri sinamdvilis
suraTi.
d. kldiaSvilisaTvis mTavaria personaJis Sinagani, sulieri moZraobis ana-
lizi. mwerali sizustiT gamohyofs Tavis personaJebSi xasiaTis erT wamyvan, Zi-
riTad gancdas, aqcevs mas vnebad, romelic imorCilebs am personaJs mTlianad,
ganuyoflad, gansazRvravs mis qmedebas da bedsac ki.
es xerxi Tanmimdevruladaa gatarebuli yvela moTxrobaSi, qceulia myar
stilur niSnad.
`S e r i s x v a~. esaa moTxroba RvTisa da kacis winaaRmdeg amboxebuli glexka-
cis Sesaxeb. mwerali moTxrobis dasawyisSive mianiSnebs, rom kacia sagunaSvilis
saqcielis erTaderTi ganmsazRvrelia S u r i s Z i e b a. yovelgvari Semzadebis
gareSe mwerali moTxrobas iwyebs kacias mier andrias xatze gadacemiT. andria
WuraSvilze SurisZiebam unda moutanos kacias simSvide da kmayofileba. kacias
Rrmad swams, rom igi marTalia, amitom ùmaRlesma mosamarTlem~, wminda gior-
gim, unda dasajos andria, radgan andria araa marTali. mxolod amis Semdeg gvam-
cnobs mwerali andrias saqcielis mizezs. kacias azriT, andriam Seaguliana xal-
xi da amitom mas, kacias, sasoflo gzisaTvis miwa CamoaWres. radgan kacia sxvanai-
rad verafers gaxda, axla man SurisZieba miando RmerTs. mwerali didi ostato-
biT gadmogvcems (TiTqmis mTlianad personaJSi `gardasaxviT~) kacias sulis
427
moZraobas, SurisZiebis vnebiT Sepyrobas, iyenebs e.w. personaJis `TvalTaxedvis~
xerxs (amasTan gamoyenebulia urTulesi xerxi: avtoriseuli Txrobisa da perso-
naJis `TvalTaxedvis kuTxis~ TandaTanobiT Serwyma erTmaneTSi). rodesac wm. gi-
orgim Suri ar iZia, kacia gmobs xats, xolo Semdeg Seipyrobs flegma da didi su-
lieri tanjviT kvdeba.
fsiqologiuri simarTliT gviCvenebs mwerali ubralo glexis rwmenasa da
SegnebaSi momxdar Zvras. mwerlis mier kacias vnebis Rrmad fsiqologiurma ana-
lizma, gancdebisa da qmedebis utyuarma motivirebam aamaRla d. kldiaSvilis
pirveli moTxrobis es personaJi, aqcia igi tragediis gmirad. mkiTxveli daZabu-
li adevnebs Tvals am vnebis peripetiebs, TandaTan, SeumCnevlad imsWvaleba ka-
ciasadmi TanagrZnobiT. ubralo glexi, kacia sagunaSvili, ewireba Tavis vnebas
da es gamoarCevs mas sxvebisagan. amasTan moTxrobaSi naCvenebia, rom miwisaTvis
kacias gaafTrebuli brZolis mizezi raRac `cxoveluri egoizmi~ ki ar iyo, ara-
med miwis nakleboba, arsebobisaTvis brZolis bunebrivi instinqti. kacias amboxi
arsebobisaTvis Seupovari brZolis gamovlenaa. amitom ganicdeba igi, rogorc
usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli pirovnebis tragedia.
kacias aqvs Tavisi simarTle da Seswevs unari bolomde daicvas is. marTalia,
igi am brZolaSi marcxdeba, magram es aris sapatio marcxi.
es Tviseba: sijiute, Seupovroba, mizanswrafuloba, brZola simarTlisa da
samarTlianobisaTvis qarTveli glexkacis gamorCeul Tvisebad miaCnda i. WavWa-
vaZes, romlisganac uTuod bevrs swavlobda d. kldiaSvili Tavisi samwerlo
moRvaweobis dasawyisSi.
oTaraanT qvrivi, i. WavWavaZis genialuri moTxrobis personaJi, monumenti-
viT wamoimarTa da mas Semdeg yvela glexkaci qarTul mwerlobaSi am `rkinis de-
dakacis~ kalTidanaa gamosuli.
rogorc cnobilia, istoriul-literaturuli memkvidreobis Seswavlisas
mTavaria msgavsebis ara calkeuli elementebi, aramed is, rac SemoqmedebiTi Ca-
nafiqris naTesaobas, ideur-esTetikuri principebis erTianobas an maxloblo-
bas gviCvenebs. d. kldiaSvili SemoqmedebiTad iTvisebda qarTuli mwerlobis mo-
napovrebs. mwerlis mimarTeba kacia sagunaSvilisadmi iseTivea, rogorc ilias
mimarTeba oTaraanT qvrivisadmi, paatasadmi.
saerTod, `gardamavali xanis~ mweralTa da, kerZod, d. kldiaSvilis persona-
Jebi xasiaTdebian maqsimaluri individualizaciiT, rac mxatvruli xasiaTis er-
Ti ZiriTadi Tvisebaa.
i. WavWavaZis SemoqmedebiTi gavlena `msxverplSi~ ufro TvalsaCinoa.
mkacri, kuSti, SavTavsafriani fefena garegnobiTac hgavs oTaraanT qvrivs.
misi ganuSorebeli joxi is `rkinis joxia~, romliTac oTaraanT qvrivi, Tu ga-
Wirda, xelmwifemdis ivlis. fefenasic iseve eSiniaT sofelSi, rogorc oTara-
anT qvrivisa. eSiniaT imitom, rom erTica da meorec TavianTi utexi nebisyofiT,
gamZleobiT, zneobiT gamocanaa soflisaTvis.
i. WavWavaZec da d. kldiaSvilic qmnian erovnul xasiaTs. qarTveli qalis sa-
xes, romelSic mTavaria ojaxis siwminde da erTianoba, qmrisadmi ganuxreli er-
Tguleba.
`m i q e l a~. SiSma ojaxis gadaSenebis gamo, imedma, rom rogorme gadaerCina um-
crosi SviliSvili, aiZula moxuci miqela giorgaZe guli gaeqvavebina da gaewira
avadmyofi ufrosi SviliSvili: saxlidan moSorebiT karavSi gaiyvana da joxze ga-
mobmuli WurWliT awvdida saWmels saiqiodan èrTi wlis vadiT gamobrunebul~
spidonas.
es iyo gamouval mdgomareobaSi Cavardnili glexis bunebrivi reaqcia Tavs
damtydar ubedurebaze, cxovrebis mZime pirobebze. manamde miqelam `sul mokle
xnis ganmavlobaSi miwas miabara Tavisi sami vaJi, erTi col-Svilianad~. moTxro-
428
baSi naCvenebia glexkacobis mZime, usasoo yofa. glexi martoa amqveynad rogorc
sicocxlis, aseve sikvdilis winaSe. martodmarto ebrZvis xats da kedlisken
pirSebrunebuli kvdeba kacia sagunaSvili; marto, sxvebis, sakuTari Svilis dax-
marebis gareSec ki, icavs ojaxs qvrivi fefena; martod, upatronod kvdeba spi-
dona; miqelam martodmartom daudo kubo uremze da martom miabara miwas Svi-
liSvili.
martoobis es tragikuli gancda, rogorc s. kldiaSvili gadmogvcems, TviTon
daviTsac axasiaTebda Turme.1
es iyo saukunis avadmyofoba, romelic mwvaved ganicdeboda qarTul sinam-
dvileSi. mogvianebiT daweril piesaSi ùbedureba~ daviT kldiaSvilis erT-er-
Ti simpaTiuri personaJi, ilia, ityvis: `guli miwuxs, maia... guli miwuxs!~ yoveli
mxridan marto mwuxareba gesmis~.
am tkiviliT, wuxiliT da unugeSo sinamdvilis tyveobaSi moqceul martod
darCenil adamianTa TanagrZnobiTaa dawerili d. kldiaSvilis yvela moTxroba.
daviT kldiaSvilma SeZlo qarTveli glexkacobis Rrmad fsiqologiuri, mka-
fiod individualizebuli xasiaTebis Seqmna. saamiso tendencia ukve arsebobda
qarTul mwerlobaSi. ilia WavWavaZis bolo periodis moTxrobebSi `sarCobela-
zed~ (1874) da òTaraanT qvrivi~ (1887), miuxedavad maSindeli kritikis mier aT-
valwunebuli `gaidealebisa~ da `sentimentalobisa~, aSkarad SeimCneva glexka-
cobis ara mxolod socialuri, aramed fsiqologiuri saxis damuSavebis cda. ami-
tom `monanie aznauris~, arCilis sityvebi ufro meti mniSvnelobisaa, vidre per-
sonaJis TviTdaxasiaTeba: `me glexkacs balRsaviT ki ar Sevxari, — angelozia-
meTqi. me vsinjav, me vCxrekav. rogorc Wkvadamjdari mgloviare, davtiri Cems
dakargul naxevarsa~. `glexi uwmiduria Tavisi tyapuWiT ki ara, zogjer Tavisi
guliTac, esec vici, magram Cven ki ukeTesni varT?~ — ganagrZobs arCili da es
iyo didi mwerlis polemika rogorc Tavisi drois literaturul kritikasTan,
aseve `tetiaTa motrfialeebTan~, xalxosnebTan.
glexkacobis xasiaTis yovelmxrivi mxatvruli asaxva mainc wilad xvda e. ni-
noSvilis, d. kldiaSvilis, S. aragvispirelis Taobas. am mweralTa SemoqmedebaSi
glexkacis yofa, misi interesebi, misi xasiaTi gacilebiT ufro farTod, mraval-
mxriv da, rac mTavaria, konkretuli realiebiT aisaxa, vidre wina Taobis mwe-
ralTa nawerebSi, an xalxosnebTan.
d. kldiaSvilis glexkacobis rkalis moTxrobaTa ideur-mxatvruli analizi
gvarwmunebs, rom `gardamavali xanis~ mwerlebma Tavi daaRwies glexkacobaze
utopiuri warmodgenebis hipnozs da safuZveli Cauyares misi namdvili cxovre-
bis da buneba-xasiaTis ufro mravalmxriv gansaxovnebas.
ideali — `me vsinjav, me vCxrekav~, maT SemoqmedebaSi srulyofiladaa gan-
xorcielebuli.
90-iani wlebis rusul mwerlobaSi damkvidrebuli ubralo adamianis asaxvis
tendencia CvenSic mZlavrad iCens Tavs.
d. kldiaSvilma ùmniSvnelo, Cveulebrivi kacis bunebis Zieba~ glexobidan
daiwyo. glexkacis xasiaTSi mweralma aRmoaCina mZlavri vnebebi, TviTdamkvidre-
bis dauokebeli wyurvili, arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi SemuSavebul simkacresTan
erTad — nazi lirizmi da poeturi fantaziis unari.
d. kldiaSvilis glexkacobis rkalis moTxrobebi, iseve rogorc mTeli misi
mxatvruli proza, erTi mxriv, ganagrZobs socialuri moTxrobis im saxelovan
tradiciebs, romlis saTaveSi idga i. WavWavaZe, xolo, meore mxriv, d. kldiaS-
vilma saTave daudo xasiaTTa xatvis zust fsiqologizms, Seqmna TavisTavadi,
1
s . k l d i a S v i l i , cxovreba daviT kldiaSvilisa, 1962, gv. 9.
429
mkveTrad individualizebuli xasiaTebi, riTac gaafarTova qarTuli moTxro-
bis Janrobrivi SesaZleblobani.
***
d. kldiaSvilis Semoqmedebis mkvlevarni, Zvelebic da axlebic, erTxmad aRi-

