STD.APE/PETRO STD bSO “ENGL 3998 wm 732250 ObI4H27 BSL Ml APPENDIX B—RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF FOUNDATIONS FOR ABOVEGROUND OIL STORAGE TANKS B.1 Scope B.1.1 This appentix provides important considerations for the design and construction of foundations for aboveground steel oil storage tanks with flat bottoms, Recommendations sre offered to outline good practice and t point out some pre ‘cautions that shouldbe considered inthe design andeoastru- ‘oe of storage tank: foundations. B.1.2 Since thee is a wide varity of suface, subsurface, and climatic conditions, i¢ is not practical to establish design ‘ata to cover all siations, The allowable sol loading and the exact ype of subsucface constriction tbe used must be decided for each individual case after careful consideration. “The same cules and precautions shall be used ia selecting foundation sites as would be applicable in designing and constructing foundations for other structures of comparable ‘magnitude B.2. Subsurface Investigation and Construction B21 At any tank site, che subsurface conditions must be known to estimate the soit bearing captcty and settlement that will be experienced. This information is genecaly obtained from soil borings, load tests, sampling. laboratory testing and analysis by an expecienced geotechnical engineer familiar with the history of similar structures in te viii “The subgrade must be capable of supporting the Load of che tank and ts contents. The (ta seitlement must aot strain cn necting piping or produce gaugiag inaccuracies, and tke set HHement should not continue (0 a point at which the tank bottom is below the sueraunding ground surface. The est- ‘mated seitlement shall be within the acceptable tolerances for the tank shal and baton. B.2.2 When scnual experience with similar tanks and foun dations at a particular ste not availabe, the following ranges for factors of safety shouldbe considered for use inthe foundation design entena for determining te allowable soi bearing pressures. (The owner of geotechnical enginect responsible forthe peoject may use factors of safety outside these ranges.) Brom 20 ta 3.0 agains ultimate bearing failure for normal peeing conditions. bo. From 15 to 2.25 against ulimate bearing failure curing, hydrostatic esting ¢. Brom 15 to 2.25 against ultimate bearing failure for oper lating conditions plus the maximum effect of wind or seismic loads. B.2.3. Some of the many conditions that esquire special congineering consideration areas follows Sites oa hillsides, where part of a tank may be on wads: tured ground or rock and part may be on fll or another construction of where the depah of require fil is variable by Sites on swampy of filled ground, where layers of muck foc compressible vegetation are at o¢ below the surface oF “where unstable or corrosive materials may have been depos: ited as fill Sites underlain by soils, such as layers of plastic clay or ‘organic clays, that may suppore heavy loads temporarily but setle excessively over fong periods of time, 1, Sites adjacent to water courses or deep excavations, where the lateral stability ofthe ground is questionable. «, Sites imumediately adjacent to heavy structures that distib lute some of thes fond to the subsoil under the tank sites. thereby reducing the subsoil’s capacity to cary additional toads without excessive setlement Sites where anks may be exposed to flood waters, poss bly eesuting in uplift, displacement, or scout |g Sites in regions of high seismicity that may be susceptible to liquefaction hk Sites with thin layers of soft clay soils that are direetly beneath the tank bottom and that can caus lateral ground sta bity problems B24 If the subgrade is inadequate to cay the load of the flled tank without excessive settlement, shallow or Superficial construction under the tank boctom will ot improve the support conditions. One of more of the follow ‘ng geneesl methods should be considered to improve the support conditions ‘4 Removing the objectionable material and eplacing it with suitable, compacted asteil bb Compasting the soft mated with shot piles, e Compacting the soft material by preloading the area with tin overburden of soil, Strp or sand drains may be used ie ‘conjunction with this method. . Stabilizing the soft material by chemical methods or injec tion of cement grat. Transferring the load to a more stable matenal undemeath the subgrade by driving piles or constructing foundation piers. This involves conetructing a reinforced concrete slab on the piles to distribute the load ofthe tank bottom, fF Canstructng a slab foundation that wil