IRRIGATION TWO MARKS

1)Any two ill effects of irrigation?

1) water logging.

2)damp climate.

3) breeding places for mosquitoes.

2)Crop period?

The time period elapses from the instant of its sowing to the instances of its harvesting is
called crop period.

3)Base period?

Time between the first watering of a crop at the time of its sowing to the its last watering
before harvesting is called base period.

4)delta?
Total depth of the water required by acrop to come to maturity is called delta.

5)Duty?

Duty is defined as number of hectares of land irrigated from full growth of given crop by
supply of 1m^3/sec of water continous during the entire base period of that crops.

6)Factors affecting duty?

1)types of crops 2)climate and season. 3)types of soil 4)useful rainfall.

7)paleo irrigation?

When the soil may be too dry to be sown easily . In such a case of soil is moisture with
water so as to help in sowing of the crop this is known is known as paleo irrigation.
8)Crop rotation?

The sequences of cultivating a and crops in same period in particular year.

9)Write the four irrigation efficiency?

1)Water coveyance.2)water application.3)water storage .4)water use.

10)Consumptive use?

Consumptive use for a particular crop is defined as total amount of water used by the
Plant in transpiration and evoporatin from adjecent soil or from plant leaves in any
specified time.

11)factors affecting consumptive use?

1)evaporation. 2)irrigation depth. 3)soil&topography. 4)gravity season of crop to vapour.

12)Blaney criddle formula?

Cu=k.p/40 [1.8t+32]

13)Field capacity?

Water cannot be easily drained under the action of gravity is called field capacity

field capacity=[wt of water retained in certain volume of soil/wt of same

volume of dry soil]*100.

14)Permanent wilting point?

Water content at which plant can no longer extract sufficient water its growth and wilts up

15)Soil moisture deficiency?

Water required to bring the soil moisture content of a given soil to its field capacity is
soil moisture deficiency.
16)Water application efficiency?

It is ratio of quality of water stored in root zone of the quality of water actually
delivered into the field.

17)Consumptive irrigation requirement?

It is amount of irrigation water required to meet the evopotranspiration needs of crop

during its full growth.

CIR=CU-RE

18)Net irrigation requirement?

It is amount of irrigation water requirement to meet the evopotranspiration needs of

crop as well as other needs such as leaching.

NIR=CU-RE+WATER LOSS IN PARTICULAR

19)Factors affecting evopotranspiration?

1)Temperature. 2)Humidity 3)wind velocity. 4)soil type.

20)Lysimeter?

It is defined as device in which volume of soil planted in vegetation is located in a

container to isolate its hydrologically from the surrounding soil.

21)Types of dams classified?

1)According to use. 2)by hydralic design. 3)by materials.

22)Types of earthen dams?

1)homogeneous embankment type 2)zoned embankment type 3)diaphargm type

23)Two types of canal falls?

1)ogee type falls 2)trapezoidal notch falls.

24)Purpose of reservoirs?

1)improve irrigation 2)hydropower 3)avoid flood durig rainy season

25)Causes of water logging?

1)seepage from canal 2)Impervious obstruction 3)excessive rains

4)inadequate natural drainage.

26)Water logging control?

1)lining of canals and water course 2)reducing intensity of irrigation

3)by optimum use of water 4)by introducing crop rotation

27)Efflorescence?

The phenomenon of salts coming up in a solution and forming a thin crust on the surface
after evoporation of is called efflorescence.

28)Leaching?

The process of repeated till the salts in crop layer of land are reduced to such a extent that
some salts resistant crop can be grown.this process is leaching

29)Drainage coefficient ?

The rate at which the water is removed by a drain in 24 hours is called drainage coefficient.

30)Types of weirs?

1)Masonry weirs 2)rockfill weirs. 3)concrete weirs.

31)Affulux?

Rise in the maximum flood levelupstream of the weir caused due to the construction of
the weir across the river is called afflux.
32)what is the role of fish ladder in diversion headworks?

A structure which enables the fish to pass upstream is called fish ladder>

33)Aquaduct?

When hfl of the drain is sufficient below the bottom of the canal so that drainage water
flows freely under gravity the structure is called aqueduct.

34)Types of cross drainage works?

1)by passing the canal over the drainage.

2)by passing the drainage over the canal.

3)by passing the drain through the canal.

35)Components of diversion head works?

1)Weir proper.

2)under sluices.

3)divide wall.

36)Gravity dam?

Own weight of the dam will componsite the uplift force formed by the water.

37)Types of spillway?

1)Straight drop spillway. 2)ogee spillway. 3)chute spillway. 4)side channel spillway.

5)shaft spillway.6)syphon spillway.

38)Reservoir?

It is an area developed by water body due to construction of dam.

39)Spillway?

It is an arrangement near the top of release the excess water of the reservoir to
downstream side.

40)laceys theorem?

Regim design the channel in a such a way that the shall have the no sowing or no silting.

41)Limitation of laceys theory?

1)Physical aspects of alluvial soil. 2)silt left. 3)concentration of silt as variables.