areben, rom am didi mwerlis originaluri niWi, misi SemoqmedebiTi meTodis da
stilis Tavisebureba, mxatvruli ostatobis umaRlesi xarisxi — mTeli sisru-
liT gamovlenilia gaRaribebul aznaurTa yofis amsaxvel moTxrobebsa da pie-
sebSi.
swored aznaurTa rkalis gamo d. kldiaSvilis saxeli arcTu iSviaTad moix-
senieba servantesisa da dikensis, gogolis, Cexovisa da buninis gverdiT.
d. kldiaSvilma Seqmna miTi misi Tanamedrove sazogadoebis erT mniSvnelo-
van nawilze — mTel wodebaze — da es miTi emyareboda ara gamonagons, saswauleb-
rivs, aramed cocxal sinamdviles.
1894 wels qveyndeba d. kldiaSvilis axali moTxroba `soloman morbelaZe~.
male mas mohyveba `samaniSvilis dedinacvali~ (1897), drama ìrines bedniereba~
(1897), moTxroba `qamuSaZis gaWirveba~ (1900), cota mogvianebiT — tragikomedia
`darispanis gasaWiri~ (1903), novelebi — `Tavadi petre~, `rostom manveliZe~
(1910), moTxroba `bakulas Rorebi~ (1914).
d. kldiaSvilis TiToeuli moTxroba cxovrebis mxolod erT moments, erT na-
wils, xSirad erT suraTs asaxavs, magram arsebiTad es aris erTi wigni, romlis
mTavari gmiria gaRatakebuli aznauri, visac yvelaze moxdenilad miesadaga TviT
kldiaSvilis moTxrobidan gavrcelebuli gamoTqma — `Semodgomis aznauri~.
vinaa es `Semodgomis aznauri~, romlis cxovreba, xasiaTi da suliskveTeba
ase realisturad aisaxa qarTveli mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi? ras warmoadgenda igi
Zvelad an axla, 90-ian wlebSi?
istorikosTa mtkicebiT, aznauroba, rogorc socialuri fena, mxolod qar-
Tuli movlena yofila da sruliad gansxvavebuli sxva qveynebSi cnobili sazo-
gadoebrivi urTierTobis formaTagan. zogierTi msgavseba espanur hidalgias-
Tan, germanul-frangul Rarib raindobasTan Tu polonur SliaxtasTan mxolod
garegnulia da ara arsebiTi. es fena, aznauroba, ukve me-15 saukunisaTvis raRac
saSualoa Tavadobasa da glexobas Soris. aznaurTa umravlesoba wvrili memamu-
lea, upiratesad, administraciuli moxeleni arian. maTve ekisrebodaT samxedro
samsaxuri da patronis xleba. raki saqarTvelo gauTavebeli omebis asparezi iyo,
laSqroba da omi gansazRvravda aznaurTa cxovrebis wess. patronTan xleba da
laSqroba-nadirobaSi monawileoba maTi ZiriTadi movaleoba iyo mefis da Tava-
dis winaSe. erTaderTi mTavari niSani, romelic aznaurs glexisagan ganasxvaveb-
da, piradi Tavisufleba yofila.
ai, zogierTi niSani, romelmac istoriulad Camoayaliba aznauruli xasiaTi:
gamaxvilebuli wodebrivi siamayis grZnoba, sakuTari damsaxurebis gazviadeba,
trabaxi, kudabzikoba, xazgasmuli stumarTmoyvareoba, gadayolili Cacma da a.S.
xSirad erTmaneTis gamomricxveli niSnebis CamoTvla SeiZleba, romlebic isto-
riul epoqaSi SeumuSavda aznaurobas da met-naklebad gadmohyva axal droSic,
feodalizmis likvidaciis Semdeg.
XIX saukunis qarTuli ganmanaTlebluri moZraobis didi moRvaweebi — i. Wav-
WavaZe, a. wereTeli, g. wereTeli, n. nikolaZe — rodesac cdilobdnen mTeli sazo-
gadoebis gajansaRebas, xSirad mimarTavdnen privilegirebuli klasis, Tavadaz-
naurobis, negatiuri mxareebis mxilebas. axal viTarebaSi, burJuaziul-memamu-
lur pirobebSi, Tavadaznaurobis saZraxisma Tvisebebma mTeli simaxinjiT Tavi
iCina aznaurobaSi. gansakuTrebiT TvalSi sacemi gaxda aznauruli bedovlaTo-
430
ba, Sromisadmi Seuguebloba, fuWi ampartavnoba, am wodebis sruli uunaroba,
icxovros burJuaziul-kapitalisturi sazogadoebis wesiT. am viTarebaSi azna-
urobam sabolood dakarga Tavisi istoriul-erovnuli funqcia. Tavadebsa da
glexkacobas Sua moqceuli, igi deklasirebul elementad iqca, rogorc n. niko-
laZe SeniSnavda, `gaproletarda~. aznaurobis, rogorc funqciadakarguli wo-
debis, sakiTxi, farTod aisaxa qarTul presaSi. i. WavWavaZe, a. wereTeli, g. were-
Teli, n. nikolaZe, an. furcelaZe bevrs weren aznaurobaze, aanalizeben am fenis
mdgomareobas. batonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg aznauroba ukidures gaWirvebaSi
aRmoCnda. Sromis Cvevebis uqonlobam aiZula aznaurebi masiurad daZruliyvnen
qalaqisaken. iq zogi gaproletardeba, zogi beds eweva, zogic kanonsawinaaRmde-
go gzas daadgeba, aznaurTa didi nawili, cxadia, sofels SerCa da morcxvad Cae-
ba glexkacur SromaSi.
ai, am viTarebaSi, zed XIX-XX saukuneebis gasayarTan, 1900 wels, d. kldiaSvi-
lis erT-erT saukeTeso moTxrobaSi `qamuSaZis gaWirveba~ pirvelad gaisma ga-
moTqma `Semodgomis aznauri~. SeZlebuli glexi samadaZe, aznaur qamuSaZeebis
naTlobaSi, TavisTavze iRebs istoriul misias — ganaCeni gamoutanos am xalxs.
`Semodgomis aznauri~ aris termini-ganaCeni, termini-funqcia, romelSic aisaxa
mTeli sazogadoebrivi fenis tragediac da komediac. am wodebis istoriul-qar-
Tuli Tavgadasavali SeZlebuli glexis SeyvarebiT da mTavar aznauris luRlu-
RiT unda damTavrebuliyo. aseTi qveteqstiT mogvawoda d. kldiaSvilma termini
— `Semodgomis aznauri~, romelic samudamod damkvidrda qarTul sityva-xmare-
baSi. am terminma gaaerTiana yvela is niSan-Tviseba, romelic aznauruli wodebis
socialur saxes da mis xasiaTs gansazRvravda. `Semodgomis aznauri~ — kudabzi-
ka, umiwawylo, gudamSieri aznauri.
ai, es masala daedo safuZvlad daviT kldiaSvilis Semoqmedebis ZiriTad na-
wils.
XIX saukunis qarTul realistur mwerlobaSi Tavadaznaurobis, rogorc
mCagvreli klasis, asaxva, upiratesad, kritikis niSniT mimdinareobda. am kriti-
kis arsebiTi paTosi aRSfoTeba, mxileba iyo. batonymobisa da misi gadmonaSTe-
bis winaaRmdeg brZola garkveul etapze qarTuli mwerlobis umTavres Sinaarss
Seadgenda. am brZolas, raki igi CvenSi erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis
nawili iyo, ulmobeli xasiaTi hqonda.
am pirobebSi Cveni mwerloba mimarTavda mxilebis iseT formas, rogoricaa
satira — gamanadgurebeli sicili. qarTuli mwerlobac siciliT miacilebda Ta-
vadaznaurul warsuls. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva etapze am sicils
gansxvavebuli xasiaTi hqonda. rodesac Tavadaznauroba saSiS socialur Zalas
warmoadgenda, qarTvel samocianelTa SemoqmedebaSi igi satiris formiT gamoi-
xata, romlis klasikuri Zeglia i. WavWavaZis `kacia-adamiani?!~.
batonymuri saqarTvelos Tavadaznaurobis suraTs sabediswero STambeWda-
obiT amTavrebs didi mxatvris funjiT daxatuli `brwyinvale~ Tavadis, luarsab
TaTqariZis, groteskuli saxe. magram es iyo istoriisagan ganwiruli klasis qar-
Tuli komediis pirveli aqti da misi mTavari gmiri uTuod luarsab TaTqariZea.
am komediis Semdgomi aqtis dawera, dramatuli finaliTurT, wilad xvda
daviT kldiaSvils.
jer kidev xomlelma SeamCnia d. kldiaSvilis moTxrobebSi `Cafiqrebuloba
da raRacnairi nazi iumori da poeturi naRveli~. i. gomarTelsac d. kldiaSvi-
lis moTxrobebis mSvenebad miaCnia nazi da sevdiani iumori, romelsac, kritiko-
sis azriT, sarCulad udevs `Savi da mware fiqrebi~. k.abaSiZem am TvalsazrisiT
mkafiod Camoyalibebuli formulis saxe misca da kldiaSvilis mxatvruli sti-
lis damaxasiaTeblad pirvelad gamoiyena gamoTqma, romelic Semdeg gavrcele-
bul terminad iqca: `cremlnarevi sicili~. kritikoss, bunebrivia, aqve uCndeba
431
asociaciebi gogolTan, romlis mimarTac es gamoTqma gamoiyeneba belinskidan
moyolebuli — dRemde.
platonis mixedviT, sokratem aiZula Tanamosaubreni, daTanxmebodnen, rom
erTsa da imave kacs unda SeeZlos rogorc komediebis, ise tragediebis wera da
didi tragikosi poeti didi komikosic unda iyoso uTuod. gogoli imdenadvea
tragikosi, ramdenadac komikosia... cal-calke igi iSviaTad gvxvdebao — aRniS-
navda belinski. igive unda gavimeoroT d. kldiaSvilis Sesaxeb. cxadia, laparakia
tragikulze da komikurze rogorc paTosze, rogorc xelovanis Rrma gancdaze,
mis STagonebul mimarTebaze obieqtisadmi.
aznaurTa yofa, cxovrebis asparezze funqciadakarguli wodebis Wapanwyve-
ta d. kldiaSvilisaTvis, rogorc am wodebis SvilisaTvis, ar SeiZleboda yofi-
liyo oden komikuris masala. mwerali-humanisti, asaxavda ra aznaurTa cxovre-
bas, upirveles yovlisa, masSi xedavda axal sazogadoebriv-ekonomikur urTier-
TobasTan Seuguebel, gaubedurebul adamianTa dramas.
brZola arsebobisaTvis, saerTo gaWirvebis mZafri Secnoba d. kldiaSvilis
am nawarmoebTa personaJebs dramis gmirebad aqcevs. aqedan: dramatuli paTosi,
romelic aznauruli rkalis nawarmoebTa mxatvruli stilis umTavresi niSania.
sibraluli, romelsac d. kldiaSvili ganicdida am, arsebiTad, deklasirebu-
li adamianebisadmi, realist mwerals ar uSlida xels SeemCnia sasacilo mdgoma-
reoba, romelSiac cxovrebam Caayena es adamianebi; SeemCnia komikuri maT qcevasa
da xasiaTSi. aqedan: iumoristuli paTosi, romelic agreTve damaxasiaTebelia d.
kldiaSvilis mxatvruli stilisaTvis.
d. kldiaSvilis mTavari personaJebi arasodes xumroben, piriqiT: umetesad
isini pirquSni, mowyenilni, Cafiqrebulni da, arcTu iSviaTad, sityvaZunwni arian.
maTze imitom ki ar gveRimeba, rom Tavad arian komikurni, aramed imitom, rom
`TviT ambavia sasacilo~. cnobili epizodi `samaniSvilis dedinacvlidan~:
mTvralma kirilem saloberiZis ojaxSi iCxuba, uxerxul mdgomareobaSi Caayena mas-
pinZlebic da maTi stumrebic. platoni Sewuxda colisZmis saqcieliT da rodesac
es ukanaskneli gaiqca, sazogadoebas uambo kiriles sxva oinebic. mwerali SeniSnavs:
ès kaci... iseTnairi kiloTi laparakobda, swored Seecodeboda kacs, rom TviT am-
bavi sasacilo ar yofiliyo~.
d. kldiaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi iumori umTavresad situaciuri komizmis
formiTaa gamovlenili.
d. kldiaSvilis iumoris wyaro, iseve rogorc yvela didi xelovanisaTvis,
TviTon cxovreba iyo. mas hqonda iSviaTi unari adamianTa urTierTobaSi, maT
metyvelebaSi, saqcielSi, saerTod cxovrebiseul movlenebSi SeemCnia sasacilo
da, rac mTavaria, eqcia igi Tavisi mxatvruli Semoqmedebis erT-erT mniSvnelo-
van esTetikur fenomenad. kldiaSvils, udavod, hqonda iumoris uzarmazari ni-
Wi, magram mwerlis Semoqmedebis am mxares gadaWarbebuli mniSvneloba ar unda
mieniWos.
Tavi rom davaneboT iseTi tragikuli intonaciebiT datvirTul moTxrobas,
rogoricaa `qamuSaZis gaWirveba~, TviT `soloman morbelaZe~ da `samaniSvilis de-
dinacvali~ imdenadvea iumoristuli, ramdenadac tragikul-dramatuli. `misi pi-
esebi tragikulis mijnazea, isini amiT gipyroben, — ambobda goeTe molieris Sesa-
xeb — ... misi `Zunwi~, sadac biwiereba mama-Svils Soris yovelgvar grZnobas spobs,
gamorCeulad didia da tragikuli~.
daqvrivebulma, magram jer kidev Warmagma moxucma aznaurma bekina samaniS-
vilma erT dRes kaci miugzavna Svils, platons, da colis SerTvis survili gamo-
ucxada. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom mama-Svili erTad, erT ojaxSi cxovrobs, si-
tuacia sakmaod komikuria. magram komikuria igi mkiTxvelisaTvis da ara TviT am
situaciis moqmedi gmirebisaTvis, metadre platonisTvis. `mRupav, mama? — mivida
432
bekinasTan — mRupav? danas miyri yelSi? ratom mimeteb, Seni Wirime?! — Zlivs
warmoTqva platonma da xmaCawyvetilma unugeSod xelebi gaSala~. raki mamas ga-
dawyvetileba ver Seacvlevina, platonma TviTon ikisra sadedinacvlos gamoZeb-
na, ikisra imitom, rom aramc da aramc ar unda dauSvas, rom bekinas Svili gauCndes,
ese igi, gaCndes `lukmis gamyofi~, isedac mcire mamulis moziare. rom ufro ime-
dianad iyos, platoni gadawyvets TviTon moZebnos ornaqmarevi da uSvilo sade-
dinacvlo. igi, naTxovar bexrek cxenze amxedrebuli, gaemarTeba sofel-sofel.
iwyeba Raribi imereli aznauris mogzauroba, erTsa da imave dros sasaciloca da
samwuxaroc.
platonis SiSi, mis mier mamis gadawyvetilebis tragikuli gancda rom safuZ-
vels moklebuli ar iyo, irkveva moTxrobis finalSi. aq naCvenebia, Tu rogor spobs
mama-Svils Soris yovelgvar grZnobas SiSi xvalindeli dRis winaSe, romelsac ada-
mianebSi warmoSobs kerZomesakuTrul urTierTobaze damyarebuli cxovreba. pla-
toni mxecurad scems fexmZime dedinacvals, gaeyreba Sromisunarmoklebul mamas,
xolo, rodesac es ukanaskneli gardaicvleba, usaSvelod aviwroebs, sasamarTlo-
dan sasamarTloSi daawanwalebs dedinacvals da mcirewlovan Zmas.
moTxrobaSi bevria iumoristuli situacia, aris zogierTi iumoristuli
personaJic, magram TviTon mTavari gmiri — pirquSi, sityvaZunwi, ulmobeli pla-
ton samaniSvili, misi urTierToba mamasTan, goeTes sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, tra-
gikulis mijnazea.
asea `soloman morbelaZeSi~, `qamuSaZis gaWirvebaSi~, `darispanis gasaWirSi~.
am sazogadoebaSi adgili aRar rCeba naTesaur-intimuri mgrZnobiarobisaT-
vis, aq angarebaze agebuli ulmobeli kanonebi moqmedeben da adamianebic Sesaba-
misad arian mimarTulni. moxuci bekina Sebralebas emudareba Svils. `me Semibra-
la vinmem? — wailaparaka platonma da piri iqiT miibruna~. platonis am walapa-
rakebaSi d. kldiaSvilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sizustiTaa formulirebuli
ulmoblobaze damyarebuli sazogadoebis arsi. piri imitom miibruna platonma,
rom igi, bolos da bolos, adamiania da saxeSi ver Sexedavda mamas, romelsac es-
esaa sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamoutana.
amasTanave, `samaniSvilis dedinacvali~, iseve rogorc aznauruli rkalis
yvela moTxroba, gabrwyinebulia im iumoriT, romelic Tavisi warmoSobiT xal-
xuria, CvenSi damkvidrebuli tradiciiT — imerulia da romelic mwerlobaSi
pirvelma d. kldiaSvilma Semoitana. `kldiaSvili imeruli niWia, oxunji, xalisi-
ani, sityvamoswrebuli, laRi~, — SeniSnavda i. gomarTeli. cxadia, es Tvisebebi
mxolod ìmeruli niWisTvis~ rodia damaxasiaTebeli, magram mwerlis Tanamed-
rove kritikosis am sityvebSi xazgasmulia d. kldiaSvilis iumoris xalxuri xa-
siaTi, misi, rogorc dRes ityvian, karnavaluri buneba.
ironia da TviTironia personaJis daxasiaTebis erT-erTi gavrcelebuli
xerxia d. kldiaSvilis moTxrobebSi. aznauri serafion gordelaZe (`qamuSaZis
gaWirveba~) Tavisi saqmis virtuozia; igi, SeiZleba iTqvas, profesiuli xumaraa
da Tavisi auditoriac hyavs. igive funqcia akisria axalgazrda kote baldavaZes
`samaniSvilis dedinacvalSi~. pirvel yovlisa, sakuTar qcevasa da xasiaTSi sasa-
cilos warmoCena am personaJebis mimarT garkveul simpaTias da TanagrZnobas
iwvevs, rac uTuod Seesabameboda mwerlis saerTo Canafiqrs. es xumara mTxro-
belni gansakuTrebiT uyvars mwerals da isini xSirad gamohyavs scenaze. serafi-
on gordelaZis da misi marCenali ZaRlis, kusias, ambavi kldiaSvilis aznaurTa
daxasiaTebis qrestomaTiul magaliTad iqca, iseve, rogorc axalgazrda balda-
vaZis naambobi usaxlkaro aznauris, aristo qvaSaviZis Sesaxeb.
araa swori damkvidrebuli azri, rom TiTqos d. kldiaSvilis iumors aklia
mamxilebeli paTosi da masTan ar gvxvdeba satira, gamanadgurebeli dacinva. beg-
lar jinWaraZe, porfiri biaSvili, platon samaniSvili uTuod satiruli xasia-
433
Tebia. magram aznauruli rkalis saerTo elferi ueWvelad ufro iumoristulia,
vidre satiruli. amiT d. kldiaSvili axlo dgas i.buninTan, mis Tanamedrove rus
mweralTan. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom d. kldiaSvilisTvis araa damaxasiaTebeli
is sevda aznaurTa dangreuli budeebis gamo, romelsac aseTi lirizmi Seaqvs àn-
tonovur vaSlebSi~. d. kldiaSvilis aznaurebi, umetes SemTxvevaSi, advilad wa-
moiSlebian budeebidan gardauvali aucileblobis gamo da arc maT, arc mwerals
arasodes wamocdeniaT: `mainc kargia es Raribuli, wvrilmemamuluri cxovreba!~
(i.bunini).
komikur-iumoristuli d. kldiaSvilis msoflmxedvelobrivi poziciis erT-
erTi saintereso gamovlena iyo da kidev ufro mkveTrad warmoaCenda mwerlis
mier sinamdvilis tragikulad aRqmas.
***
d. kldiaSvili, pirvel yovlisa, moTxrobis didostatia. qarTul mwerlobas