istibute the load ver a saficiently large area of the soft material so that the oad intensity will be within allowable limits and excessive sartlemert will aot ou. CCopysghtby the Aravican Petolur nlite led Fe 26 42224 2001 | | |82 . Improving soil propeties by vibrocompction, vibro- ‘or deep dynamic compaction 1k. Slow and controlled fling ofthe tank during hydrostatic testing. When this method is used, the integrity of the tank may be compromised by excessive settlements of the shell 0 bottom. For this reason, the setements of the tank sll be closely monitored, Ia the event of settlements beyond estab- lished anges, the test suay have to be stopped and the tank / B25 The dill material used to replace muck or other objec teonabie material ot build up the grade ta suitable height shall be adequate for the support of the tank and product aft the mateial has been compacted. The fll material shall be fice of vegetation, organic matter, ciaders, and any material thc will cause corrosion ofthe tank bottom. The grade and type of fil mazeial shall be capable of being compacted with Standard istry compaction techniques £0 2 density suffi Cent to provide appropeiate bearing capacity and acceptable settlements, The placement of the fill material shall be is sccordance with the project specifications prepared by a qual: ified geotechnical engineee B.3. Tank Grades ng oo surface, Ths wll provide autabledesinage, lp a an esomaee trees el final elevation above grade wil be a minimum of 150 mm (6 in) after settlement. B.3.2 There are several diferent materials that can be used for the grate or surface on which the tak bottom wil rest To mmicizize future cocrosion problems and maximize the effect fof coerasion prevention systems such as cathodic protection, the material in contact with the tank botiom should be fine and uniform. Gravel or large particles shall be avoided. Clean washed sand 75 to [00 rum (3 to 4 in.) deep is recommended asa final lye because itcan be readily shaped tothe baton contour of the tank to provide maximum contact area and will protect the tank bottom fom coming into contact with large particles and debs. Large foreign objects or poi contact by navel or rocks could case coerasion cells that wil cause pit- ting and premarure tank bottom fail. During construction, the movement of equipment and. imacenals across the grade will mar the graded surtice. These invegularites should be corrected before bottom plates are placed for welding ‘Adequate provisions, such as making size gradients in sub- layers progressively smaller from bottom to top, should be made to preveat the fine materal Grom leaching down into the ‘ytghiby the American Ptrleum insite feb 28142225 2001 largec material, thus negating the effect of using the fine atrial as a faa! layer Thi i particularly important far the ap of a crushed rock agwall Note: For moe information 0 tk oto coon and corrosion | prevention hat rlaes Wo Ue foun ofa tank, se API Recor ‘mended Practice 651, ©B.3.3. Unless otherwise specified by the owner, the Gin ished tank grade sall be crowned from is outer periphery «| its center at slope of one inch ia tea feet. The erown will partly compensate for slight settlement, which i Likely to be [preater atthe center, It will also facilitate cleaning and the ‘removal of water and sludge through opeaiags ia the shell or from susips situated near the shell. Because crowning will allt the leagths of roof-supporting colummas, itis essential that the tank manufacturer be fully informed of this feature sufficiently in advanee. (For an alternative to this paragraph, see B34.) ©B.34 As an aliemative to B33, te tank botwom may be sloped toward a sump. The lank manufacturer must be advised as required in B33. B.4 Typical Foundation Types 8.4.1. EARTH FOUNDATIONS WITHOUT A RINGWALL B.4.1.1 Whea an engineering evaluation of subsuctace conditions that is based on experience and/or exploratory work har shown that the subgrade has adequate bearing capacity and dual settlements will be acceptable, satisfactory foundations may be constructed from earth mulezials. The performance requirements for eat foundations are ideatical to those for more extensive foundations. Specifically, an earth foundation should accomplish the folowing: a. Provide stale plane forthe support ofthe lank bb Limit overall setlement of the tank grade to values com- patible with the allowances used in the design of the ‘connecting piping ©, Provide adequate drainage. 