Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Advantages:-
• A) it can irrigate on both sides.
• B) economical.
• C) no CD work
• Disadvantages:-
• A) velocity of water needs to be controlled.
• B) scouring of bed due to higher velocity.
• SIDE SLOPE CANALS:-
• In this type of alignment .canal is not aligned along
either ridge or contour but it is aligned across
contour.
• These canals runs nearly parallel to natural drain
similar to contour canal. It also irrigates area on
only one side.
• These type of canal are not intercepted by cross
drainage works.
• Canal network:-
.
• i) Head regulator: When the canals are branched or taking off
from reservoir or main canals in the distribution system head
.
regulator is provided at the head of canal, to divert necessary
discharge from reservoir to canal or main canal to branch
canal, to control, regulate or measure the discharge, to
control the silt entry in the taking off canal ,to stop the supply
of water when not needed (end of rotation) or for repair at
down stream.
• (ii)Cross regulator: When it is required to raise the water level
in main canal in order to regulate the flow in branch canal ,to
stop the flow in case of repair on down stream. To divert silty
overflow water in to the near by river or stream during flood
control cross regulator is provided.
• (iii) Escape: At the end of main canal or to allow escape of the
silty water into the waste channel and then to natural drain
during rainy season escapes are provided.
• (iv )Outlets: To admit water into the, distributaries, minors,
water courses, field channels etc. Out lets
PARTS OF CANAL SYSTEM:-
• A) main canal B) branch canal. C) major distributor.
• D) minor distributor. E) water course. c.
• A) main canal:- the canal taking off from a river or
reservoir i.e. from source is called as main canal.
.
• Function is to carry the total water and to distribute
it to canal system.
• It is largest canal in system and no direct irrigation is
normally done from main canal.
• B) branch canal:- it is canal takes off from main
canal on either side. Very little direct irrigation is
done from them.
• These canal act as a feeder canals for major
distributor. The discharge capacity of branch canal is
usually varies from 5 to 25 cumec.
• It helps to make irrigation water available in
different parts of distribution.
• C) major distributor:- it is generally takes off from main
canal which supplies water to . other distributor.
• The discharge capacity of major distributor varies from
0.25 to 5 cumec in some cases it may be 10 cumecs.
• These are generally used for direct irrigation and their main
function is to distribute water to water courses.
• D) minor distributor/ minor:- minor distributor generally
takes off from major distributor or from main canals or
another distributor and supplies water to water course.
• Its discharge capacity is less than 0.25 cumecs. These are
also used for direct irrigation.
• E) water course:- these are small channels which takes
water from the outlet of distributor or minor distributor
and supply it to the agricultural fields.
.
in cutting:- .
Cross Section of Canal in Partial
Cutting and Filling
• CANAL LINING:-
• means providing impervious thin layer of 2.5 to 15 cm thickness to
.
protect the bed and sides of canal.
• Generally of RCC or CC bricks, Stones etc.
• Materials used in canal lining.
• 1) Cement Mortar, lime Mortar 2) Concrete
• 3) Stone masonry 4) Brick
• 5) Sodium carbonate 6) Asphalt
• 7) Precast concrete block
• Types of canal lining:-
• a. Cement concrete Lining: Concrete as a lining material gives
.
excellent hydraulic properties. The thickness of lining is governed
by the requirement of imperviousness and structural strength. The
thickness is provided is from 5 to 10 cm for M15and 7.5 cm to 15
cm for M10 concrete. The concrete used for lining has mix ratio
1:4:8 or 1:3:6 or 1:4:6.
• b. Shotcrete Lining: Mixture of cement and sand (1:4) is shot at
the sub grade through a nozzle. The thickness of this type of lining
varies from 2.5 to 6.5 cm. Shotcrete consumes large amount of
cement. Shotcrete can be placed on irregular subgrade and fine
dressing of subgrade is not required.
• c. Precast concrete Lining: This type of concrete lining consists of
precast slabs usually 90 cm x 30 cm in size. The thickness of each
slab is from 5 to 6.5 cm. The blocks are manufactured with an
interlocking arrangement. The slabs are laid on well prepared and
compacted subgrade.
• d. Cement mortar lining: Thickness for this of lining is kept from 1
to 4 cm. A large amount of cement is consumed in this type of
lining and it is very costly.