TiTqmis ar Sexebia Janrebis monacvleobis is procesi, romelic 90-ian wlebSi ga-
nicada rusulma mwerlobam da romlis saTaveSi idga a.Cexovi. magram es sruliad
ar niSnavs, rom qarTuli moTxroba mxolod da mxolod sakuTari Janrobrivi kano-
nebiT viTardeboda. jer erTi, mas hqonda uZvelesi tradiciebi rogorc moTxro-
bis, aseve romanis JanrSi da meorec, Cveni mwerloba viTardeboda rusul mwerlo-
basTan cxovelmyofeli Tanaarsebobis pirobebSi da es garemoeba gavlenas axden-
da misi formisa da Sinaarsis SemuSavebaze.
qarTuli mwerlobis axalgazrda Taoba im gzas unda gahyoloda, romlis sa-
TaveSi idga a.Cexovi. d. kldiaSvils maT Soris pirveli adgili unda miekuTnos.
d. kldiaSvilis obieqtivisturi Txrobis manera, lakoniuroba, CaRrmavebu-
li realizmi, detalebis sizuste, cxovrebiseuli simarTle da a.S. axlosaa Cexo-
vis mxatvrul stilTan, saerTod, moTxrobis im formasTan, romlis srulyofa am
did mwerals miewereba. gagrZelebul-gaWianurebuli winadadebebis uaryofa;
mxolod da mxolod obieqturoba; moqmed gmirTa da saganTa simarTliT xatva;
moklesityvaoba; calkeuli wvrilmanebis upiratesi mniSvneloba fsiqikis Cvene-
bisas, portretis Tu bunebis xatvisas; personaJebis moqmedebaSi Cveneba; moqmed
gmirTa minimaluri raodenoba — es ar iyo marto Cexovis mcneba, radgan met-nak-
lebad am punqtebs pasuxobs Cexovis TiTqmis yvela niWieri Tanamedrove. es iyo
realizmis axali gza da d. kldiaSvilic am gzas adga.
d. kldiaSvilis mniSvneloba qarTuli mwerlobisaTvis igivea, rac rusuli
mwerlobisaTvis — a.Cexovis. rac mTavaria, isini marto weris maneriT ki ar dga-
nan axlos erTmaneTTan, aramed saerTo suliskveTebiT: sinamdvilis filosofi-
uri aRqmiT, sevdiani ironiiT, keTilSobiluri humanizmiT.
d. kldiaSvilis moTxroba qarTuli prozis simwifes moaswavebda, upirveles
yovlisa, rogorc mxatvruli fenomeni.
d. kldiaSvilis idea, misi avtoriseuli TvalsazrisiT, TviT am moTxrobaTa
mxatvruli saxeebis obieqtur bunebaSi devs, TviT am cxovrebis obieqturi Tvi-
sebaa, romelsac mwerali asaxavs. yvela es sityva — àsaxavs~, `xatavs~ — zedmiwev-
niT miesadageba d. kldiaSvilis stils. mwerali mTlianad amofarebulia perso-
naJebs, xatebis, saxeebis saSualebiT `saxiobs~. aqedan gamomdinare, tradiciuli
epiuri avtori-mTxrobeli, romelmac yvelaferi icis personaJTa bedis, maTi
Semdgomi saqcielis, maTi momavlis Sesaxeb, d. kldiaSvilis moTxrobebSi ar
gvxvdeba. soloman morbelaZe, platon samaniSvili, otia qamuSaZe, ekvirine, — az-
nauruli rkalis mTavari gmirebi mkiTxvelis Tvalwin laparakoben, moqmedeben,
xolo rogorc ki Tavis saqmes morCebian, mwerali dauyovnebliv tovebs maT. ami-
434
tom dialogi, rogorc moqmedebis sityvieri forma da sakuTriv moqmedeba, d.
kldiaSvilis mxatvruli stilis ZiriTadi formaa.
`soloman morbelaZe~, aznauruli rkalis pirveli moTxroba, pirdapir moq-
medebiT da dialogiT iwyeba. maSval solomanTan modis platoni, mevale, da vals
iTxovs. solomani dauyovnebliv Seudga moqmedebas. aTasnairi xrikebiT bolom-
de mihyavs wamowyebuli saqme: qaixosro qaTamaZis vaJs, nikos, besarion saqaraZis
qaliSvils SerTavs da yovelnairad cdilobs dapirebuli samaSvlo miiRos, raTa
vali gadaixados. solomani ver miiRebs dapirebul Tanxas da saswrafod tovebs
meqorwileebs. moTxrobis finalSi TviT solomani yovelive amas SesaniSnav for-
mulirebas ukeTebs: `movatyueT, momatyues da erTi motyuebuli xval an zeg mo-
madgeba kidev~. moTxrobis gmiri nawarmoebis dasawyisSi jorze amxedrebuli ime-
dianad `SemoCiqCiqdeba~ Tavis ezoSi; imave jorze amxedrebuli gvtovebs igi
moTxrobis dasasruls, oRond amjerad `Sav-ukuRma fiqrebSi wasuli~.
`samaniSvilis dedinacvlis~ dasawyisSi mwerali oriode gverdze acnobs
mkiTxvels bekina samaniSvilis ojaxs da myisve Seudgeba moqmedebas: Warmagma,
daqvrivebulma bekinam kaci miugzavna Svils, platons, da colis SerTvis gadawy-
vetileba amcno. amas mosdevs dialogi. platoni cdilobs gadaaTqmevinos mamas
gadawyvetileba, magram verafers gaxdeba. maSin igi Seudgeba mogzaurobas or-
naqmarevi da uSvilo sadedinacvlos saZebrad. personaJebi da maTi Tavgadasava-
li kinematografiuli siswrafiT enacvlebian erTmaneTs am sakmaod vrceli
moTxrobis TavebSi.
d. kldiaSvilis dialogebs, pasternakis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, axasiaTebs `sasa-
ubro enis sicocxle~, mwerals `mimadlebuli aqvs absoluturi smena — es utyuari
niSani dramatuli niWierebisa, uromlisodac SeuZlebeli iqneboda dialogis ase
gadmocema, rogorc man SesZlo~. a. gawerelia wers: `d. kldiaSvils daWerili aqvs
imeruli aznauris saubris yoveli niuansi, winadadebis mimoxra, Taviseburi gamoT-
qmebi, akviatebuli sityvebi da xSirad — mniSvnelobas moklebuli bgerebic ki. sak-
marisia misma personaJebma xma amoiRon, raTa yovelgvari sazRvari waiSalos sinam-
dvilesa da xelovnebas Soris, imdenad cocxalni da damajerebelni arian isini~.
TiTqmis mTlianad dialogebzea agebuli `soloman morbelaZe~, `Tavadi pet-
re~, `bakulas Rorebi~. rasakvirvelia, am moTxrobebSi garkveuli adgili uWi-
ravs avtor-mTxrobels, magram misi xma isea Serwymuli personaJTa metyvelebas-
Tan, rom Znelad gamoirCeva. amasTan ironia, romelsac mwerali iyenebs, intona-
ciurad amTlianebs personaJebs, moTxrobaTa siuJets, ase rom, aq personaJebisa
da avtoris xma erTmaneTisagan TiTqmis aRar gansxvavdeba.
rac ufro Rrmaa mwerlis realizmi, mwerali gmirTa metyvelebaSi miT ufro
iyenebs maTi socialuri, kulturuli, xandaxan kuTxuri garemosaTvis damaxasia-
Tebel leqsikur elementebs. ubralo dakvirvebiTac SesamCnevia, rom d. kldiaSvi-
lis ena XIX s. qarTuli saliteraturo enaa, xolo misi personaJebis metyveleba —
im wrisa da kuTxis, zemo imereTis, damaxasiaTebeli metyvelebaa. amasTan, d. kldi-
aSvils aqcenti gadaaqvs ara imdenad imereTis kilokavis morfologiur-sintaq-
sur Taviseburebaze, aramed am kuTxisaTvis damaxasiaTebel sityvis moqcevaze, in-
tonaciebze. swored es qmnis im ganumeorebel akustikur kolorits, romliTac
aRbeWdilia am didi mwerlis mTeli Semoqmedeba da metyvelebs im àbsolutur
smenaze~, romelic dialogis ostatobis aucilebel Tvisebadaa miCneuli.
d. kldiaSvilis aznaurTa rkalis moTxrobebi mZafri siuJetiT ar xasiaTde-
ba, Tumca misi gmirebi bevrs mogzauroben, kardakar daZrwian, saerTod bevrs
moZraoben. TiToeul moTxrobas safuZvlad udevs erTi araki, TviT mwerlis
sityvebiT, ùcnauri ambavi~. moTxrobis Janrobrivi saxis mixedviT, mcireformi-
an moTxrobebSi es araki koncentrirebulia, Sekrulia, dakumSulia. romanul
moTxrobebSi — `samaniSvilis dedinacvali~, `qamuSaZis gaWirveba~ — araki mraval
435
epizodadaa daSlili da ramdenime paralelur, Sida siuJets qmnis, TumcaRa am
mTlianobas ar arRvevs. saerTod ki d. kldiaSvilis moTxrobebSi araki sxartia,
anekdoturi Sinaarsisaa. imereTis gaRatakebul aznaurTa yofa, maTi zne da xasi-
aTi uamrav masalas iZleoda saamisod. motyuebuli maSvalis anekdots emyareba
`soloman morbelaZe~. novelis anekdoturi formula SesaniSnavadaa Camoyalibe-
buli TviT mTavari gmiris mier: `movatyueT, momatyues da erTi motyuebuli
xval an zeg karze momadgeba kidev~. mTlianad anekdoturia qorwilis epizodi,
rodesac axlad damoyvrebuli qalis mama da vaJis mama erTmaneTTan agzavnian sa-
sowarkveTil maSvals da, eqvsi Tumnis nacvlad, gasamrjelod eqvs maneTs da
dakluli xaris tyavs arguneben.
aseve anekdoturi Sinaarsisaa `bakulas Rorebi~. galaqtion xosolianma qa-
laqidan stumrad moiwvia Cinovnikebi, naTesavi SaSa — aleqsandre da misi ufrosi
— vasil ivaniCi, raTa SeaSinos mezobeli bakula, romlis Rorebma bostani amoug-
des. Cinovnikebma moilxines, magram maT Tvalwin bakulas Rorebi kvlav daarbe-
ven maspinZlis kar-midamos, ramac mTvrali stumrebi ufro gaamxiarula. gamwa-
rebuli galaqtioni, romelic Cinovnikebis gamaspinZlebam ufro daazarala,
vidre mezoblis Rorebma, usaxelo weriliT mazris ufrosTan abezRebs stum-
rebs, rom amaTze mainc amoiyaros javri. bakulas Rorebi kvlav ganagrZnoben Ta-
vis Sav saqmes. ase rom, rogorc aleqsandre ambobs, bakula ki ar SegviSinebia,
Cven SegvaSines ufroo.
anekdoturia Svilisagan mamis maWanklobis ambavi, romelic safuZvlad
udevs `samaniSvilis dedinacvals~.
yvela am moTxrobaSi personaJi iseT garkveul cxovrebiseul situaciaSia
Cayenebuli, romelSic man srulad unda gamoavlinos Tavisi xasiaTi.
***
ukiduresi gaWirveba, `gafSekili kuWi~, am gaWirvebasTan brZolis wyurvili