4. Not settle excessively a the pecimeter duc tothe weight ot the shell wall. B.4.1.2 Many suisfactory designs are possible when sound engineering judgment is used in their development. Three designs ae refered to in this appendix oa the basis oftheir satisfactory long-term pecformance. For smalce tanks, foun dations can consis: of compacted crushed stone, sceeaings. fine gravel, clean sand, o¢ salar material placed directly on virgin soil Any unstable material must be removed, and any replacement material must be thoroughly compacted. Two recommended designs thar include ringwalls ae illustrate in Figures B-1 and B-2 and described in B.4.2 and B 4.3.STD-API/PETRO STD SSO-ENGL 1998 mm 0732290 Ob14429 b29 Ml Eo Stee, Tans ron On SromAne 8s Contin al gat | tate Coin ota she l / ~ 1220900 Hamme) wick (oa) a Me G3 ymin acphalimprogntod ead (optonal) ae 25mm wh Nominal eae diameter PLAN OF CONCRETE RINGWALL ee 75am (2 min of compacted, an sac ore 7 ~ Remove any unautatte maton and ( ‘gagged ‘eplaca wt state, her i amore tmoroughly compa sunurdag Saceriee A comm 12) min 1 S00 04.29 forrogutements or einbrcara. 2. Tha lop ol ta canoe ringwell shat bo aman and ove, The concratastangh shall te aaast 29 Ma (3000 fin) ater 2adays Flgnforoamant slows enistba Stppere ard shal bt Tapped o dvstop fa serge rte bore stein oan Is no posable, ret to ACI SIB Yor agdtona’ development reqarerents 13 Rena Oat exceed 300 man (42 in) fn with shall have aba tated on ot aces 4, See 8.42.2. postion of tha tank shen the sngwat Figure 6-1—Example of Foundation With Concrete Ringwatl 8.42 EARTH FOUNDATIONS WITH A CONCRETE RINGWALL B.4.21 Large tanks, tanks with heavy of tall shells and/ fr self-supponed roofs impast 2 substantial load on the foundation under the shell, Thi is particularly important ‘with egard to shel distortion in floaing-coot tanks. ‘When theee ig ome doulk whether 3 foundation will be able ta carry the shell load diectly, a concrete riagwall foundation should be used. As an alternative to the concrete ringwall noted in this section, a crushed stone ringuall (see B43) may be used, A foundation with a concrete ringwall has the following advantages: Copynhtby the ReesicanPetoeum Insitute ‘ed Feb 2014 222292001 It provides beter distribution of the concentrated load of the shel ta produce a more nearly uniform soll loading under the tank, by Tt provides a level, solid starting plane for construction of the shell ‘s Itprovidesabetter means of leveling the tank grate, and it \s capable of preserving its contour during construction A. Te retains the fil under the tank: bottom and preveats loss of rmazerial as a result of erosion « leminimizes moist under the tank [A disadvantage of concrete ringwalls is that they may rot smoothly conform to differential settlements. ThisSTD-API/PETRO STD BSO-ENGL 1998 Mm 0792290 0614430 340 wm Ba AP! Sranoano 650 9mm om 12) man 2) ry Spe to of rngwal | ‘anay torn ark crushes sone oF gravel 75mm (07) ma oteorpacted, Note: Any unstatio mala sal be comaved ani eplaced wit sable A fhe shall hen be Thoroapy compacted Figure 8-2—Example of Foundation With Crushed Stone Ringwall disadvantage may lead to high bending stresses in the bot tom plates adjacent to the iagwall 8. Wea a concrete cingwall i designed, it shall be roportiooed so thar the allowable soil bearing is ook exceeded. The ringwall shall not be less than 300 em (12 in.) thick. The centertine diameter of the ringwall should equal the nominal diameter of the tank; however, te ingwall cen terline may vary if requied ‘© faciliate the placement of anchor bots orto satisty soll bearing Limits for seismic loads or excessive uplift forces. The depth of the wall will depend 8 local conditions, but the depth must be sulficiet to place the bottom ofthe ringwall below the awicipated frost peoetra tion and within the specified bearing stra. As a minimars, the botom ofthe eingwal, if founded on sil shal be located 16 m (2M) below the lowes: adjacent finish grade. Tank foundations must be constructed withia the tolerances spec fed in 5.5.5. Revesses shall be provided inte wall for fash type cleanouts, drawofT sump, and any other appurtenances that require recesses, B.4.2.3 A cingwall should be ciaforced against tempera ture changes and shrinkage and reinforced ta cesist the lateral pressure of the confined fil with ts surcharge from product loads, ACI 31K is eecommended for design stress values, ‘material specifications, and rebar development and cover. The following tems concerning a iagwall shall be considered: 4 The ringwall shall be reinforced to resist the direct boop tension cesulting from the lateral earth pressure on the ring walls inside face. Unless substantiated by proper geotechnical analysis, the lateral earth pressure