• e. Brick Lining: This type of lining consists of single or double layer
of brick masonry or a layer of brick masonry followed by a layer of
.
tiles laid is mortar. The first layer is laid on 12 mm layer of 1:6
cement mortar. A 12 mm thick layer of plaster in 1:3
• cement mortar is laid over the first layer. Then the second layer is
laid over it in 1:3 cement mortar.
• f. Asphaltic lining: It is controlled mixture of asphalt and grade
aggregate mixed and placed at a high temperature of 200c and
covered with 30 cm layer of earth material for a protection. The
mix is placed either by hand or by equipment similar to that
concrete.
• g. Clay Puddle Lining: Clay puddle is produced from by first
exposing clay to weathering. It is then mixed with water to bring it
to the saturation and pugged thoroughly by trampling under man’s
or cattle’s feet. This thickness of lining is 30 cm. It is then protected
by layer of earth material.
• h. Sodium carbonate Lining: The mixture consists of clayey soil
(10%) and sodium carbonate (6%). The thickness of lining is kept as
10 cm. this type of lining is used for small canal and water course.
• i. Stone block lining: This consists of undressed stone
block set in mortar laid over prepared sub grade. The
. effectively but has a
lining is able to check seepage
considerable resistance to flow of water.
• j. Pre-fabricated light weight membrane: They are
matted fibers of asbestos or jute and are coated with
asphalt. It is laid on a smooth and prepared subgrade,
and is covered with layer ofearth material.
• k. Bentonite and clay membrane: This consists of
bentonite or clay blanket 4 cm thick laid over a
prepared subgrade and covered with earth.
• l. Road oil lining: The road oil sprinkled on subgrade in
thickness of about 1.5 mm is sufficient enough to
saturate subgrade to depth 8 cm. the subgrade is then
rolled so that oil enters the soil pores.
• Purposes of lining :
• 1. To reduce the seepage.losses in canal.
• 2. To prevent scouring of bed sides.
• 3. To improve the discharge of canal by increasing
the velocity of flowing water.
• 4. To prevent water logging.
• 5. To increase the capacity of canal.
• 6. To increase the command area.
• 7. To control the growth of weeds.
• 8. To protect the canal from the damage by flood.
• Advantages :
1. It reduces the loss of water due to seepage and hence the
duty is enhanced. .
2. It controls the water logging.
3. It provides smooth surface and hence the velocity of flow can
be increased.
4. Due to the increased velocity the discharge capacity of canal
is also increased.
5. Due to the increased velocity the evaporation also is reduced.
6. It eliminates the effect of scouring in the canal bed.
7. The increased velocity eliminates the possibility of silting in
the canal bed.
8. It controls the growth of weeds along the canal sides and bed.
9. It provides the stable section of the canal.
10. It prevents the sub soil salt to come in contact with the canal
water.
11. It reduces the maintenance cost of canal.
• Disadvantages
• 1. The initial cost of canal. lining is very high.
• 2. It involves much difficulty for repairing the
damaged section of lining.
• 3. It takes too much time to complete the project
work.
• 4. It becomes difficult if the outlets are required to
be shifted or new outlets are required to be
provided because dismantling of the lined section is
difficult
• 5. there might be chances of leakage through joint.
• properties of good lining material :
• 1) Water tightness .
• 2) Low cost & subsequent less maintenance cost
• 3) Strength & durability
• 4) Prevention of weeds growth
• 5) Ease of constructing with local material
• 6) the lining material should be should be such that
it can be easily repaired.
• 7) it should be able to resist the growth of weeds
and attack of burrowing animals.
• 8) the surface of lining material should be smooth
for higher hydraulic efficiency.
• Define balancing depth in canals:-
• The depth of particular cross
. section in which the
amount of cutting and filling is equal is known as
balancing depth.
• This section is economical.
• It is found out by following procedure:-
• Let
• h=vertical height of top bank from bed of canal.
• b= bed width of canal.
• t= top width of canal bank.
• z:1= side slope of canal in cutting.
• n:1= side alope of bank in filling.
• d= full supply depth of canal.
• Area of cutting= by + zy²
• Area of filling = 2 [ (h-y)t .+ h(h-y)² ]
• Equating area of cutting to area of filling:-
• Y(b+zy)= 2 [ (h-y)t + h(h-y)² ]
• As per design consideration
• In cutting side slope= 1:1
• And in filling = 1.5:1
• Putting n =1.5 and z= 1
• Y= depth of cutting
The depth y from ground line and bed level is
calculated.