— ai masala, romelic gansazRvravs d. kldiaSvilis personaJTa dramas da kome-
dias, maT xasiaTsa da saqciels. SiSi, sasowarkveTileba, imedi da uimedoba — im-
denad mkafiodaa gamokveTili, rom kompoziciis mTavar sayrdens warmoadgens,
mTlianad ganapirobebs nawarmoebis saxeobriv sistemas.
gaWirveba, — ekonomiuri uZlurebis mwvave gancda — d. kldiaSvilis nawarmoeb-
Ta mTavari gamaerTianebeli kompoziciuri elementia, metic, igi TiTqos aznau-
ruli rkalis moTxrobaTa erTi mTavari personaJia. gaWirveba aiZulebs soloman
morbelaZes ìwanwalos~, icruos; gaWirvebam, SiSma `lukmis gamyofis~ gamo, aiZula
platon samaniSvili maSvlad daudges sakuTar mamas. moTxrobaSi `qamuSaZis gaWir-
veba~ da piesaSi `darispanis gasaWiri~ ukve saTaurSivea gamotanili am nawarmoebTa
mTavari motivi.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom msoflio literaturaSi ar aris meore mwerali, rom-
lis mTel SemoqmedebaSi ise xSirad gaismodes sityva `gaWirveba~, rogorc igi d.
kldiaSvilTan gvxvdeba. am gaWirvebas sayovelTao xasiaTi aqvs. es ician nawarmo-
ebis gmirebma. swored es codna, sakuTari gaWirvebis sayovelTao xasiaTis Segne-
ba aniWebs maT udides ganmazogadebel Zalas, aqcevs maT dramis gmirebad. `name-
tan glaxa droSi vcxovrobT~, ambobs soloman morbelaZis erT-erTi gmiri, azna-
uri besarion saqaraZe — `yvelas rom gviWirs, sad unda wavideT, visTan mivideT,
vis SevexvewoT moxmareba?!~. aseve ganzogadebulia es sayovelTao gaWirvebis
Tema platon samaniSvilisa da advokat ivane gverdevaniZis saubarSi: àseTia Ce-
mo biZia, es Cveni mdgomareoba da ras izam! gaWirvebis dro Semogveswro da meca-
dineoba gvWiria, Zalian gafrTxileba gvmarTebs am gaWirvebasTan~.
436
saerTo gaWirvebis dramatuli gancda d. kldiaSvilis personaJebisadmi Seune-
lebeli interesis, maTdami TanagrZnobis safuZvelia. amitomaa, rom ase ganmazoga-
deblad gaismis `soloman morbelaZis~, xelmocaruli maSvlis Tavgadasavlis fina-
li: `daswyevlos RmerTma xelmokle aznauris usaSvelo, gaZaRlebuli cxovreba!
riTi gamoaqvT Tavi, meti gza rom aRar aqvT? tyuili, tyuili, yovel nabijzed tyu-
ili da upiruloba!... saSveli Tu mainc mogvecema rodisme, rom kacuri cxovreba
gveRirsos... RmerTo, RmerTo! — sasowarkveTilebiT wamoiZaxa ukanaskneli sityvebi
sabralo solomanma da, TiTqo misi guli sibraluliT aivso yoveli RvTis gaCeni-
lisa da daCagrulisadmi~.
Tavad sabralo solomanis swored es sibraluli `yoveli RvTis gaCenili-
sadmi~, sasowarkveTili sevda kacur cxovrebaze amaRlebs am personaJs, Seaqvs am
xasiaTSi tragikuli Strixebi.
`saerTo gaWirvebis~ asaxva personaJTa xasiaTebSi, TanagrZnoba gaWirvebaSi
Cavardnili adamianebisadmi — es aris d. kldiaSvilis aznaurTa rkalis moTxro-
bebisa da piesebis gamaerTianebeli motivi. am gaWirvebas, rogorc aRvniSneT, sa-
zogado, sayovelTao, WeSmaritad totaluri xasiaTi aqvs. igi raRac fatalur,
dauZlevel Zalad qceula, romelTan brZolaSi unda gamJRavndes d. kldiaSvi-
lis cxovrebisagan gawamebuli personaJTa xasiaTi, maTi zneoba, qmedeba da saq-
cieli. mTavari isaa, rom am gaWirvebaSi adamianebi martoni arian. ùbedurebis~
mTavari personaJi, ilia, ambobs: `...yvela gaWirvebaSi varT, yvelas TavTavis ga-
Wirveba Tan gvaxlavs da, Cvenda saubedurod, jer-jerobiT Cvens gaWirvebas
Cven-Cveni ZalRoniT unda veWidoT~...
adamianebi sityviT erTmaneTs uTanagrZnoben, magram saqme saqmeze rom mid-
geba, yvela Tavis satkivars dahkankalebs, uares SemTxvevaSi — erTmaneTs ar zo-
gaven, erTmaneTis mimarT ulmobelni arian.
platon samaniSvilis sityvebi — `me Semibrala vinmem?~ — ama Tu im formiT d.
kldiaSvilis yvela nawarmoebSi gaismis da personaJTa cxovrebiseuli gamocdi-
lebis xarisxSia ayvanili.
mkacr, areul wuTisofelSi adamianebs codva-madli aRar swamT. rogorc ki
maT interesebs Seexebian, Seubralebelni da daundobelni xdebian, adrindeli
Tavazianobidan aRaraferi SerCebaT. besarion saqaraZem da qaixosro qaTamaZem
Tavisi gainaRdes — erTma qaliSvili gaaTxova, meorem mziTvi miiRo da gulcivad
moiSores maSvali, soloman morbelaZe. igi maT, ubralod, aRar sWirdebaT. aseT
SemTxvevaSi kldiaSvilis personaJebi civi, sityvaZunwi da Seuvalni arian. `Se-
mibraleT, kaci SemibraleT... kaci, kaci!~ — emudareboda besarioni solomans,
rodesac samziTvo Tanxis daklebas iTxovda da mWevrmetyvelurad acodebda
Tavs. axla viTareba Seicvala. erTmac da meoremac civi uari uTxres solomans
gasamrjeloze da rogorc dacinva, rogorc adamianTa ulmoblobis simbolo,
xelmocarul maSvals maTxovruli groSi da saqorwilod dakluli xaris tyavi
argunes.
oriode wlis Semdeg iwereba `samaniSvilis dadinacvali~. aq ukve Svils mama
aRar ebraleba.
gulcivi da ulmobelia beglar jinWaraZe, romelic xels aiRebs daniSnulze,
mSvenier ninoze, Tu rvaas maneTs ar miiRebs mziTvad.
ulmobloba, gulqvaoba da daundobloba aravis ukvirs, igi adamianTa cxov-
rebis wesad qceula. ar ukvirs solomans, — mSier, gaRatakebul besarions ar un-
da ndoboda; jinWaraZes dedamisi amarTlebs, guli daeCagra avadmyof spidonas,
rodesac babuam karavSi gaiyvana da grZel joxze gamobmuli WurWliT awvdida
saWmels, magram Semdeg `kidec gaamarTla moxuci, romelic aseT Seubraleblo-
bis gzas daadga, rom ojaxi amowyvetisagan exsna~. arc kaciasgan andrias xatze
437
gadacema gahkvirvebiaT, piriqiT, erTma kidec gaamarTla: me, SeiZleba, erTi-ori
kacic momeklao.
ukiduresi gaWirvebisagan adamianebis gaboroteba, sxvebis mimarT Seubra-
lebloba, zogjer uazrobamde midis, TiTqmis paTologiuri xasiaTisaa da misi
axsna ar SeuZliaT iseT gonier adamianebsac ki, rogoricaa qamuSaZeebis rZali
sonia da inteligenti ilia, — ùbedurebis~ personaJi.
sayovelTao godeba gaismis d. kldiaSvilis moTxrobebidan. adamianebi iTxo-
ven Svelas, sibraluls, TanagrZnobas, siyvaruls, ndobas, samarTals. esaa d.
kldiaSvilis lirizmi, misi sevdiani, Rrmad humanisturi mimarTeba adamianebi-
sadmi, romlebic mis gverdiT cxovrobdnen da itanjebodnen.
Cexovis aznaurebic gaRatakebulni, damcirebulni arian, magram zogi maTga-
ni mainc ocnebobs ukeTes momavalze, romelic aucileblad dadgeba. kldiaSvi-
lis gmirebi moklebulni arian am bednierebasac, isini verc momavalSi xedaven
raime sanugeSos. `movkvdi, marTa Cemo, movkvdi, nametani gavwvaldi!~, `Cveni aq
darCena sikvdilia, otia... sikvdili, otia!~, `sikvdili jobia, rZalo!... sikvdi-
li~...
i.buninis àntonovuri vaSlebis~ lirikuli gmiri mistiris wvril-memamu-
lur soflis surnels, mis adamianebs da poeturi eqstaziT warmoTqvams: `Нас-
тупает царство мелкопоместных, обедневших до нищенства. Но хороша ли этa нищенская
мелкопоместная жизнь~! — msgavsi ram arasodes wamoscdebaT d. kldiaSvilis aznau-
rebs; piriqiT, ilia ambobs: àse meCveneba, TiTqos qveyanaze mwuxarebis meti ara
iyos ra!~. isini, roca saSualeba eZlevaT, zogi nebiT, zogi iZulebiT, toveben Tavi-
anT uxaliso budeebs~ da ukan aRaraferi ewevaT. `mZuls aq mosvla!... sikvdils unda
eRirso, sanam aqedan fexis gadadgmas moaxerxebdes adamiani! dawyevlos RmerTma
aqauroba!~ — amboben rostom manveliZis ulamazesi qaliSvilebi, dasxdebian uremze
da TveobiT gadaikargebian soflidan. esaa gaCanagebuli saqarTvelos xmebi, ro-
melsac gulisyuriT usmenda da samxedro piris sizustiT gadmoscemda d. kldiaS-
vili.
eqimi Cexovi ruseTSi da oficeri kldiaSvili saqarTveloSi Tavisi drois
sazogadoebis yvelaze zusti analitikosebi aRmoCndnen.
ra aZlevs adamians cxovrebis stimuls, Tanac sakmaod energiuli, aqtiuri
moqmedebis unars? aris Tu ara gamosavali mdgomareobidan, romelsac d. kldi-
aSvilis gmirebi `saerTo gaWirvebas~ uwodeben? aq d. kldiaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi
mZlavrad iCens Tavs `Semusvrili imedis~ motivi.
es araa zogadfilosofiuri, zogadreligiuri, romantikuli imedi — ocneba
ukeTes mermisze, kacobriobis did ganTiadze da a.S. d. kldiaSvilis gmirTa ìme-
di~ — es aris gaWirvebul, mSier adamianTa arsebobisaTvis brZolis erTaderTi
iaraRi. Tanac kerZo kacis Tvisebaa, misi individualobis gamovlenaa da ver uZ-
lebs sazogadoebriv gamocdas, cxovrebasTan SexebisTanave advilad imsxvreva
da imusreba. raki es imedi dakavSirebulia adamianis arsebobasTan, misi Tavis ga-
darCenis saSualebaa da gadadis nawarmoebidan nawarmoebSi rogorc motivi, —
igi zogadkacobriuli, saerTo adamianuri xasiaTisaa. asea igi moazrebuli
kldiaSvilis ukanasknel did nawarmoebSi, piesaSi ùbedureba~.
d. kldiaSvilis personaJebi saocrad fxizlad, mxned da imedianad iwyeben
qmedebas. sityva ìmedi~ daJinebiT meordeba yvela nawarmoebSi. imedi da moTmi-
neba araerTgzisaa `gaTamaSebuli~ maTSi da saerTo gaWirvebis motivebTan er-
Tad isic erT-erT mTavar motivadaa qceuli. magram imeds aRsruleba ar uweria,
igi imsxvreva da imusreba. adamiani martoa am mwuxarebiT savse wuTisofelSi.
yvelas Tav-Tavis gaWirveba Tan sdevs, `saubedurod, jerjerobiT, Cvens gaWirve-
bas Cven-Cveni Zal-RoniT unda veWidoT, Cveni sakuTari Zal-RoniT vebrZoloT~,
438
ambobs ùbedurebis~ personaJi ilia. RmerTi gaWirvebulT arafers aZlevs, ime-
diT da moTminebiT Tavs ver gaitan.
rodesac sayovelTao gaWirvebas asaxavda da arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi Cab-
mul adamianTa gankerZoebulobas usvamda xazs, es iyo didi mxatvris TvaliT da-
naxuli sinamdvile, romelic `saubedurod, jerjerobiT~ aseTia.
rodesac kerZo kacis mcdelobaze damyarebuli imedisa da qristianuli moT-
minebis ideis msxvrevas aCvenebda, es iyo mwerlis msoflmxedvelobrivi pozicia
da obieqturad, xelovnebis garduvali kanonebis mixedviT, igi saerTo gaWirve-
basTan adamianTa SeerTebuli brZolis ideas emsaxureboda.
***
`diax, mxatvruloba, xasiaTis sisworiT asaxva — ai ris gareSe ar varga lite-