shall be assumed to be at least 50% of the vertical pressure due to Aid and soil weight. Ifa granular backfill is used, lateral cart pressure coefficien: of 30% may be used. bh The cingwall shall be coinfocced to resist the bending ‘moment resulting from: the uoiform moment foxd. The uni form momert load shall acount for the eccentricities af the applied shell and pressure loa relative 10 the centtoid of the ‘resulting soil pressure. The pressure load is due t0 the fic Dressure 08 the horizontal projection of the riugwall inside the shell ©The ringwall shall be reinforced to resist the bending ant torsion moments resulting from lateral, wind, o¢ seismic loads applied eccenurically w it A rational analysis, which Includes the effect ofthe foundation stiffness, shall be wsed etermine these moments and sil pressure strbusions 4. The total hoop steel aves required to cesist the loads noted above shall aot be fess than the area required for temipecature changes and sheinkage. The hoop stel area required for tem: perature changes and shrinkage is 0.0025 times the vertical ‘oss sectional aces of the singwall or the munieaum rein- Facement for wall called far in ACI 318, Chapter 14, €or ringwalls the vertical steel area requized for tempera ture changes and shrinkage is Q.OOLS times the horizontal cross-sectional area of the niagwall of the minimum cein- forcement for walls called for in ACT 318, Chapter 14 Additonal vertical steel may be required for uplift oF tr sional resistance. Ifthe ring foundation is wider than its ‘depen, the design shall consider its behavior as an annular slab with flexure ia the radial direction. Temperature and shrinkage reinforcement shall mext the ACI 318 provisions for slabs, (See ACL31E, Chapter 7.) When the ringwall width exceeds 460 mn (18 in). using a footing beneath the wal should be considered. Footings may also be useful for resiseance to uplift forces. fg Structural backfill within and adjacent wo concrete ring walls and around items such as vaults, undereank piping, and ssumps eqires close eld control to maintain settlement tol- cxrances. Backfil should be granular material compacted to le density and compacting as specified in the foundation constriction specifications, For other backfill materials, sti cient tests shall be conducted to vecify that the material has ‘Mquate strength and will uadergo minima) settlement. yah by the AmancanPatoleum nse ed Feb 26 72 2008 |STD-API/PETRO STD BSO-ENGL 1998 8.4.9 EARTH FOUNDATIONS WITH & CRUSHED. STONE AND GRAVEL RINGWALL 8.4.3.1 A crushed stone ot gravel cagwall will provide su (eh eh oe stone oF gravel ingal has the low 4 Ik provides beter distdbution of the concentrated load of the shell to produce a more acsly uniform sol loading wader the tank, ° Te provides a means of leveling the tank grade, ant iis capable of preserving its contour during construction, © ltretains the fil under the tank bottom and prevents oss of ‘materia asa result of erasion. 4, Tecan more smoothly accommodate ditferectal settlement because ofits Resibility A disadvantage of the crushed stone or gravel ringall i that iis more dificult to construct it o lose tolerances and achieve a a, level plane far eonstniction of te tak sell B4.3.2 For cruhed stone or gravel singwalls, careful selection of design details is necessary to ensure salisfaciry performance. The type af foundation suggested is shown in igure B-2. Significant deta’ include the following {& The0.9 (3 shoulder and berm shal be protected from cetotion by being constructed of crushed stone ar covered with 4 permanent paving materi wm 0732290 ObL443L 267 mw Wetveo Srea. Tatks ran On Sronase as . Care shall be taken during construction (0 4 and mann ast evel autie fr thea oom ples. ©. The tank grade shall be constnicted to provide adequate draioage away fromthe tank 4 The tank foundation must be tue to the specified plane within the tolerances specified in 5.5. B44 SLAB FOUNDATIONS, B.4.4.1 When the soil bearing loads must be distributed ‘over an area larger than the tank area or when itis specified by the ovine, a reinforced concrete slab shall be used. Piles beneath the slab enay be required for prope tank support. 