Unit - I

~u tv chemica.l bcndJrx;
-
~tiClr"l

!:,C-e..~poch~rn'8tr'i'

I;- 1he C\ tl "'I oct; on betwe~n "foms Loi(hj('l a 11101 e (..ule. ca.lt~
0. c~m'lm' bond.
b
C h@rr>;C'a.) bOYicUnj /!~
~ debinecl as the ani t'I n ~)tv.)~
e>"t rrie r P C"tTI>mg fi,')"1,.'UV h ,-edi .sL,... i b Ll tiC'n &h o 1e~t.1)'..,r').$ ,'(1 ¥

!h~h C'Lt te.., ,{,he Us (e i /"he-. k

j
l') a ns b"'''' '1 "-teet .... b 'OflS '\'OIY'I

~ne a.h>rn t-o ~l)C!>the...... 01 ..oha.:'in~ e~..('~I"\S OlrrJOnU~I:-

l fern ~e t "-.,,. 50) f"D a. t-i~, (') stahLe noble r.s c..onF 0 ,.c..~ tiOI"'l -
1 minrmttm

J
p_'1 irna. "'a bjn4
.J,.., .J.. j~ ~
CCl'ltCt/ e.l"lr -1ohlc ~) co-o~i nal..L
(p-I)
be> r'J~ ~ r i'cl:"yt> ~-aIe> t
da.t)..,e bo~
bo~
..._,cHpole - d,ip~'e-

-7 H - bond
~
\
VOl"Opy
I-J ClCl t .i:

--'? hJ4~rhL'biL. intey'-'t~

 whpr'l the~J
~~-,.1~
ay~ one
b
a A.~ 1''''0-
~'Y !-nr1 <2., ye$f~eti've1'1'
A-B

,
L.#1

-) Thud G\ ')--<2. n c:> n - reo 10....

~ Thea t;c.h;hit- )50M£:);sm

-) ThU ..
'Y ~ t'he-. fnan Ions

-) (OVa. t I?n l Ioond havi n'1 r=1

("(!Iva tenf:
"
bend, t:~:-
 bono!

~ 1 nlOl e val errce: e.l'(>ctl t,,,>: 6) C>l1e 'It-Dn'"> ft.' trr'~

veden (e. Ahe{l .; the ol'he ..- C(torn
o

-? The. two ,roo; rei 'J ;on~

el ec.t.yp ..d ta t» L ~'rce

(Jll Ion; c (..Dff)fcu~d. 0

~ (-'en rrtCttic:>r'> '1 an 10n'le. bond diepenols

L.t.po r'>
loni3aoo)") enf?>r~7 Olt'ld e-{pct.-n.>n ~+n;n.J involvec.:(, 0 I1e.
~ me Cln,t'()!3 Ah(tt~'01 I-n"e (V!.U iOr);6Ati~n
hi'ij h I! teet 'Yt>n ""t-v' n itt 0

P")t> pe" ti e 5!
~ 7hell eUOL no/) -dl'el'liOI"XXI a~
ea:- h; bi f::
-;> Th~.t.~ a.., e. non -{'onkl. fr" J:n
-) Th~4 lvnc{u.<l-"t. ei?.c~r1t:(bU V1

i"\:) 1" "" U) t.OQ ~ 0

--'> T"h~J t:\'rG!. --:S~tb'~ .(..n polQ."1 A1:>lvenu- bu.t I'nsol ..~b(...
_

.i" /)01"1- pola'\' 4otvent, (e 5 I ben3ene J CCI'"!)

cu i ve, iom e,

hA'ndt_°r •
L~
 It ;£> .opet.~C\.1 Cc>"ct/e n I: bono!.
-: ~ ,Jha ...ed t!

whi l e tht" o the ..

one -~id~

••
H

Ion

is 't!'~C\111 yere.5el'lle4

\"YC>i"n (he .1""00., L e r>d;",.