raturuli nawarmoebi. da, ai, am mxatvrulobiT, realobiT da tipurobiT gvim-
tkicebs `gankicxuli~, — wers d. kldiaSvili yazbegis romanis Sesaxeb 1884 wels,
xolo imave xanebSi damwyebi mwerali ubis wignakSi akeTebs sagulisxmo Canawers,
romelSic xazs usvams `cxovrebis wvrilmanebis Seswavlis~ mniSvnelobas, moma-
valSi gamogvadgebao.
ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli mwerlobisaTvis es iyo xasiaTebis xatvis
manamdis ucnobi meTodi. magram principuli gamoyeneba man 80-iani wlebidan po-
va. `80-iani wlebidan CvenSi literatura daadga garkveul gzas rogorc mimar-
TulebiT, ise SinaarsiTac. realizmi Seiqna mTavar mimarTulebad, Tanamedrove
cxovreba da Tanamedrove adamianis fsiqologia — Sinaarsis mTavar safuZvlad~,
— werda `gardamavali xanis~ kritikosi i. gomarTeli. realizmis am axali mimar-
Tulebis yvelaze tipur, yvelaze niWier mwerlad i. gomarTeli, xomleli da
TviT akaki wereTeli miiCnevdnen daviT kldiaSvils. ìmereli aznauri gardama-
val xanaSi — anu Semodgomis aznauri, misi cxovreba, misi suliskveTeba — ai, saga-
ni kldiaSvilis Semoqmedebisa~. gomarTelis es Tezisi d. kldiaSvilis Tanamed-
rove kritikis saerTo Tvalsazriss gamoxatavda.
d. kldiaSvilis mxatvruli fenomeni iwyeba maSin, rodesac igi qmnis xasiaTs,
romelic erTsa da imave dros aris socialuric, fsiqologiuric da tipuric,
erovnulic da universaluric.
`Semodgomis aznaurebi~ mxolod mas Semdeg arseboben, rac isini aRwera maTi-
ve wris kacma, daviT kldiaSvilma. soloman morbelaZe, platoni, bekina, darispa-
ni karoJnaTi, ekvirine da kirile miminoSvili — TavianT arsebobas mwerlis am
unars unda umadlodnen, romelsac hqvia xasiaTebis Seqmnis xelovneba. am xelov-
nebas srulyofilad flobda d. kldiaSvili.
rogorc aRiniSna, d. kldiaSvilisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sinamdvilis tra-
gikuli aRqma. sayovelTao gaWirvebisa da Semusvrili imedis motivi am mwerlis
mTel Semoqmedebas gasdevs, gvevlineba siuJetis arsebiT maorganizebel kompo-
nentad, gansazRvravs personaJTa qmedebas da xasiaTs. aseTi iyo misi msoflaR-
qma, mis gonebasa da grZnobebSi aRbeWdili qveyana.
amasTan, d. kldiaSvili dajildoebuli iyo iumoris uzarmazari niWiT. ada-
mianTa yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, maT qcevaSi, metyvelebaSi, xasiaTSi mwerals Se-
eZlo SeemCnia komikuris gamovlenis umciresi niuansic ki, romelic xan lmobier
Rimils iwvevs, xan mwvave dacinvas.
upirveles yovlisa, mwerlis ironias iwvevs wodebrivi siamayis grZnoba, ku-
dabzikoba, rasac TavgamodebiT ebRauWebodnen Semodgomis aznaurebi.
mTlianad ironiuli Sinaarsisaa ekvirines daxasiaTeba `qamuSaZis gaWirve-
bis~ dasawyisSi. mwerlis ironiis obieqtia wodebrivi siamayis grZnoba. ironia aq
emyareba Seusabamobas sinamdvilesa da personaJis xasiaTs Soris, imas, rasac si-
439
namdvileSi warmoadgenen qamuSaZeebi da imas, rac ekvirines swams. moxucebul ek-
virines am moTxrobaSi mravalmxrivi funqcia akisria. erTi mxriv, am personaJis
saxeSi yvelaze mkafiodaa gamokveTili aznauris siamayis grZoba, meore mxriv,
mravalWirnaxuli, ojaxze Tavgadakluli qarTveli qalis xasiaTi. amitom mwera-
li ufro da ufro aZlierebs am saxe-xasiaTs, Seaqvs masSi axali da axali Strixe-
bi. iumoristuli ironiis klasikuri nimuSia cnobili epizodi, rodesac ekvirine
axalmoyvanil rZals saxl-kars aTvalierebinebs.
rodesac mwerali qveliZeebis aznauruli ojaxis daxasiaTebisas xazs usvams
wodebrivi siamayis damRupvel gavlenas, igi mkacri msajulia, xolo, rodesac
xasiaTebs qmnis, magaliTad ekvirinesi, ironia exmareba mas Searbilos msjavri da
am TvisebaSi socialuri boroteba ki ara, adamianTa sisuste dainaxos. marTalia,
wodebriv siamayes mosdevs trabaxi, kudabzikoba, `gaberviT laparaki~ da a.S. mag-
ram yovelive es ukve aRaraa sazogadoebrivad mavne, Rimilis momgvrelia da uki-
duresad gaWirvebul adamianTa TviTdamkvidrebis susti iaraRia. ekvirine ar ga-
RizianebT, igi gecodebaT, mwerali am personaJs erTgan `sawyals~ uwodebs.
iumoristuli ironiis SesaniSnavi magaliTia axalgazrda baldavaZis naambo-
bi aristo qvaSaviZesTan stumrobis Sesaxeb. es naambobi emyareba xumrobas, `mas-
xrobas~ da asedac aRiqvamen mas sxva personaJebi.
ironiuli TviTdaxasiaTebis brwyinvale nimuSia aznaur serafion gordela-
Zis da misi marCenali ZaRlis, kusias ambavi. igi mTlianad parodias emyareba da,
rac mTavaria, parodias sakuTar Tavze.
satiruli iumoris SesaniSnavi nimuSia epizodi `samaniSvilis dedinacvli-
dan~. platon samaniSvilma advokat gverdevaniZes `borotebis mTesavi~ da `kaci-
Wamia~ uwoda. ufro adre es ori personaJi erTmaneTs gzaze Sexvdebian da, Tan-
daTan, saubarSi, aznauri gverdevaniZe da aznauri samaniSvili erTbaSad ingli-
seli beris, agreTve aznauris, saxelganTqmuli malTusis Tanamoazreni aRmoC-
ndebian. rogorc cnobilia, malTusis moZRvrebis mixedviT, TiTqos arsebobs
mosaxleobis maradiuli bunebrivi kanonebi, rac mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mosax-
leobis zrda didad aRemateba adamianTa arsebobis saSualebebis matebas, rac
aixsneba àbsoluturi WarbmosaxleobiT~ da dedamiwaze sakvebis ukmarisobiT.
amitom malTusi amarTlebda omebsa da epidemiebs, rogorc mosaxleobis Semci-
rebis saSulebas.
axla movusminoT imerel aznaurebs: `sad brZanebulxarT, aqeT, batono? — rom
xma amoeRo, SeekiTxa platoni, — qvedureTSi viyavi... bregaZeebi arian, aznourSvi-
lebi... Seni mteri iqna damsili da daglaxakavebulni, isini damsili arian... da, ra-
varc iciT axlandeli Cveni aznourSvilebis ambavi, gayofa undaT. magram gasayofi
rom aRaraferia! erTi meoris waglejazea gamacadinebuli, rame xerxiT unda meti
ram irgos, hklaven erTmaneTs... i dalocvili RmerTic Tavis mowyalebas Cvenze
Zveleburi wesiT gvicxadebs: xalxs amravlebs, yovel ojaxs SvilebiT avsebs~... da
`kaciWamia~ gverdevaniZe saxelovan malTusTan meti msgavsebisaTvis, siciliT am-
bobs: `madlians TiTo-orola Svili daeklo, amaT magivrad sarCo miematebia, is ar
ajobebda, Seni Wirime?~. cxadia, platoni eTanxmeba, amaze adre ki platonma TiTqmis
sityva-sityviT gaimeora malTusis erT-erTi ZiriTadi Tezisi: `cudi dro movida
batono, erTob cudi dro!... xalxic momravlda... CxubiT Tu gaiwmindeba cotaze ma-
inc qveyana, Tvara~...
gverdevaniZe yovelTvis da bolos platonic malTusis ara marto aRmsare-
belni, aramed praqtikuli mimdevrebi arian. platonis daxasiaTebiT, gverdeva-
niZe amosagdebia, radgan `borotebas Tesavs~. rogorc Tavad aRiarebs, man brega-
Zeebi xelSi Cauyara `kaciWamia gverdevaniZes, am Seubralebel kacs~. arc TviTo-
naa ukeTesi. rodesac imedi gaucruvda, mosaklavad gaiwia fexmZime dedinacval-
ze, mxecurad scema, xolo gauTavebeli ukmayofilebiT naadrevad Caiyvana saf-
440
lavSi jer kidev Warmagi mama; `lukmis gamyof~ mcirewlovan Zmas da mis dedas
àRarc Robe SearCina; aRarc sazRvari, aRarc adgili da iZulebuls xdis sawyal
moxucebul qvrivs dedakacs iwanwalos yovel kvira sasamarTloSi~. `samaniSvi-
lis dedinacvalSi~ daxatul adamianTa gautanlobis saSinel suraTs amTavrebs
patara biWi, romelic mxiarulad misCerebia am areul wuTisofels, radgan jer
ar icis, ra ubedureba moutana samaniSvilebs misma gaCenam.
rogorc yvela didi mwerali, d. kldiaSvili ar erideboda cxovrebisa da ad-
amianTa mankierebis Cvenebas Tavis yvelaze uxams gamovlenaSi. aq mas didad exma-
reboda iumoristulisa da satirulis erTianobis principi. es erTianoba ironi-
is da parodiis saxiTaa gamovlenili beglar jinWaraZis da porfir biaSvilis xa-
siaTebSi.
`qamuSaZis gaWirvebis~ es personaJebi tipuri mtacebelni da momxveWni arian.
platon samaniSvilma sakuTari mama amoiWama, advokati porfiri biaSvili mTel
soflebsa `Wams~. Tanac pirquSi platonisa da beglarisagan gansxvavebiT, amas
akeTebs xalisianad, TviTkmayofilebisa da siamayis grZnobiT. moxetiale advo-
kats `mudam hyavda TiTo sofeli `saWmelad~. roca moiWmeboda, anda xrikian ad-
vokats, romelic orive mxares hkeravda, abru gautydeboda da aravin miekarebo-
da, igi adgils moinacvlebda. soflis mosiarule advokati, dauRalavi, energi-
iT savse, mudam xalisiani, momcinari, gonebagamWriaxi, moxerxebuli, ucnauri
xrikebis momgoni, metad advilad uaxlovdeboda xalxs pirvel gacnobidanve da
iseTnairi moxerxebiT Sehyveboda erTxel mis xelSi Cavardnil pirs, rom is Zne-
lad Tu dauZvreboda, sanam misgan imdens ar gamorCeboda, ramdenis gamorCenac
SeiZleboda~. `marTalia, moWmul adgilebSi bevri maginebeli da SemaCvenebeli
hyavda, magram bevri madlieric~. ase moxerxebulad dauaxlovda porfiri qamu-
SaZeebs da TamarnaSenis `moWmasac~ Seudga.
aseTia porfiri biaSvili, mocinari, mxiaruli, magram miT ufro saSiSi `kaci-
Wamia~. masTan SedarebiT primitivebad gamoiyurebian malTusis imereli mimdevre-
bi — advokati gverdevaniZe da aznauri samaniSvili, TviT civsisxliani salaxana
beglar jinWaraZec ki. porfiri biaSvilis saxeSi biwiereba gaSiSvlebulia Tavisi
yvelaze uxamsi formiT: igi sicil-xarxariT akeTebs borotebas da Tavic moswons
amiT. misi mxiaruli trabaxi `mamidis~ ojaxSi Tavisi SinaarsiT Semzaravia, formiT
ki mogvagonebs xlestakovis awyvetil trabaxs gorodniCis ojaxSi. msmenelebi
orivegan, `revizorSic~ da `qamuSaZeSic~, mliqvnelurad aRtacebulni arian. es
qmnis komikur efeqts da miT ufro aZlierebs satirul mxilebis paToss.
rodesac is rvaasi maneTi ver miiRo, romelsac, sxvaTa Soris, aravin dahpire-
bia, beglar jinWaraZem ugulod miatova mSvenieri nino. araferma gasWra: arc
dis mudaram, arc qaliSvilis mamis mtkicebam, rom misTvis qali arvis SeuZlevia
da axla samziTvo fulze vaWroba urigobaao. beglars ukve gamoangariSebuli
hqonda, Tu rogor moixmarda am fuls: ganawilebuli hqonda, ramdens ra sarge-
bels Semoataninebda, rogor aamuSavebda, ramdenad gazrdida Tavns oTx-xuT we-
liwadSi, ramdenad aqcevda; misi Semcireba ki gamoiwvevda, daklebasTan erTad,
am angariSebis gadakeTebasac, maT gadasinjvas, gadacvlas da, risTvis, vis-
Tvis?!!!
Tu gavixsenebT, rom es moTxroba daibeWda 1900 wels, ori saukunis gasayar-
ze, maSin beglar jinWaraZis da porfiri biaSvilis saxiT qarTvelma mweralma
Seqmna axali formaciis mtacebelTa tipuri xasiaTebi.
beglar jinWaraZis, porfiri biaSvilis da maTi `Zmakacis~ — platon samaniS-
vilis xasiaTebi d. kldiaSvilis ara mxolod mxatvruli talantis, aramed misi
mamxilebeli niWis srulyofili qmnilebebia.
d. kldiaSvilis ironiis iumoristuli da satiruli erTianoba swored am
personaJTa xasiaTebSi aRwevs Tavis umaRles gamovlenas.
441
***
d. kldiaSvili uaRresad sadReiso Temebis mwerali iyo da misi istorizmi