8.4.4.2. The structucal design ofthe sla, whether on grade ‘or on piles, shall properly account for all loads imposed upon. the slab by the tank, The reinforcement requirements and the design details of constcuction shall be in accordance with Aci sta 8.5 Tank Foundations for Leak Detection Appendix I provides recommendations onthe construction fof tank and foundation systems for the detection of leaks ‘hough the botioms of storage tanks. copyright ny hw Arsncan Patou iste Wea Feb 28 1622:43 2001Waoco sree Tans ron On Sromae 95 as fved. Reps om a tank that has contained ol ball aot be ateripted by the manufacturer uoless the manner of repair has boea approved in wating by the purchaser aad the repairs ‘are made in the presence of the purchaser's iaspectoe 5.5 DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES 955.1 General ‘The purpose ofthe tolerances given ia 5.5.2 Uirough 5.5.5 18 fo produce a tank of acceptable appeacance sod to permit proper functioning of floating roofs. These (olerances may bbe waived by agreemeat between the purchaser and the manufacturer 5.5.2 Plumbness ‘The matimum out-of plumboess of the tap ofthe shell ative to the bottom of the shell shal wot exceed 'Yagn of the 28{, toial nk height The out-of plumboess in ove shell course shall got exceed the permissible vadations for fatness and ‘waviness as specified in ASTM A 6MIA 6, ASTM A 20M 98] 4.20, or ASTM A 480M/A 480, whichever it applicable, The Yao eviteria shall also apply to fixed woof coluauas. For laoks with internal floating roots, apply the cnieris of tis section or Appendix H, whichever is more stingent. 5.5.3 Roundness Radit measured at 0.3 a (10) above the bottom comer ‘eld sal act exceed the following tolerances: Tak Diameter Rass Toler ae sam (in) <2 FBG From 12 (40) ta <5 (150) #19010 From 45 (150) <75 250) 225(0) 275,00) 2521) 5.8.4 Local Deviations Local deviations froen the theoretical shape (for example, ‘weld discontinuities and fat spots) shall be Limited as fa: ews: 4. Deviations (peaking) at vertical weld joints shall aot exceed 13 mm (ig in.) Peaking at vertical weld joins stall be determined using a horizontal sveep board SOO man (36 ia.) loag, The sweep board shall be mae to dhe aoeainal radius of the unk 8 Deviatons (banding) at horzoatal weld joists shall aot exceed 13 mo ('y in). Banding at horzetal weld joints shall be determined usig a stright edge vertical sweep board 900) nn (36 in.) Loa ©. Flat spots measured in the vertical plane shall ot exceed he appropriate plate flatness and waviness require: it siven in 352 5.5 Foundations 5.5.5.1 To achieve the tolerances specified above, itis esseatial dat a foundation true w the plane be provides for the tank erection. The fouadation should ave adequate tearing to maintain che trueness of the foundation (see Appeadix B). 55.5.2 Where foundations te to a horizontal plane ace specified, tolerances shall be as follows: a. Where @ concrete ringwall is provided undec the shell, the top of te ringwall shall be level within =3 men ("fy in.) ia aay 9m (0) ofthe circumference and within 46 man (My ia.) in the fotal circumference measured from the average elevation, atric alshalte oe vabast ion t)nty 3 ate rane) nay (10 fof the eircurnfereace and within #13 mu (pi) in tbe total cxeunfereace measured fom the average elevation. ©. Where a conceets slab foundation is povided, the fst 0:3 sm (1) ofthe foundation (or width of the annular cing), mea: sured from the outside of the tank radially towards the center, shall comply with the concrete ringwall requirement. The remainder ofthe foundation shall be within +13 mm (7 i.) ofthe desien shape 5.5.5.3 Where a sloping foundation is specified, elevation diftereaces about the circumference shall be calculated fromm le specified high poin Actual clevatioa differeases about the circumference shal be determined from the actual eleva: tion of the specified high poiat. The actual elevation differ. fences shall not deviate from the calculated differences by ‘moce than the following tolerances: a Where a concrete ringwall is provided, #3 mam ("/g i.) ia any 9 ca (30 ft) of cireumfercace ad 26 mam (4 ia) in the ‘otal circumference. 1b. Where a concrete ringwall is not provided, £3 mm (!gin.) in any 3 m (10 R) of circumference and +13 mm (ia) in the total circumference, 55.6 Measurements Measurements shal be taken prioe to the water test. fright by ie American Petroleum stitute hed Feb 28129856 2001SECTION 6—METHODS OF INSPECTING JOINTS Note ta this standard, the cc inspector as ued ia Sotions V and Villof the AS ME Code, sal esters to ean he purchases snspectoe 6.1, RADIOGRAPHIC METHOD For the purposes of this paragraph, plates shall be coasi ered ofthe same thickness when the diference in tei spec: fied or design thickness dovs not exceed 3 en (My in.) 8.1.1 Application Radiographic inspection is cequied for shell but-welds (ce 6122 and 612.3), annularplate buttwelds (26 6129), aad flushtype connections with buttwelds (see 3.78.L1). Radiographic inspection is not required forthe fol- lowing: cof