..
~ 1:-
...,. ..
:0·,""5"0:
.,. " ..
..
o . H ••

..
i01"1
.
, 01"\

' ,
P'YPpe. '1' be5
_:> :rhe- a.t"N"> l""\o" ( h dbrxt~' -tOY .4 ~-""i""'1
cct.L~ a,J.. d,C'tIO.n T~ atom to).."ch ~CC1€'ft ettL±Yon.s r
bord to..-m.::ttle>n cctlld .:v.. .~ ~. TJw dv I')f!>"- i <j

11~t.~I€.f!.>rhi l e: a.nd ~tl.'"

..
 --::!> Th~ have meH)'J . bo;lin a a"ct .",.s('c,u~ whIt' h

u;»;
Irllahe.., fhan

.
fu ...e ~t.l.l'-rl:
=r:" bLt.t fhct"

the. ,' O"'C h"n~.

-J> TI~e)..J fosSess £emifola, ,,),0."1"1.'1 ey . (Mo ..e pota y )1,a ....
u
CD~'\ Ie 1'\ t ar-ol /e$S fob..". Ii-Iap Ionic UJrY1found s)

-) 1heSe ('a>,nrolfnd ~ ~X:;sl .

In ,~oliol S ..L ""t~ud S a.ncJ
1otseC:>LI~ :H.C'l t~

-> Th".... J cne. i hgo(uhl~ ..{t> f¢o~ ..oc:>\VQ,..,1:: oS ~t>d .soot .....hl e,
..(.\" 1100- r':... A 0", ~nI:s

Thj!~ non -. ion ic.

,
Clye_
olen I LMn.J..t.. ~1:- elec.tnu ~
1r-~ou.~h ~'l ~'-"'e.d Ai t-~- ,
-) The ..~ 4'tn hi titt-d ,,.., ~v""a II!" P'l t , ' O~'Iic

\'el'l&~.

)I 7he. ~o'rce_ (l.,al:-

e(ecc:yon<;; lvin--in iis

lY1el,\l(; e

.
.t.n

'1' Tre .6 nu.r h.J..,. e C!] n" e.{ C\ II. c. bond ,~ et>c f>l~eo/ ba
e• '4? C,~"" h
\.r /' "- '" /"-- ss: J"Ylode/.
,-",,,,,""
.1t s f'r>a_tn ~ "'"fu ore. S Can h...
tl LlI1'"\N") aYI. S'C?--=4 a.-s .
 mf' t ctl &\. r: tiv~ "on j C.
"",Yo? Vet I nc e
0('

in 01

&I
- (J ils

-) Vet/enc<$'

the
weQfc
~YDLtf 1
m e tal( I·~ bono! .
r-:

At'tln'li L ~e) ~H?1$

Cposinve ions)

I+-_~ poes ino(icp~ unite..-,.,.,

_ __;'" el~.(!.tro('\ "':" ~
~ IJ..-.ou nd I 1'l1 <'If,:- m ; e.
1::.n ,,~Is U

-:;> MI'!- ':: all,' e, hvno/ ~)'tfF)$ ~'t1>tY> ~\.a (€.I">t honol , M-etaIlTc.
,.5
hor-ol
cl.ou.ol

hono!
aflol

,-,
the- attTCtl!.bo ,.,

the_ ~s
belu.Je@n
.,r YU

~Ynels

i,.,d ; 1/"' &...ut

h e.hv., e r»

I a.toms
cp(.,~ve.a s
Ihl!!.- d&' .z.t'n::>....
Lovc:tl en {--
OL\.:>
 U:>h~dvTc ~ ~t- C!\naj

move_n,e_n t~ ~ e...Lp.cf-ro oS )

a..,e_ rnc:tlleClbl€ ~nol ~a:l:)le.. (b.-t-Ot-use- Ou.>

1,0 "aI Is " We<"tl::. bDnq)