42)Ill effects of water logging?

1)Water logged soil provides excellent breeding grounds for mosquitoes and cause
malaria.

2)It cause loss in crop yield .3)destruction of roads occurred due to reduced bearing
capacity of waterlogged soil.

43)Waterlogging soil?

Agricultural land is said to be waterlogged when its productivity gets affected by high
waterable.

44)Function of irrigation water?

1)It washes out.

2)It enables application of fertiliziers.

3)It reduce the adverse effect of frost on crops.

45)Benifts of irrigation?

1) Increase in food production. 2)cultivation of cash crops .3)generation of hydro electric

power.
46)Advantage of sprinkler irrigation?

1)errosion can be controlled. 2)labour cost is reduced 3)land preparation is not required.

47)Disadvantage of sprinkler irrigation?

1)Maintanence cost is high. 2)availability of material is rare.

48)Wilting point?

The dropping down of plant leaves due to shortage of water is called wilting point.

49)Consumptive use of water?

CONSUMPTIVE USE =NET IRRIRGATION WATER REQUIREMENT

–EFFECTIVE RAINFALL +STORAGE IN SOIL MOISTURE.

50)Advantage of crop rotation?\

1)better use of land resources. 2)more yield. 3)increased fertility.

51)Lift irrigation ?

Diffrence in the elevation of water surface in the canal(or)river from which the water is
pumped and water surface of the pumped.

52)Effective rainfall?

Preciptation falling during the growing period of a crop that is available to meet the
evapotransipiration needs to crop is called effective rainfall.

54)Syphon aqueduct?

Hfl of drain is higher than the canal bed on the water passes through the aqueduct barrels
under syphonic action the structure is known as syphon aqueduct.

55)Selection of dam site?

1)suitable foundation must be available .

 2)suitable site for the spillway should be available in the near vicnity.

3)material required for construction in easy.

56)Factors affecting gravity dam?

1)water pressure 2)uplift presssure 3)silt pressure 4)wave pressure

57)Water storage efficiency?

It is the ratio of water shed in the root zone during irrigation to the water needed in the
root zone prior to irrigation.

58)Water use efficiency?

It is the ratio of water benefically used including leaching water to quality of water
delivered.

59)What are failures occur in gravity dam?

1)by overtuning about the toe. 2)by crushing 3)by shear failure 4)by development of
tension.

60)Canal classified to alignment?

1)water shed canal 2)contour canal 3)side slope canal.

61) Components diversion head works ?

1)weir proper 2)under sluices 3)fish ladder 4)canal head regulator.

62) Different forces considered in designing the dam?

1)uplift pressure. 2)silt pressure 3)wave pressure.

63)Condition an arch dam ?

1)arch dam used for valley in topographical area.

 2)where length is small at the time arch dam is used.

64)Compound of dam?

1)galley 2)heel 3) toe 4)suiceway.

65)Function of divide wall?

1)divide wall is provided for separting the floor level of main water.

2)divide wall acting in a side wall of the fish ladder.

66)Function of feeder canal?

Will feed the water to the canel.

67)Coffer dam?

The structure that retain water and soil that allows enclosed area to the pumped and
excavated dry.

It is used for brides piers.

68)Why spillway is called as safety of a value?

When excess amount of water comes from the caughtment area from the dam that is
safely safely disposed.

69)Free board ?

Above the embakement the structure provided for 5 to 10cm to store the water is called
free board.

70)Intial regime?

When only the bed slope of a channel varies due to dropping of silt& “p” remains
uneffected even than the channel can exhibit no silting no scoring properties is called intial
regime.
71)final regime?

If there is no resistance from the sides&all the variables such as perimeter .slopes are get
equally free to vary &finally get adjusted across to discharge &silt grade. Then the channel
is said to be parmanent stability called final regime.

72)superpassage?

When the fsl of the canal is sufficiently below the bottom of the drain through so that the
canal water flows freely under gravity is known as superpassage.

73)

FLOW DUTY QUALITY DUTY

1)expressed in hectares/cumec Expressed in manner

74)Weir?

Entire ponding of water is achieved by a raised crest and smaller part of its achieved by
this barrier is known as weir.

75)Barrage?

Most of ponding is done by gates and smaller of its done by the barrier is known as
barrage.

76)surface drainage?

Removal of excess rain water falling on the field.

77)subsurface irrigation?

Excess irrigation form water is free to move into the underground tile drains.

78)Retarding?

To store the flood water

Example.

Flood water reservoir.

79)Retension?

Water supply for irrigation .example storage reservoir.

80)limitation of kennady’s theory?

1) Kennedy has used kutters formula for determining the actual generated Channel velocity.

2)kennady has not given any importance to bed width and depth ratio.

81)defects in kennedys theories?

1) Neither of these two theories give a perfect definition of silt grade and silt charge.

2)irrigation water is distributed to various subsidiary canal from the main canal.

EFFORTS BY

DR S.SIVASAKTHI, KABILAN ,DHARUN, PRAGADEESAN