plate welds, bortomplate welds, welds joining the top angle to either the roof or sbel, welds ining the shell piste to the bottom plate, welds in nove and manway necks made from plate, or appurtenaoce welds to the tank, 6.1.2 Number and Location of Radiographs 6.1.24 Except when omitted under the provisions of A3.4 radiographs shal be taken as specified in 6.1.2 through 6.18 6.1.2.2 The following requirements apply to vertical joins 4, For buc-welded joint in which te thinner shell plate is less than or equal © 10 mm (/g in) thick, one spot ratio- ‘graph shall be taken ia the fist 3 m (10 1) of completed vertical jpiat of each type and thickness welded by each Welder or welding operator. Tae spot radiographs taken inthe vertical joints of the lowest course may be used to rset the requirements of Note 3 ia Figure 6-1 for individual joints ‘Thereafter, without regand to the number of weldecs oF eld ing operators, oe aditional spotcadiograph shall be taken in each additional 30 mm (100 £) (approximaely) and any remaining major fraction of vertical joint of the same type tad thickness. At least 25% ofthe selected spots shall beat Junctions of vertical and borizonaljoiats, wth a minimum of two such intersections per tank, In addition to the foregoing requireeaents, one random spot radiograph shall te taken in teach vertical joint in the lowest course (ee the top panel of Figure 6-1). b. For but-welded joints ia which the thinner shell pla is greater than 10 moo (2 in.) but less than of equal to 25 eam (tin) in thickness, spot extigraphs shall be ken according to Tem a. fe additon, all junctions of vertical and horizontal Joiats in plates in this thickness range shall be radiographod; ‘ach film shal clearly show aot less than 75 mm G3 ia) of vertical weld anv 50 cam (2 i) of weld length on each side of the vertical inteectin. la the lowest cours, 0 spot radio: raps shall be taken in each vertical joint: one of the radiographs shall be as close t the button as is practicable, Ccopyeght by he American Peteoleum nettle Wid ep 281:09:0 2001 es sad the other sbal be taken at random (see the center pavel of Figure 61). cc Vetical joints in which the sbell plates are greater than 25 tum (1 i) thick shal be fully radiographed. All junctions of vertical acd borizoatal joints in this thickness range shall be radiograph; each fim shall clearly sbow aot less than 75, ‘aun (3 in) of vertical weld and 50 ram (2 in) of weld length ‘on each side ofthe vertical intersection (see the bottom pase! of Figure 61), 14. The butt-weld around the peripbery of an insert manhole for nozzle sb be completely radiograpbed. 6.1.2.3. One spot radiograph shall be takeo in the first 3. (10 eof completed orzoatal bot joint ofthe same type and thickness (based on the thickness of the thinaer plate at the jint) without mgaed fo the qumber of welders or welding operators. Thereafter, one radiograph shall be taken in each ‘ditional 60 co (200 f) (approximately) and any remaining tnajor fraction of horizontal joint of the same type and thick ress, These radiogrphs are in addition tothe radiographs of “junctions of vertical joints required by em ¢ of 6.1.2:2 (Gee Figure 6-1), 6.4.2.4 When two or more tanks ae erected in the same focalion forthe same purchaser, either concurrently 0 «t= ally, the nurber of spot radiographs to be takea may be based tw the aggregate Length of welds of the same type and thick fess imeach group of tanks rather than the Ieogth in each ini- vial tank. 6.1.2.5. It should be recognized that the same welder oF Welding operator may not weld both sides of the same butt Jpiat I evo welders or welding operators weld opposite sides ff the sacoe but join, i i» permissible to inspect their work With one spot radiograph. If the spot radiograph is cejecte, futher spot radiograpls shall be taken to determine whethee ‘one or both of the Welders oF welding opecators are at faut 6.1.2.6 Anequal number of spot adiograpts shall be taka from the work of each welder or welding operator in propor tion to the length of joints welded. 6.1.2.7 As welding peogresses, radiographs shall be taken 2 soon as it is practicable, The locatioas where spot radio~ raphe are to be takes may be detecmined by the purchaser's inspector 6.1.2.8 Each radiograph shall clealy show a einimum of 150 mm (6 in) of weld leogth. The film shall be centered on the weld and shal! be of sufficient width to permit adequate spice forthe location of ideatiication marks ena thickness _pauge or penswometet. 6.1.2.9 When bottom ennular plates are required by 3.5.1, orby M.6.1, the radial joints shall be radiogeaphed as se | |