(11!>1!>~e
i(:)

hi? h l pf>sile +r (b~<Ul.s.a fh~

etec!)O f) d...ou.d a~ }:-E?Yr>ej 1)1C\§.(

as Cl. whole)

e.l o s b c..( ~

4'J fY\ m et'); c:.a I and

- e.nts h 0 n- c1L.:" <!!o::.h on "11 Gt'Y ... a n~efY)_

7oS.t:)"e ~"elf .i..n

Space, tkP- f~ta Ls a'''~

Li 0"11 tt:\ ti 0 n

poInt 1 rnefet,
·
ea:p I~tn -"_.
(.'l C\ - en ,,*i~)Ol'rLf
~) jt {<It.i~ "V~ ()

rOI'I'l~ 4 me tCl I ( 3 •S DO· ( )

~ 9{ brul.s
Yh e ~"'-\

,...)3l- bruLs. b> e?C P ta.in .,u tbe 'reo 1'\ t

~ ~"t.> f\;W- ,..,\A.-t <\ I. j?e... ~d (.vn_c:M..L d:-;".i ~

r

''>~

&.. ,
~a
.........
C',i T(")
~
.S {_Cl b <':
,--~-...._,...,

C{ th' a oi» VP
\; <,"""~~

l.P u. { t
C 6
<-.!).) "'.n,>
r t;>Y N) h'H') p

;e;

("'(I)

HO--@-N~O. Ho-/(5\- N --'7'0 ···Ho --0-N -::.>0 ••.

" 1\ '0=L' II l' ~r)1
010 D

.Jnt<?lTl?Dl~~ a"{ ~~0..r» .bon~

(2-) jnt 'yn rn~' Jeeul n.... h'jd~t""J&>n bel' col '.'
.9~ in ...('Iv<=> s f>1"'('(")p,rl a.f)c.._
b°"',..._ 1 a rt·,(r~ 0 t-i or. },/w

.
\.of n
 c-I..) J
e.1 h t

i')"l(l 'f P..C1 so p. _.I n bo I I r ('l (] r C)/ pic .

(\ 'l'lf'~l)lt "{
A~ " i'nl-.(? rt"c:>lf'lt_{ '~" h(Jc>I"\'C'u"''' bt:'I,C"Ii h(J' n., (» ... )ho

~(>'YiY<"'l.hv(Q<; n'lQ tylc>...-t<'. vC-O\l">hk ~r- 11"\<", fa"""

he> r>..,I i '-'1 '.

Y<'t is.... tt--P.

lY>ole {t.1 r,. s ..<! bt, J h Ie

.
.Lh

4,,1,.1 hie
('h"" ... <:0(" ~
e('((,:'Y
'l h'j!'>I-mr'"' b"(>,",~

-) HV c-J ")'0 () ~ t-, bOnd. bcz.( ;')1 (.,-)p.:n Jc in I">~ nt. ~

(3-1e:> }:_cC\ I ) " ~<!"- ....pOrli ''if b &s f"Y') e.of ~ 'n. .. P tv..., F --1 ,

-......,) F f<>ct-ro ~~r(hc. •

In ha.'hr1lL C'tI'>01 (.("'1" f""41L'( pni-) (J .

0..( td (J)NA)

C!

i ntp't mclf' tU IC"-IY

'y".s.\\ {- fh..
-)

=» '-
(I) j)"pole -
('1- ) DiFIt> - di r: 'n I:-..... ~ r HoI"',
(~
) - I',",~.(~ t'e~

.!) iI':t'" 1 <"! - r

('1 i ('>1<:,

~h f1-r (".a 5("

VCl. r» elf) 'Y

6<"'1" (> ~
~~p trn, nl(j d~-.<",_ -m e.I o .;oS -n (' CI- j

r' n t 4>" 0.(' h0 n 6en.,,pPI"I 11-r d.if<:>)~~ ~h(!HVn C\<>

r,(; F<'> J e - <7(1,~16>-

--:.) £~" Cj ~_cp c ,<; LU' h

ha"lo':_ p<"'" 1Y'l (It Pent- <>-I ipole (tS C\ , f" i"t) ,-t d.; pn(p_
n te"l t'; l'>r)
'1
_t n(, 1,/1,;..,' hv::. C;;C\S moit>cui e.r ,
0)
 _.)