mis Tvalwin mimdinare cxovrebis konkretul-istoriuli formebis mxatvrul
fiqsirebaSi vlindeboda. magram 1910 wels zedized qveyndeba ori novela —
`rostom manveliZe~ da `Tavadi petre~. mwerali arc am novelebSi Ralatobs Ta-
vis ZiriTad Temas — Tanamedroveobas. piriqiT, Tanamedroveoba aq danaxulia is-
toriis rakursSi da Seqmnilia droTa kavSiris esTetikur-mxatvruli efeqti.
ironia, romelic d. kldiaSvilis esTetikuri mimarTebis umTavresi formaa, aq
TiTqmis mTavar moqmed gmirad gvevlineba da am efeqts kidev ufro aZlierebs.
`rostom manveliZe~. ironia d. kldiaSvilis am moTxrobaSi Tavisi klasikuri
formiTaa gamJRavnebuli. mwerali ifarebs mematianis niRabs da mokle, faqtob-
rivi informaciis Semcveli frazebiT aRwers Tavis `yvelaze gulgatexili~,
`yvelaferze guldawyvetili~ gmiris, aznaur rostom manveliZis da misi gvaris
istorias. TiTqmis yoveli winadadeba, yoveli suraTi da detali ormagi azris
Semcvelia: pirdapiris — viTom dadebiTis, da Sefarulis — uaryofiTis. aq iro-
nia Tavis yvelaze mwvave formaSi — sarkazmSi gadadis. novelaSi ironiis sagnad
qceulia wodebrivi siamayis grZnoba, romelic aznaur rostom manveliZis saxeSi
daclilia realuri Sinaarsisgan da XX s. 10-ian wlebSi, moaxloebuli socialis-
turi revoluciis win, srul anaqronizmad qceula.
erT dros Tavmomwone aznauris arsebobis erTaderTi formaa taxtze gdeba
da buxarTan Tvlema. novelaSi TiTqos ori mTavari personaJia: yovlismcodne
mematiane, romelic TiTqos miukerZoebeli, sinamdvileSi gamqirdavi toniT mog-
viTxrobs manveliZeTa gvaris istorias da avtori, romelic aCvenebs, xatavs am
gvaris ukanaskneli STamomavlis cxovrebas. aq xvdeba erTmaneTs istoria da aw-
myo, iqmneba esTetikuri efeqti. `mematianis~ ironia Sefarulia, magram advilad
SesamCnevia, radgan SigadaSig mwvave forma aqvs: àvtoris~ ironia ufro Rrmad
devs, TviT personaJis saxeSia amosacnobi da, amdenad, ufro obieqtivisturia,
moklebulia im emociur Seferilobas, romliTac `mematianis~ ironiaa aRbeWdi-
li. novelaSi es rolebi dramaturgiuli sizustiTaa ganawilebuli. aznaur ros-
tom manveliZis saxeSi am wodebis sruli dacemis, misi agoniis suraTia naCvenebi.
aseTi iyo istoriis ganaCeni, im istoriisa, romelic moTxrobaSi gamqirdavi `me-
matianis~ piriT metyvelebs.
`Tavadi petre~. mwerlis erTguli mokavSire aqac ironiaa, romelic, SeiZle-
ba iTqvas, orlesulia: misi erTi wveri mimarTulia awmyosaken — Tanamedrove sa-
zogadoebis privilegirebuli fenebis zneobriv umwifobas amxels, xolo meore
wevri — warsulisaken, romelSic am zneobrivi umwifobis Semzarav magaliTs ga-
moavlens. novelaSi aRwerili ori batoniSvilis uazro gadakidebis, erTmaneTze
SurisZiebis Semzaravi ambavi, — romelsac siamayiT yveba da TavisTvis samagali-
Tod miiCnevs `cnobili sazogado moRvawe~ Tavado petre — mweralma gamoiyena
qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis awmyosa da warsulis mZafri mxilebisaTvis. orlesu-
li ironia am novelis ideur tendencias zustad gamoxatavs da aniWebs mas uaR-
resad Tanamedrove satirul paToss.
amaSia d. kldiaSvilis istorizmis novatoruli Sinaarsi, riTac igi arRvevs
mecxramete saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis tradicias — romantikul istorizms
da saTaves udebs axals — meoce saukunis realistur istorizms. d. kldiaSvili,
e. ninoSvilTan erTad, unda CaiTvalos realisturi istorizmis fuZemdeblad
qarTul mwerlobaSi. marTalia, d. kldiaSvils miznad ar dausaxavs istoriaSi
`xalxis~ — mSromeli glexkacobis rolis Cveneba. misTvis ucxo iyo e. ninoSvilis
mkafiod gamoxatuli klasobrivi pozicia, samagierod, mas hqonda Rrmad zneob-
442
rivi mimarTeba warsulisadmi, istoriisadmi, romelic emyareboda sazogadoeb-
rivi Zalebis konkretul-istoriul analizs.
mkacri vnebebis epoqis saerTo xasiaTi, feodalizmis tiranuli suli, mwer-
lis esTetikuri da zneobrivi mimarTeba yovelive amisadmi, rac am patara nove-
laSi igrZnoba — Semdgomi Taobis qarTvel mweralTa erT-erT Temad iqceva. am
TvalsazrisiT d. kldiaSvilis tradiciebs gaagrZelebs da gaaRrmavebs Tvalsa-
Cino mwerali, `dangreuli budeebis~ ukanaskneli mematiane niko lorTqifaniZe.
d. kldiaSvilis realisturi istorizmi, misi racionalisturi midgoma war-
sulis zneobrivi gakveTilebisadmi Tvisebrivad axal gzebs saxavda qarTul
mwerlobaSi da momdevno Taoba, Tavisi ukeTesi warmomadgenlebis saxiT, amas
kargad grZnobda.
***
d. kldiaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi gvxvdeba universaluri, sayovelTaod gavrce-