• HYDRAULIC DESIGN:-
• In hydraulic design of canal. following values are to be
found out:
• 1) bed width (b) 2) velocity (v)
• 3) supply level (d) 4) afflux etc.
• All these factors depends on :-
• 1) Design discharge (R)/(Q) 2) bed slope (S)
• 2) coefficient of rugocity (N) 4) side slope (Z)
• 5) Side slope in cutting (n)
• Bed slope:- steeper the bed slope higher or more the
velocity. Velocity should be such that it neither scour
the bed and does not allows the silt to deposit such
velocity is known as ‘critical velocity’ (V₀)
• it is given by, (V₀) = 0.55d² ( Kennedy equation )
• (V₀) = critical velocity in m/s²
•
.
d= depth of flow in m.
V₀= 0.055d
If it is less than 0.9 reduce depth and if it more than 1.2
increase depth.
4) After satisfying with above step:-
find out discharge Q= AV (cumecs)
And after that check your calculated discharge if it is in
the range if design discharge assume design is ok
otherwise repeat with deiferent values of b and d
• FOR LINED CANAL:-
. value of N as per type
• 1) take side slope as 1:1 and
of lining.
• 2) use condition of economic section.
• i.e. b=2d √(1-z²) -2 zd and R= d/2
• 3) find out values of A,V & R (from above formulea)
• 4) and Q design = A ∙ V from this value of b and d
can be obtained.
• Maintenance work of canal:
• Removal of silt: The silt should be removed properly during
.
closure period either manually or with machines, and if it is more
than canal should be closed and then silt should be removed. silt
can be removed by increasing velocity of canal water by addition
of more water in it. It also removed by providing silt ejector in
canal.
• 2. Weed growth: weed affects efficiency of canal and hence weeds
and plants should be removed from canal from their roots.
• 3. Strengthening of canal bank: The banks should be strengthened
properly. If any holes made by insects are found, it should be
properly closed. Leakage if any found should be properly treated,
if scouring of banks noticed proper measures should be adopted.
• 4. Maintenance of service road: Canal roads are inspected after
• Heavy rains and necessary repair. Work should be started if found
any deterioration.
• 5. Overflow of canal banks: After rainy season proper attention is
given towards canal banks as banks may get deteriorated due to
heavy rains or flood and then apply necessary treatment.
•
• C. D. work:
The work constructed to pass the canal water safely
.
under/over the drainage water is called as cross drainage
work.
or
• Irrigation structures constructed for carrying the canal water
safely over or under the drainage water are called cross
drainage work.
• When a canal is taken off from the reservoir, it meets various
natural drainages before reaching the watershed line. In this
range cross drainage works are required to be constructed.
• Different types of C.D. works:
• i. Aqueduct
• ii. Super passage
• iii. Level crossing
• iv. Inlet and outlet
• Selection of suitable type of CD work.
• The bed level of irrigation canal. and natural drainage.
• Economy of the construction.
• The total discharge carried by canal and drain.
• If the bed level of canal is above HFL of the drain then as
aqueduct should be preferred if drainage is of medium size
culvert should be preferred.
• If FSL of canal is below the drainage bed super passage should
be provided.
• When sufficient headway is not available even by changing
alignment of canal, syphon aqueduct should be preferred.
• When drain bed level is lower and FSL of canal higher than
drain bed level, canal syphon or syphon super passage should
be preferred.
• When Canal & drain bed level are practically at the same level
and the flow is for short period without much silt, level crossing
should be preffered.
• i) Aqueduct:
.
• a) The irrigation structure constructed for passing the canal water
safely over the drainage water is called an aqueduct.
• b) Aqueducts are constructed where the discharge of drain is more in
comparison to canal discharge and when canal bed level is
sufficiently above HFL in the drain.
• AQUEDUCT IS FURTHER CLASSIFIED AS:-
• 1) pipe aqueduct .
• 2) box culvert/ irrigation slab drain
• 3) masonry aqueduct
• 4) siphon aqueduct
• 5) siphon culvert
• 6) irrigation culvert
• Pipe aqueduct:- in this case canal water is taken through pipe.
In the pipeline aqueduct the diameter of pipe depends on discharge.
.
It is adopted when canal section is very small and width of drain is
more.