;
,...

-.>

I <;

t')-., "',:; ;.,1 n J

ht't'v ,p

y, c- n - r r» '''''-'''I .

tl' I<? If It <'0 (

C"""\'u (~I,o'''rF h> - C:~"-'-''JP

u. 'X\{ <':>t

C"Y I't" ~IH~

f".f 1 v i -"OP t',,<' r J L

 basi c,

"'\;<-I e.$ ti 0 n S'

c_ovo.lent

e- a. -r orClln:qe_d

fhe b~yce.s "'i

in 0.

In
}t hJha l is

1 C=1Yl r:" henslV~

e h e.fT> i c.cx: I

I, Va.lene..e

Vcderxe
~

,
I, 'The. C_en l-yo J met-a.J .qtoro tP'r (t!>h p1'O'Vi 01 ~ .$ 4'\. hD
'1
e.rnrra .3 r p a.hJ 0( O..koI"fl.L O'ybi{AU ~, to ,'1:£

1:0> -O<rc;).,'ho, n bY'> f\ Ld-Yl/)e'Y '

 ovbilOlls

'3. Va Cl'l. n-(

Co -o.....d I t= Le. bonol.

ro,..,_ bond; d melol IYl

rot If'

'bone).. '».
ol. ValenCe
~

Ii ."i t (e ...

r~

O"r b I h:\ I "( ~r:e o,,-e.. )~!: L..;,i Ih

(Ii) Ove"/OIffiny c>Ybl'~J.s mu!r ha,,<2. ,

-.

€) un_p CLL-.;ed (!.~et:~ ~ =r-r: e.(_.,,_UYDfU

(il'.) 1) u.e ~ o"e~ /afpin~ _ C1 tI~......, Lc., ca.UJ.d ho,..,4 ~ ...

-hl~ 1

;~ -boYm~
f?-c "r" ml"\. ti c> () o<...,~ to
Qv)
1 rc>vct(~nt bo"c;l 1'.5:
.lI e-lc.~t'h:> .gte, Hc_ a.c.-h 0 f"\
C\ t{ ".- ~een h ulC.1sU and tk_
 wI" k
e.otJ:ent
bono!

f'~hsion

(i) fhe_ a)ct@ h t

'1 c've'llo.rp' l"Il is ~c::Jeht

- rre- I'"'~ tu v-e.

'1 ov1>d;o..ls If'volv~

- b-tpe- 1 o v:e ·da.tp i f"t,

(ii) closE',,( to f"h.., "a.It" n ce: AhelU -to f1..e n Lt c.1 €.US h;;rheY
Is the etX_r e " t- lPW?'l To-pr f"t(J
l Dl~ h inJ- ..."
,.5 /he_ hon::4
~

ene'Y<U, '
\iii) 'Thl.lS: bora!
(ioJ) The h'(jhe, o "Pot I CI P P i n'J
d.i ~_q_.ho n €_'\) o"Yientahon 1> e> ..d:" b::! 1$

(v) .s _ o"(bl ta \ , beL~ "'-:sphe-.-'<!O.l 4"] mmei-Yi~) . ~huu;:.s

oY\l~
~d.-on eve ... Ia.pPI 0 I"

(yi) P_ O'fD i I:a I be.w1 c.tiye.~.no n "" 1l'J c..ont. Ii' nty&tt ",CJ g hOW

~fhE''' ~o\-on 0"" ~te'\c:'l,J e v e .. ,a.rpJhj

("n) I+ead -on ove'(la.rp/n'1 (~-'l) ov(?'(IarplhO c;Jm..,CO "hL~ -c _

- t')u~le.ov qp(..( S ~'Y IT' Si~~ (<s) j"ot"d

ro
 I
IF')

p-p e ve....JotfP,."(j C'lfohO tne ~~n-.e

(_y..) A Ii _ bono! i.s q t-VeO{}:- hond ocno/

ft, a- _ b 0 n~ In I"Yl c> l e G~,de .s , t!.=n!:o.::vJ:,,' n 3 01.0 I.,jD Ie..