lebuli motivebi da siuJetebi, aseTive gavrcelebuli situaciebi, xasiaTebi da
detalebic ki, magram yovelive es moqceulia iseT erovnul qarTul garemoSi da
iseT lingvistur formaSi, rom aRbeWdilia imerul-qarTuli, mxolod kldiaSvi-
luri TvisebebiT.
maWankali msoflio literaturaSi ZvelTaganve gavrcelebuli xasiaTia, mag-
ram d. kldiaSvilma axali niuansi Seitana am moarul mxatvrul saxeSic. daxata
ra xelmocaruli imereli maWanklis, soloman morbelaZis, tragikomikuri saxe,
mweralma SeZlo es personaJi, Tavisi gasaocari sibraluliT `yoveli RvTis ga-
Cenilisa da daCagrulisadmi~, zogadadamianuri kacTmoyvareobis simaRleze
aeyvana. aseve, sakuTari mamis maWanklis mdgomareobaSi Caayena mweralma aznauri
platon samaniSvili da ukve amiT gavrcelebul saxeSi Seitana komizmi, uromli-
sodac didad waagebda personaJic da moTxrobis mTeli saxeobrivi struqturac.
ampartavani aznauri sakmaod gavrcelebuli xasiaTia rogorc rusul, aseve
sxva evropuli qveynebis mwerlobaSi. amjerad analogiisaTvis gamogvadgeba me-
16 saukunis espanuri pikaruli moTxrobis, `lazarilio tormeselis cxovrebis~,
keTilSobili raindi idalgo. lazarilio cuRlutis mesame batoni Zveli kasti-
lieli iyo, romelsac mSobliuri kuTxe miutovebia imitom, rom qudi ar mouxa-
dos mdidar mezobels, romelic arasodes pirveli ar esalmeboda, da ucxo qa-
laqSi SimSilobs. msgavs situaciebSi kastilieli idalgos imereli TanamoZmeni
gacilebiT agresiulni arian. erTi manveliZe, rodesac Tavisi gvaris gazviade-
buli qebiT msmenelebs dacinva SeamCnia, ise gabrazda, rom `mTel sazogadoebas
uSveri sityvebiT mimarTa da... sityvas furTxi miayola~, rasac mohyva `yvirili,
miwev-moweva da Cveulebriv xanjlebze xelis gasma~. manuCar batoniSvilma da svi-
mon batoniSvilma, idalgos uSualo Tanamedroveebma, erTi, ulvaSSi Cacinebis ga-
mo, tragedia daatriales, riTac evropac ki gaukvirvebiaT: ès ambavi viRac frang
mogzaurs Tavis mogzaurobis aRweraSic Seutania Turmeo~, — ambobs Tavadi pet-
re, mTavari is ki araa, rom sadac kastilieli idalgo gaclas amjobinebs, iq imere-
li aznauri Cxubobs da xmal-xanjals atrialebs. msgavs SemTxvevebSi sxva idalgo-
ebic iseve iqcevian, rogorc maTi imereli TanamoZmeni. mTavari isaa, rom mSvido-
bianobis darRvevis mizezia ampartavnoba, pativmoyvareoba, kudabzikoba.
ìse srulebiT Rataki nu ggonivar, — umtkicebs kastilieli idalgo lazari-
lio cuRluts, — erTi naWeri miwa maqvs samoc milze Cem samSoblodan. valiado-
lides mSvenier borcvebs Sua; iq rom saxlebi aSendes, orasi aTasi maravedi daj-
deboda... samtrede maqvs iseTi, rom weliwadSi oras mtreds daitevda, daqceuli
rom ar iyos, sxva bevr qonebas aRar CamovTvli~.
443
ekvirine axalmoyvanil rZals kar-midamos aTvalierebinebs. masac aqvs Tavi-
si naWeri miwa yvirilas mSvenier borcvebs Sua, venaxi, bostani, sadac yvelaferi
`SarSan iyo~ da, romelsac guluxvad sTavazobs Svilsa da rZals. kastiliel
idalgos lazarilio cuRluti aWmevs maTxovrobiT naSovn lukmas. imerel azna-
urs, serafion gordelaZes, kusia ZaRli arCens mezoblebSi moparuli saWmliT.
erTi kviris mSieri idalgo aiRebda Calis erT Rers da kbilebs iwmendda, àmas
iTxovda misi ubeduri patiosneba~. imereli aznaurebic niRbaven TavianT gaWir-
vebas, zogi trabaxiT, zogi ironiiT, zogic namdvili niRbiT. aznaur levan qamu-
SaZis qvrivi, sacodavi efrosine, romelic Svilma waiyvana qalaqSi, rkinigzis
budkasTan dgas mwvane droSakiT xelSi `pirze TavsafarCamofarebuli~.
msgavsebis daZebna mravlad SeiZleba ara mxolod kastiliel idalgosTan,
aramed nebismieri qveynis gaRaribebul aristokratiasTan, romelic cdilobs
Secvlil viTarebaSi SeinarCunos wodebrivi tradiciebi, feodaluri wes-Cveu-
lebebi, TumcaRa saamiso Zala aRarc Seswevs da arc saWiroebaa.
`Semodgomis aznaurTa~ galereas Tavisebur Snosa da lazaTs hmatebs kirile
miminaSvilis ukvdavi saxe.
kirile miminaSvilic universaluri xasiaTia, miuxedavad misi zustad lokali-
zebuli, zemoimeruli warmomavlobisa. situaciebic, romelSic `samaniSvilis dedi-
nacvlis~ es personaJia moqceuli, sakmaod gavrcelebulia.
SafaTaZis qorwilSi kirile daTvra da, Cveulebisamebr, `cmacurobda~, ra-
Rac samizezos eZebda, rom Cxubi aetexa. kirilem TvalSi amoiRo erTi ymawvili
aznauri, Sari mosdo da cxvir-pirSi Rvino Seasxa. ymawvils Zma gamoesarCla, Se-
iqna didi Cxubi. kirile da platoni galaxes da gaagdes. aseve, saloberiZis ojax-
Si mTvralma kirilem auria, iCxuba da gulmosuli gaiqca.
avtoris daxasiaTebiT, kirile `maRali tanis, koxtad Cacmuli Snoiani axal-
gazrda kacia~. colis sayvedurze, qeifis meti araferi gagondebao: `Cven gaxla-
varT miminaSvilebi! — wamoiZaxa kirilem da wamoiWima fexze amdgari. miminos Svi-
lebi... miminos!... CvenTan ra unda mwuxarebas... Cven Tavs aravis davatyvevebi-
nebT... gvarovnobiT mogvdgams ase... sadac siamea da molxena, iq Cvenc varT, ase
mogvdgams gvarovnebiT!... aba, Seni Wirime, oriode dRe vicocxlo, guli mwuxare-
biT evivso, molxena davaklo da ise wavayrevino miwa zed? Senc ar momikvde... maga-
ze meti sisulele iqneba? kaci mudam mxiaruli unda iyve da sxvasac eameba Seni Se-
xedva!~ — aseTia kirile miminaSvilis programa, kacma rom Tqvas, yvela droisa da
erovnebis jansaRi axalgazrda kacis cxovrebis filosofia. gaunaTlebeli kacis
pirobaze kirilem mSvenivrad Camoayaliba Tavisi arsebobis ZiriTadi azri. rac
mTavaria, igi am programas Tanmimdevrulad misdevs da arsad, arc erTi wuTiT ar
Ralatobs Tavis xasiaTs, Tavis vitalistur mowodebas. kirile, rasakvirvelia, xa-
lisiT aedevneba colisZmas, platons, Tumca am ukanasknels es ar esiamovneba, mag-
ram kirile bolomde Tanmimdevrulad Seasrulebs Tavis mxatvrul, socialur da
fsiqologiur funqcias: iCxubebs SafaTaZis qorwilSi, daafrTxobs saloberiZis
ojaxSi Tavmoyrili sazogadoebis salonur myudroebas da Tavisi wablisferi
cxeniT iseve efeqturad gaqreba moTxrobidan, rogorc gamoCnda: `...qudiRa moCan-
da TiTqos qarisagan motacebuli, Robeebis sarebs zemoT~.
mxiaruli, Snoiani axalgazrda kaci, kirile miminaSvili, Tavisi wablisferi
cxeniT da winaprebisagan naanderZevi, omebSi gamobrZmedili xmal-xanjliT, sxva
viTarebaSi uTuod ufro Rirseul asparezs ipovida. maRali mniSvnelobiT, qar-
Tuli gorda daJangda, misi adgili saangariSo `CoTqma~ daiWira da mSvenivrad
angariSoben besarion saqaraZe, qaixosro qaTamaZe, soloman morbelaZe, platoni,
darispani, filipe barbaqaZe, otia, gansakuTrebiT beglar jinWaraZe — yvela es
keTilSobili, patiosani, gadapranWuli da gadaqaCuli àznouSvilebi~.
444
magram d. kldiaSvilis aznaurebi mainc bevrs Cxuboben, Cxuboben yvelgan:
qorwilSi, naTlobaSi, mezoblobaSi — erTad da cal-calke, mizeziT da umize-
zod, gareSesTan da SinaurTan.
Cxubi maTi arsebobis, maTi TviTgamoxatvis da TviTdamkvidrebis formaa. ase
moitana drom!
atrialeben xanjals, iqneven xmals, xeldaxel miiweven erTmaneTze, ilanZRe-
bian, yvirian, abrialeben Tvalebs, yiJineben. xom yovlad uwyinaria kacia xelmo-
caruli maSvali soloman morbelaZe, magram, rodesac gasamrjelo ekargeba,
isic ìqaCeba~, mamlayinwur Jests iyenebs: `nu Svebi mag saqmes, qaixosro, — da so-
lomanma cali TvaliT dauwyo yureba qaixosros~. solomani solomania, magram
saerTod d. kldiaSvilis aznaurebi tyuilad ar iqadnebian, isini bevrs da azar-
tiT Cxuboben.
ase mosdgamT gvarovnebiT! — ityvis `diadi deboSiri~ (g. asaTiani) kirile mi-
minaSvili.
Cxubi, ayal-mayali, iaraRi — Tu sxva SemTxvevaSi maTi socialuri bunebis ga-
movlena iyo, daviT kldiaSvilis aznaurebisaTvis esaa qvecnobieri xsovna meo-
mar winaprebisa.
arsebobisaTvis uTanasworo brZolaSi Cabmuli d. kldiaSvilis gmirebi cdi-
loben SeinarCunon fizikuri arseboba da gadaarCinon TavianTi adamianuri Rir-
seba. marTalia, isini winaswar ganwirulni arian, gzebi da saSualebani, romleb-
sac isini irCeven, yovelTvis rodia drois Sesaferi, magram am brZolaSi unda ga-
moavlinos TiToeulma maTganma Tavisi xasiaTi, unari da uunaroba.
otia `qamuSaZis gaWirvebis~ erT-erTi mTavari personaJia. am personaJSi mka-
fiod gamovlinda d. kldiaSvilis xasiaTebis Seqmnis maRali ostatoba, erTgu-
leba detalebisadmi, personaJisa da garemos xatvis realisturi manera.
otia erTi im gaRaribebuli aznaurTagania, `romelTac Znelad Tu gaarCev-
diT glexTagan. maTi cxovreba da interesebi metad gadaxlarTuli Seiqna mezo-
beli glexebis interesebsa da cxovrebasTan~. marTalia, otiac àznaurebis
cacxvis~ qveS zis, Tavisi `keTilSobilebiT~ qadili masac sCvevia, magram es araa
misi xasiaTis ZiriTadi niSani, mxolod `gvarovnobiT mosdgams~.
Tu samaniSvilebi, qveliZeebi, TviT otias dedac, ekvirine, cdiloben Seinar-
Cunon wodebrivi upiratesobis grZnoba da zogi maTgani kidec aRwevs amas, otia
qamuSaZisTvis aznauris wodeba zedmeti tvirTia. esaa axali Strixi, romelic
mweralma Seitana aznaurTa xasiaTSi. otia aznaur qveliZeebs qals imitom
sTxovs, rom dedas asiamovnos, Torem TviTon winaswar darwmunebulia waruma-
teblobaSi. aseve Zalauneburad dahyveba igi porfili biaSvilis nebas da qalis
saTxovnelad qalaqSi wava, jinWaraZeebis ojaxSi. aqac skami waeqceva, gaqcevasac
daapirebs da, saerTod, saocrad morcxvad iqceva, wiTldeba da a.S. mravali zus-
ti detalis saSualebiT mwerali mianiSnebs, rom otia qamuSaZe aznaurTa wreSi
Tavis adgilze veraa.
moTxrobaSic otia pirvelad gamoCndeba, rodesac `Tavis ezoSi, rcxilis
CrdilSi perangis amara, Tavze xelsaxocwakruli, fexSiSvela, najaxs urtyamda
urmis saborbled gasaTlel namors~... glexkacur SromaSi gaiSleba mTeli sisav-
siT moTxrobis am simpaTiur personaJTa, otias da misi dedis, xasiaTi, maTi
Rrmad adamianuri, keTili buneba.
otias da dedamisis glexkacuri Sromis amsaxveli adgilebi qarTuli prozis
erT-erTi saukeTeso furclebia.
otia qamuSaZe, miuxedavad aznauruli gvarisa, glexia, miwis muSa, miwaa misi
marCenali, misi mwuxarebisa da sixarulis deda. otia mkiTxvelis Tvalwin war-
mosdgeba xan najaxiT xelSi, xan yanaSi fexSiSvela momuSave, xanac sawnaxelSi
mdgari. rodesac muSaobas morCeba, otia WaRebian sasaxleSi ki ar isvenebs, ara-
445
med wvrili wneliT mownul WiSkars SeaRebs da kvamlisgan gaSavebul patara sax-
lSi cxovrobs, romelic suls uxuTavs mis qalaqel meuRles.
bolos da bolos otia ver gauZlebs siduxWires, dahyveba meuRlis nebas da
soflidan aiyreba. magram es iyo ubedureba, rodesac, mwerlis sityvebiT: ùfro
Ronieri qalaqi dascinoda misustebul sofels~ da glexkacoba masiurad garbo-
da SeCveuli adgilebidan.
tanjviTa da tkivilebiTaa naTqvami otias sityvebi:
`Tavs veRar vrCenulobT, deda! Tavs veRar vrCenulobT!... welSi vwydebiT
muSaobiT, mara ara gamodis ra... uqmad midis yovelive macadinoba, jafas nayofi
aRar aqvs, vewvalebiT mxolod... yvela gamwarebulia, SimSilisagan goneba areu-
li... iq yvelaferi sikeTea, aTasnairi gaWirvebisa da ubedurebis meti! egeb iq ma-
inc eSvelos kacs! bevri iqiT iweva. qe Souloben raRacas, Tavs irCenen... aqauro-
bas rom mivaCerde, ra gamodis gajaxirebis meti? iq mainc vcdi Tavs. Tu daviRu-
pebi, sulerTia, aqac xom meti xeiri ar momelis~.
moTxrobis finali miwaze Seyvarebuli qamuSaZeebis tragediis ukanaskneli
aqtia.
àr moeloda sawyali ekvirine, Tu rodisme gamoeTxoveboda Tavis sacxovre-
bels, miatovebda Tavis ezo-midamos, dajdeboda uremze, TamaraSenidan wam-
svlel gasaqalaqeblad~.
mwerali oriode sityviT gvamcnobs qamuSaZeebis Semdgomi bedis Sesaxeb: `je-
red kidev ver moewyvnen marTalia, magram imedi aqvT orive col-qmars, rom mok-
le xanSi am axal niadagze soflisaze ukeT waiyvanen saqmes. maTTvis didi imedia
beglari da biaSvili, romelTac otia acodebs Tavsa da Tavis col-Svils~...
cxadia, es aris metad susti imedi: beglar jinWaraZe da porfiri biaSvili is
adamianebi rodi arian, romelTac sxvisi gaWirveba gulTan miaqvT. unda vifiq-
roT, rom otiac im gaproletarebul aznaurTa ricxvs Seemateboda, romlebic
ise blomad iyvnen maSindel samrewvelo qalaqebSi.
mogvianebiT, 1913 wels daweril piesaSi ùbedureba~, d. kldiaSvili kvlav
miubrundeba qalaqSi gaqceulTa beds da gaakeTebs samwuxaro daskvnas: moxuci
amirana Svilebs uCivis, romlebmac miatoves sofeli, qalaqSi wavidnen, TeTr
purze brZandebian da me ki cxeli Wadi sanatreli maqvso. ilia etyvis: èh, amira-
na, damijere, TeTr purze usaTuod ar arian Seni Svilebi qalaqSi. vaiTu, isini
Senze ufro metad gaWirvebaSi iyvnen! darwmunebulic var, usaTuod ase iqneba!
TeTri puris ki ara, Savi puris lukmis Sovna qalaq adgilas, Sen arc ki ici, ra
Zneli saSovaria... damerwmune, isini Senze met gamwarebaSi Tu arian, Torem dal-
xinebasTan karga daSorebuli iqnebian usaTuod!~.
Tavis moTxrobebsa da piesebSi mwerali araerTxel aCvenebs, rom wesier kacs
qalaqSi is elis, rac mouvida ilias — yavarjnebi da sasowarkveTileba, SimSili
da damcireba.
aseTi iyo im sinamdvilis obieqturi suraTi, romelsac Rrma analitikosis
TvaliT akvirdeboda didi mxatvari daviT kldiaSvili.
446
sarC evi
saredaqcio kolegiisgan ............................................... 5