j,o)')c.(, A lJ - hono{ S ho'Yt-eh~ Me i h t.e Y ,",U C t-"f

0) 1'"
® ::>
.-. s
lop nd
@ .. c;:><:) )
../ a ~

s r
~
s-r ov e...I~p

~r-bo,,~

f ~p ., lI't"b IClf r'

ee'rc. , -" ,,01 )
 tT'GJI ecu Je_ .•-C H '1 0) .• r-

Be tt-.

r:r- ~fe 'The o v e» ICI(p 1 pO'I"$ h'O\ I 1'1

~~~~
~~~~
.$ _ tOyv'bl t, q \ ~
tNifh
~ ~ ~_t~ :;~~
h 'j oI'J'D~en yC S L) Il ~ H_,_.
0 T¥' 0 La l.J..J..1e

po...t.--, ~ .: !""he be.-~G\ h~""'-<::\ I

the. two
d..ue b. ..l.hon'1 y-e ft.( Is, 01">
!;.elweel">

\, _jol-ro 'j" n ?'j

?sr
G) " '2-

I
ISo .. b l ~ I!: t-. Ire
,j
,...I
q /l 0 II· O#..rv>' p. o'\bdnls "i 0'1' b .tt:' \ lY'ocl G t C\
, ,..,.0 lJl c...... le,
II 0

~")'I)"" , t.. Go r>t ~ u'YC! ~<'T"'

i
- I s 2- 2-.s~ 2-r~ I \
L
- I~
2-
'2.~ 2-
2..f~ 2-S Z-P.3'
 BMo The bond

~_) The hU.h.,be.., 0)

bo nd Lbond o>'Yde-. J

Arp1i' cC\ti ~n '1

H2- h1t>le~le- :;
,

The e.t ec...l::.:.ri> r-j c, c.ort 1 L(.'( e:t-h on

~
h'l~oQn "",-k>"" 1$

I
Is .. 'f1.v..., ~ theve C\v....
_ 2-- e.1 e.ebo n s r-r: in H1-

fl.uc> rno~'''tv
!Y1 o La. u....l e . Th~ O{tye.. o(i..£i:n hu t_-ed In

a: Is:t
0"( h:l t Cl I$' r
a:
IS
, G'"
I~.., Q

= }

1'. T.
If. lhe....-.e O(~e <-ll"'Fd e... ..
1_o1~
ho

'The roe La.. U-.l1 e

zp

2-

~
b
-2--0 -3
..

r>I.& ~ u..Je. (.0 n tc:>J..h so.lo> M p IQ.

J...f I:>-..d
 0'2- t'rJo l_q c-We .'

'" The c.onfuuyt:'I hon j~ I s2- ')...S'L. '2-f'1

o~~en ""~

~ ,/wc nra.i.y~A
.....
hWlc t....t r e Is

v Bon 01

= b-2._~:z_
2-

" , it {..o"tc:u..n~ ~ double. bonol.

I) The
.Ai rn I 1a..'"1 •

2-) The ~ /-0 rr;1 c, o'\'

mov>Q. lha.n h,v<!>

3) The e::ot to rn) c.,

tJ.-e ovotev
6>J

bo'l' fYlO n~,", i.s ~e

01 ey'lS I ~ b(l be> n;

'the. ~o-c rex» f.; a» (') the "-ond;"1 OY'b,ccds

(!)ve-e Iqp 0.1"0) '£4 rY\ <2 ~ (J
~ ,.,.,.,..,.., e.~ q \:.0,"" 1:-

~..
 -
......
MoT '.1ST

/he,h ,'nol1v:du.ql ehQ'YQc1.:e"{ w~r:

Un b:uJ. b, o f1.,ev ",,-1t> rn .

;.) .1t ea::.plcUn s the

fh1=>pe -r Iie .s
b "IPSO 1"'<\i')~1 JZa.SoYla.nc..G'.
~

2.3