XIX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebi (j. WumburiZe)........... 7
ilia WavWavaZe (l. minaSvili) .....................................19
akaki wereTeli (pr. kekeliZe) .....................................78
giorgi wereTeli (an. Wilaia) ...................................139
anton furcelaZe (s. xuciSvili) .............................185
XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebi (j. WumburiZe) .............198
niko lomouri (i. evgeniZe) ....................................... 203
sofrom mgalobliSvili (s. xuciSvili) ................216
ekaterine gabaSvili (s. xuciSvili) ....................... 230
ioseb daviTaSvili (l. minaSvili) .......................... 242
aleqsandre yazbegi (ap. maxaraZe).............................255
vaJa-fSavela (gr. kiknaZe) ..........................................297
baCana (ap. maxaraZe) ......................................................342
Tedo razikaSvili (T. kikaCeiSvili) .......................360
saukunis dasasruli (i. evgeniZe) .............................386
egnate ninoSvili (i. evgeniZe) ..................................391
daviT kldiaSvili (b. bardaveliZe) ........................424
gamomcemlobis redaqtori mar ine varam aSvi li
garekanis dizaini T ina Tin Ciri na Svi li
dakabadoneba naTia dvali
0128, Tbilisi, i. WavWavaZis gamziri 14

0128, Tbilisi, 14, Ilia Chavchavadze Ave.
www.press.tsu.ge (25-14-32)
448

L. Minashvili - Axali Qartuli LITERATURA - II

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L. Minashvili - Axali Qartuli LITERATURA - II

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axali qarTuli literaturis istoria

axali qarTuli literaturis istoria

saredaqcio kolegia: iuza evgeniZe

recenzentebi: daviT wowkolauri

© Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2010

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

60-iani wlebi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis periodia ruseTisa da saqar-

samocdaaTiani wlebi — es aris batonymobis gadavardnis Semdegdroindeli

i. WavWavaZem 1872 wels moaxerxa `droebaSi~ (#35) gamoeqveynebina leqsi

saqarTvelos istorias bevri didi mamuliSvilis saxeli amSvenebs. qarTve-

ilia WavWavaZis mwerluri da moqalaqeobrivi mrwamsi

didi xelovanis memkvidreobis gasaazreblad gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba

ilia WavWavaZis literaturul-esTetikuri Sexedulebebi

ilia WavWavaZe mwerali ara marto mxatvruli gansaxierebiT kmayofilde-

ilia WavWavaZis mxatvruli Semoqmedeba

ilia WavWavaZis lirika. ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba liri-

ilia WavWavaZis poemebi. epikuri poezia erTi metad mniSvnelovani ubania

ilias prozis Tematikuri aqtualoba. ilia WavWavaZis moTxrobaTa didi

ilia WavWavaZis prozis mxatvruli mxare. rac ar unda zogadsa-

akaki wereTeli axali qarTuli literaturis udidesi warmomadgenelia. man

akaki literaturisa da xelovnebis Sesaxeb . akaki wereTeli esTe-

akaki wereTlis mxatvruli Semoqmedeba. akaki wereTelma mdidari

akaki wereTlis istoriuli poemebi. mowinave idealebi, erovnuli Cagvrisa-

akaki wereTlis mxatvruli proza. sazogadod, gavrcelebuli Sexe-

dramatuli poemebi. `Tamar cbieri~ akaki wereTlis pirveli leqsad da-

giorgi wereTlis cxovreba, sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba da Semoqmedeba uaR-

gimnaziis damTavrebis Semdeg, 1860 wels, g. wereTeli gaemgzavra peterburgs

cxovrebaSi ukve Rrmad Caxeduli, nakiTxi, ganswavluli da farTod ganaTle-

g. wereTlis damsaxureba qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoriaSi ganusazRvre-

glexkacobasTan uSualo kavSiris damyarebis mizniT g. wereTelma 1868 wels

g. wereTeli, garda imisa, rom iyo damaarsebeli da redaqtori `droebis~, `sa-

1877-1878 wlebSi g. wereTeli peterburgis yoveldRiuri politikuri da li-

g. wereTels saTanado wvlili Sehqonda Tbilisuri rusuli presis saqmiano-

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba, romelic gansazRvravs Tergdale-

Teatris ideuri gzis gansazRvrisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs reper-

g. wereTlis mdidar literaturul memkvidreobaze sruli warmodgena rom

g. wereTels, upirveles yovlisa, is afiqrebda, rom saqarTvelos istoriis

mecxramete saukunis meore naxevris saqarTveloSi Seqmnili literaturuli da-

g. wereTlis mravalmxrivi moRvaweobis Sinaarss mSobliuri qveynis didi siy-

farTo mxatvruli tiloebi

` mgzavris wignebi~. `mgzavris wignebi~, anu `kikoliki, Cikoliki da kudabzi-

kapitalizmis ganviTarebis Sedegad Tavadaznauroba gaRatakebisa da zneob-

kapitalizaciis procesis suraTis daxatvisa da Tavadaznaurobis gaRatake-

nawarmoebSi yuradRebas ipyrobs ara marto Tematikuri aqtualoba da Sina-

g. wereTlis SemoqmedebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia bunebas. lamazi da

Tu g. wereTlis romanebSi pirdapir aris naCvenebi kapitalizmis ganviTare-

qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi farTod moikida fexi Sexedulebam, rom

g. wereTeli samociani wlebis qarTvel moRvaweTa im saxelovan jgufs ekuT-

anton furcelaZe nayofieri da mravalferovani mweralia. mis kalams ekuT-

XIX s. 80-iani wlebi rTuli sazogadoebriv-politikuri viTarebiT xasiaTdeba.

70-iani wlebis dasasrulsa da 80-iani wlebis damdegs sagrZnoblad gaZlier-

rogorc aRvniSneT, 80-ian wlebSi TavianT aqtiur samwerlo da sazogadoebriv

cnobili qarTveli mwerlis — niko lomouris samSoblo-kuTxea qarTli. swo-

niko lomouris Semoqmedebis ZiriTadi tendenciebi

1. niko lomouris Semoqmedebis ZiriTadi tendenciebis gaTvaliswineba arse-

xalxosani moRvawis anu qadagis saxe

niko lomouris mrwamsi yvelaze mkafiod gamovlinda moTxrobaSi `gigo Rru-

crumorwmuneobis Tema. erT-erTi Tema, romelic wamyvan adgils iWers ni-

eqimbaSobis Tema. zemoaRniSnul sakiTxTan aris dakavSirebuli meore

patriarqaluri ojaxis rRveva. `berua qristesiaSvilSi~ niko lomou-

niko lomouris mier gacocxlebuli qarTlis sofeli. yvela Sem-

niko lomouris patriotuli TvalTaxedva. niko lomouri Tavisi

siyvarulis Tema. qarTuli literaturis mkvlevarTa Soris ganmtkice-